ENUM & E.

164
Syndicate No 5

Presented By
Harshita Yadav 0802054018
Amrti Kulshreshta 08020541004
Nikhilesh Tiwari 08020541033
Samridhi Singla 08020541126
Ronak Shah 08020541043
Kartkeya Pandey 08020541128
Ravindra Rathod 08020541048
 The DNS
 The same service that directs emails and
web browsers to the correct destination.

 This same service is the basis of ENUM

 The DNS is a distributed association

database that allows a query string to be
associated with a response, using the
preferences of the entity being queried to
determine the response
 Why use DNS?

• It already works.
• It's global.
• It's scales.
• It's fast.
• It's open.
 E.164 DNS DOMAIN NAME.

• E164.arpa has been proposed as the DNS domain for use with
enum.
• The telephone no. is reversed because DNS reads addresses
from right to left, from the highest level to the lowest level. In this
case, a DNS lookup would start at the .arpa domain, and it
would continue with .e164.
• Under e164 it would look for the “1” as the country code
(for example).
• It would then look up each succeeding digit in the telephone
number until the address is fully resolved.
 DNS COMPATIBILITY.
• The DNS database structure is logically
constructed as a tree, with branches that
extend from a center point called the root. The
various domains, such as .com, .int, and so on.
• One of these branches is .ARPA (from the
Advanced Research Project Agency, the U.S.
Government agency that funded much of the
early Internet development), and under .ARPA
is a branch designed for E.164-compatible
numbers, designated .e164.
 Why e164.arpa ?
• DNS Resolvers can only search a single tree branch of the DNS

root

.ARPA

.COM .JP
.INT
.UK .e164

.ITU 4.4. (UK)

.CO
6.4. (SE) 1.4. (CH)

3.3. (FR)

3.2.4.5.3.4.5. 2.2.
Varieties of ENUM
 Varieties of ENUM
• Public
 Original version of ENUM
 This is also referred to as User ENUM
• Private
 VOIP operators may use this technique with
their own network
• Carrier
 carrier themselves control subscriber information
 This is also referred to as Infrastructure ENUM
 e.164.arpa Domain
• e164.arpa is a second level domain that was designated specifically
for providing ENUM service.

• The Internet Architecture Board (IAB) is responsible for the

e164.arpa domain.
– The IAB has outsourced the registry operations to an organization
called RIPE, i.e., RIPE runs the “technical operations” for the domain

• Telephone number country codes will be delegated from this

domain
– For example, country code +1 will become the domain 1.e164.arpa
– Since it is the ITU that administers country codes, they have a role in
the delegation process
 Public ENUM
• Public ENUM is generally defined as the administrative policies and
procedures surrounding the use of the e164.arpa domain for TN to
URI resolution.
– Policy for branches of the tree are Nation State issues as Directed by
IAB-ITU agreements
– All records are visible on the Internet
• Global Government policy has been to encourage consumer OPT-
IN. Which is generally assumed to be the number holder as
opposed to the carrier of record is the only entity permitted to create
records in e164.arpa.
• How will you register your Phone Number?
– Nation State Issue.Registration Model much like Domain Names…
– Registrars be also be Service Provider or Telecom Equipment Vendor
or Independent “Registrar
 Private ENUM
• Private ENUM is generally regarded as one or more
technologies (DNS – SIP Redirect- LDAP? ) that permit
one or more entities to exchange phone number to URI
data. Usually in a private secure manner.
• Use of any mutually agreed upon domain
– Could be one or more service providers
– Could be one or more enterprises –
• PBX to PBX inter or intra domain
– Could be private dialing plans
• Principally used by wireless carriers to enable MMS
routing
• Could be used by IP network elements to retrieve LNP
data
 Limits of ENUM
• DNS is very different than the PSTN’s intelligent network
infrastructure:

– Anyone can query the DNS;

• Vulnerable to privacy abuses; users can “mine” the DNS acquiring all available
records

– Every query to the DNS gets the same answer; no

authentication or authorization of query originator

– For the most part the DNS is not secure; digital

signatures and encryption has not been widely
deployed
 Alternatives to ENUM
• Private ENUM is a service that utilizes ENUM technology but in a
domain other than e164.arpa

• Private ENUM typically creates a closed user group in a restricted

domain to avoid many of the limitations of public ENUM (i.e., ENUM
in the e164.arpa domain)

• Recently there is an effort to address the specific needs of telecom

carriers within public ENUM. This effort is called carrier ENUM.

