GATE -1997

Electronics and Communication Engineering

1. For each of the follow ling questions (1.1-1.11), four alternatives a, b, " and a <Ire given.

1.1 The current i~ in the circuitof the figure is equal to

(a) 12A (e) 4A

(1)) -12A

(d) None of these

1.2 The voltage V in the figure is equal to

• v -

(a) 3V (e) 5V

(b) -3 V

(d) None of these

1.3 The voltage V in the figure is always equal to

In) 9V (e) 1 V

(b) 5V

(d) None of the above

1.4 The functionj(t) has the Fourier Transformg(w).

The Fourier Transform

1j(1) g (t) l = 1., g (t) e-i,·t dtl is

1

(a) 211 1(00)

1 -/(-w} 211

(b)

(e) 211/(--ro) (d) None of the above

1.5 The Laplace Transform of eat cos (a t) is equal to

(5 - a)

(s + a)

(b)

)2 2

(5-a +a

(e) (" _a)2

(d) None of the above

A transrn issicn Ii ne of 50 0. cha rae ter istir impedance is terrnina ted with a J 00 Q resistance.

The minimum impedance measured on the line is equal to

(til 0 Q (b) 25 0.

(e) 500. (d) 100 0.

1.7 A rectangular air-filled waveguide has cross section of s cm x IDem. The minimum frequency which can propagate in the waveguide is

(n) 1.5 CHz (b) 2.0 CHz

1.6

(c) 2.5 GHz

(d) 3.0GH~

1.8 The line code that has zero de component for pulse transmission of random binary data is

(nj Non-return to zero fNRZ)

(u) Retrun to zero (RZ)

le) Alternate Mark inversion (AM) (d) None ofthe above

1.9 A probability density fucntion is given by -,'/2

P (x) = K e : - 00 < \" < 00.

The value of K should be

(a) ..&. (b) t
1 1
(e) 2';;' (a) rr..fi 1.10 A detemlininistic signal has the power spectrum given in the figure is, The minimum sampling rate needed to completely represent this signal is

.(1)

(n) 1 kHz: (e) 3kHz

(/I) 2 kl-l~

(d) None of the above

1.11 The voltage V in the figure is

(n) lOY (L') 5 V

(b) 15V

(d) None of the above

2. For each of I he following (2.1-2. 10), al ternatives n, b. e and d are given. Ind icate the correct or the best answer by writing the letter 11, b, c or d against the corresponding question number. All parts of this question must be attempted strictly in order

(10 ~ 1 = 10)

2.1 In the BJT amplifier shown in the figure is the transistor is based in the lorwa rd active region. Putting 11 capacitor across R( will

.~:., f:.

v . VoIh.\

;.. R[

(11) decrease the voltage gain and decrease the input impedance

(v) increase the voltage gain and decrease the input impedance

(e) decrease the voltage gain and increase the input impedance

(d) increase the voltage gain and increase the input impedance

2.2 A cascade amplifier stage is equ ivalen Ito

(il) a common emitter stage followed by a common base stage

(v) a common base stage followed by an emitter follower

(e) an emitter follower stage followed by a common base stage

(d) a common base stage followed by a common emitter stage

2.3 For a MOS capacitor fabricated on a p-type semiconductor, strong inversion occurs when (a) surface potential is equal to Fermi potential (b) surface potential is zero

(d surface potential is negative and equal to Fermi potential in magnitude

(d) surface potential is positive and equal to twice the Fermi potential

2.4 In a common emitter BJTamplifier, the maximum usable supply voltage is limited by

(n) Avalanche breakdown of Base-Emitter junction

(b) Co llector- Base brea kdown vol tage with emitter open (BV CliO)

(c) Collector-Emitter breakdown voltage with base open (BV CIJ(J

(d) Zener breakdown voltage of the Emitter-Base junction

2.S Each cell of a static Random Access Memory contains

(n) 6 MOS transistors

(v) 4 MOS transistors and 2 capacitors (e) 2 MOS transistors and 4 capacitors (d) J MOS transistor and 1 capacitor

2.6 A 2 bit binary multiplier can be implemented using

(n) 2 inputs ANDs onlv

(u) 2 il'put XORs and 4 input AND gates only (c) Two 2 inpu Is NORs and one XNOR gate (d) XOR ga tes and shift registers

