LEARN HINDI

Through English Medium

with my new scientific method

A>gaRejaI k maaZyama sae ih>dI saIiSayae_

angrez& ke ma@dhyam se hind& s&khiye

HINDI LEVEL I
A PRIMER

Ratnakar Narale

PUSTAK BHARATI
Books India
paustak BaartaI

INDEX
AnaumaiNaka

Lesson 1 The Hindi Alphabet

Lesson 3 Speaking Hindi Characters

Lesson 2 Common Hind& Consonants

Lesson 4 Writing Hind& Consonants

Lesson 6 Writing Hind& Vowel Signs

Lesson 5 Writing Hind& Vowels

Lesson 7 Writing Hind& Compound Consonants

Lesson 8 Writing Special Characters
Lesson 9 Introduction to Sandhi

Lesson 10 Introduction to Hind& Numerals

Lesson 11 Making your own Hind& sentences

The Pictorial Dictionary

Brain Surgery of the Hindi Grammar

Lesson 12 Relational Postpositions

Lesson 13 Adjectives and Adverbs

Lesson 14 Conjunctions and Expressions

Lesson 15 General Knowledge
Lesson 16 General Dialogues

HINGLISH for English Speaking People

7
11

14

16

17

19

24

48

51

76

80

84
86

93

LESSON 1
pahLaa paa#

THE HINDI ALPHABET

Hind& Vowels :
A

Aa

}|

]e

Aae

AaE

A>

A:

a@

&

u@

r<

ai

au

m[

h<

Hind& Consonants :
k
Sa`

ga`

za`

G`

kh

gh

n[

ca`

ja`

Ja`

a`

c{, ch

c{h, chh

jh, z

n~

@`

#`

D`

$`

Na`

t>

t>h

d<

d<h

n<

ta`

Ya`

d`

Za`

na`

th

dh

pa`

ba`

Ba`

ma`

ph, f

bh

ya`

r`

La`

va`

v, w

oa`

Pa`

sa`

h`

s{, sh

s<

h
1

Learn Hindi through English Medium - Course Level I

LESSON 2
dUsara paa#
COMMON HINDI CONSONANTS

Sa

ga

za

ka

kha

ga

gha

n[a (nga)

ca

ja

Ja

cha

Chha

ja

jha, za

n~a

Na

t>a

t>ha

d<a

d<ha

n<a

ta

Ya

Za

na

ta

tha

da

dha

na

pa

ba

Ba

ma

pa

pha, fa

ba

bha

ma

ya

La

va

ya

ra

la

va, wa

oa

Pa

sa

s{a, sha

s<a

sa

ha

Special Compounds

xa,

%a,

Xa

ks<a,

tra,

gya
2
Learn Hindi through English Medium - Course Level I

LESSON 3
SPEAKING HINDI CHARACTERS
Alphabet

Hind&

Sounds like, as in

Alphabet

Hind&

Sounds like, as in

(A)

in

America

t>

(@)

in

cut>

a@

(Aa)

in

ca@r

t>h

(#)

th

in

t> with breath

(})

in

India

d<

(D)

in

red

&

(}|)

ee

in

peel

d<h

($)

dh

in

adhere

(q)

in

put

n<

(Na`)

in

band

u@

(Q)

oo

in

moon

r<

(/)

ri

in

ring

(ta`)

in

(soft t)

(])

in

bake

th

(Ya`)

th

in

thunder

ai

(]e)

in

actor

(d`)

th

in

other

(Aae)

in

go

dh

(Za`)

dh

in

buddha

au

(AaE)

ou

in

count

(na`)

in

men

(k)

in

milk

(pa`)

in

cup

kh

(Sa`)

kh

in

khyber

ph,f

(f)

ph, f

in

photo

(ga`)

in

god

(ba`)

in

rub

gh

(za`)

gh

in

ghost

bh

(Ba`)

bh

in

abhore

n[

(G)

in

bring

(ma`)

in

mug

c{, c

(ca`)

ch

in

chum

(ya`)

in

yes

c{h, chh

(C)

chh

c{ with breath

(r`)

in

rub

(ja`)

jug

(l`, La`)

in

love

jh, z

(Ja`)

dgeh in

hedgehop

v,w

(va`)

v, w

in

rave

n~

(a`)

hinge

s{, sh

(oa`)

sh

in

shut

s<

(Pa`)

sh

in

should

(sa`)

in

sun

(h)

in

hug

in
in

3
Learn Hindi through English Medium - Course Level I

LESSON 4
caaEYaa paa#
READING AND WRITING SIMPLE HINDI CONSONANTS
(4.1) va va, ba ba, k ka

va

ba

va

ba

ka

vima@n (airplane) bara@t (wedding procession)

kela@ (banana)

