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Addressing
Mac
1. Permanent Address
2. Works in LAN only
3. 48 bits Address
Eg,
00-0A-0B-AC-00-01
1 byte = 8 bits
00 00000000 - 8 bits
6 byte
3 byte 3 byte
Organizational unique Identification For each NIC Card
IP Address
32 bit Address
Assigned by Protocol
It goes from 0 to 255
Eg,
W.X.Y.Z ---- 8 bits
Classes
1. Class A 1-126
2. Class B 128-191
3. Class C 192-223
4. Class D 224-239
5. Class E 240-255
CCNA Page 2 of 81
Eg, Eg,
W.X.Y.Z W.X.Y.Z
Where, Where,
W = Network W,X = Networks
X,Y,Z = Host Y,Z = Host
Class C (192-223)
Eg,
W.X.Y.Z
Where,
W,X,Y = Networks
Z = Host
FLOWS
Class A:
1.0.1.0
1.0.1.1
1.0.1.2
Up to
1.0.1.255
1.0.2.0
1.0.2.1
Up to
1.0.2.255
1.0.3.0
Up to
1.255.255.255
CCNA Page 3 of 81
Up to
Class B:
Class C:
Subnet Mask
Class A 255.0.0.0
Class B 255.255.0.0
Class C 255.255.255.0
128 64 32 16 8 4 2 1 Valve
S.No 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 128
2 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 192
3 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 224
4 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 240
5 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 248
6 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 252
7 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 254
8 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 255
Class C:
Step 1:
No. of Subnet = 2x
= 23
=8
Step 2:
No. of host / subnet = 2y
= 25
=32
Step 3:
Subnet ID’s = 256-224
=32
0,32,64,96,128,160,192,224
Step 4:
1st Subnet ID = 192.0.0.0
2nd “ = 192.0.0.32
Last “ = 192.0.0.224
Result:
192.0.0.62 – IP Address
Class C:
192.70.0.59 / 28
Step 1:
No. of Subnet = 2x
= 24
CCNA Page 6 of 81
= 16
Step 2:
No. of host / subnet = 2y
= 24
=16
Step 3:
Subnet ID’s = 256-240
=16
0, 16, 32, 48, 64 …160, 176,….224,240
Step 4:
1st Subnet ID = 192.70.0.0
2nd “ = 192.0.0.16
Last “ = 192.0.0.240
Result:
192.70.0.59 – IP Address
Class B:
172.160.10.60 / 20
Step 1:
No. of Subnet = 2x
= 24
= 16
Step 2:
No. of host / subnet = 2y
= 212
=
Step 3:
Subnet ID’s = 256-240
=16
CCNA Page 7 of 81
0,16,32,48,64,……160,176,….224,240
Step 4:
1st Subnet ID = 172.160.0.0
2nd “ = 172.160.16.0
Last “ = 172.160.240.0
Result:
172.160.10.60– IP Address
Class B:
180.160.60.28 / 21
Step 1:
No. of Subnet = 2x
= 25
= 32
Step 2:
No. of host / subnet = 2y
= 211
=
Step 3:
Subnet ID’s = 256-248
=8
0,8,16,24,……48,56,64,……..240,248
Step 4:
1st Subnet ID = 180.160.0.0
2nd “ = 180.160.8.0
Last “ = 180.160.248.0
Result:
180.160.60.58 – IP Address
Class A:
80.65.69.76 / 13
Step 1:
No. of Subnet = 2x
= 25
= 32
Step 2:
No. of host / subnet = 2y
= 219
=
Step 3:
Subnet ID’s = 256-248
=8
0,8,16,24,……48,56,64,……..240,248
Step 4:
1st Subnet ID = 80.0.0.0
2nd “ = 80.8.0.0
Last “ = 80.248.0.0
Class A:
30.80.60.10 / 11
Step 1:
No. of Subnet = 2x
= 23
=8
Step 2:
No. of host / subnet = 2y
= 221
=
Step 3:
Subnet ID’s = 256-224
=8
0,32,64,96,……..224.
Step 4:
1st Subnet ID = 30.0.0.0
2nd “ = 30.32.0.0
Last “ = 30.224.0.0
Class A:
50.70.64.85 / 20
Step 1:
No. of Subnet = 2x
= 212
= 4096
Step 2:
No. of host / subnet = 2y
= 24+8
=
Step 3:
Subnet ID’s = 256-255
=1
0,1,2,3,……………..75,76,……..255
CCNA Page 10 of 81
0,16,32,48,……240
Step 4:
1st Subnet ID = 50.0.0.0
2nd “ = 50.0.16.0
3rd Subnet ID = 50.0.32.0
Last “ = 50.255.240.0
ROUTER
Router
Types of Router:
1. Cisco 700 / 800 Series router
2. Cisco 1600 / 1700 Series router
3. Cisco 2500 Series router
4. Cisco 2600 Series router
5. Cisco 3600 Series router
6. Cisco 5000 Series router
7. Cisco 4000 Series router
8. Cisco 7000 Series router
9. Cisco 12000 Series router
CCNA Page 11 of 81
Power
(on/off)
Switch
AUI Serial Ports Console
Port BRI
Ports
AUX
Power
connector
1700 series
AUI – Attachment unit interface --- with connect LAN n/w. Fast Ethernet or
Ethernet.
