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01-Beginning Vibration Analysis PDF
01-Beginning Vibration Analysis PDF
Analysis
ConnectionTechnologyCenter,Inc.
7939RaeBoulevard
Victor,NewYork14564
www.ctconline.com
DataCollection
0.6
0.5
0.4
Fault
Alert
0.3
0.2
0.1
0
0:00:00
12:00:00
24:00:00
36:00:00
48:00:00
60:00:00
Time (minutes)
Portable
Route Based
2015
PortableDataCollectors
DataAnalysis
History
Trending
DownloadData
UploadRoutes
Alarms
Smartalgorithms
RouteBased
FrequencySpectrum
TimeWaveform
Orbits
Balancing
Alignment
2015
PermanentMonitoring
DataAnalysis
History
Trending
EthernetConnection
Alarms
SmartAlgorithms
Continuous
Measurement
PermanentSensors
FrequencySpectrum
TimeWaveform
Orbits
2015
WhatsThis?
1
0.0002
inch
Peak
Magnitude
0
0 Hz
2015
100 Hz
7
FFT,FrequencySpectrum,
PowerSpectrum
1
0.0002
inch
Peak
Magnitude
0
0 Hz
2015
100 Hz
8
ScalingX&Y
1
0.0002
inch
Peak
Magnitude
0
0 Hz
100 Hz
X
2015
ScalingX&Y
1
AMPLITUDE
0.0002
inch
Peak
Magnitude
0
0 Hz
2015
FREQUENCY
10
100 Hz
ScalingX&Y
1
How bad is it ?
0.0002
inch
Peak
Magnitude
0
0 Hz
2015
What is it ?
11
100 Hz
WhatsThat?
1
0.0004
inch
Real
-0.0004
0 s
2015
7.996094 s
12
TimeWaveform
1
0.0004
inch
Real
-0.0004
0 s
2015
7.996094 s
13
ScalingX&Y
1
0.0004
inch
Real
-0.0004
0 s
7.996094 s
X
2015
14
ScalingX&Y
1
AMPLITUDE
0.0004
inch
Real
-0.0004
0 s
2015
TIME
15
7.996094 s
ScalingX&Y
1
How bad is it ?
0.0004
inch
Real
-0.0004
0 s
2015
What is it ?
16
7.996094 s
TheXScale
What is it ?
2015
SingleFrequency
X:55 Hz
Pwr Spec 1
1
V
rms
Magnitude
Y:706.8129 mV
55 Hz
0
0 Hz
X:27.00806 ms
dX:18.18848 ms
Time 1
1
V
100 Hz
Y:3.579427 mV
dY:2.449082 mV
18.18 ms
Real
-1
2015
0 s
18
62.46948 ms
Frequency&Time
fHz =1/tSec
tSec =1/fHz
2015
19
Frequency&Time
FT = 1
If: F = 1/T and T = 1/F
Then: FT = 1
2015
20
Concept!
FT = 1
If:
F increases
Then: t decreases
If:
T increases
Then: f decreases
2015
21
SingleFrequency
X:55 Hz
Pwr Spec 1
1
V
rms
Magnitude
Y:706.8129 mV
55 Hz
0
0 Hz
X:27.00806 ms
dX:18.18848 ms
Time 1
1
V
100 Hz
Y:3.579427 mV
dY:2.449082 mV
18.18 ms
Real
-1
2015
0 s
22
62.46948 ms
MultipleFrequencies
X:55 Hz
Pwr Spec 1
Y:706.8129 mV
1
0 Hz
X:78 Hz
Pwr Spec 1
100 Hz
Y:706.9236 mV
1
0 Hz
X:21 Hz
Pwr Spec 1
100 Hz
Y:706.7825 mV
1
0 Hz
X:42 Hz
Pwr Spec 1
100 Hz
Y:706.9266 mV
1
0 Hz
2015
100 Hz
23
MultipleWaveforms
Time 55 1
55 Hz
1
V
0 s
62.46948 ms
Time 78 1
78 Hz
1
V
0 s
62.46948 ms
Time 21 1
21 Hz
1
V
0 s
62.46948 ms
Time 42 1
42 Hz
1
V
0 s
2015
62.46948 ms
24
RealLifeWaveform
55 Hz + 78 Hz + 21 Hz + 42 Hz = Trouble !
TIME 1
4
V
Real
-4
0 s
2015
62.46948 ms
25
FFTCapabilities
TIME 1
Complex time
waveform contains
frequencies of 21,
42, 55, & 78 Hz.
