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Material Technology: Diploma Mechanical Engineering Semester: 3
Material Technology: Diploma Mechanical Engineering Semester: 3
TECHNOLOGY
Vatsal & Siddhraj Diploma Mechanical Engineering Semester : 3
Heat Treatment
Explain the term treatment
List the various heat treatment process for wire drawing
operations.
Define the term “Heat treatment”. Why are the steels heat
treated?
Please refer to the Heat treatment questionnaire provided.
Introduction
Properties of steel
Normalizin Flame
g hardening
Hardening Carburizing
Tempering Nitriding
Cyaniding
Purpose of
Annealing Annealing
To produce the desired micro
Definition structure having mechanical,
Annealing heat treatment process is defined is physical and other properties as per
defined as heating the steel to austenite phase requirement.
and then cooling slowly through the
To reduce hardness and soften the
transformation range. Slow cooling is generally
steel.
achieved in a closed furnace by switching off
the supply to the furnace. To relieve internal stresses
To restore ductility and thereby
facilitate further cold working.
Sr. No. % Carbon Annealing Temperature Hardness
(ºC) (BHN) To improve machinability.
1 0.18-0.22 860-900 110-149 To refine and make homogeneous
2 0.23-0.28 850-890 130-180 structure by reducing structural
3 0.29-0.38 840-880 140-206 inhomogeneity.
4 0.39-0.55 820-870 150-217 To remove coarse grain structure &
5 0.56-0.80 790-840 160-230 refine grain size.
6 0.81-0.99 790-830 170-230 To create complete stable structure.
Increase or restore toughness.
Full
annealing
Isothermal Stress
Annealing relieving
Annealin
g Types
Process Spheroidizin
Annealing g
Diffusion
Annealing
Full Annealing
Defined as heating the steel to Known as Full annealing
austenite phase and then because it wipes out all
cooling very slowly through traces of previous
the transformation range, it is structure by complete
the basic process of annealing. phase recrystallization.
Slowly cooling in
furnace or it may be
removed at high
Heating the steel slightly above Holding it at this temperature for temperature and
the critical point. a considerable period of time. buried in a non-
conducting material
such as sand, lime
and ashes.
Stress Relieving
When annealing done for the Sometimes known as Incomplete This process relieves stresses
purpose of relieving the annealing or finish annealing. of ferrous & non-ferrous
stresses only, then it is called metals developed – casting,
stress relieving. quenching, machining, cold
Does not affect the structure of working and welding
material. processes.
Held at that
Steel parts are heated Cooled
temperature for longer
to 500-700ºC. slowly
duration
Spheroidizing
Develops
Develops
spheroidal or
Steel heated to a temp. nearer to
theSteel heated to a range
transformation temp. tonearer
carryto
Purpose
globular carbideor
spheroidal outthe spherodised
transformationannealing
range to carry
or To improve
inglobular
steel. carbide out spherodised
Spheroidizing process. annealing or
in steel. Spheroidizing process. machinability
Process reduces
To cold work again
Most suitable
Processand tensile
reduces
hardness forMost suitable
high To obtain required
hardness
strength and tensile
of steel. for high composition of metal
carbon tool
strength of steel. carbon tool
steel. To soften the tool steel
steel.
Steel heated to If carried out after
To hardened the alloy
Steel heated Cooling steel
650-700ºC, at thisto If carried outthan
quenching after Cooling
rate is
650-700ºC, at this
temperature itsquenching speed than rate To improve surface
temperatureform its speed kept as is
globular increases. kept
25-30ºC as finish by machining
globular
obtained. form increases.
obtained. per25-30ºC
hour. To prevent cracking of
per hour.
Diffusion Annealing
Material heated fast
to achieve about
1100-1200ºC
Makes
Makes casting
casting structure
structure homogeneous
homogeneous
Useful
Useful for
for steel,
steel, alloy
alloy steel,
steel, brass
brass and
and bronze.
bronze. At this temperature
Specially
Specially useful
useful for
for steel
steel ingots
ingots and
and heavy
heavy material is held for a
pre-decided time.
castings.
castings.
Structure
Structure improves
improves byby diffusion
diffusion taking
taking place
place in
in Cooled to 800-
crystal
crystal structure,
structure, therefore
therefore the
the process
process is
is named
named 850ºC within 6 to 8
hours.
as
as diffusion
diffusion annealing.
annealing.
