UNIT-V

Application layer
The application layer provides full end-user
access to a variety of shared network services for
efficient OSI model data flow.

 This layer has many responsibilities, including

error handling and recovery, data flow over a
network and full network flow.

It is also used to develop network-based

applications.
 Domain Name System
•DNS-To identify an entity, TCP/IP protocol uses the
IP address which uniquely identifies the connection
of a host to the Internet. Port number for DNS is 53.

•DNS is a hierarchical system, based on a distributed

database, that uses a hierarchy of Name Servers to
resolve Internet host names into the corresponding
IP addresses required for packet routing by issuing
a DNS query to a name server.
• However, people refer to use names instead of
address. Therefore, we need a system that can map a
name to an address and conversely an address to name.

• In TCP/IP, this is the domain name system.

• DNS in the Internet: DNS is protocol that can be used in

different platforms.

• Domain name space is divided into three categories.

1.Generic Domain: The generic domain defines
registered hosts according, to their generic behavior.
Each node in the tree defines a domain which is an
index to the domain name space database.

2.Country Domain: The country domain section follows

the same format as the generic domain but uses 2
characters country abbreviations (e.g., US for United
States) in place of 3 characters.
3.Inverse Domain: The inverse domain is used to map
an address to a name.
 Electronic Mail
• Email (electronic mail) is the exchange of computer-
stored messages by telecommunication.
• Email messages are usually encoded in American
Standard Code for Information Interchange (ASCII)
text.
• However, we can also send non text files -- such as
graphic images and sound files -- as attachments sent
in binary streams.
• Email was one of the first activities performed over
the internet and is still the most popular use.

• A large percentage of the total traffic over the

internet is email.

• Email can also be exchanged between online service

provider users and in networks other than the
internet, both public and private.
Modern Email has many powerful features :
1.Messages with attachments
2.Hyper links
3.HTML- formatted text
4.Embedded photos
Email components:
1.User Agent
2.Mail server
3.SMTP
 Simple Mail Transfer Protocol
• SMTP stands for Simple Mail Transfer Protocol.
• SMTP is a set of communication guidelines that allow
software to transmit an electronic mail over the
internet is called Simple Mail Transfer Protocol.
• It is a program used for sending messages to other
computer users based on e-mail addresses. The main
purpose of SMTP is used to set up communication
rules between servers.
• It provides a mail exchange between users on the
same or different computers.

• It can send a single message to one or more recipients.

• Sending message can include text, voice, video or

graphics.

• It can also send the messages on networks outside the

internet.
• SMTP transfers the mail from sender’s mail server to
the receiver’s mail server.

• While sending the mail, SMTP is used two times-

1.Between the sender and the sender’s mail server

2.Between the sender’s mail server and the receiver’s

mail server
 Characteristics of SMTP-
• SMTP is a push protocol.
• SMTP uses TCP at the transport layer.
• SMTP uses port number 25.
• SMTP uses persistent TCP connections, so it can send
multiple emails at once.
• SMTP is a connection oriented protocol.
• SMTP is an in-band protocol.
• SMTP is a stateless protocol.
 File Transfer Protocol
FTP stands for File transfer protocol. FTP is a standard
internet protocol provided by TCP/IP used for
transmitting the files from one host to another.

It is mainly used for transferring the web page files

from their creator to the computer that acts as a server
for other computers on the internet.

FTP is used to Exchange files on the internet .

FTP is most commonly used to upload and download
the files from the internet .

To enable the data transfer FTP uses TCP/IP.

FTP can be invoked from the command prompt or

some graphical user interface .

It also allows to update, delete, rename, move and

copy files at a server .It uses a reserved port number 21.
 Post Office Protocol (POP)
• Post Office Protocol (POP) is a type of computer
networking and Internet standard protocol that
extracts and retrieves email from a remote mail server
for access by the host machine.
• POP is an application layer protocol in the OSI model
that provides end users the ability to fetch and receive
email. POP protocol port number is 110 .
• Post Office Protocol is the primary protocol behind
email communication.
• Pop is one of the two primary protocols used by email
client application to retrieve email from mail server.

• Pop allows email clients to pull off email from remote

servers to save these messages on their local machines.

• Most of the pop email clients are automatically

configured to delete the message on the email server
after it has been successfully transferred to the clients
system.
• The pop 3 is the most commonly used protocol .

• it is used for retrieving email messages on internet.

• Facilities are provided for user authentication

(security)and mail box manipulation(i.e for create
email, sending email ,receive email, read email)
• Pop is fully compatible with important
internet
message standards such as MIME(multi purpose
internet mail extensions),which allows email
attachments.

• Pop works best for the users who do not have a

proper(or) slow connection to the internet .