Serial Ports – Router to Router (WAN) connection.
Console Port – Router configure purpose. (pc side 9-pin serial port , router side
console port)
BRI – Basic Rate Interface ---only for used ISDN connection & WAN
connection
AUX – Auxiliary Port ---- Remote router configure, using this port, connecting
to modem.
CCNA Page 12 of 81
Router Component
IOS
Startup
Configuration
16-bit configuration
Register value
Post
Running Configuration
BSL
Rom-Mon
Mini-IOS
Booting Mode
User Mode:
Router>
Privilege Mode:
Router#
Global Configuration Mode:
Router (config) #
Interface Mode:
Router (config-if) #
Router# show version (to view the IOS filename, IOS version, Dram,
Rom, Flash memory, router up time, 16 bit registry value)
Router# show memory (to view the all memory details)
Router# show controllers (to view the DCE in router)
Router# show ip interface (to view the interface devices briefly)
Router# copy running configuration startup-configuration (to copy the
Dram to NVRam)
Router# copy startup-configuration running configuration (to copy the
NVRam to Dram)
Router# ping <IP address>
Router# reload
Global Mode:
Router (config) # host name <Chennai>
Interface Mode
To set IP address
Router (config-if) # ip address 10.0.0.1 255.0.0.0
Types of Passwords
1. Line Console
2. Enable Passwords
3. Secret Passwords
4. Telnet (VTY) Passwords
CCNA Page 15 of 81
Router(line-config)#login (Enter)
Router(line-config)#password <udaya>
Router#sh run
Enable Password:
Both secret password & enable password are set for entering Priv. Mode. Line
console of enable password can be viewed ‘show run config’ command as they are
stored in normal format. But secret password cannot be viewed. It is a encrypted.
Router(config)#line console 0
Router(config)#login
Router(config)#line vty 0 4
Router(config)#login
Router(config)#password <udaya>
CCNA Page 16 of 81
U can load upto 3 IOS in one flash. U can specify which IOS you need to enter
next time you login. Then save it & reload.
Booting Sequence
Router(config)#config-register 0x2100
(or)
Router(config)#config-register 0x2101
Router(boot)>
Router(boot)>enable
Router(boot)#config terminal
Router(boot) (config)#config-register 0x2102 goes to normal mode.
CCNA Page 18 of 81
Backup files are stored in binary format. TFTP is used for this.
Conditions:
Recovery of IOS:
Startup:
Password Breaking
1700 series:
Rommon1>con reg 0x2142
Rommon2>I
CCNA Page 19 of 81
2500 series:
>0/r 0x2412
>I
After all changes are made; save it changes register value to 2102 to enter normal
mode next you boot.
Router(config)#config-register 0x2102
Router#copy run start This saves the changes
Router# reload To restart the router
[display is e….eee….]
Then when rebooted, goes to Rom-Mon mode automatically so to recover IOS from
backup.
Rommon1>tftp dnld dnlddownload
To set the register value for booting in to Rommon mode next time:
Router(config)#config-register 0x2100
Save,
Router#copy run start
Router#reload
Rommon1>config 0x2102 (to return normal mode)
CCNA Page 20 of 81
Rommon2>I
In rommon mode, to change the boot IOS. (if there are two Ios & u have used one to
load, to change to another)
Rommon1>set
This display what boot IOS u have (eg:boot = ccna,1)
To change this,
Rommon2>unset boot
Rommon3>set boot=cisco,1 (cisconame of another IOS)
Rommon4>sync (this saves the router variables to NVROM)
Rommon5>I (now it reload using cisco IOS)
To enable cdp:
Router(config)#cdp run (Enable all information of the router)
To disable cdp:
Router(config)#no cdp run
In case after 60 sec, no response from neighbours then old information can be
used up to this time default 180 sec. Range is 10 to 255.
Types of Error’s
1. Translating error
2. Ambiguous error
3. Invalid input error
4. Incomplete command error
Translating error:
Telnet commands works both in user mode & priv. Mode.
In user mode,
Router>telnet 10.0.0.2 (router address)
(or)
Router>telnet <router name> (eg: r1)
(or)
Router>r1
So if we enter some wrong command in user mode,
Eg: Router>enable
This is assumed to be a router name & goes to DNS server for translation
Ambiguous error:
Eg: Enable user mode you have enable & exit command
Router>e [if you enter this router does not know this command)
This procedure is Ambiguous error
1. No errors.
2. S0 up, protocol down
Reason:
In the absence of clock rate. (You have to set)
For peer-peer system connected, both protocols must match. If different
protocols are used, this is status has to be changed. (Encapsulation)
ie; Router (config-if)#encapsulation <protocol Name> (eg: Protocol
name: HDLC, PPP).