EXERCISE 1 : (on what we learned so far)

1. ka ba ka
--- ---- --

Read and Write the following characters in Hind& :

2. ba va ka
--- --- --

3. va ba ka
-- -- ---

4. kaba, baka
------ -----

5. kba, bak
----- ----

6. kk, vaba
----- ----

7. vaba, vak
----- ----

8. kk, bava
------ -----

9. k, ba, va, ba

10. kk, kba, kva 11. baba, bak, vava

----------------

-----------------

---

12. kbava, kvaba, vabak, bakva

-----------4

Learn Hindi through English Medium - Course Level I

------------------------------

(4.2) pa pa, Pa s<a, f pha

pa

Pa

pa

s<a

pha, fa

s<at>akon<a (hexagon)

ped< (plant)

fat>fat>& (m. bike)

EXERCISE 2 : (only on what we learned so far)

1. kapa, ka
5. pava, paf

Read and Write the following characters in Hind& :

2. pas<a, kas<a
6. kpa, kba

3. pha, ba, ka, s<a pa, pava

7. kPa, paPa, kf

4. bakabaka, kabakaba
8. vaf, vaba, pafba

(4.3) ta ta, na na, ga ga, ma ma, Ba bha, Na n<a

ta

na

ga

ta

na

ga

takiya@ (pillow)

na@g

(cobra)
5

Learn Hindi through English Medium - Course Level I

ga@y (cow)

ma

Ba

ma

Na

bha

ma@-ba@p (mama-papa)

n<a

bha@rat (India)

ba@n<a (arrow)

EXERCISE 3 : (only on what we learned so far)

Read and Write the following characters in Hind& :

1. k, ba, va, ba 2. kk, kba, kva 3. baba, bak 4. vava, vak, vaba 5. kbava, kvaba 6. vabak,

bakva 7. ma, na, ta

8. tata, tana 9. kk, vaba 10. gabana, Bava, magana, vatana, vana, vamana, naga, naBa,
nava, namana, taba, bana, manana 10. Pa, pa, f , ma, Ba, na, ta, vatana, Bagata, gamana, manana, pavana_
(4.4) ca cha, ja ja, a n~a, La la

ca

ja

La

cha

ja

n~a

la

cha@b& (key)

jura@b (sock)

lad<ka@-lad<ki (boy-girl)
6

Learn Hindi through English Medium - Course Level I

EXERCISE 4 : (only on what we learned so far)

Read and Write the following characters in Hind& :

(A) 1. kpa, camaca, 2. tana mana gagana 3. Bagata, patana, manana 4. Bava, gaNa, gaNak, 5. naLa, Lagana,
6. paLak, bana, paga, gama 7. jaLa, caLa, macaLa
8. kNa, kLa, paLa
9. maLa, mata, tama
NOTE : Character n~ (a`) is rarely used in Hind&. It is mostly used in Sanskrit language.
(4.5) za gha, Za dha, C chha

za

Za

gha

dha

c{ha

ghar (house)

dhan (wealth)

chhipkali (lizard)

EXERCISE 5 : (only on what we learned so far)

Read and Write the following characters in Hind& :

1. ja, ca, a
6. LaBa, maLa
9. saja, fLa
13. kNa, saba saca
17. jaja, CmaCma

2. La, ja, ca
3. k, La
4. gaNak, jaLaja
7. ca, ja, a, La, r, sa, Sa, oa 8. caLa, jaLa, jaja
10. kmaLa, sarLa 11. oakLa, frk, parSa, Barta, camana
14. barf, capaLa 15. magaja, jaLa, SaLa, nar, par, sama
18. CLa, jaga, zar, zanazana
19. Zana, kba, vaZa

7
Learn Hindi through English Medium - Course Level I

5. jaLa, caLa
8. rsa, oar, rSa, saca
12. Lagana, vajana, tana mana
16. camak, caLa, caSa
20. oama, frk

(4.6) r ra, sa sa, Sa kha, oa s{a

sa

ra

sa

rupaya@ (Rupee)