2.7 In standard lTL, the 'totem pole' stage refers to (a) the multi-emitter input stage

(u) the phase splitter

(t'l the ou tput buffer

(d) open collector ou tpu t stage

2.8 The inverter 74 ALS04 has the following specifications

lon"",.,. = - 0.4 iliA, l()lm •. , = 8 mA, IiHm,u = 20 mA, IjL",,,,, = - 0.1 iliA,

The fan out based on the above will be

(n) 10 (u) 20

(L") 60 (d) 100

2.9 The output of the logic gate in the figure is

(a) 0
(b) A7u--'
;0'
(e) A
(d) F 2.10 In an /lOBS ~L P system" the RST instruction will cause an interrupt

(n) only if an in terrupt service routine is not being execu ted

(b) only if a bit in the interrupt mask is made 0 (e) only if i nterrupts have been enabled by an EI ins truction

(d) None of the above

3. For each of the following (3.1-3.11), four alternatives, a, V, c and d are given.

3.1 In the circuit of the figure is the energy absorbed by the 4 n resistor in the tirne interval (0,"") is

(II) 36 Joules (e) 256 Joules

(v) 16 Joules

(d) None of the above

3.2 In the circuit of the figure is the equivalent impedance seen across terminals fl. V is

[II) e;)n (v) (~)n
(e) (~+12j)n (d) None of the.ebove 3.3 In the ci rcui t of in the figure is the cu rren t io through the ideal diode (zero cut in voltage and forward resistance) equals

(a) OA (e) 1 A

(b) 4A

(d) None of !he above

3.4 tn the signal flow graph 01 the figure is .~ lx equals

rn) 3

5 2

(b)

tc) 2

(d) None of the above

3.S A certain linear time invariant system has the state and the output equatlnn, given below

y=[111[~:]

If Xl (0) '" 1,.JS (0) =-1, II (0) =0. then ~~ I is

!IIQ

(u) 1 (u) -1

(c) 0 (Ii) None of the above

3.6 A communication channel has first order low pass transfer function, The channel is used to transmit pulses at a symbol rate greater than the half-power frequency of the low pass function. Which of the network shown in the figure is can be used to equa lise the received pulses?

(n)

(v)