4
V
Real
-4
0 s
62.46948 ms
X:21 Hz
X:42 Hz
X:55 Hz
X:78 Hz
FREQUENCY 1
1
V
rms
0 Hz
2015
Y:706.7825 mV
Y:706.9266 mV
Y:706.8129 mV
Y:706.9236 mV
100 Hz
26
LinesorBins
1
0.0002
inch
Peak
Magnitude
0
0 Hz
2015
100 Hz
27
LRF
The Lowest Resolvable Frequency is determined by:
2015
28
Bandwidth
The Bandwidth can be defined by:
(Frequency Span / Analyzer Lines) Window Function
Uniform Window Function = 1.0
Hanning Window Function = 1.5
Flat Top Window Function = 3.8
2015
29
Resolution
The frequency resolution is defined in the following manner:
2015
30
UsingResolution
The analyst wishes to measure two frequency
disturbances that are very close together.
Frequency #1 = 29.5 Hz.
Frequency #2 = 30 Hz.
A hanning window and 800 lines will be used.
What frequency span is required to accurately measure
these two frequency disturbances ?
2015
31
UsingResolution
Resolution Required = 30 - 29.5 = 0.5 Hz
Resolution = 2 (Frequency Span / 800) 1.5
0.5 = 2 (Frequency Span / 800) 1.5
0.5 = 3 (Frequency Span) / 800
400 = 3 (Frequency Span)
133 Hz = Frequency Span
Therefore, the frequency span must be 133 Hz or less to measure the
desired resolution of 0.5 Hz.
2015
32
DataSamplingTime
Data sampling time is the amount of time required to take one record or
sample of data. It is dependent on the frequency span and the number of
analyzer lines being used.
2015
33
Average&Overlap
TR#1
Average On
OverlapPercent 50%
Overlapistheamountof
olddatathatisused
TR#2
TR#3
0% Overlap
50% Overlap
TR#1
TR#2
TR#3
2015
34
75%Overlap?
10Averages
75%Overlap
800Lines
200Hz
Total time = 4 + (1 x 9)
Total time = 13 seconds
2015
35
FilterWindows
Windowfiltersareappliedtothetime
waveformdatatosimulatedatathatstarts
andstopsatzero.
Theywillcauseerrorsinthetimewaveform
andfrequencyspectrum.
Westilllikewindowfilters!
2015
36
Window Comparisons
Real Time
No Window
2015
37
Window Comparisons
Real Time
Hanning Window
2015
38
Window Comparisons
Real Time
39
WindowFilters
Hanning(Frequency)
ForceExponential
WindowFactor1.5
AmplitudeAccuracy18%
Force/ExpoSetup
RequiresChannel1Input
Force(Hammer)
RequiresChannel2Response
(Sensor)
Response/Force(Channel
2/Channel1)
Normalizesdatabasedon
responsetoforce
FlatTop(Amplitude)
WindowFactor3.8
AmplitudeAccuracy1%
Uniform(Impacts)
WindowFactor1.0
AmplitudeAccuracy56%
2015
40
FilterWindows
UsetheHanningWindowfornormalvibration
monitoring(Frequency)
UsetheFlatTopWindowforcalibrationand
accuracy(Amplitude)
UsetheUniformWindowforbumptesting
andresonancechecks(NoWindow)
2015
41
TheYScale
How bad is
it ?
2015
Amplitude
Acceleration = gs rms. or peak
Velocity = inch/s rms. or peak
Displacement = mils peak to peak
Note: 1 mil = 0.001 inches
2015
43
PkPk(Peak Peak)
X:55 Hz
Pwr Spec 1
Y:1.999169 V
2
V
Pk-Pk
Magnitude
0
0 Hz
100 Hz
X:22.43042 ms
dX:9.094238 ms
Time 1
Y:-993.8563 mV
dY:1.994871 V
1
V
Real
-1
0 s
2015
Peak - Peak. = 2 V
44
62.46948 ms
Pk(Peak)
X:55 Hz
Pwr Spec 1
Y:999.5843 mV
1
V
Peak
Magnitude
0
0 Hz
X:27.00806 ms
dX:4.516602 ms
Time 1
100 Hz
Y:3.579427 mV
dY:997.4356 mV
1
V
Real
-1
0 s
62.46948 ms
Peak. = 1 V
2015
45
RMS(RootMeanSquare)
The time wave has not
changed.
The rms. value is expressed
from zero to 70.7% of the
peak amplitude for a single
frequency.
The rms. value is calculated
for the spectrum.