• Examples of private ENUM deployments:

– The wireless standards organization 3GPP has recommended private ENUM for
interoperability between home and roaming networks
– US wireless carriers use private ENUM to enable intercarrier routing of MMS
messages (MMS routing requires end-to-end IP connectivity
 Some Enum Services
• Web
• The web ENUM service is used to map phone
numbers to webpage addresses such as
URLs –Subtypes: http, https
• Example: –NAPTR 100 3 "u"
"E2U+web:http" "!^.*$!
http://www.switch.ch/!" .
• This ENUM service can be used to provide
links to various kinds of information, such as
HTML, audio, video or executable code.
 Enum Services Contd…
• SIP - Session Initiation Protocol
• SIP is used to set up multimedia sessions, such as IP
Telephony calls, video conferences, chat
• Example –NAPTR 100 1 "u" "E2U+sip" "!^.*$!
sip:info@switch.ch!" .
• ENUM and SIP is used to interconnect the PSTN with SIP
based Internet Telephony. • Also SIP Telephones with numeric
keypads benefit from ENUM.
• Email
• The email ENUM service is used to map telephone numbers
into email addresses – Subtype: mailto
• Example: – NAPTR 100 4 "u" "E2U+email:mailto" "!^.*$!
mailto:info@switch.ch!" . • Consider you only have the
telephone number of someone but want to write him an email.
With ENUM it is possible to find the email address.
 Enum Services Contd…
• vCard
• "vCard" is a transport independent data format for the exchange of information about an
individual. It is used e.g. for exchanging address book information from/to mobile phones.
–Subtypes: Plain, RDF, XML, Sink
• Example –NAPTR 100 10 "u" "E2U+vcard:plain””!^.*$!http://enum.at/vcard-67.vcf!”
• Knowing just the phone number this service can be used to fetch all the other information
belonging to that number.
• A business card needs to contain only the phone number, the rest can be fetched (and kept
up-to-date) by means of ENUM.
• SMS / MMS / EMS
• The ENUM Services sms/mms/ems provides the possibility to receive SMS/MMS/EMS either
on your phone or as an e-mail –Subtypes: tel, mailto
• Examples –NAPTR 100 4 "u" "E2U+mms:mailto" "!^.*$!mailto:info@switch.ch!" .
–NAPTR 100 5 "u" "E2U+sms:tel" "!^.*$!tel:+41771234567!" .
• ENUM is one of the standardized variants for finding the target for an MMS. This is
particularly useful, if the subscriber can not receive MMS on his default device, but has an
alternative available.
 Enum Services Contd…
• Fax
• The email ENUM service is used to map telephone numbers into fax
numbers –Subtype: tel
• Example –NAPTR 100 5 "u" "E2U+fax:tel" "!^.*$!tel:+41441234567!" .
• The Fax ENUM Service gives you the possibility to send a fax to
someone from whom you only know the phone number.
• Presence / Instant Messaging
• The pres/im ENUM Services are used to advertise presence / instant
messaging information associated with a phone number.
• Example –NAPTR 100 10 "u" "E2U+pres" "!^.*$!
pres:jon.peterson@example.net!"
• For presence/IM Service on the mobile phone this can be used to find
the presence/IM Identifier of your buddy knowing only his number.
 Enum Services Contd…
H323 • H323 defines a way to set up multimedia
communication services; it has been mainly
used for videoconferencing. • Example –NAPTR
100 3 "u" "E2U+h323" "!^.*$!h323:599@switch-
gk.switch.ch!" . • As H.323 lacks features for
global address resolution; ENUM is a natural
way to interconnect H.323 islands.
• ft (File Transfer)
• ical (Calendar)
• ifax (Facsimile Using Internet Mail)
• vpim (Voice Profile for Internet Mail)