CCNA Page 22 of 81
Routing
For ping operation --- ICMP protocol (Internet control messaging protocol)
Routing protocol determine the path for carrying data (or) packets through
a network Eg; RIP, IGRP, EIGRP
Non-Router protocols: NETBEUI --- Not used for routing using name comm.
1. Static
2. Static default
3. Dynamic
CCNA Page 23 of 81
S0 20.0.0.1 S1 20.0.0.2
R1 R2
E0 10.0.0.1 E0 30.0.0.1
E0 10.0.0.2 E0 30.0.0.2
PC PC
R1
R2
S0 110.0.0.1 S1 110.0.0.2
R1 R2
E0 100.0.0.1 E0 90.0.0.1
E0 100.0.0.2 E0 90.0.0.2
PC PC
110.0.0.0
Next hop add to reach the remote ID, which is the next router through which we
have to travel. Its address.
To view RIT
Router#show ip route
Static default
This is worked in a stub network using a single interface you can access
many networks. (Single wan port) connections.
CCNA Page 25 of 81
10.0.0.2 R4
10.0.0.1
R2 R5
R1
R6
R3
R7
Stub Router This has only WAN interface there which you reach all router.
This stub router network.
Any network 0.0.0.0, any subnet mask is only there this router one interface
Static routing
R1(config)#ip routing
R1(config)#ip route 50.0.0.0 255.0.0.0 30.0.0.2
R1(config)#ip route 60.0.0.0 255.0.0.0 30.0.0.2
R1(config)#ip route 70.0.0.0 255.0.0.0 30.0.0.2
R3#sh ip route
Codes
C - Connected, S - Static, I - IGRP,R- RIP,M-Mobile-BGP(border gateway
protocol),D-EIGRP, EX-Extended EIGRP,O-OSPF,1A-OSPF inter area,E1-OSPF
External Type1,E2-OSPF External Type 2,E-EGP,L1-Level 1,L2-Level 2,* -
Candidate default-per-User static route
CCNA Page 27 of 81
R2 S1
R1 S0 R2 S0
R1 E0 R2 S2 PC3
PC1 E0 R4 S0 R4 E0 PC3 E0
PC1
Dynamic Routing:
IGP RIT is shared only between members of the same autonomous group
Autonomous system:
AS Autonomous System no
AD Administrative Distance
AD Determine the best worthiness of a route based on various factors when more
than one protocols are present, priority ranges from 0 to 25
AD Values
Administrative Distance
Distance Vector
Find the shortest path. Update not only data. But also detects the link
states of the lines.
CCNA Page 29 of 81
Hybrid
RIP R1 R3 RIP
Network A
R4 RIP
All four router using RIP protocol.
WAN Cables (series cable)
To reach network A from R1, First route should be selected, so path 1 & path 2
are compared. AD values are checked. Here both values are equal. Next metric values
should be checked, namely hop count In this case is equal too so load balancing is
done.
Each router broadcast its RIT to neighbors every few seconds called update
time via all its active interface. So each router updates its RIT according. Time taken
for the router to from the full RIT from updates is called convergence time.
RIP
This is a DVRP
Uses only hop count as metric value. Max hop count – 15, Low convergence
time.
AD = 120
Equal load balancing supports
By default it can support 4 paths. Max is 6 paths
Using only small network.
RIPVI, RIPV2
RIPVI
Supports only classful routing, i.e. all routing interface are in the same
class of network i.e. same subnet mark.
CCNA Page 31 of 81
RIPV2
Supports classless routing. Diff subnet masks for its interface.
Exchanges in subnet masks while updating its using exchange of RIT
Supports VLSM.(Variable Length Subnet Mask)
RIP Update period, default 30s
RIP Timers:
Update time : Time for updating the RIT Periodically
Hold on time : 180s time it waits until it receive an updation after which
that network is set as failed
Invalid time : 180s this is the time to set the above failed n/w as ‘Invalid’
In its RIT.
Flash old time : 240s inform its neighbours that the above routs is invalid
of remove that entry from its RIT
RIP Configuration
To disable RIP
Debug Commands
To view RIP transactions used for debugging slows processing time so only
used for trouble shooting.
To disable,
Router # no debug all (or) Router # undebug all
IGRP
CISCO property protocol, work only in CISCO product (Not working the
protocol in different vendor)
AD = 100
Hop count (default) 100 max = 255
Update time = 90s
5 metric parameters BW, delay, reliability load, MTU
By default using BW, delay
1GRP composite metric value
Autonomous system Nos are used here
Classful routing
Time:
Load balancing is done. But parameter like can be considered. Based on Composite
Metric Value (CMV)
CMV=100
A
CMV=20
C
S0 Ratio - 100/25 = 5/1
Destination S0, ACD = 20% Data Sent
ABD = 80% Data Sent
CCNA Page 33 of 81
Configuring 1GRP
EIGRP
Maintain 3 tables
1. Neighbours Table
2. Topology Table
3. RIT
• EIGRP Version No
• Autonomous system No
• K value (Metric Value)
• Hold time
CCNA Page 34 of 81
o Neighbours IP add
o AD time interval
o SRTT (Smooth Round Trip Timer) Time takes to receive an act for the hello
pocket
o Queue information Contain information reg change in the Topology table
Every 5 Sec hello packet are sent, if after 5 sec hello packet are not sent then hold time
determine up to what time the previous information – should be hold.