R

~~~

o

L

(d) ,:: .f . ~L:'

:'l.7 The pow{'[ sp~d rnl dens ity of a deterministic ~ign,,1 is given by [sin f/Jlf J wherefis frequency. The a utocorrela han f L met ian of this sign~ I in the ti me domain is

(n) .1 rcctangu lar pulse

(v) a delta function

(e) a sine pulse

(d) a triangular pu lse

3.8 An arnpl ifier A h~5 6 r/3 gJ in and SO n inpu t and output impedances. The noise figure of this amplifier as shown in the fig\"e is (a) is ? riB. A cascade of two such ampli (iers JS in the figll re is w ill have J noise figure of

(a) 6dB (c') 12 dB

(b) 8 dB

(d) None of the above

3.9

A parabolic dish antenna has a conical beam 2" wide. the directi v ity of the antenna is approximately

(a) 20 dB (b) 30 dB

te) 40 dB

(tt) 50 dB

3.10 A very lossy, )"14 long, 50 n transmission line is open circui ted at the load end. The input impedance measured a I I he other end of the line is approxirna tell' (n) 0

(/)) 50 n

(e) rx;,

(tf) None of the above

3.11

The skin depth at 10 MHz for a conductor is 1 cm. The phase velocity of an electromagnetic wa ve in the conductor at 1,000 MHz is abou I

(11) 6 x 10" m/sec (b) 6 x 107 rn/sec

(e) 3.x 10" m/sec

(d) 6 x 106 m/sec

4. For each of the Iollcwirig (4.1-4.10), four alternative.s a, b, c and d are gi ven.

4.1 The outpu I vol ra goo V" of Ihe ci rcuit shown Ln Ih~ figufe is

f3J"

.. , 'I

'" -'

'00' . 1

'W e W

(a) -4 V tel 5 V

(Ii) 6V

(rl) - 5.5 V

4.2 The decoding circuit shown in the figure is has been used to generate the active low chip select signal for J microprocessor peripheral. (The address lines are designated as AO to A7 for 1/0 addresses)

The peripheral will correspond to 1/0 addresses in the range (a) 60 H to 63 H

(e) 30 H t033 H

(Ii) A4toA 7H (d) 70 H t073 H

4.3 The (allowing insturctions have been e;.:enlled by an 808S pP

ADDRESS (HEX) INSTRUCTION

6010 LXI H,8A 79 H
6013 MOVA,L
60]5 ADDH
6016 DAA
6017 MOVH,A
6018 rCHL From which address will the nex t instruction be Jetrhed ?

(n) 6019 (e) 6979

tv) 6379

(d) None of the above

-1...1 .. \ .... i~_~!h .. .'d Il1k'g{'r h,lS b\.',,'n ~lon:d in d byte using.

III<' ~'" ","lInl'k'n'l'nt ('''·,n:n. W~ wish to store the s.uuc ;"1"<,<:1" in ,1 16 billVord. W~ should

(iI) Olf'.I" lhc origina: byte to the less significant ('.1"1<' of the word and fill lhe more significant with zeros

(/0) copy I he original byte 10 I he more signiflcar- I byte of the word <lnd fiJI the 1-'55 significant byte with zeros

(e) copy the original byte to lhc less significant byte of (he word and ma ka each fit of the more ignificant byte equal to the most significant bit of the original byte

(d) copy the original byte to the less significant byte as well as the more significant byte of (he word

4.5 A ha I f wave recti fier uses a diode wi t h a forwa rd resistance I~f. The voltage is Vrn sin wt and the load resistance is RL. The DC current is given by

Vm Vm
(II) ,{i Rl (b) n(Rf+R(.)
2Vm (d) ~
(e) ..;; RL 4.6 The intrinsic carrier density at 300 K is 1.S x 10101 crrr', in silicon. For n-type silicon doped to 2.25 x 1015 atorns/cml, the equilibrium electron and hole densities are

(II) Il = 1.5 x 10 15 I crrr', p = 1 .5 x "lOw I em" (b) 11 = 1.5 x 10101 cm", p = 2.25 x 10 1.\ / cm' (e) 11 = 2.25 x 1015/(m3, p = 1.0 x J05/cm3 (d) !l = 1.S x 1Olo/cm3, p = 1.5 >< lOiO/cm3

4.7 For the NMOS logic gate shown in the fig,lre is the logic function implemented is

(II) ABCDE

(b) (AB-I"C).(D+E)

4.8 In ,1 J - K Hip-Hip we h~ve J = ,Q and K = I.

Assuming th flip flop was initially cleared and Ih",n clocked for 6 P" leses, Ihe seq ucnce a I Irw (.l output will be

en) 0·10000 ~
(b) 01100J
(e) OIOOtO
(d) 010W1 .' 4.9 The gate delay 01 an MOS mverter is dominated by charge time rather than discharge lime because

(11) the driver transistor has larger threshold vol tage than the load transistor

(II) the d r iver transistor has larger leakage currents compared to the load transistor

(e) the load transistor has a smaller W/L ratio com pared to the driver tra nsistor

(d) none of the above

4.] () The boolean function A -I" Be i a reduced form of

(II) AB+BC (~) AS + ABC

(b) (A+B).(A+C) (d) (A +C) B

5. In the following questions (5.1-5.6), match each of the items 1, 2 on the left with the mOSI appropriate Item a, b, cor d on the right.