In a periodic time wave, the
rms. value must be calculated
in the FFT. It will represent
the overall energy of the
FFT.
2015
X:55 Hz
Pwr Spec 1
1
V
rms
Magnitude
Y:706.8129 mV
rms. = 707 mV
0
0 Hz
X:27.00806 ms
dX:2.288818 ms
Time 1
100 Hz
Y:3.579427 mV
dY:709.1976 mV
1
V
Real
-1
0 s
46
62.46948 ms
UnitComparison
X:27.00806 ms
dX:2.288818 ms
Time 1
RMS
Y:3.579427 mV
dY:709.1976 m
Magnitude
Real
0
0 s
X:27.00806 ms
dX:4.516602 ms
Time 1
62.46948 ms
X:55 Hz
Pwr Spec 1
100 Hz
Y:999.5843 mV
2
V
Peak
1
V
Magnitude
Real
0
0 s
X:22.43042 ms
dX:9.094238 ms
Time 1
0 Hz
62.46948 ms
Y:-993.8563 mV
dY:1.994871 V
X:55 Hz
Pwr Spec 1
100 Hz
Y:1.999169 V
2
V
Pk-Pk
1
V
Magnitude
Real
-1
0 s
2015
0 Hz
Y:3.579427 mV
dY:997.4356 m
-1
Peak - Peak
Y:706.8129 mV
2
V
rms
1
V
-1
Peak
X:55 Hz
Pwr Spec 1
62.46948 ms
47
0 Hz
100 Hz
ChangingUnits
Many times it is necessary to change between units.
Pk-Pk / 2 = Peak
Peak x 0.707 = RMS
Peak x 2 = Pk-Pk
2015
48
Peak - Peak
Peak
x 1.414
2015
Peak
RMS
49
x 0.707
EngineeringUnits(EU)
Engineering units are used to give meaning to the amplitude of the
measurement.
Instead of the default volts, it is possible to incorporate a unit
proportional to volts that will have greater meaning to the user.
Examples:
2015
100 mV / g
20 mV / Pa
1 V / in/s
200 mV / mil
50 mV / psi
10 mV / fpm
33 mV / %
10 mV / V
50
EUstheHardWay
Sometimes we forget to use EUs, or just dont understand how
to set up the analyzer. The measurement is in volts!
There is no immediate need to panic if ????
You know what the EU is for the sensor you are using.
Example: An accelerometer outputs 100 mV / g and there is a
10 mV peak in the frequency spectrum.
What is the amplitude in gs ?
Answer = 10 mV / 100 mV/g = 0.1 g
2015
51
ThreeMeasures
Acceleration
Velocity
Displacement
2015
52
ConvertingMeasures
In many cases we are confronted with Acceleration,
Velocity, or Displacement, but are not happy with it.
Maybe we have taken the measurement in
acceleration, but the model calls for displacement.
Maybe we have taken the data in displacement, but
the manufacturer quoted the equipment
specifications in velocity.
How do we change between these measures ?
2015
53
ConvertingMeasures
Velocity=Acceleration/2 f
Displacement=Velocity/2 f
Displacement=Acceleration/(2 f)2
Where:
Acceleration=gs
Multiplyaccelerationingsby(386.1inches/second2)/g
Multiplyaccelerationingsby(9807mm/second2)/g
Velocity=inches/secondormm/second
Displacement=inchesormm
f =frequencyinHz.(cycles/second)
2015
54
Converting Measures
386.1
Acceleration (gs)
Acceleration
(inch/s2)
x 386.1
Acceleration
(inch/s2)
Standard Measures
x 2(Pi)f
2(Pi)f
Velocity
(inch/s)
Velocity
(inch/s)
x 2(Pi)f
2015
Displacement (inch)
55
2(Pi)f
Converting Measures
9807
Acceleration (gs)
Acceleration
(mm/s2)
x 9807
Acceleration
(mm/s2)
Metric Measures
x 2(Pi)f
2(Pi)f
Velocity
(mm/s)
Velocity
(mm/s)
x 2(Pi)f
2015
Displacement (mm)
56
2(Pi)f
Acceleration Velocity
Example: Find the equivalent Peak velocity for a 25 Hz
vibration at 7 mg rms.
Velocity = (g x 386.1) / (2
f)
2015
57
Velocity Displacement
Example: Find the equivalent peak-peak displacement
for a 25 Hz vibration at 0.024 in/s Peak ?
Displacement = Velocity / (2
xf)
2015
58
Acceleration Displacement
Example: Find the equivalent Peak-Peak displacement
for a 52 Hz vibration at 15 mg rms.