This algorithm selects the best path to reach network from the topology table
and enter into RIT
Maintains a backup router in case the best route fails.
VLSM support
Incase best route fails and no backup also is not found, if automatically finds
another route.
Feasible Distance
Reported distance
Feasible Success:
This is a route other than best route the alternate to each network provided in
topology table.
Configuration of EIGRP
CCNA Page 35 of 81
To view topology
RIT
OSPF
At least I are should have been created (group of routers in 1 area) first created
is area 0 backup. All other area should have connection.
(Direct or Virtual) to area 0
Use multicast 224.0.0.10
R Internal Router
1
ABR ABR
R
Area 0 ASBR
R 3
2
Area 2 EIGRP
Area 1
R R
R R 6 7
4 5
Internal Router
Division in to area:
In case of large network, RIT capacity can be exceeded of over writing of RIT
may occur. In order to avoid this, each router has entries only on router in its
own area.
Convenience time can be reduced sine synchronization is with a single area.
Changes whit this are does not affect network in other area.
Internal routers:
Terms:
1) Broadcast
2) Point to point
3) Non broad cast network
Broadcast:
Switch
CCNA Page 38 of 81
R1 R2 R3
Switch in ability is broad casting so information from only router is broadcast to all
other routers.
2) Point to Point:
R1 R2 R3
A single physical line can be divided into multiple line logically using a technique
called frame relay.
Broadcast
Here because broad casting is done for all routers, all of then create adjacency
his each other so all of them are neighbour in order to ovoid this, one router is selected
as DR (Designated Router) and one as BDR backup DR.
Now DR only creates adjacency to all other router to all others only this is a
neighbour they broadcast changes only to DR so this DR’s is to broadcast any changes
to all other routers.
To set Priority
Router (Config) IP OSPF priority <pr.value>
CCNA Page 39 of 81
Configuration
Router (Config) # router OSPF <process ID>
(Range 1 – 65535)
Router (Config – router) # Network <directly connected network ID>
<wild and mask>Area <area No>
Password Breaking
Rommon1 > Confreg 0x2142 (in 1750 series) > (in 2500 series )
Rommon1 > I
Router > en
Router # copy start run
Older setting to load from NVRAM to DRAM
CCNA Page 40 of 81
Next steps:
Routed Protocol
This carries the date packet
Eg: IP, IPX
Routing Protocol
Carries the update packets
Eg: RIP, IGRP, OSPF, and EIGRP
IGRP
Routing protocol used within same domain single autonomous system
We can configure remote router using the telnet using telnet a remote N/W can
be configured or trouble shoot.
Chennai Bangolre
R1 R2 R3 R4
S0 S1 S0 S1 S0 S1
Routing
The remote router should home been configure VTY password (Telnet
password)
The remote router should have been configured with Enable (or) secret
password.
Standard Range 1 - 99
Extended Range 100 - 199
Standard
Named Access List
Numbered Access List
Extended
Access list can be implemented in source and destination source. But one is source
router. This will reduce the traffic access list can be implemented either in the inbound
Chennai Mumbai
Out bound
In bound
S0 20.0.0.2 E0 30.0.0.1
E0 10.0.0.1
S0 20.0.0.1
Inbound: first it implements ACL table and filters so no need of routing information
table.
CCNA Page 44 of 81
ACL
RIT
RIT
ACL
Standard IP Access List Numbered:
Prepare
By using standard ACL implemented in destination only.
Implementation:
Mumbai (config) # int<E0/S0>
Mumbai (config) # IP access-group<ACL-NO> in\out
Implementation
10.|8.|0.0 00001000
10.|16|.0.0 00001111
Subtract = 00000111 7
So, wild card is 0.7.255.255
Subnet for this will be 255 / 7 = 248
So, 255.248.0.0
Preparation
Implementation
Mumbai (Config) # int E0
Mumbai (Config) # IP access – group <ACL-No> out
Implementation
Named access list you can edit the exiting access list
Preparation
Bangalore (Config) # IP access – list standard <ACL – Name>
Bangalore (Config- STD- ACL) # deny 10.0.0.0 0.255.255.255
Bangalore (Config-STD- ACL # permit any
Implementation
Bangalore (config) #int E0
Bangalore (config) # ip access group <ACL no> out.
Implementation
It is the same
R1 (Config) # access list <ACL no> permit / deny <protocol> <Source add>
<Wildcard mask> <desk add> <wildcard mask> <gt (or) eq (or) Lt (or) neq > <port
no>
Where,
Gt Greater than
Lt Lesser than
Eq Equal
Neq Not equal
CCNA Page 47 of 81
Source destination
Implementation
R1 (Config) # int EO
R1 (Config) # IP access – group <HCL-No> in
Implementation
R1 (Config)# int E0
R1 (Config)# ip access-group <ACL no> in
To block TFTP:
TCP/UDP based on
Application Layers
Protocols FTP TELNET SMTP DNS TFTP SNMP RIP
Port No 21 23 25 53 61 561 520
TCP TCP TCP TCP/ UDP UDP UDP
UDP
Protocol 6 17
No
Telnet
S1 address
E0 address
S0 address we can enter telnet
By blacking that particular S1 interface we can enter, either E0 are S0 Vty 0 4 all
interface to block telnet.