Sa

s&d& (CD)

oa

kha

s{a

khat (letter)

sha@d& (marriage)

(4.7) ya ya, Ya tha

ya

Ya

ya

tha

yagya (yajn~a)

tha@l& (plate)

EXERCISE 6 : (only on what we learned so far)

Read and Write the following characters in Hind& :

(B) 1. zar, Laja, mata, yaxa, yaXa, rYa, Zana 2. zana, yama,kLa, kLa, var, vaoa, kr, sama, narma 3. Zana,
saba, sah, jaya, 4. Baya, oayana, caLana, rNa, frk, sarLa 5. zar, caLa, Zar, mata, rmaNa, jaLa
8
Learn Hindi through English Medium - Course Level I

(4.8) t>a @, t>ha #, d<ha $, da d, d<a D, n[a D, jha Ja, ha h

t>a

t>ha

d<ha

da

t>ama@t>ar (tomato) thappa@ (stamp) d<hakna@ (lid)

dil (heart)

Ja

d<a

n[a

jha

ha

d<or (rope)

jha@d<u (broom)

ha@th& (elephant)

EXERCISE 7 : (only on what we learned so far)

Read and Write the following characters in Hind& :

1. @ # $ $ d
2. D D G Ja
3. Ja h Ja
4. dLa @ba $La bana
6. dhna, kdma
7. barf, ma#
8. h#, mata 9. vana ta@, bargad

9
Learn Hindi through English Medium - Course Level I

5. DbaLa Df Dr
10. saba, hma, gama

(4.9) xa ks<a, %a tra, Xa gya (jn~a)

xa

%a

Xa

ks<a

tra

jn~a

(4.10)

A>

am[

Anuswa@ra, C}andrabind& and the Visarga - A> m[, A m[, A: h<

A:

ah<

pa>

pam[

pa

pam[

pa:

pah<

EXERCISE 8 : Read and Write the following characters in Hind& :

1. A> A: 2. kbaLa ba>dr va>oa pa>kja 3. Ba>ga na>bar Ana>ta k# 4. ma>tar d>D r>ga 5. sa>ga sa>oaya h>sa La>ca 6.
A>tar svata: 7. ca>dna kpa pata>ga Sa>dk Sa>jar ma>jana kgana sa: 8. ga>Zak #>Dk D>#La $>ga tar>ga oa>Sa sa>caya
C: 9. A>ba ja>gaLa ma>ca A>bar La>dna 10. ja>par ba>par A>dr C>d ba>d va>dna ma>d sa>za_

d<a

$ d<ha

EXAMPLES :
(A) kpakpaI, kha, kapanaa, Saasanaa, SaasaI, gaava, caad, caadI, caadnaI, Ca@naa, Cava, jacanaa, jaha, jaaza,
jaaca, jaacanaa, Jaaknaa, JaakI, JaaJar, Jaasaa, @aka, @aga, @aganaa, #ava, #sanaa, Da@, Da@naa, DavaaDael,
Dasa, $acaa, taha, taagaa, taai%ak, taabaa, dtauLaa, data, dava, Zasanaa, Zasaanaa, ZaaZaLaI, Zaaya, Zaasanaa,
naaZanaa, pavaaDa, paaca, paacajanya, paacavaa, fd, fda, fsanaa, fsaanaa, f@naa, fadnaa, fasanaa, fasaI,
ba@vaara, ba@anaa, baaknaa, baaka, baaga, baaJa, baa@naa, baaZanaa, baasa, baasaurI, baah, Baajaa, Bavar, BaaDar,
Baaita, Baapanaa, maDranaa, maUC, maUDnaa, maUDnaa, maUdnaa, maa, maaga, maaganaa, yaha, rganaa, rgaa}|, ragaa, raD,
raZanaa, Laazanaa, vaha, saavaLaa, saasa, ha, hak, hsanaa, hsamauSa, hsaI, haknaa, haDI, hafnaa_
(B) ADnaa, ADanaa, AnaaDI, AaDa, Aa$ta, qDnaa, kDk, k$a}|, k$I, kIDa, IDa, SaDa, gaDbaD,
gaU$, zaaeDa, caaEDa, CaeDnaa, jaaeDnaa, JaDnaa, @ukDa, @e$a, $a$sa, taDpanaa, taDpaanaa, taaeDnaa, YaaeDa, daEDnaa,
ZaDknaa, naaDI, paDnaa, paIDa, faDnaa, favaDa,
baDa, ba$}|, ba$naa, ba$anaa, ba$ava, baU$a, BaaDa,
10
Learn Hindi through English Medium - Course Level I

