KARNATAKA GOVT.

EVENING POLYTECHNIC
 Generator Protections
A Presentation on Protection Systems
in Power Plant

CREATED BY - KISHORE KUMAR

REG. NO. : 186EE18302
 INTRODUCTION

1. It is imperative need to install some protective system to protect the

expensive components of the protective system like generators,
transformers, transmission lines etc. from different types of faults which
occurs in power system.
2. In generating stations , continuous operation of generator is more
necessary so the faulty part needs to be cleared very quickly for
uninterruptable power supply.
TYPES OF GENERATOR FAULTS:
i. Stator Winding Fault
ii. Rotor Winding Fault
iii. Abnormal Operating Conditions
DIFFERENT PROCESS OF PROTECTING THE GENERATOR:
i. Stator Protection
ii. Overcurrent Protection
iii. Overvoltage Protection
iv. Overspeed Protection
v. Rotor Fault Protection
vi. External Fault Backup Protection
vii. Reverse Power Protection
 DIFFERENTIAL PROTECTION
Two sets of identical CTs, each mounted on either side of stator phase winding.
The secondaries of these current transformers sets are connected in star.
At normal operating conditions, the currents at two ends of protected section
remains same(I1=I2). So relay will not operate.
When the faults occurs the balance condition gets disturbed and hence
current(I1-I2) flows through the operating coil of the relay causing relay
operation and the trip circuit gets closed.
The relays employed in this protection system are generally of electro-magnetic
type & are arranged for instantaneous operation as faults are expected to be
clear as soon as possible
DIFFERENTIAL DIAGRAM
 BALANCED EARTH FAULT DIAGRAM

In case of small generators the

neutral end of 3 phase winding is
not available because it is made
inside the generator and grounded
through some low resistance then
percentage differential relay for
ground fault is provided & is known
as balanced earth fault
This scheme can be used only for
ground faults but not for phase faults
 ROTOR FAULTS & ITS PROTECTIONS

Faults in the rotor circuit may be either earth faults or between the turns of the field winding.
Field circuits are normally operated un-earthed. So a single fault will not affect its operation.
But when a second fault arises then field winding is short circuited & produce unsymmetrical field
system which leads to unbalanced forces on rotor and results in excess pressure and bearing and
shaft distortion
The Different Protection Schemes For Rotor Protection:
i. Rotor Earth Fault Protection
ii. Loss of Excitation Protection
iii. Rotor Temperature Alarm
iv. Automatic Field Suppression & Use Of Neutral Circuit Breaker
 ROTOR EARTH FAULT PROTECTION
A high resistance is connected across the rotor circuit and its
mid point is grounded through a sensitive relay.
 The another method of rotor earth fault protection is done by
i. DC injection method
ii. AC injection method
The dc or ac voltage is impressed between the field circuit
and ground through a sensitive overvoltage relay and current
limiting resistor or capacitor(in case of ac).
 A single earth fault in rotor circuit will complete the path and
the fault is sensed by the relay.
DC injection method is simple & has no problems of leakage
current.
 LOSS OF EXCITATION PROTECTION

 When the excitation of generator is lost it

operates as an Induction generator. It
derives excitation from the system and
supply power at leading power factor
which may cause-
i. A fall in voltage so loss of synchronism
system instability.
ii. Over heating of rotor due to induction
current on it.
The relay mostly used for this type of
protection is Directional distance type
relay.
 ROTOR TEMPERATURE ALARM

 This type of protection scheme is

installed generally in large
alternators.
 It indicates the level of temperature
but not the actual hot spot
temperature.
 The relay measures the temperature
by measuring the resistance(as
shown in fig).
 The relay measures the ratio of
voltage & current.
 AUTOMATIC FIELD SUPPRESSION & USE OF
NEUTRAL CIRCUIT BREAKER

In case of a fault in the generator and though

the circuit breaker is tripped ,the fault
continues to fed as long as excitation will exist
because emf is induced in the generator itself.
Hence all protection system not only trip the
generator circuit breaker but also trip the
“automatic field discharge switch “
 NEGATIVE PHASE SEQUENCE PROTECTION

 Unbalance may cause due to single

phase fault or unbalanced loading
and it gives rise to negative
sequence current.
 This current in rotor causes rotor
overheating and damage to the
rotor.
 This can be protected by negative
sequence current filter with over
current relay.
 CONCLUSION

Switchgears & other protective devices are used in the electrical machines & in
the power system elements.
i. To detect the abnormal faulty condition.
ii. To notify this information to the maintenance officer of that factory or generation
station.
iii. To disconnect the faulty elements from the healthy system or shutdown the
faulted apparatus for continuous operation of the machines, for safety of this
expensive electrical devices as well as for the safety of the workers.
The protective device does not prevent the cause of fault or occurrence of fault ,
it is used after the occurrence of fault for quick action to remove those faulty
section for further normal operation .