Implementation
Router1# int E0
Router1(Config) # IP access – group <ACL-Name> in
Router1(Config) # No permit IP any any
WAN Technology
1. Lease Line
2. Circuit Switching
3. Packet Switching
Wan Terms
CPE (Customer premises Equipment)
Demarcation point (Ex: Telephone Rosier box)
Local Loop
E0 S0 S1 E0
DOT
Chn Bgl
Wan Cloud
LAN
LAN
Wan Link
S0
Chn Bgl
DOT
S1
Cal
CCNA Page 49 of 81
Dedicated line between source & destination 24hrs Conley 2 station are connected
given by ISP
DSP
Local Loop
Trunk port
Central office
For between point to point, privacy is more (No sharing of BW) synchronous serial
line upto 45 Mbps
Demarcations point
Local Loop: Connects the demarcation point to the customs switching office
Central office The point connect the customers to the provider’s switching network
Toll network: It is trunk line inside a WAN provider Network This network is a
connection of switches and facilities owned by ISP
Wan Encapsulation
In LAN encapsulation techs used in Ethernet are 802.2, 802.3
HDLC (High level data Link control) (to using for convert the frames)
PPP (Point to point protocol) (to using for convert the frames)
HDLC
It is an encapsulation protocol
CCNA Page 50 of 81
Layer 2 protocol
It don’t have the capability to understand multiple network protocol such as
(IP, IPx)
Was protocol
Two types HDLC & Cisco HDLC
Not support multi core protocol
Not Security
No verification, No authentications
Normal HDLC
Flag Add Control Data CRC
Cisco HDLC
Flag Add Control Propriety Data CRC
Config HDLC
Router (config) # interface S0
Router (config) # encapsulation HDLC
CISCO HDLC
This is the default protocol that is enabled in all Cisco routers
It is an encapsulation protocol developed by Cisco
It is a propriety protocol
It is support multiple network layer
It is done by adding an appropriation field to the HDLC protocols
CO
CSU/CDU CSU/CDU
R R
Switch
Toll Network
Switch
CCNA Page 51 of 81
3) Demarcation point
It is the point where the services provides responsibility Ends.
The CPE begins.
4) Local loop
Local loop connect the Demarcation point to the nearest switching office
Leased line
A leased line is a free establish was communication path from the through the ISP’S
new to the CP of the remote site, allowing DTE N/W to communication at any time
with know setup procedure before transmitting the date.
Advantage
24 hrs connectivity
High performances
A Least can have board with of 45 mbps with a T3 line
Disadvantage
We have to pay a huge fixed amount (Independent of the usage)
2. Circuit Switching
CCNA Page 52 of 81
Method
ISDN (Integrated Service Digital Network)
PSTN (Public Switched Telephone Network)
Advantage
We have to pay only for the times.
Disadvantage
Poor performances
Maximum data transfer rate 2.048 mbps
Encapsulation
PPP (Point to Point Protocol)
3) Packet switching
This is a hand switching method that all to show the bad with other company to save
the money
Advantage
To high performance 1m cast
Disadvantage
This is not suitable for continuous transfer
Note: Frame relay Y.25 & ATM are the popular Packet switching technologies.
Compression
It compress the outgoing data so that is saves the expensive bandwidth.
Error detection
LCP detects the error using the quality magic No.
Three Basics
1. LCP phase (Link control protocol) Maintain connection (Terminate, etc.,)
2. Authentication
3. NCP
LCP
1. Compression (compression the data)
2. Error detection (to detect the data lass)
3. Multi link (load balance to send data’s equal)
PAP
User Name, Password
R Accepted / Rejected R
CHAP
Challenge
R1 R2
Accepted / Rejected
Chennai Bangalor
e
User Name: Bgl User Name: Chn
Password: 123 Password: 123
Bgl 123
Router (coating) # username <username> password <password>
Configuration
Circuit switching
Router Physical Connection
BRI
Junction Box
NT U Link
D
O
S/T Link (or) S/T Reference T
S0
TA NT
CCNA Page 55 of 81
D
NT2 T NT1 U O
T
S0
TA
S
R Link
Preference Point
The link running between different functional Units is called as reference port
NT1 the link between NT2 to ISP
NT2 the Point at which all the ISDN
Lines of the customer’s site are connected using ISDN Box (public Box)
Configure ISDN
BRI 1 ISP BRI 0
ISDN
Chn Bgl
Switch
E0 E0
CCNA Page 56 of 81
ISDN Protocols
Layer 2 Encapsulation
Note: above all this configuration has to be done at Bangalore Router (encapsulation,
ISDN config, ISDN service config)
DDR – (Dial on Demand Routing)
It explains the step involved in config ISDN network default idle time out 120 secs.
