APPLICATION LAYER

The Application layer is responsible for

• Network Virtual Terminal – allows user to log on to a remote host
• FTAM – File Transfer Access and Management
• Mail Services – Email Forwarding and Storage
• Directory Services - Distributed Data Sources and access for global information
Application Layer Protocols
•HTTP, FTP
•DNS
•SNMP
•Email protocols (SMTP - POP3 - IMAP - MIME)
 Domain Name System
Tn TCP/IP, IP address identifies the connection of a host to the network.
But people prefer to use names instead of addresses.
DNS is a System that map a name to an address and address to a name.
DNS is a application protocol, the names are defined in an inverted-tree structure
with the root at the top.
The tree can have only 128 levels: level 0 (root) to level 127.
Example of using the DNS service
Types of Domain Name System
In the Internet, the domain name space (tree) is divided into three different
sections:
• Generic Domains,
• Country Domains,
• Inverse Domain.
Generic domains – Define registered host according to generic behaviour
Table Generic domain labels
Country domains – Uses two Character country abbreviations

Example:
• us for United States
• ca for Canada
Inverse domain – used to map an address to a domain name
Domain names and labels

Label: Each node in the tree has a label, which is string maximum of 63
characters. The root label is a null string. Children of a node have different labels,
which guarantees the uniqueness of the domain names.

Domain Name:
Each node has a domain name.
A full domain name is a
sequence of labels separated
by dots (.). Domain names are
always read from node up to
the root.
 Domains
• A domain is a subtree of the domain name space.
• The name of the domain is the domain name of the node
at the top of the subtree.
• Domain may itself be divided into domains called
subdomains.
Types of Domain Name

Various types of Domain Name:

• FQDN - Fully Qualified Domain name
• PQDN - Partially Qualified Domain name
DNS MESSAGES

DNS has two types of messages:

• Query and
• Response
• Query message consists of a header and question record
• Response message consists of a header, question records, answer
records, authoritative records and additional records.

DNS can use the services of UDP or TCP using the

well-known port 53.
FILE TRANSFER PROTOCOL (FTP)
File Transfer Protocol (FTP) is the standard mechanism provided
by TCP/IP for copying a file from one host to another. It
establishes two connections between the hosts.
• Data connection - Data connection is made between the data
transfer processes
• Control connection - Control connection is made between the
control processes.
FTP uses the services of TCP. It needs two TCP connections.
• port 21 is used for the control connection
• port 20 for the data connection.
FTP

Client has three components: Server has two components:

▪ User interface ▪ Server control process
▪ Client control process
▪ Server data transfer process
▪ Client data transfer process
Using the control connection

Using the data connection

HTTP - Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP)
• HTTP is a protocol used mainly to access data on World Wide Web.
• It transfers data in the form of plaintext, hypertext, audio, video.
• HTTP functions as a combination of FTP and SMTP.

HTTP uses services of TCP on well-known port 80.

HTTP messages

There are two types of HTTP messages

• Request message
• Response message
Request and status lines

Header format
HTTP Methods
URL – Uniform Resource Locator
• URL is a standard for specifying any kind of information on Internet.
• URL defines four things: Protocol/Method, host computer, port, and path

Example: Https :// www.google.com

• Method: It is the Protocol used to retrieve the document. Many different protocols
can retrieve a document are FTP or HTTP.
• Host: It is the computer on which information is located. Web pages are usually
stored in computers, and computers are given alias names that begin with "www".
• Port: URL can optionally contain the port number of the server. Port is included
between host and path, and it is separated from host by a colon.
• Path: Path is the pathname of the file where the information is located.
NETWORK MANAGEMENT SYSTEM

Functions performed by a network management system can

be divided into five broad categories:
• Configuration Management,
• Fault Management,
• Performance Management,
• Security Management and
• Accounting Management.
Functions of a network management system
SIMPLE NETWORK MANAGEMENT PROTOCOL (SNMP)

• SNMP is a framework for managing devices in an

internet using the TCP/IP protocol suite.
• It provides a set of fundamental operations for
monitoring and maintaining an internet.
Components of network management on the Internet

SNMP defines the format of packets exchanged between a manager

and an agent. It reads and changes the status (values) of objects
(variables) in SNMP packets.
To do management tasks, SNMP uses two protocols:
• Structure of Management Information (SMI)
• Management Information Base (MIB)
 Components of network management on the Internet

• MIB creates a collection of named objects, their types, and their

relationships to each other.
• SMI defines the general rules for naming objects, defining object
types and Encoding methods.
Data type

Data type is type of data stored in SMI.

