WELL COME

TO
SEMINAR
Earthquake Resistant
Structure

BY:
KULKARNI.AMOGH.SHARAD
ROLL NO. 3107
There are three types of structure -
1)Load bearing structure
2)Frame structure
3)Composite structure
4)Earthquake Resistant Structure

The choice of method depends upon extent of

construction (number of storeys, area covered)
importance of construction (residential, industrial etc.)
economy , types of land and bearing capacity.
 Load bearing structure
In this type of construction, load of structure is
transferred to the wall as roof, floors are
directly supported on walls.

Walls in turn transfer the load to the

underlaying soil via wall footing.

This type of construction is suitable and

economical upto two storey. As number of
storey increases wall thickness also increases.
Introduction to earthquake
Effect of earthquake
Various ways by which earthquake prove hazardous
Factors which governs the effect of earthquake on
structure.
Precautions to be taken to make an earthquake
resistance structure

Case-Study
An earthquake is the vibration, sometimes
violent, of the Earth’s surface that follows a
release of energy in the Earth’s crust. this
energy can be generated by a sudden
dislocation of the segments of their crust, by a
volcanic eruption, even by manmade explosion
or by any other reason.

A severe earthquake may release energy

10,000 times as great as that of the first
atomic bomb.
Sr.No Place of Occurrence Date Magnitude on
Richter scale
1 Assam Aug 15, 1950 8.7
2 Koyna, Maharashtra Dec 11, 1967 6.3
3 Kinnaur, Himachal Pradesh Jan 19, 1975 6.8
4 Assam Aug 6, 1988 7.0
5 Uttarkashi, Uttranchal Oct. 18, 1991 7.5
6 Killari, Maharashtra Sep. 30, 1993 6.3

7 Chamoli, Uttranchal Mar. 29, 1999 6.8

8 Bhuj, Gujarat Jan. 26, 2001 7.9

9 Kashmir Oct. 8, 2005 7.7
10 ANDAMAN ISLANDS, INDIA 10/8/2008 6
In Bhuj Earthquake: -

Government confirmed death of: 19, 727

Government confirmed injuries total:166,000
Total Residence destroyed: 348,000

Additional damage: 844,000

It affected 15.9 million peoples

More than 20,000 cattle are reported killed.

Economical losses may be as high as $5 billion.

When an earthquake occurs, the violent breaking of rock
releases energy that travels through Earth in the form of
vibrations called seismic waves.

There are two chief kinds of seismic waves:

(1) body waves and

(2) surface waves.

Body waves tend to cause the most
earthquake damage.
There are two kinds of body waves:
(1) compressional waves and (2) shear waves.

Compressional waves are the fastest seismic

waves, and they arrive first at a distant point.
For this reason, compressional waves are
also called primary (P) waves.
Shear waves, which travel slower and arrive
later, are called secondary (S) waves.
 Various ways by which
Earthquake can
hazardous

 earthquake develop vertical as well as

horizontal ground vibrations horizontal
vi is generally much greater than the
vertical vibration usually 5-10 times
greater
 the horizontal vibration has the most
destructive effect
 when the ground underneath a
structure is moved suddenly to one
side, building tend to remain in its
original position because of its inertia
4 for design or to calculate shearing force(base
shear) imparted to the structure to make it
move from Newton's second law this forces
equal to the mass of structure multiplied by
its acceleration
F=m x f = W x f/g
 F=earthquake force
 W=weight of structure
 F=earthquake acceleration
 g= acceleration due to gravity
 f/g=seismic coefficient(this coefficient is
given in table for reference civil Engg hand
book by Gurcharan Singh)
Following are the factors which governs the effect of
earthquake on any structure: -

Intensity of earthquake.

Type of earthquake waves.

Type of structure.

Type of design.

Shape of structure both in plan and elevation.

Type of material used for construction.

Load of structure.

Type of soil.

Type of foundation.
Steps For Earthquake Resistant
Structure
To make the foundation of a
structure earthquake
resistant the best way is to
rest the columns on isolators.
These isolators decouple
structure from damaging
earthquake and absorb most
of seismic energy as shown
in fig a continuous spread
foundation of reinforced
concrete increases the
resistance of building to
lateral earthquake forces
Design consideration for building
Cracks of any magnitude due to any cause
e.g. expansion or contraction, must be
guarded against as such cracks will present
planes of weakness during an earthquake
Additions and altrations to the structure
should be avoided.if additions are
essential,the new portion shouls be treated
as separate structure
All parts of buildings should be firmly tied
together and so stiffly braced that the
building will tend to move as unit
Catilevers should be avoided.if they can
not be avoided they should be of small
span
Shear wall in a structure 3 dimensional view
Construction of Shear wall in Actual Practice
Cross Bracing
Behavior of any structure is directly related with
following two authorities: -

Architect ( Who gives shape to structure)

Structural Engineer ( Who make the structure to stand)

From the planners point of view: -
Be as simple as possible in shape.
The length of building should not as far as
possible be more than three times its
width. if a longer building s necessary it
should be divided into separate structure
Structure should not be too elongated in plan
or elevation

building should be as light as engineering

consideration as well as health and comfort
permits
 It should be symmetrical with respect to
mass and rigidity so that the centre of mass
and the centre of rigidity coincide with each
other.
C.G should be kept as low as possible
Parapet walls,cornices,ornamental details etc
should be avoided if used they should firmly
tied
Heavy country tiled roofs should be avoided
Points to be considered while selecting
materials of construction -
Materials used for columns and piers should
have high shear strength.

They should be reliably tested for strength

Reinforced concrete is one of the most

suitable materials for earthquake resistant
building construction because of its high
resistant to fire

Materials used in such buildings should be

light but strong because horizontal
earthquake thrust increase with the mass
of structure
 From designers point of view: -

All lateral load resisting members are

uniformly distributed with uniform and
continuous distribution of lateral strength,
stiffness.

All columns and walls are continuous and

without offset from roof to foundation.
Columns and beams are nearly of same
width.
Min thickness of walls in load bearing
structure not less than 20cm for single
storied buildings
The clear height of wall should not e exceed
18 times thickness of wall
Floors serve as horizontal girders of great
rigidity
 CASE-STUDY
Location of site-raunak group,behind munchanda
polytechnic,thane (E)
 Structural engg.-Mr.Tipnis (M.E structure)

 Site Executive engg. –Mr. Raosaaheb.(B.E civil)

 Mrs.shraddha tare(B.E civil)

• :stilt+26 structure,3 no.of buildings.312 tenements each of 302 sq.ft.

BUA.

• Total BUA. = 94224 sq.ft.

• Date of commencement-27/01/2009

• Scheduled Date of completion-25/11/2011

• reference civil Engg hand book by Gurcharan Singh

• & from WEB SEARCH
Technical specifications:-
• Construction technology –RCC technology with
cast –in- situ open foundation & RCC structural
elements in superstructure.

• Polynorm doors.

• Aluminum anodized windows.

• Ceramic tile flooring.

• Internal paint-OBD(Oil Bound Distemper),

External paint-Cement paint.

• Structural glazing for façade.

• Off site & on site infrastructure including
approach/internal roads with storm water drains,
street lighting & other services
Shear wall
Pile foundation