Displacement = (g x 386.1) / (2
x f )2
2015
59
Radians,Degrees,
orTime
2
900
3600 = 2 Radians
3600
/ 2 Radians
57.3250
1800
/ Radian
2700
3
2
2015
60
00
3600
Radians, Degrees,
or Time
2
900
1800
00 0
3600 2
2700
3
2
2015
61
Radians,Degrees,
orTime
2
900
00
1800
Period
3600
(seconds/cycle)
2700
3
2
2015
62
Sensors
Speed
Displacement
Frequency
2015
64
Accelerometers
IEPE
ChargeMode
IntegratedAmplifier
Industrial
2015
ExternalAmplifier
HighTemperature
66
Accelerometer
RequirementsandApplications
Requirements
Functionality
Durability
Affordability
Applications
Trending
Alarming
Diagnostics
Remember
Onesensordoesnotfit
allapplications
Fit,Form&Function
2015
67
AccelerometerAdvantages
Measurescasingvibration
Measuresabsolutevibration
IntegratetoVelocity
DoubleintegratetoDisplacement
Easytomount
Largerangeoffrequencyresponse
Availableinmanyconfigurations
2015
68
AccelerometerDisadvantages
Doesnotmeasureshaftvibration
Sensitivetomountingtechniquesand
surfaceconditions
Difficulttoperformcalibrationcheck
Oneaccelerometerdoesnotfitall
applications
2015
69
Mass&Charge
Mass
Ceramic
Base
2015
Relative movement
between base & mass
creates shear in ceramic
producing a charge
output.
70
TypicalAccelerometer
Parameters/Specifications
Specification
Sensitivity
Value
AlternateValue
100mV/g+/5%
FrequencyResponse+/
3dB
30 900,000CPM
0.5 15,000Hz
Frequency Response+/
10%
60 420,000CPM
1.0 7,000Hz
FrequencyResponse+/
5%
120 240,000CPM
2.0 4,000Hz
DynamicRange
ResonantFrequency
2015
+/ 80gpeak
1,560,000CPM
71
26,000Hz
TypicalAccelerometer
FrequencyResponse
Amplitude
Transmission Region
The usable frequency range of the accelrometer
Amplification
Region
Isolation
Region
Phase between
sensor & machine
is shifted by 180
degrees and signal
rolls off to zero
+/- 3dB
+/- 10%
+/- 5%
Frequency
2015
72
AccelerometerMounts
2015
73
RealisticMounting
2015
74
Sensitivity,Range
&Application
Sensitivity Range Output
10 mV/g
+/- 500 g
+/- 5 VAC
50 mV/g
+/- 100 g
+/- 5 VAC
100 mV/g
+/- 50 g
+/- 5 VAC
500 mV/g
+/- 10 g
+/- 5 VAC
2015
Application
A 10 mV/g accelerometer will have a
dynamic range of +/- 500 gs, and a
dynamic output of +/- 5 volts AC.
They are typically used for machinery
that is generating high amplitude
vibrations. With the large dynamic
range, they are much less likely to
become saturated as a result of the
high amplitude vibrations.
75
Sensitivity,Range
&Application
Sensitivity Range Output
10 mV/g
+/- 500 g
+/- 100 g
+/- 5 VAC
100 mV/g
+/- 50 g
+/- 5 VAC
500 mV/g
+/- 10 g
+/- 5 VAC
2015
+/- 5 VAC
50 mV/g
Application
76
Sensitivity,Range
&Application
Sensitivity Range Output
10 mV/g
+/- 500 g
+/- 5 VAC
50 mV/g
+/- 100 g
+/- 5 VAC
100 mV/g
+/- 50 g
+/- 5 VAC
500 mV/g
+/- 10 g
+/- 5 VAC
2015
77
Application
A 100 mV/g accelerometer will have a
dynamic range of +/- 50 gs, and a
dynamic output of +/- 5 volts AC.
Approximately 90% of all vibration
analysis and data collection is
accomplished with a 100 mV/g
accelerometer.
Some sensors are also available with
a +/- 80g dynamic range for measuring
larger signal amplitudes.
Sensitivity,Range
&Application
Sensitivity Range Output
10 mV/g
+/- 500 g
+/- 5 VAC
50 mV/g
+/- 100 g
+/- 5 VAC
100 mV/g
+/- 50 g
+/- 5 VAC
500 mV/g
+/- 10 g
+/- 5 VAC
2015
Application
78
Mounting Locations
These mounting
locations also conform
the the right hand rule
for phase analysis.