[e.g If you feel 1 matches with band 2 with (", write (1, v) (2, ell (6 x 2 ,.-.,12).

5.1 I n the case of a linear time invariant system (1) Poles in the right half plane implit!~ ':" (n) Exponentia I decay of ou t_put

(2) Impulse response zero for 1::;0 implies

(b) System is casual ' ,

(Ll No stored energy in the system (d) System is unstable.

5.2 If the Fourier Transform of deterministic signal O"(t) is G(j), then •

(1) The Fourier Transform of s (t - 2) is

(0) G (j)(,-fl.4:if)

(2) The FourierTransform of g (1/2) is (v) G (2j)

(e) 2G (2j)

(d) G (j-2)

5.3 (1) An 8-bit wide 5 word sequential memory wi II

have

(fI) 8 Fixed 'AND' gates and 4 progr~mmable 'OR' gates

(2) A 256 x 4 EFROM has

(b) Eigh( 4 bit shift registers (c") 4 wordsof32 bits each

(d) 8 address pins and 4 data pin, \>lllput

5.4 (1) W"velilt

(11) Under-water propngiltion

(2) Faraday Rotation

(b) GrO\1!1d wave propagation (<") Space WOlVe propagation (d) I onospheric propaga t;OI'\

5.5 While moving data between registers of the &085 and the stack

(I) ~ PUSH instruction

(il) Pre incrernen ts tile stack pointer

(2) J POP instruction

(I,) Post increments the stack pointer (e) Pre decrements the stack pointer (d) Post decrements the stack pointer

5.6 Negative feedback in

(1) Voltage series configur;tlion

(II) increase input impedance

(2) Current shu n I conligu ra lion

(II) decrease input impedance (c) increases closed loop gain (ti) leads 10 oscillation

6.

The figure is shows the block d ingr .. m representation of control system. The svstern in block A has an impulse response It 1\ (I) ~" -, II (I). The sysl~m in block B has an impulse response /IU(t) '" e-!J., {Il. The block 'K' amplifies its inputs by a (actor k. For the overall system with input

x(f) and output !lU) (S)

. Y(~

(il) Fmd the transfer function -_ when k-1

Xes) -

(b) Find the imolljse response when k '" 0

(e) Find the values of k for which the system becomes unstabre

Note: u (I) '" 0 1 s 9

= 1 t >0

7. Circuit shown in the figure is .. n NMOS ,hilt register. All transistors are NMOS enhancement t vpe with threshold voltage V T '" I V .Supplv U5<'d

is V UIl=:;V ('5)

Fit. 7«(1).

Two non-ovcrtappmg clocks <1>1 <mel .~_ ,lr<, ." shown in the figure is and have large pub .. widths.

J-LJ-L_Jr~ c.

2________jl__j[__ h

rlg.7Ib).

All capacitors Me initially discharged and the input v in = 0 volts is applied. lf values 01 capacitors are ('I = 2,'f and C2 =111', find out voltage V('2 on capacitor c~ after ~2 goes low. Neglect body-effect on VT in yourev"luation.

8, The transistor in the circuit shown in the figur~ is so biased (de biasing network is not shown) that the de collecter current I,. = I mAo Supply is

V.,=5V. (5)

Tho: network lUinpo"elll~ have (lll '

t 'l,,; l owmg values

R,. = 2 k o.

R,=L4kn

and RE = 100 n

The ll'~ nsis tor has specl fications.

p = 100 and base spreading resistance ru,= 100 Q

rr

Assume q = 25 mV.

Evaluate small signal Voltage Gain A t

l( v- n a

frequency of 10 kHz, and Input Resistance'R. for

two cases '

((I) CE, the hypass capacitor across RE is 25 ~IF. (v) The bypass capacitor C ~ is removed leaving

RE unbypassed

A

9, A'2 section of a 600 Q transmission line, short

circuited at one end and open circuited at the other end, is shown in the figu re is J 00 V /75 n generator is connected at the mid point of the section as shown in the figure. Find voltage at the open circuited end of the line. (5)

10. In the ciruit of the figure is

R = 100 n, L = 20 I1H and C == 32 pF.

TIle circuit is maintained at a temperature of 300 K. Derive and plot the power spectral density of thevoltage V Q' Mark all the relevant points on the plot with numerical values. (The Boltzmann

constant k= 128" 10-23J/K

[[C

SECTION B (50 Marks)

Altempl any TEN questions f I ' ,

question carries 5 rnarks.) rom 111S secticn. (Each

11.

;~:~~~~r the circuit given in the figure is using operational amplifier,

The characteristics of the diode are given by the relation j = I. ( ~T -I)

s e

where V is the forward voltage across the diode. (n) Express V" as function of V. assuming V > 0

, ,

12.

kT

(b) lfR=IOOkQ,I,=lIlAand - =251P1V find

.' Q '

the input voltage V, for which V "" O.

o