BaDar, BaID, BaIDnaa, maUDnaa, maUDI, maU$, maaeD, maaeDnaa, rI$, laDnaa, laDa}|, saDnaa, saaD_

LESSON 5
paacavaa paa#
PRACTICING THE HINDI VOWELS
(5.1) A a, Aa a@, Aae o, AaE au

Aa

a@

Aae

AaE

} i, }| &

au

}|

&

EXERCISE 9 : Write the following words in Hind& :

(A) 1. Aa, Aae, AaE, Aapa 2. Aa, A, AaE, Aana 3. Aae, AaE, Aae@ 4. Aba, AaSa, Axa 5. Aaer,
AaEr, AaE>Zaa 6. AaeJaLa, Aaema, AXa 7. Aza, Aagama, AaErsa, Aama, Aasa, Aah, Aaja, AaErta, A>bar,
Aja:, A>oa:, Aaeza: 8. }, }|, }|Sa 9. }, }, }| 3. }|, }|, } 10. }|Sa, k}|, na}|, }Zar, na}|, kta}|_
(B) idhar (}Zar), aurat (AaErta), ma& (ma}|), aur (AaEr), an[k (A>k), &ndhanam[ (}|>Zana>), om (Aaema`),
aman c{aman (Amana camana), anda@j (A>daja), kaila@s (kLaasa), chauk& (caaEkI)

(5.2) q u,

Q u@,

/ r<;

] e,

]e ai;

w ru,

W ru@

]e

u@

r<

ai

ru

ru@

EXERCISE 10 : Read and write :

1. q, Q, / 2. qZar, q}| 3. qmar, Qpar 4. qgama, Qna 5. Q@, q#
6. qtar, }Zar 7. ], ]e,
/ 8. ga], na] 9. ]ena, qCLa, qBar 10. ]k, }|Sa, ]enak, }|>Zana, Ata:, A>jana, Aae>kar, Wpa, taw_

11
Learn Hindi through English Medium - Course Level I

LESSON 6
C#vaa paa#
WRITING HINDI VOWEL SIGNS

Vowels

Signs
Sound

Aa

}|

a@

aa

a i I

&

ee

u@

r<

oo

ri

]e

Aae

AaE

ae

aE

ai

au

E ae aE

a@

&

u@

r<

ai

au

paa

ipa

paI

pau

paU

pa\

pae

paE

paae

paaE

pa@

pi

p&

pu

pu@

pr<

pe

pai

po

pau

EXERCISE 7 : Read and write the Hind& words :

jaItanaa, ijatanaa, ma\ta, ica>taa, jaUtaa, kC, vaEsaa, AaE>Zaa, idyaa, dIyaa, baekarI, saUSaa, sauSaI, Baed, maE>, iBaxaa, XaanaI,
sau>drtaa, kaeka kaeLaa, mahanataa, sauSa du:Sa, caUha, Xaanayaaega, mahaBaartaIya, AmarIkna, }>iDyana, naILa, paaEraiNak_

12
Learn Hindi through English Medium - Course Level I

CHART OF ALPHABET WITH VOWEL SIGNS

Aa

}|

]e

Aae

AaE

A>

A:

a@

&

u@

r<

ai

au

am[

ah<

k
Sa
ga
za
ca
C
ja
Ja
@
#
D
$
Na
ta
Ya
d
Za
na
pa
f
ba
Ba
ma
ya
r
La
va
oa
Pa
sa
h

ka
Saa
gaa
zaa
caa
Ca
jaa
Jaa
@a
#a
Da
$a
Naa
taa
Yaa
da
Zaa
naa
paa
fa
baa
Baa
maa
yaa
ra
Laa
vaa
oaa
Paa
saa
ha

ik
iSa
iga
iza
ica
iC
ija
iJa
i@
i#
iD
i$
iNa
ita
iYa
id
iZa
ina
ipa
if
iba
iBa
ima
iya
ir
iLa
iva
ioa
iPa
isa
ih

kI
SaI
gaI
zaI
caI
CI
jaI
JaI
@I
#I
DI
$I
NaI
taI
YaI
dI
ZaI
naI
paI
fI
baI
BaI
maI
yaI
rI
LaI
vaI
oaI
PaI
saI
hI

k
Sau
gau
zau
cau
Cu
jau
Jau
@u
#u
Du
$u
Nau
tau
Yau
du
Zau
nau
pau
f
bau
Bau
mau
yau
w
Lau
vau
oau
Pau
sau
hu

k
SaU
gaU
zaU
caU
CU
jaU
JaU
@U
#U
DU
$U
NaU
taU
YaU
dU
ZaU
naU
paU
f
baU
BaU
maU
yaU
W
LaU
vaU
oaU
PaU
saU
hU