Remaining cooling
is done in air
Process Annealing
This process is used to
relieve the stresses of the Ferrous metals are
cold worked parts to make heated to a
them again ready for cold
temperature of 550-
working.
650ºC
This process does not
change the phase of the
metals.
To
To bring
bring the
the
To
To increase
increase properties
properties
formability.
formability. required
required for
for
cold
cold working.
working.
Typical
Typical
Application
Application
of Annealing
of Annealing
Process
Process To
To remove
remove
To
To get
get good
good irregularities
irregularities
structure
structure for
for forming
forming stable
stable
hardening.
hardening. structure.
structure.
To
To remove
remove
To
To improve
improve strain
strain of
of the
the
machinability.
machinability. parts
parts
To
To prevent
prevent
To
To relieve
relieve cracking of
cracking of the
the
internal
internal parts
parts during
during
stresses.
stresses. processes.
processes.
Normalizing
Definition
To
To improve
improve weld
weld To
To improve
improve
structure
structure after
after Machinability
Machinability of
of
welding
welding process.
process. low
low carbon
carbon steels.
steels.
Purposes of
Normalizing
To
To eliminate
eliminate
coarse grained
coarse grained
To
To improve
improve tensile
tensile structures
structures resulted
resulted
strength
strength of
of casting
casting from
from working
working
and
and forging
forging operations
operations such
such as
as
components
components rolling,
rolling, forging
forging
etc.
etc.
To
To modify
modify and
and
improve
improve cast
cast
dendritic
dendritic structures
structures
and
and reduce
reduce
segregations
segregations byby
homogenizing
homogenizing the the
micro
micro structure.
structure.
Steel is uniformly heated to a
temperature which causes complete Normalizing Process
transformation to austenite.
To
To improve
improve
engineering
engineering To
To refine
refine the
the
properties
properties of
of grain
grain size
size
steel
steel
Typical
applications
of
To
To remove
remove the
the
carbide network
carbide network Normalizing To
To obtain
obtain
from
from the
the grain desired
desired strength
boundary
grain
boundary ofof Process of
of too
strength
too soft
soft &
&
hypo-eutectoid
hypo-eutectoid ductile
ductile steel
steel
steel
steel
To
To improve
improve To
To reduce
reduce
weld
weld structure
structure internal
internal stresses
stresses
Annealing
Annealing Components are heated to form Normalizin
Normalizin Components are heated to form
Process
Process uniform austenite and then cooled g
g Process
Process uniform austenite and then cooled
slowly by keeping the same in the faster than annealing process in
switched off furnace. the steady air.
Comparison
Amount of pearlite is less in Amount of pearlite is more in
annealed structure normalized structure
Annealed steels can have less Normalized steels can have more
strength and more elongation. strength and less elongation.
Definition Solid solution of carbon BCC iron phase with Iron Carbide, chemical Ledeburite is the Consist of alternate Constituent produced in Is a metastable phase of
and /or other alloying very limited solubility formula Fe3C, contains eutectic mixture of lamellae of ferrite and a steel when austenite steel, formed by
elements in gamma for carbon. 6.67% carbon by austenite and cementite. cementite. transforms at a transformation of
iron. Max solubility is weight. Contains 4.3% carbon. Product of austenite temperature below that austenite below the Ms
Can dissolve max. 2% 0.025% carbon at Typical hard and brittle It is formed at about decomposition by an at which pearlite is temperature.
carbon at 2066ºF 1333ºF at extreme left interstitial compound of 1130ºC eutectoid reaction. produced and above
hand corner. low tensile strength but Is an eutectoid mixture that at which martensite
Dissolves only 0.008% high compressive containing about 0.8% is formed.
carbon at room strength carbon and is formed at Thus it is a
temperature. 1333ºF (723ºC). decomposition product
of austenite, consisting
of an aggregate of
ferrite and carbide.
Forms on TTT diagram
at temperatures below
the nose of TTT
diagram.
It is an isothermal
product and cannot be
produced by continuous
cooling.
Physical properties Non-magnetic and soft Softest structure that Hardest structure that
appears on the Fe-C appears on the iron-
equilibrium diagram carbon diagram.
Crystal structure is
orthorhombic