In the circuit shown in the figure is assume that the operational amplifier is ideal and that V" '" OV initially. The switch is connected first to 'A' charging C. to the voltage Y. It is then connected to the point 'B'. This process is repeated f times per second.

(~) Calculate the charge transferred per second from node A to node B.

(IJ) Derive the average rate of change of the output voltage Yo'

(c) I f the capaciror and the switch are removed and a resistor is connected between points A and B. find the value of the resistor to get the same average rate of change of the output voltage?

(d) If the repetition rate of the switching action is 10~ times per second, C1 = 100 pF, C1 = 10 I'F and V"" 10 //IV, what is thea\,erageruteof change of the output voltage?

13.

In the cascade amplifier circuit shown in the figure is determine the values of R1, ~ and RL such that the quiescent current through the transistors is 1 mA and the collector voltages are V c = 3 V and V ("2 = 6 V, Take V B~ = 0.7V, transistor ~ to be high and base currents to be negligible.

14. A sequence generator is shown in the figure is The counter status (Qty QI' Q2) is initialised to 010 using preset/clear inputs.

The clock has a period of 50 ns and transitions take place a t the rising clock edge.

(0) Give the sequence generate at Qo till it repeats. (b) What is the repetition rate of the generated

sequence?

15. Given an NMOS circuit as shown in the figure is The specifications of the circuit are

V 00= lOY; 13 =K = I-l"CQX (W /L) = JO-l Amp/Vl V r = 1 V and los = 0.5 mAo

Evaluate Yos and RJ] for the circuit.

Neglect bod y - effect for V T'

16. Find Static Noise-Margins for a BJT inverter shown in the figure is Transistor used is an n-p-II type with specifications as follows

-

<

10K .;

v .. ~ 1 f' l " =

Pr 70
VnEOI,. 0.7V
VUl'5i\T 0.8V
VCl'5AT 0.1 V.
Also RL IEl.;
RII 10 k nand
supply Vee SY. 17. For a typical n-p-n transistor, as shown in the figure we have the following data available

0) We =20 um and Collcetor doping e S x 1018/CC (b) W (; = 1 urn and Emitter doping = 1019 Icc

(c) Base doping = 5 x 1015/ cc

(tt) Minority carrier life time in the Base region is 1" = 5 usee.

Under Punch-through condition the

Vile = 10 V + V I>i volts.

Here V oi is the built in potential of Base-collector junction. Emitter Injection efficiency can be nssurued as 1 for this transistor.

Evaluate Base Wid th Wiland the current gain a. 10-19 [Standard data for this ques tion is : q '" 1.6 x

KT

coloumbs: - =25mV

, q .

For silicon atT = 300 K, D = 30 cm~/st'c; K.E =10-12F/cm; 11,= tEi x 10w/ee)

s c

!8 .. -vu Ir-IIV" ~;l;nll1 bar is doped uni lorrnlv by l'I"'~j.'h"n'\I~ a t o ms to ;l concenlr~lion -I':; x 101 'r«. The bar has cross-section of '111111,2 .1I1d I"tlblh of 10 ern. It is illuminated uniformly tor r.::gion X < 0 as shown in the figure is. Assume optical generation rate 10" Electron-Holl' pairs per "'111~ per second, for this case. The hole lifetime and electron lifetime are equal, and equal to 1 usee,

Evaluate the hole and electron diffusion currents at.x 0= 34.6 urn,

following expressions and data can be used in this evaluation

dp dn

lv=qDp dx; In=qD,, dx

whereD = 12cm2/sec; d 30 = cm2/sec.

p •

q = 1.6 x 10-19 coloumbs; (ktlq) = 26 mY.

19. An Ie 555 chip has been used to construct (I pulse-Generator. Typical pin connections with components is shown below in the figure is for such an application. However it is desired to generatea square pulse of 10 kHz.

R.
Dil-,!;;hogt41!:1
Oulput 2 Tr'iq9r;:t R,
icsss
''''rc:'S''_o-11!S
O.OII1F r
Ground Co!,\U"g.1 Evaluate values of Rand RII if the capacitor C has the value of 0.01 pF for the configuration chosen. If necessary YOll can suggest modification in the external circuit configuration.

20.

An 8085 ~,p uses ~ 2 M 1-1 z crysta I. Fi nd the time l a k cn by il. 10 e~e(llt(' the following delay subrou nne, inclusive of lh" call instruction in the calling program.

csu ing progr~m DE LP, Y:

CALL

rUSHpsW MVIA,MH

DELAY LOOP: NOP

DCRA .lNZLOOP POPPSW

21.

RET

You are given that a CALL instruction takes 18 cycles of the system clock, PUSH requires 12 cycles and a conditional jump takes 10 cycles if the jump is taken JI1G 7 cycles if it is not. All other instructions used above take (3n + 1) dock cycles, where n is the number 01 accesses to the memory. inc! usive of the opcode fetch.