Sa\
ga\
za\
ca\
C\
ja\
Ja\
@
#
D
$
Na\
ta\
Ya\

Za\
na\
pa\
f\
ba\
Ba\
ma\
ya\

La\
va\
oa\
Pa\
sa\

k
Sae
gae
zae
cae
Ce
jae
Jae
@e
#e
De
$e
Nae
tae
Yae
de
Zae
nae
pae
f
bae
Bae
mae
yae
re
Lae
vae
oae
Pae
sae
he

k
SaE
gaE
zaE
caE
CE
jaE
JaE
@E
#E
DE
$E
NaE
taE
YaE
dE
ZaE
naE
paE
f
baE
BaE
maE
yaE
rE
LaE
vaE
oaE
PaE
saE
hE

kae
Saae
gaae
zaae
caae
Cae
jaae
Jaae
@ae
#ae
Dae
$ae
Naae
taae
Yaae
dae
Zaae
naae
paae
fae
baae
Baae
maae
yaae
rae
Laae
vaae
oaae
Paae
saae
hae

kaE
SaaE
gaaE
zaaE
caaE
CaE
jaaE
JaaE
@aE
#aE
DaE
$aE
NaaE
taaE
YaaE
daE
ZaaE
naaE
paaE
faE
baaE
BaaE
maaE
yaaE
raE
LaaE
vaaE
oaaE
PaaE
saaE
haE

k
Sa>
ga >
za >
ca>
C>
ja>
Ja>
@>
#>
D>
$>
Na>
ta>
Ya>
d>
Za>
na>
pa>
f
ba>
Ba>
ma>
ya>
r>
La>
va>
oa>
Pa>
sa>
h>

k:
Sa:
ga:
za:
ca:
C:
ja:
Ja:
@:
#:
D:
$:
Na:
ta:
Ya:
d:
Za:
na:
pa:
f:
ba:
Ba:
ma:
ya:
r:
La:
va:
oa:
Pa:
sa:
h:

EXERCISE 8 : What we learned so far,

SUMMARY
13

Learn Hindi through English Medium - Course Level I

THIS EXERCISE IS ONLY FOR READING AND WRITING HINDI WORDS

READ the Hind& words and WRITE them for practice
(help is given in the brackets)

maE> (mai - I), hma (ham - we), Aapa (a@p - you), taU (tu@ - you) tauma (tum you), vah (vah - he, she), vae (ve - they), hmae> (hame - to us), Aapakae (a@p

ko - to you), qsakae (us ko - to him, to her), qnakae (un ko - to them), maE>nae

(mai ne - I), Aapanae (a@p ne - you), taUnae (tu@ ne - you), taumanae (tum ne you), qsanae (us ne - he, she), mauJae (mujhe - to me), Aapasae (a@p se - from
you), mauJasae (mujh se - from me), tauJasae (tujh se - from you) taumasae (tum se
- from you), qsasae (us se - from him, her), qnasae (un se - from them), maere
paasa (mere pa@s - with me), maere iLayae (mere liye - for me), Aapak iLayae (a@pke

liye - for you), hmaare iLayae (hama@re liye - for us), qnak iLayae (unke liye for them), maera (mera@ - my), maerI (mer& - my), maere (mere - our), hmaara
(hama@ra@ - my), hmaarI (hama@r& - my), hmaare (hama@e - my), taera (tera@ your), taerI (ter& - your), taere (tere - your), Aapaka (a@p ka@ - your), AapakI
(a@p k& - your), Aapak (a@p ke - your), mauJamae> (mujhme - in me), taeremae> (tere

me - in you), tauJamae> (tujhme - in you), Aapamae> (a@p me - in you), qsamae>

(us me - in him, her), qnamae> (un me - in them), mauJa par (mujh par - on
me), taere par (tere par - on you), tauma par (tum par - on you), tauJa par (tujh

par - on you), Aapa par (a@p par - on you), qsa par (us par - on him, her),
qna par (un par - on them)_ maE> hU (mai hu@ - I am), taU hE (tu@ hai - You
are), tauma hae (tum ho - You are), Aapa hE> (a@p hai - You are).
14
Learn Hindi through English Medium - Course Level I