Configuration DDR
1. Enable routing
2. Defining the interested traffic
3. Config the dialer traffic
Enable routing:
Static routing is preferable because the link goes down automatically
after 120 sec of idle duration. But in dynamic update or hello packet will be kept of an
exchanging between routers.
Static routing
Chn (Config) #ip routing
Chn (Config) #ip route 30.0.0.0 255.0.0.0 BRI0
Chn (Config) #ip route 10.0.0.0 255.0.0.0 E0
Chn (Config) #ip route 10.0.0.0 255.0.0.0 BRI0
Static default
Chn (config) #ip routing
Chn (config) # ip route 0.0.0.0 0.0.0.0.BRI No.
Implementation:
Chn (config) #int BRI 0
Chn (config) #dialer group 8
Load sharing:
R1
R1(Config) # IP routing
R1(Config) # IP Router RIP
R1 (Config-Router) # network 20.0.0.2
R1 (Config-Router) # network 10.0.0.1
R2
R2 (Config) # IP Routing
R2 (Config) # IP Router RIP
R2 (Config-router) network 20.0.0.1
R2 (Config-router) # Network 30.0.0.1
R2 (Config-router) # Network 40.0.0.2
R3
R3 (Config) # IP routing
R3 (Config) # IP router RIP
R3 (Config-router) # network 40.0.0.1
R3 (Config-router) # Network 50.0.0.1
R3 # Sh IP router
Where,
S1 10.0.0.2 R2 S0 30.0.0.1
S1 30.0.0.2
S0 10.0.0.1
R1 R3
S1 20.0.0.1
S0 40.0.0.2
S0 20.0.0.2
R4
S1 40.0.0.1
R1 R2 R4 using RIP protocol
R1 R3 R4 using IGRP protocol
To enter in to IGRP
Router # sh ip route
Where
100 A.D value
273 Composite Metric value
I IGRP
Router # sh IP protocol
All information
Router # sh protocol
Inter protocol is enabled & information
Implementation
Router (config) # int E0
Router (config-if) # ip access-list 1 out
Enter in Pc 1
C :> ping 30.0.0.2
Request time out
C :> Ping 40.0.02
Success Pinging
Enter to pc mode
C :> ping 30.0.0.2
CCNA Page 63 of 81
Switch Bgl
64 Kpbs S1 20.0.0.3 E0
DLCI 110(Doted Line) 40.0.0.0
Virtual Circuit:
DLCI
It identifies the logical link number of virtual circuit
Eg: DLCI 100, DLCI 110
CCNA Page 64 of 81
The frame relay switch maps the DLCI no bandwidth two pair of routers to
create a virtual circuit
CIR
Bits per second
The service provided communicates the date transfer rate.
LMI
LMI request given to frame relay switch then it will give LMI response
When the router is switched on, the router give LMI request to the frame relay switch
and it will give the LMI response to the source
Active
If the destination is available and not in position to communicate. The frame
relay switch will give the DLCI no the source and virtual circuit is established
Inactive
If the destination is available and not in a position to communicate 1 due to
errors), then the response will be inactive (no virtual circuit)
Deleted
If the destination is physically disconnected
FECN
It will give the information (i.e.) more traffic to the destination frame relay
packet (Traffic = Status of traffic is destination)
FECN BELN DE Data
BECN
If will give the information more traffic (start in source) to the source. It any
congestion in the network than BECN intimates to the source router, so that a
router decreases the data transfer rate
DE
Due to congestion some packet will be lost if the DE bit is 1 then it will be
dropped. If it is 0 it will be not be dropped
PVC
If the LMI response is active and it goers the DLCI no then the PVC is created
Multipoint
Communication of group router is called mesh topology
Chennai
S0
Frame-Relay Switch
S1 S1 S1
Mumbai Calcutta Bangalor
e
E0-100.0.0.2 E0- 100.0.0.3 E0- 100.0.0.4
• Virtual circuit between Chennai to Mumbai, Calcutta, Bangalore and Mumbai
to Bangalore, Calcutta and Calcutta to Bangalore six virtual circuit is created.
CCNA Page 66 of 81
Point to Point
• If there is different destination IP then the interface so it’s divided into many
logical interface
• Here one logical interface will communicate with one network. so it is point to
point
• No need to disable the split horizon
Chennai
S0
Frame-Relay Switch
S0 S0 S0
Mumbai Calcutta Bangalor
e
S0-110.0.0.2 S0- 120.0.0.2 S0- 130.0.0.2
Chn #int S0 1
Chn (config) #ip address 110.0.0.2 255.0.0.0
#no shut
#no S0 2
#ip address 120.0.0.2 255.0.0.0
# no shut
#int S0 3
#ip address 130.0.0.2 255.0.0.0
CCNA Page 67 of 81
#no shut
In this inverse ARP will be disabling for effective communication.