(Cartesian Coordinates)
Vertical (Y)
Horizontal (X)
Load Zone
2015
Axial (Z)
79
MountingLocations
Load Zone
Axial (Z)
Radial
Vertical (Y)
Horizontal (X)
2015
80
VelocitySensors
SelfGenerating nopowersupply
required
Magnetinsidecoilgeneratesvelocity
proportionaltovibration
Springmasssystem
10Hz.to1000Hz.
Phasechange900
Directionalmounting
Large&Heavy
Output=mV/inch/sec
2015
82
PiezoVelocitySensors
Remembereverythingthatyoujustlearnedaboutan
accelerometer
Theoutputoftheaccelerometerhasbeenintegratedto
velocityandhasa900phasechange
100mV/inch/sec(4mV/mm/sec)
500mV/inch/sec(20mV/mm/sec)
2015
83
ProximityProbes,
Cables,&Drivers
2015
85
5,7and9MeterSystems
AA = No Thread Length
BB = Case Length
CC = Total Length
2015
86
5,7&9MeterSystems
Extension Cable
87
5,7and9MeterSystems
Driver
88
Application
MeasureDisplacement
Plainbearingapplications
NonContactSensor
Idealformeasuring:
Shaftvibration
Shaftcenterlineposition(Gap)
Shaftaxialposition(ThrustBearing)
Roddrop
Speed(Gear)
Trigger(KeyorKeyway)
2015
89
CommonApplications
Compressors
SteamTurbines
Pumps
Fans
Blowers
Generators
GearBoxes
2015
PlainBearings
JournalBearings
FluidFilmBearings
BabbittBearings
SleeveBearings
TiltingPadBearings
Recips (crosshead)
90
DisplacementProbeAdvantages
Noncontact
Measurerelativeshaftvibration
Measureshaftcenterlineposition(DCgap)
Measureaxialposition(Thrust)
ProvideSpeedorTrigger
Flatfrequencyresponsedc 10KHz
Simplecalibration
Suitableforharshenvironments
2015
91
DisplacementProbeDisadvantages
Probecanmove(vibrate)
Doesntworkonallmetals
Platedshaftsmaygive
falsemeasurement
Plated shaft is
round, but core
Measurementisaffectedby
material is not..
scratches&toolmarksinshaft
Availablesystemlengths(probe,cable&driver)
5,7,or9meterarestandard
Musthavereliefatsensingtipfromsurroundingmetal
(counterbore)
2015
92
TechnicalBackground
Driver
Cable
Probe
Shaft
2015
TechnicalBackground
Driver
Cable
Probe
Shaft
2015
Sensitivity,Range,
&Response
Driver
Cable
Typical non-contact
displacement sensor for
measuring shaft vibration on
a sleeve or journal bearing.
Probe
Sensitivity
Eddy Currents
Dynamic Range
Shaft
Frequency Response
Journal/Sleeve
2015
95
200 mV/mil
(8 V/mm)
10 90 mils
(.25 2.3 mm)
DC 10 kHz
Linearity
Gap
Gap
Output
mils
mm
VDC
20
10
0.25
-2.00
18
20
0.51
-4.00
16
30
0.76
-6.00
40
1.02
-8.00
10
50
1.27
-10.00
60
1.52
-12.00
70
1.78
-14.00
80
2.03
-16.00
90
2.29
-18.00
100
2.54
-20.00
ProximityProbeLinearity
NomialOutput=200mV/mil(8V/mm)
VoltsDC
14
12
2
0
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
mils
2015
96
90
100
Materials&Sensitivity
Typical
200mv/mil
(7.87V/mm)
4140Steel
Note:
Iftheshaftortargetmaterialis
not4140steel,thenatestshould
beruntodeterminethesensitivity
ofthematerialbeingmeasured.
Dependsonprobe,
cable(length),and
driver.
Targetmaterialvaries
output.
2015
97
DurabilityisRequired
Proximity probes lead a
rough life. Installation,
maintenance and
overhauls require trained
analysts, technicians, or
mechanics to properly
install and remove the
probes. Some probes are
actually encapsulated
inside the fluid film
bearing, and are exposed
to the lubrication and
heat generated by the
bearing. Proper handling
and durability are key
performance factors.