LESSON 7
saatavaa paa#
COMPOUNDING THE CONSONANTS
(Compare the following chart with the one given on page 1)

Hind& Half-Characters :

K (k)

S (Sa`)

g (ga`)

z (za`)

G`

kh

gh

n[

c (ca`)

j (ja`)

J (Ja`)

(a`)

c{, ch

c{h, chh

jh

n~

@`

#`

D`

$`

N (Na`)

t>

t>h

d<

d<h

n<

t (ta`)

Y (Ya`)

d`

Z (Za`)

n (na`)

th

dh

p (pa`)

(f)

b (ba`)

B (Ba`)

m (ma`)

ph,f

bh

y (ya`)

r`

L (La`)

v (va`)

v,w

o (oa`)

P (Pa`)

s (sa`)

h`

s{, sha

s<

h
15

Learn Hindi through English Medium - Course Level I

USE OF THE HALF CHARACTERS TO MAKE

HINDI COMPOUND LETTERS AND WORDS
*Character k (k, K ) : paKka (pakka@ strong), KLaba (klab club), KLaasa (kla@s class),
Kyaae> (kyo why?), Kyaa (kya@ what?), vaaKya (va@kya sentence) vaKta (vakta time),
rKta (rakta blood), wiKmaNaI (Rukmin<&)
*Character kh (Sa`, S ) : SyaaLa (khya@l attention), saaESya (saukhya happiness),
Svaaba (khwa@b dream), Svaaihoa (khwa@hish desire), Syaaita (khya@ti fame)
*Character g (ga`, g ) : gLaasa (gla@s glass), dugZa (dugdha milk), Aigna (agni fire),
Baagya (bha@gya fortune), gvaaLaa (gwa@la@ milkman), gyaarh (gya@raha eleven)
*Character gh (za`, z ) : iva ivazna ivaza`na (vighna obstacle), tazna taza`na
(kr<taghna obliged), LazvaaoaI Laza`vaaoaI (laghva@sh& moderate eater)
*Character ch (ca, c ) : baccaa (bachcha@ kid), saccaa (sachcha@ true), Acyauta
(Achyuta Krishn<a), vaacya (va@cya utterance), AcCa (achha@ good), kccaa
(kaccha@ raw)

*Character j (ja, j ) : rajya (ra@jya kingdom), sajja (sajja ready), qjjvaLa

(ujjawal bright), jyaaeita (jyoti brilliance), jvaaLaa (jwa@la@ flame)
*Character t> (@) : CuI Cu@`@I (chhut<t>& holiday), imaI, ima@`@I (mit>t>& soil) Saa
Sa@`@a (khat>t>a@ sour), pa@`#a (pat>t>ha@ pupil), mau@#I (mut>t>h& fist)
*Character d< (D) : Saa SaD`Da (khad<d<a@ pit), hI hD`DI (had<d<& bone), qyana
qD`Dyana (ud<d<ayan flying)
*Character n< (Na`, N ) : paaNDva (Pa@n<d<ava), kN# (kan<t>ha throat), kN@k
(kan<t>aka thorn), DNDa (d<an<d<a@ stick), PaNmaasa (s<an<ma@sa six months), BaNDarI
(bhan>d>a@r& storekeeper), ANDa (an<d<a@

egg)
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Learn Hindi through English Medium - Course Level I

*Character t (ta`, t ) : satkar (satka@ra honour), rtnaakr (Ratna@kar), Aatmaa (tma@

soul), satya (satya truth), tyaaga (tya@g sacrifice), %aasa (tra@s trouble), tvara
(tvara@ rush), saTva, sata`tva, sata`ta`va (sattava truth), mahtva, mahTva (mahatva,

mahattva greatness)

*Character th (Ya`, Y ) : taYya (tathya truth), paYya (pathya diet)