Hybrid
Combination of Multipoint and Point to Point
Chennai
DLCI No 201
DLCI No 202
DLCI No.200
Frame-Relay Switch
S1 S1 S1
Mumbai Calcutta Bangalor
e
S1-100.0.0.2 S1- 100.0.0.2 S1- 100.0.0.2
Chennai (config) #int S0.1 multipoint
#ip add 100.0.0.1 255.0.0.0
#no shut
# Encapsulation frame-relay CISCO
#frame-relay LMI-type ANSI
#frame-relay interface-DLCI 200
#frame-relay interface- DLCI 201
#int S0.2
#ip add 100.0.0.1 255.0.0.0
#no shut
#frame-relay interface-DLCI 202
Chennai #sh int so
#sh frame-relay LMI
#sh frame-relay Map
#debugs frame-relay LMI
• It is a larger 2 device which reeds the destination MAC address and forwards
the data using forwarding table or MAC table
• If creates the forwarding table using hardware called ASIC. It stores into the
NVRAM. So no need to save the configuration.
• In the absence of startup configuration switch using initial configuration.
• No terminal editing is not applicable in switch.
CCNA Page 68 of 81
• Show CDP entry or sh CDP neighbour comments will not work in switch.
Function of switch
• Address learning: It learns the system Mac add that are connected to the parts
and creates the forwarding table or Mac table
• Forwarding and filtering of format: It forwards the frame to the destination
only and filters all other ports.
Loop Avoidance
Seg 2
E0 1 E0 1
Sw A Sw B
E0 2 E0 2
Seg 1
Sw = Switch
For fault tolerance in the network more than one switch is used, which caused the
following problem:
• Unicast becomes multicast
• Multicast \ Broadcast becomes storms
• Mac table instability.
To overcome three, switch user Spanning Tree Protocol (STP)
Seg 2
4 Mbps
E0 / 1 E0 / 1
Sw A Root Switch Sw B
E0 / 2 2 Mbps E0 / 2
Switch A Switch B
Root port
Root Switch
Non- Designated port (Blocking state)
• If 2.switch select lowest Mac address as root, another is non root higher
bandwidth is root, lowe5r bandwidth is root, and lower bandwidth is non
designated port
• If both are in same bandwidth then consider the lowest port no .
BPDU (Bridge Protocol Data Unit)
Non-root bridges
One will be assigned as root port that as and forward the frame and non design
port that can the frame and cant forward (blocked).Root bridge is assigned on priority
no and Mac add switch will have single Mac add that share for all the ports.
Root port is assigned based on bandwidth (higher B.W) and port no (lower)
default priority no to switch is 32768.
Bridges exchange BPDU for every 2 sec (non-designated port receives the BPDU)
Different modes of operation of switches
Store and forward
In this mode, switch store the entire frame in the buffer and
checks the error and forwards (sourced TX)
Cut through
It read the up to destination Mac add and the immediately
forward to the destination no error checking (no security) there
are many collisions.
It avoids collisions head the 1st 64 bit address checks. The error
and forwards [switch 1900 series default mode]
1912 model
1. E0 port (E01, E02………E012)
2. AUI port (E0/25)
3. Fast Ethernet port (F026, F027)
1924 model
1. 24 port (E01……….E024)
2. AUI port (E0/25)
3. Fast Ethernet port (F026, F027)
To configure switch
It has IOS K, M, I mode
K Command mode
M Menu driver,
I IP address config
Manageable switch has the built in IOS while booting CISCO switch will boot
through this menu
Switch full duplex
Hub hub duplex
While booting >k command line (mostly used)
Switch>en (user exec. mode)
Switch# (priv. modes)
Switch# config terminal (global config mode)
Allow
Switch (config)# Mac-address-table permanent <Mac-add) E01 (exit interface)
To Restrict
Switch (config)# Mac address-table restricted static <Mac-add> E0/2 E0/5
(Exit) (Stat list)
Allows: E0/5 port data to E0/2 port.
To enable duplex
Switch (config) # int E0/1
Switch (config) # duplex half / full / Auto
One Mac table in 1900 services catalyst switch
Accommodate 1024 Mac-address
Per port 132 addresses can be mapped
Address Violation
The no-to Mac add mapped to a particular port exceeds the limit, the address
violation takes place.
To disable security
Switch (config) # Address-violation disable (or) ignore (or) suspend
VLAN
10.1.0.0./16 10.2.0.0/16
CCNA Page 72 of 81
VLAN 2 VLAN 3
VLAN between a switch
Switch 1 Switch 2
VLAN 2 VLAN 3
VLAN 2
F0=Fast Ethernet F0/26 VLAN 3
F0/27
Trunk Line
2950 switch
Trunk Link
Sys 2 – 10.2.0.1 /16
Sys 1 VLan no: 200
10.1.0.1/16 VLan Name: Kumar
VLan no: 100
VLan Name: udaya
It is a layer 2 encapsulation protocol to add VLAN information along with the data.
Trucking
The link running between switching which allow data and VLAN information
to find through it (trunk)
To enable trucking
Switch (config) # Int F0/26
# Trunk on
Dynamic
In the dynamic VMPS service need to assign VLAN number dynamically. In
the server VLAN no and system Mac add to be configured. In 5000 series of catalyst
switch will have the built in VMPS service.