2015
98
DrivertoDrivenOrientation
2015
99
APIStandard670
2015
100
ProbeOrientation
Vertical (Y)
900
(X) Horizontal
Probe orientation
based on facing
Driver to Driven
Gap
Shaft
Lubricant
Sleeve
2015
101
DCGap&DynamicAC
Time Record 1
DC Gap
-9.75
V
30 mV p-p VAC
A negative voltage
level proportional to
the gap spacing
Dynamic
-10.00
Dynamic AC
Real
Varying DC voltage
simulates dynamic
AC voltage for
vibration output
VDC
DC Gap
-10.25
0 s
2015
79.96092 ms
102
30 mV/(200 mV/mil)
= 0.15 mils p-p
DCGap&DynamicAC
Positive Peak =
- 48.57 mils
DC Gap =
- 56.08 mils
Negative Peak =
- 63.59 mils
2015
103
DynamicOutputs
900
Vertical for
Amplitude
Horizontal for
Time Base
2015
104
TheOrbitDisplay
Y
2015
105
Machine
Vertical
RollingtheScope
Machine
Horizontal
450
Machine
Vertical
Orbit
Correction
Machine
Horizontal
Orbits&Instrumentation
Clearancevs.Vibration
Diametrical Clearance
If the (Peak Peak Displacement / Diametrical Clearance) x 100% > 50% then
the vibration of the shaft is using more than half of the bearing clearance and
additional analysis may be required to identify and reduce the vibration amplitude.
2015
109
AbsoluteShaftDisplacement
Velocity
Displacement
1. Measure the
vertical shaft
displacement.
Vertical Measures
D = 2.85 milsp-p @1650
2. Measure the
vertical casing
velocity.
3600 RPM
3. Include phase
2015
110
GraphicalAddition
Vertical Measures
900
3.86 milsp-p
@ 1520
Velocity leads
displacement by 900
2110 - 900 = 1210
1800
Dp-p = 2[0.24/(2f)]
1.27 milsp-p
@ 1210
2.85 milsp-p
@ 1650
Dp-p = 2[0.24/(6.28x60)]
D = 1.27 milsp-p @ 1210
2700
2015
111
00
MathematicalAddition
D = 2.85 milsp-p @1650
D = 1.27 milsp-p @
900
1210
D=
1.832 + (-3.40)2
3.86 milsp-p
y2 + x2
D = 3.86 milsp-p
y = 0.74 milsp-p
y = 1.09 mils p-p
D=
1800
1.83 milsp-p
@ 1520
-3.4 milsp-p
x = -0.65 milsp-p
2700
2015
112
00
ShaftCenterline
Bore Dia.
On
Centers
Zero
RPM
2015
Shaft Dia.
Diametrical
Clearance
113
CCW
Rotation
CW
Rotation
PlottingShaftPosition
Y -450
X +450
At Running Speed
CCW Rotation
Y = -1 mil
X = +2 mils
Shaft Change = 2.24
mils @ 71.60
2015
114
AxialThrustorPosition
Shaft
RodDrop
2015
116
2015
117
NaturalFrequency
AresultoftheMass(m)andStiffness
(k)ofthemachinedesign
Resonanceoccurswhenanatural
frequencyisexcitedbyaforce
Criticalspeedoccurswhenthe
machinespeedmatchesthenatural
frequencyandcreatesresonance
2015
118
NaturalFrequency
X:164.0625 ms
dX:554.6875 ms
Time Record 1
Y:1.379613 G
dY:-729.2974 mG
Time Waveform
TIME1.63
2
G
Real
-2
0 s
X:109.125 Hz
Auto Pwr Spec 1
8 s
Y:214.7374 mG
Frequency Spectrum
HZ1.63
0.3
G
rms
Real
0
50.00001 Hz
2015
150 Hz
119
INCREASEthe
stiffness(k)
INCREASEthe
mass(m)
INCREASEthe
frequency(f)
DECREASEthe
frequency(f)
2015
120
NaturalFrequency
10 lbs.
30 lbs.
50 lbs.
95 lbs.
Pull Strength
Frequency Response 2000 Hz.
k/m
2015
k/m
k/m
121
k/m
BumpTestingSetup
UNIFORMWINDOW
2015
Takeyourtime Bumparound
Donotoverrangeorcliptheinputsignal
800 1600linesofresolution
Trysomedifferentfrequencyspans
Only1bumpforeachtimerecord
About4averages(dependsonnoise)
122
UniformWindow
Uniform
Hanning
Flat Top
2015
123
BumpIt!
