Introduction

The protection of generators is very much complex

due to the following reasons:
The generators are very large machines producing
very high voltages and are connected to busbars.
Various other equipments such as prime movers,
excitation systems, voltage regulators, cooling
systems etc. are always associated with the
generators. Thus protection of generators must
consider the presence of these other equipments
also.
The protection scheme must be such that it should
not shut off the generators as far as possible. The
shut off generators result in a power shortage.

Generator Faults
Stator faults
Rotor faults
Abnormal running conditions

Stator faults
The main types of stator faults are:
Phase to earth faults
Phase to phase faults
Inter-turn faults involving turns of same phase
winding

Rotor Faults
The conductor to earth faults and short circuit
between the turns of the field winding, are the
commonly occurring faults with respect to a
rotor.

Abnormal Running
Conditions
The abnormal conditions include:
Over-loading
Over-speeding
Unbalanced loading
Over-voltage
Failure of prime mover
Loss of excitation (Field failure)
Cooling system failure

Basic Differential
Protection Scheme For
Generators

Basic Percentage
Differential Protection
Scheme For Generators

Merz-Price Protection Of
Alternator Stator
Windings

Introduction
The transformers are static devices without
having any rotating part and are totally
enclosed. Hence the chances of faults occurring
on transformers are much rare as compared to
the faults occurring on generators.

Transformer Faults
The various possible transformer faults are:
Overheating
Winding faults
Open circuits
Through faults
Over fluxing
Incipient i.e. slow developing faults

Various Schemes For

Transformer Protection

Percentage Differential
Protection For
Transformers

Buchholz Relay