Static
In static port No should be mapped to the VLAN
Fa/0
Router
Switch
Trunk Link
VLan:2 VLan: 3
10.1.0.0/16 10.2.0.0/16
Gateway: 10.1.0.10 Gateway: 10.2.0.10
(If different network we have to give gateway same network no meet of gateway. In
router you have to give 2 gateways.)
# Encapsulation ISL O
# Int to / 0.3
# IP add 10.2.0.10 255.255.0.0
# No shut
# Encapsulation ISL 3
Switch 1 Switch 2
VLan 2 VLan 3
VLan 2 VLan 4
Router
CCNA Page 76 of 81
VLan 4 VLan 2
VTP Modes
VTP server
By default, every switch acts as a VTP server. It can add, modify, delete the
VLAN information but it will not save the changes of other switch but it will
forward to the other switch.
VTP Client
If will not allow add, modify, delete the VLAN information. But it will not
save the changes of other switch. But it will forward to the other switch.
Switch#en
#VLan database
Switch#en
#VLan database
Switch (VLan) #VLan 3 name Kumar
#exit
Switch#sh VLan
VLan Name Status Ports
1 Default Active Fa 0/1……Fa 0/12
2 Udaya Active
3 Kumar Active
Switch # conf t
Switch (config) # int Fa 0/1
Switch (config-if) # switch port access VLan 2
Switch (config-if) # switch port mode access
Switch (config) # int Fa 0/2
Switch (config-if) # switch port access VLan 2
Switch (config-if) # switch port mode access
Switch (config) # int Fa 0/3
Switch (config-if) # switch port access VLan 3
Switch (config-if) # switch port mode access
Switch (config) # int Fa 0/4
Switch (config-if) # switch port access VLan 3
Switch (config-if) # switch port mode access
# Exit.
Trunk Link
Switch 1 Switch 2
Pc 1 Pc 8
Pc 2
Pc 3 Pc 7
Pc 4 Pc 6
Pc 5
Note: Pc 1, Pc 2, Pc 5, Pc 6 in VLan 2
CCNA Page 78 of 81
Pc 3, Pc 4, Pc 7, Pc 8 in VLan 3
Pc.No IP Address Subnet Mask
1 10.0.0.2 255.0.0.0
2 10.0.0.3 255.0.0.0
3 20.0.0.2 255.0.0.0
4 20.0.0.3 255.0.0.0
5 10.0.0.4 255.0.0.0
6 10.0.0.5 255.0.0.0
7 20.0.0.4 255.0.0.0
8 20.0.0.5 255.0.0.0
Configure (Switch 1)
Switch # VLan database
Switch (VLan) # VLan 2 name red
Switch (VLan) # apply
Switch (VLan) # exit
Switch # VLan database
Switch (VLan) # VLan 3 name blue
Switch (VLan) # apply
Switch (VLan) # exit
Switch # conf t
Switch (config) # int Fa 0/1
Switch (config-if) # switch port access VLan 2
Switch (config-if) # switch port mode access
Switch (config) # int Fa 0/2
Switch (config-if) # switch port access VLan 2
Switch (config-if) # switch port mode access
Switch (config) # int Fa 0/3
Switch (config-if) # switch port access VLan 3
Switch (config-if) # switch port mode access
Switch (config) # int Fa 0/4
Switch (config-if) # switch port access VLan 3
Switch (config-if) # switch port mode access
Configure (Switch 2)
Switch # VLan database
Switch (VLan) # VLan 2 name red
Switch (VLan) # apply
Switch (VLan) # exit
Switch # VLan database
Switch (VLan) # VLan 3 name blue
Switch (VLan) # apply
Switch (VLan) # exit
Switch # conf t
CCNA Page 79 of 81
Switch 2
Switch # conf t
Switch # int Fa 0/10
Switch (config-if) # switch port mode trunk
VLan Practical Router with switch
Router (R1)
E0/0.1,E0/0.2
VLan 2 VLan 3
Pc 1 Pc 2 Pc 3
Pc 4
CCNA Page 80 of 81
Configure Switch
Switch # conf t
Switch (config) # int Fa 0/1
Switch (config-if) # switch port access VLan 2
Switch (config-if) # switch port mode access
Switch (config) # int Fa 0/2
Switch (config-if) # switch port access VLan 2
Switch (config-if) # switch port mode access
Switch (config) # int Fa 0/3
Switch (config-if) # switch port access VLan 3
Switch (config-if) # switch port mode access
Switch (config) # int Fa 0/4
Switch (config-if) # switch port access VLan 3
Switch (config-if) # switch port mode access
Configure in Router
Router # conf t
Router (config) # E0/0.1
Router (config-subif) # ip address 10.0.0.1 255.0.0.0
Router (config-subif) # no shut
Router (config-subif) # encapsulation dot1q 3
Classless Routing
Eg:
172.168.0.0 /18
255.255.192.0
172.168.64.0/18+3=21
255.255.248.0
172.168.72.0/21+3
255.255.255.0
172.168.0.0
BR BR
BR BR
172.168.64.0 172.168.128.0
F3
F2
F1