In the figure is a linear time invariant discrete systme is shown. Blocks labelled 0 represent unit delay elements. For 11 < 0, you may assume that x (11), YI(H), Yin) are all zero.

(n) Find the expression for YI(II) and Y2(n) in terms of x(ll)

Y2(z) in the (b) Find the transfer function X(z)

z-domain (c) If

.1:(n) = 1 ;00

at n =0 otherwise,

2.2.

In the circuit of figure when R = 0 n, the current

i equals IDA . .,

(:;) Find the value of R (or which .1 .1b"Mb~

mnximum pP"'l'r

(I,) Find the value of c

(.) Find \12 when I~ = 00 (open circuit)

23.

In the circuit of the figure is all currents and voltages are slnusoids of frequency OJ rad Zsec, (~) Find the impedance 10 the right of (A, B) at

b, '" ° rad Zsec and n = co rad Zsec,

(b) [f co = 0'" rad z'sec and il (I) = 1 sin (00" /) A. where J is positive "\]1' O. "'0 .. 0') then find L woand i2(1)

24.

For the circuit shown in the figure is choose state variables Xl' Xl' Xy to be ill(t), V,"2(t),iL,(t)

(n) Write the state equations

[~J A [~J81' (I) I

(b) [f e(t) = 0, 120, iu (0) '" 0, V C2 (0) = 0, il_1 (0) = lA, then what would the total energy dissipated in the resistors in the interval (0, co) be?

25. A block diagram of a system is shown in the figure is draw the spectrum of the output signal with relative aptitudes of the frequencies.

I .. -21r:1oI:.:

26. Find the mean of a function X (T) = sin2 (aT), where a is a constant, and T is a random variable. The pdf of T is given by,

/(r) = e-T for T 20 =Ofar T<O

27. The figure is shows the block diagram of ph<Jsc. locked-loop (PLL) in the locked condition.

The ou tput vel rage of the phase detector is given by

V p= K,/($, -$0).

where $, = phase of the input signal, and

<Po = the phase of the output Voltage Controlled Oscillator (VOC).

The value of K" is 1 Volt/radian,

The frequency deviation of the VCOOlltput is, tlfu = KJVc

where V c '" input voltage of the VCO, and

k, ;: 159.15 Hz./volt.

The amplifier A is a buffer with a voltage gain of unity.

(n) Derive the transfer function $0 (S)/$;(5).

(b) Let the loop to be locked for time t < ° and <1>; (t) " II (I) radian, where II (I) is the unit step function. Determine <1>0 (t) for t > 0.

28. The figure is shows the first stage of a superheterodyne receiver. The desired input signal is at a frequency of 700 MHz. The local oscilla tor (L.O) frequency is 1 GHz. The mixer is all ideal multiplier with a gain independent of frequency. A band-pass filter (BPF) is used to select the Intermediate Frequency (IF) output at 300 MHz.

r"' .. r "'n, .. '

,.

.

(a) What is the image frequency of the desired input?

(b) A Low Pass Filter (LPF) can be used before the mixer to reject the image freqllency. [f a perfect rejection (zero transmission) of the image is desired, what type of LPF should be employed?

(.') The input in the figme is corrupted by an undesired 750 MHz signal which has the same ampfitude as that of the desired signal at 700 MHz. Let the BPF be of second order. Al the BPF output, the undesired signal should be 20 dB below the desired signal. Cnlculate the Q required for the 13PF.

29. A uniform plane wave is normally incident from air on an infinitely thick magnetic material with relative pem1Cability 100 and relative permittivity 4 see the figure is. The wave has an electric field of 1 V, meter (rms). Find the average pointing vector inside the rna terial.

Magnetic material Ill, : '100 E, = 4

30. A dipole antenna hag a sin [.j radiation pattern where the angle I:l is measured from the axis of the dipole. The dipole is vertically located above an ideal ground plane the figure is. Wha l should be the height of the dipole H in terms of wavelength so as to get a null in the radiation pattern ilt an angle of 45° from the ground plane ? Find the direction of maximum radiation also.

._-- T-c --- - -1""'" "

77n7;.J;;)) .. ) ;'7777777'T7'7 Crour.d plo')n~

• •

ANSWERS
1.4 (c) 1.5 (a) 1.6 (a) 1.7 (a) 1.8 (el
1.1 (b) 1.2 (a) 1.3(d)
2.1 (0) 2.2 (a) 2.3 (d) 2.4 (c) 2.5 (a)
1.9 (a) 1.10 (e) 1.11 (a)
2.9 (e) 2.10 (el 3.1(d) 3.2 (b) 3.3 (e)
2.6 (b) 2.7 (e) 2.8 (b)
3.7 (d) 3.8 (a) 3.9 (bl 3.10 (a) 3.11 (a)
3.4 (e) 3.5 (e) 3.6 (b)
4.4 (c) 4.5 (b) 4.6 (el 4.7 (e) 4.8 (d)
4.1(d) 4.2 (a) 4.3 (b)
4.9 (e) 4.10 (b) (2)-e
(I)-d. (2)-b 5.2 (1)-a,
5.1 (2)-c
(l}-b. (2)-d 5.4 (l)-b,
5.3 (z)-b
(l)-c, (2)-d 5.6 (1)-0.
5.5