X:23.4375 ms
dX:76.17188 ms
Time Record 1
Y:1.63297 G
dY:-1.36474 G
Time Waveform
TIME4.63
2
G
Real
-2
0 s
1 s
X:58.75 Hz
X:65.5 Hz
X:70.75 Hz
Auto Pwr Spec 1
Y:8.550765 mG
Y:12.23725 mG
Y:8.475402 mG
Frequency Spectrum
HZ4.63
0.015
G
rms
Real
0
0 Hz
2015
100 Hz
124
MentalHealthCheck!
X:23.4375 ms
dX:76.17188 ms
Time Record 1
Time Waveform
TIME4.63
2
G
The frequency
measured in the
time waveform
should be the
same frequency in
the FFT.
Y:1.63297 G
dY:-1.36474 G
Real
-2
0 s
X:58.75 Hz
X:65.5 Hz
X:70.75 Hz
Auto Pwr Spec 1
0.015
G
rms
1 s
Y:8.550765 mG
Y:12.23725 mG
Y:8.475402 mG
Frequency Spectrum
HZ4.63
65.5 Hz
Real
0
0 Hz
2015
100 Hz
125
TimeWaveform
X:23.4375 ms
X:99.60938 ms
Time Record 1
Y:1.63297 G
Y:268.2297 mG
TIME4.63
A0 = 1.633 G
2
G
Time Waveform
F = 1/0.01523 sec = 65.64 Hz
An = 0.268 G
n = 5 cycles
LN = natural log
Real
-2
0 s
1 s
2015
126
FFTorSpectrum
X:58.75 Hz
X:65.5 Hz
X:70.75 Hz
Auto Pwr Spec 1
0.015
G
rms
Y:8.550765 mG
Y:12.23725 mG
Y:8.475402 mG
Frequency Spectrum
F = 65.5 Hz
HZ4.63
f2 = 70.75 Hz
f1 = 58.75 Hz
Real
-3dB
0
0 Hz
100 Hz
127
BumpTestingSummary
Takeyourtime
Chooseyourweapon
Bumparound
UniformWindow
Lookatthetime
waveform
Lookatthefrequency
spectrum
Doamentalhealth
check
2015
Calculatethe
amplificationfactor
Changethemass
Changethestiffness
Adddamping
Bumparound
Compareandverify
resultsafterchangesto
themachine
128
1x(RunningSpeed)
MassUnbalance1x
2015
CriticalSpeed1x
Misalignment1x,2x,3x
Looseness1x,2x,3x,4x,5x,.
Runout 1x
129
1xMassUnbalance
X:30 Hz
X:60 Hz
FREQ 1
0.7
inch
rms
Magnitude
Y:584.5464 minch
Y:88.18431 minch
1x
1600 Lines
Good resolution
& presentation
of the FFT
2x
0
0 Hz
100 Hz
TIME 1
1.5
inch
Real
-1.5
0 s
2015
15.99609 s
130
1xMassUnbalance
1600 Lines
FREQ 1
0.7
inch
rms
Magnitude
0
0 Hz
6.4 kHz
TIME 1
1.5
inch
Good resolution
& presentation of
the Time
Waveform
Real
-1.5
0 s
2015
249.939 ms
131
1xMassUnbalance
X:30 Hz
X:60 Hz
FREQ 1
0.7
inch
rms
Magnitude
Y:584.5464 minch
Y:88.18431 minch
1x
2x
0
0 Hz
TIME 1
1.5
inch
100 Hz
Primarily 1x
Real
-1.5
0 s
2015
249.939 ms
132
Two measurements
will provide good
resolution &
presentation of
both the FFT &
Time Waveform
1x,2x,3x Misalignment
1x
2x
1x
2x
2015
133
1x,2x,3x Misalignment
1x
2x
Angular
Offset
Misalignment
Misalignment
134
RollingElement
Bearings
2015
Rollingelementbearingswillnot generate
frequenciesthatareevenmultiplesofrunning
speed.Theyarenonsynchronous.
Theyoftengeneratelowamplitudes
Theyhavestagesoffailurestartingwithhigh
frequencystresswavesdeterioratingtolow
frequencycomponents.
Whenthevibrationgetsbetter shutthemachine
offimmediately!
135
RollingElementBearing
FrequenciesInnerRaceRotates
FTF = (Hz/2)[1-(B/P)cosCA]
BPFO = (N/2)Hz[1-(B/P)cosCA]
BPFI = (N/2)Hz[1+(B/P)cosCA]
BSF = (PHz/2B){1-[(B/P)cosCA]2}
Where:
Hz. = shaft speed in cps
Inner race and shaft rotate.
Outer race is held or fixed.