SMI has two broad categories of data type:
• Simple and Structured.
Simple data types are atomic data types. Structured types can be constructed from
simple ones
SMI defines two structured data types:
• Sequence and Sequence of
A sequence data type is a combination of simple data types. It is the concept of a
struct or a record in C
A sequence of data type is a combination of simple data types all of the same type
or a combination of sequence data types all of the same type. It is the concept of
array used in C
Encoding format

SMI uses Basic Encoding Rules (BER), to encode data to be transmitted over the
network. BER specifies data be encoded in triplet format: tag, length, and value
Tag: It is a 1-byte field that defines the type of data. It is composed of three
subfields:
class (2 bits),
format (1 bit), and
number (5 bits).
SNMP message

SNMP defines five types of messages:

• GetRequest,
• GetNextRequest,
• SetRequest,
• GetResponse and
• Trap
ELECTRONIC MAIL PROTOCOLS

Most popular Internet services is Electronic Mail (E-mail).

Application layer Protocols used for Electronic mail service
are:
• SMTP - Simple mail Transfer Protocol
• POP – Post Office Protocol
• MIME – Multi Purpose Internet Mail Extension
• IMAP – Internet Message Access Protocol
Services of user agent

Some examples of GUI-based user agents are Eudora,

Outlook, and Netscape.
Format of an e-mail
E-mail address

Addressing system used by SMTP consists of two parts:

• Local part and
• Domain name separated by @ sign
SMTP – SIMPLE MAIL TRANSFER PROTOCOL
TCP/IP Protocol supports electronic mail on the Internet is called Simple mail
Transfer Protocol. It is a system for sending messages to other computer users based
on email addresses.
SMTP provides mail exchange between users and supports:
• Sending a single message to one or more recipients.
• Sending message can include text, voice, video or graphics.
• Sending the messages on networks outside the internet.
Components of SMTP

SMTP client and SMTP server is divided

into two components such as
• User agent (UA) and
• Mail transfer agent (MTA).
SMTP – Simple Mail Transfer Protocol

User agent (UA) prepares the message, creates the envelope and then puts the
message in envelope. Mail transfer agent (MTA) transfers this mail across internet.

SMTP can send messages only in NVT 7-bit ASCII format. It cannot be used for
languages that are not supported by 7-bit ASCII characters (such as French,
German, Russian, Chinese, and Japanese). Also, it cannot be used to send binary

files or video or audio data.

MULTIPURPOSE INTERNET MAIL EXTENSIONS (MIME)
• MIME is a supplementary protocol that allows non-ASCII data to be sent through
e-mail.
• MIME transforms non-ASCII data at the sender site to NVT ASCII data and
delivers them to the client MTA to be sent through the Internet.
• The message at the receiving side is transformed back to the original data.
Message Access Agent: POP and IMAP

• The first and the second stages of mail delivery use SMTP. SMTP is
not involved in the third stage because SMTP is a push protocol; it
pushes the message from the client to the server.
• Third stage needs a pull protocol; the client must pull messages
from the server. The direction of the bulk data is from the server to
the client. The third stage uses a message access agent.
Currently two message access protocols are available:
• Post Office Protocol, version 3 (POP3) and
• Internet Mail Access Protocol, version 4 (IMAP4)
 POST OFFICE PROTOCOL, VERSION 3 (POP3)
• Post Office Protocol, version 3 (POP3) is simple and limited functionality.
• Client POP3 software is installed on the recipient computer; the server
POP3 software is installed on the mail server.
• Mail access starts with the client when the user needs to download e-mail
from the mailbox on the mail server. The client opens a connection to the
server on TCP port 110. It then sends its user name and password to access
the mailbox. User can then list and retrieve the mail messages, one by one.
• POP3 has two modes:
• delete mode and
• keep mode.
In delete mode, Mail is deleted from the mailbox after each retrieval. In
keep mode, the mail remains in the mailbox after retrieval
INTERNET MAIL ACCESS PROTOCOL (IMAP)
• IMAP4 Another mail access protocol is Internet Mail Access Protocol,
version 4 (IMAP4).
• IMAP4 is similar to POP3, but it has more features;
• IMAP4 is more powerful and more complex
Functions of IMAP:
• A user can check the e-mail header prior to downloading.
• A user can search the contents of the e-mail for a specific string of
characters prior to downloading.
• A user can partially download e-mail.
• A user can create, delete, or rename mailboxes on the mail server.
• A user can create a hierarchy of mailboxes in a folder for e-mail storage
SMTP, POP and IMAP