• Pop is designed to be used as an offline protocol in

which users connect to a server to download message
in their inbox to the local pc .
 World Wide Web

• The World Wide Web (WWW) is a collection of documents

and other web resources which are identified by URLs,
interlinked by hypertext links, and can be accessed and
searched by browsers via the Internet.

• World Wide Web is also called the Web and it was

invented by Tim Berners-Lee in 1989.

• Website is a collection of web pages belonging to a

particular organization.
• The pages can be retrieved and viewed by using
browser.
• Every page is a combination of text ,picture, audio,
video, animation and hyper links.

Web pages:

It is acollection of normal text picture, video clip,

audio clip and hyper link.
It can be designed with html, xml, JavaScript etc.
Web site:
It is a collection of interlink web pages.
Website is accessed through url.
Url is a global address of web document on www.
Urls are unique in nature may don't have copy.
There are 2 parts in urls:
1. protocol
2.resource name
Example: http:\\www.google.com
Website is categorised according to their function:
1.Personal website
2. Commercial website
3.Government website

Types of web sites :

1.Static –information site
2.Dynamic –interactive site
Web application:
In this we can run web application into browser through urls.
There are 2 types of web applications:
1.Service oriented
2.presentation oriented

Service oriented : it is used to implement web services.

 It is coded by using CGI,JSP,ASP.

Presentation oriented: it provides client side services .

 They are coded by using HTML, XML, JavaScript etc.
 Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP)
Hyper Text Transfer Protocol (HTTP) is an application layer protocol
which enables WWW to work smoothly and effectively.

It is based on a client-server model. The client is a web browser

which communicates with the web server which hosts the website.

The functions of HTTP are the combination of FTP and SMTP.

HTTP is similar to FTP because it uses only one TCP connection i.e
(data is transferred between client and server).
In SMTP the messages are stored and then forwarded to the
destination but HTTP messages are delivered immediately.

HTTP uses the services of TCP on well known port number 80.

This protocol defines how messages are formatted and

transmitted and what actions the Web Server and browser
should take in response to different commands.

When we enter a URL in the browser, an HTTP command is sent

to the Web server, and it transmits the requested Web Page.
• When we open a website using a browser, a connection to
the web server is opened, and the browser communicates
with the server through HTTP and sends a request.

• HTTP is carried over TCP/IP to communicate with the

server.

• The server processes the browser's request and sends a

response, and then the connection is closed. Thus, the
browser retrieves content from the server for the user.
 Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol
DHCP provides dynamic IP address to the client computers.

It is used to provide network configuration information to the clients.

Here the parameters include IP Address Subnet mask ,DNS, IP,

Gateway information's.

DHCP is a client server protocol and it uses UDP .

.
Port number 67 for DHCP server and 68 for DHCP client
It is easy to Assign IP even for the Large Networks.
DHCP reduces the load for Network Administrator.
Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol uses a process called
DORA process .

D- Discover
O-Offer
R-Request
A-Acknowledgement
 Multimedia
It is combination of text ,graphic, sound, animation and
video that is delivered interactively to the user by electronic
or digitally manipulated .
There are five elements in multimedia

1.Text
2. Audio
3.Graphics
4. Video
5. Animation
1.TEXT:

 Text is the most common medium of representing the

information. In multimedia, text is mostly use for titles,
headlines, menu etc.

The most commonly used software for viewing text files

are Microsoft Word, Notepad, Word pad etc.

 Mostly the text files are formatted with DOC, TXT etc
extension.
2. Audio :
In multimedia audio means related with recording, playing
etc. Audio is an important components of multimedia
because this component increase the understandability and
improves the clarity of the concept.
Audio includes speech, music etc. The commonly used
software for playing audio files are:

i) Quick Time
ii) Real player
iii) Windows Media Player
3.Graphics :
Every multimedia presentation is based on graphics. The
usage of graphics in multimedia makes the concept more
effective and presentable.

The commonly used software for viewing graphics

are windows Picture, Internet Explorer etc.

The commonly used graphics editing software is Adobe

Photoshop through which graphics can be edited easily and
can be make effective and attractive.
4.Video :
video means moving pictures with sound. It is the best way
to communicate with each other.

In multimedia it is used to makes the information more

presentable and it saves a large amount of time.

The commonly used software for viewing videos are:

i) Quick Time
ii) Window Media Player
iii) Real Player
5.Animation :
In computer animation is used to make changes to the
images so that the sequence of the images appears to be
moving pictures.
An animated sequence shows a number of frames per second
to produce an effect of motion in the user's eye.
Some of the commonly used software for viewing animation
are:
i) Internet Explorer
ii) Windows Pictures
iii) Fax Viewer
 Multimedia tools and Applications
1.Audio, video processing
2.Education and training
3.Multimedia analysis and Internet
4.Artificial Intelligence
5.Virtual reality and 3-D imaging
6.Wireless, Mobile Computing
7.Animation and Graphics
8.Visual Communication