RollingElementBearing
FrequenciesOuterRaceRotates
FTF = (Hz/2)[1+(B/P)cosCA]
BPFO = (N/2)Hz[1+(B/P)cosCA]
BPFI = (N/2)Hz[1-(B/P)cosCA]
No
Rotation
BSF = (PHz/2B){1-[(B/P)cosCA]2}
Where:
Hz. = shaft speed in cps
RollingElementBearings(BPFI)
9 - CENTER ROLL
532E044D -MIH MOTOR INBOARD HORIZONTAL
1.2
Route Spectrum
21-Feb-04 08:37:46
SKF 6326
7.66 FTF
43.01 BSF
61.31 BPFO
95.26 BPFI
PK Velocity in mm/Sec
0.9
0.6
0.3
0
0
2015
300
600
Frequency in Hz
900
138
1200
Freq: 589.03
Ordr: 30.10
Spec: .289
Dfrq: 94.91
RollingElementBearings(BPFI)
9 - CENTER ROLL
532E044D -MIH MOTOR INBOARD HORIZONTAL
20
Route Waveform
21-Feb-04 08:37:46
15
RMS = 3.52
LOAD = 100.0
RPM = 1506. (25.09 Hz)
Acceleration in G-s
10
CF ALARM
PK(+) = 17.23
PK(-) = 17.94
CRESTF= 5.10
5
PK ALARM
Angel Fish !
PK ALARM
Impacts Create
Resonance of
Inner Ring
-5
-10
CF ALARM
-15
-20
0
2015
50
100
Time in mSecs
150
139
200
RollingElementBearings
Earlystageelectricalfluting
ft =1?
tisverysmall
Fisveryhigh
F max
2015
140
RollingElementBearings
Innerracepitting
ft =1?
tislonger
fislower
F max
2015
141
RollingElementBearings
Totalbearingfailure
ft =1?
Tisreallylong
fisreallylow
F max
2015
142
RollingElementBearings
Asthefrequencygetslowerbad
thingsarehappening!
RollingElementBearings
Nolubrication!
Novibration
program!
NoReliability!
2015
144
RollingElementBearings?
Youneedallofthe
rollingelements,inthe
sameorientation,a
goodcage,andasolid
innerracetohavea
qualitybearingand
goodvibration
measurement!
RollingElementBearings
Severe
Electrical
Fluting
2015
146
GearMesh
NumberofTeethxSpeedoftheShaftitis
mountedon.
Sidebandsaroundgearmeshwillbespaced
attheshaftspeedthegearismountedon.
Typicallythevibrationwillbeintheaxial
direction
2015
147
GearMesh&ShaftSpeeds
1770 RPM
27T
21T
(29.5 Hz)
147T
Shaft Speeds
Gear Mesh
2015
148
GearMeshwithSidebands
ofShaftSpeed
X:30.59605 Hz
X:31.82788 Hz
X:33.05971 Hz
Y:31.80463 mpsi
Y:89.65971 mpsi
Y:25.62417 mpsi
1
0.1
psi
rms
Magnitude
0
20 Hz
2015
Zoom Window
149
40 Hz
Fans
BladePass
NumberofBladesxSpeedoftheShaftthe
rotorismountedon.
Lookatthedamperandductworkforflow
andrestrictions.
Bladeclearance,dischargeangle,wear&tear
Unbalance,misalignment,bearings
2015
150
Pumps
VanePass
NumberofVanesxSpeedoftheShafttherotorismountedon.
Lookattheinputandoutputpressures
Vaneclearance,dischargeangle,wear&tear
Recirculation
RandomnoiseinFFT&TimeWaveform
Axialshuttling,Highbackpressure,Lowflowrate
Fluidbeingforcedbackintopump
Cavitation
RandomnoiseintheFFT&TimeWaveform
Audiblenoise,Lowbackpressure,Highflowrate
Airentrainedinfluid
2015
Unbalance,misalignment,bearings
151
Motors
SynchronousSpeed
(2xLineFrequency)/numberofpoles
Stator
2xLineFrequencyandMultiples
Rotor
SidebandsAroundRunningSpeed=Slip
FrequencyxNumberofPoleswith
Multiples
Unbalance,Misalignment,Bearings
2015
152
ThankYou!
Youcanfindtechnicalpaperson
thisandothersubjectsat
www.ctconline.com
intheTechnicalResourcessection
ConnectionTechnologyCenter,Inc.
7939RaeBoulevard
Victor,NewYork14564
Tel:+15859245900
Fax:+15859244680
2015
153