*Character dh (Za`, Z ) : baaZya (ba@dhya binding), AZvar (adhvara lower lip),
dZma (dadhma to blow), maZya (madhya centre), Zyaana (dhya@na meditation),
Zvaina (dhvani soundon)
*Character n (na`, n ) : Aanand (nanda joy), jata (jannat heaven), A (anna
food), janma (janma birth), Anya (anya other), Zanyavaad (dhanyava@d thanks),
iBa (bhinna different), }ntajaar (intaja@ra wait), AnZaera (andhera@ darkness)
*Character p (pa`, p ) : samaaipta (sama@pti end), pyaar (pya@r love), svapna (svapna
dream), tapta (tapta heated), pLava (plava bird)
*Character ph, f (f, ) : Laavar (fla@war flower), Laask (fla@sk), Laae (flo
flow), rtaar (rafta@r speed), htaa (hafta@ week)
*Character b (ba`, b ) : Zabbaa (dhabba@ spot), bLaU (blu@ blue), oabd (shabda
sound), byaU@I (beauty), byaah (bya@ha wedding), sabjaI (sabj& vegetable)
*Character bh (Ba`, B ) : AByaasa (abhya@s study), saBya (sabhya gentle), LaBya
(labhya available)

*Character m (ma , m ) : Ammaa (amma@ mother), sampada (sampada@ wealth),

samyak (samyak proper), sammaana (samma@na honour), maumba}| (mumba&,
Bombay), AmLa (amla sour), saamya (sa@mya similarity), sambanZa (sambandha
relationship)
*Character y (ya`, y ) : oayyaa (shayya@

bed)
17

Learn Hindi through English Medium - Course Level I

LESSON 8
Aa#vaa paa#
SPECIAL COMPOUND CHARACTERS
(1) Character d (d` ) forms following commonly used SEVEN compound letters :
(i). d + ga = dga writen as : d` + ga = d`ga =

BagavaItaa

(ii) d + da = dda written as : d + d = d`d =

qeoa

(iii) d + dha = ddha written as d` + Za = d`Za = &

bau&

(v) d + bha = dbha written as : d` + Ba = d`Ba =

OaRImagavaItaa

(v) d + ya = dya written as : d` + ya` = d`ya = ^

iva^a

(vi) d + ma = dma written as : d` + ma` = d`ma

pa

(vii) d + va = dva written as : d` + va` = d`va = V

Var

(2) Characters ra and r (r, r` ) form following TWO types of compounds :

(A) WHEN FULL CONSONANT ra (r) comes after a half consonant character, it is written
as a slant line attached to that (half) consonant. (Note : Even though that half consonant
apprars to be written as a full consonant, it is actually a half consonant) :
(i) k (half) + ra (full) = kra ( k + r = kr = )

ca

(ii) g + ra = gra ( ga` + r = ga`r = gaR)

AgaR

(iii) t + ra = tra ( ta` + r = ta`r = %a)

paiva%a

(iv) d + ra = dra ( d` + r = dR)

dRva

(v) sh + ra =shra ( oa` + r = )

OaRI

(vi) t> or d<+ ra= tra, d<ra (@` + r = @) @k (truck), raP@ (ra@s<t<ra nation), Za\taraP@ (Dhr<tara@s<t>ra)
(vii) s + ra = sra (sa` + r = sa`r = )

sah
18

Learn Hindi through English Medium - Course Level I

(B) WHEN HALF CONSONANT r ( r` ) comes before any full consonant character, the r (r` )
is written as ( | ) over that full consonant.
(viii) r + k ( ) r` + k = k_ Ak (arka extract), svaga| (svarga heaven),
AGAIN REMEMBER :

R ) represents the full r (ra), it does not represent half r` (r)

(i) The slant line character (

eg\ paR = pa` + r

paRkaoa

(ii) The curved line character ( | ) represents half r` (r), it does not represent full r (ra)
eg\ pa| = r` + pa

sapa|

(3) Character h` forms following three types of very common compound letters :
(i) h + ma = hma (h + ma = M)
(ii) h + ya = hya (h + ya = H), baaH (bahya outer)
(iii) h + r> = hr> (h + / = ) dya (hr>day heart)

THE SPECIAL LETTER

kta

F
(4) Character k : character k + ta = kta. kta can be written as k + ta = Kta_ but there is a
special character for this combo which is written as k + ta = Kta = F
eg\ rF (rakta blood), BaiF BaiKta (bhakti devotion), vaFa vaKtaa (vakta@ speaker), mauF mauKta
(mukta free), vaF vaKta (vakta time), pa>iF pa>iKta (pan[kti line) ...etc

19
Learn Hindi through English Medium - Course Level I