1

The other term of precipitation

hardening is:

Age hardening
2

It occurs in some metals, notably certain

stainless steel, aluminum, and copper alloys
at ambient temperature after solution heat
treatment, the process being one of a
constituent precipitating from solid solution.
Where used, the consequences include
increased strength and hardness, decrease
ductility.

Age hardening
3

The aging at moderately elevated

temperature expedites the process and
is called:

Artificial Aging
4

A substance with metallic properties,

compound of two or more elements of
which at least one is metal.

Alloy
5

In steel are usually considered to be

the metallic elements added for the
purpose of modifying the properties.

Alloying elements
6

It is the characteristics of exhibiting

different properties when tested in
different directions (as tensile strength
“with grain” or “across the grain”).

Anisotropy
7

It is a tendency to fracture without

appreciable deformation.

Brittleness
8

It is one in which specimen, supported

at both ends as a simple beam, is
broken by the impact of a falling
pendulum. The energy absorbed in
breaking the specimen is a measure of
the impact strength of the metal.

Charpy Test
9

It is the brittleness of metals at ordinary

or low temperatures.

Cold Shortness
10

It is the process of deforming a metal

plastically at a temperature below the
recrystallization temperature and at a
rate to produce strain hardening.

Cold Working
11

Steel that is frequently used because it

increases strength and machinability,
and improves surface finish.

Cold-drawn Steel
12

Commercial amounts of cold working of

steel are of the order of :

10 to 20 %
13

It is the ability of a material to absorb or

damp vibrations, which is a process of
absorbing kinetic energy of vibration
owing to hysteresis. The absorbed
energy is eventually dissipated to the
surroundings as heat.

Damping Capacity
14

It is a loss of carbon from the surface of

steel, occurring during hot rolling,
forging, and heat treating, when
surrounding medium reacts with the
carbon (as oxygen and carbon
combining).

Decarburization
15

It is the property that permits

permanent deformation before fracture
in tension.

Ductility
16

The percent elongation for ductile

materials.

Greater than 5% in
2-in. gage
17

The percent elongation in brittle

materials.

Less than 5% in
2-in. gage
18

It is the ability of a material to be

deformed and to return to the original
shape.

Elasticity
19

It involves the loss of ductility because

of a physical or chemical change of the
material.

Embrittlement
20

It is the part of the carbon content of

steel or iron that is in the form of
graphite or temper carbon.

Free Carbon
21

It is a temper produced in wire, rod, or

tube by cold drawing.

Hard drawn
22

Materials that have the same structure

at all points.

Homogeneous materials
23

Materials that have the same properties

in all directions.

Isotropic
24

A test in which specimen, supported at

one end as a cantilever beam, is
broken by the impact of a falling
pendulum. The energy absorbed in
breaking the specimen is a measure of
the impact strength.

Izod Test
25

A steel that has been deoxidized with a

strong deoxidizing agent such as silicon
or aluminum, in order to eliminate a
reaction between the carbon and
oxygen during solidification.

Killed Steel
26

It is somewhat indefinite property that

refers to the relative ease with which a
material can be cut.

Machinability
27

The material’s susceptibility to extreme

deformation in rolling or hammering.

Malleability
28

Are those that have to do with stress

and strain: ultimate strength and
percent elongation.

Mechanical properties
29

It is the extension in the vicinity of the

fracture of a tensile specimen,
expressed as a percentage of the
original gage length as 20% in 2 in.

Percent elongation
30

It is the smallest area at the point of

rupture of a tensile specimen divided by
the original area.

Percent reduction of area

31

It exclude mechanical properties, and

are other physical properties such as
density, conductivity, coefficient of
thermal expansion.

Physical properties
32

It is the ability of the metal to be

deformed considerably without rupture.
In this deformation the material does
not return to its original shape.

Plasticity
33

It is the ratio of lateral strain

(contraction) to the longitudinal strain
(extension) when the element is loaded
with a longitudinal force.

Poission’s ratio
34

It is the stress which causes a specified

permanent deformation of material
usually 0.01% or less.

Proof stress
35

It is a brittleness in steel when it is red

hot.

Red shortness
36

It is associated with creep and

decreasing stress at a constant strain;
important for metals in high
temperature service.

Relaxation
37

Are those not due to applied loads or

temperature gradients; they exists for
various reasons, as unequal cooling
rates, cold working etc.

Residual Stresses
38

It is incompletely deoxidized steel.

Ingots of this steel have a surface layer
quite free of slag inclusions and gas
pockets, which results in the optimum
surface on rolled sheets.

Rimmed steel
39

It is the process of holding an alloy at

suitably high temperature long enough
to permit one or more constituents to
pass into solid solution and then
cooling fast enough to hold the
constituents as a supersaturated
solution.

Solution heat treatment

40

It is the ability to resist deformation. It is

measured by the modulus of elasticity
in the elastic range; the higher the
modulus, the stiffer is the material.

Stiffness
41

It is increasing the hardness and

strength by plastic deformation at
temperatures lower than the
recrystallization range.

Strain Hardening
42

It is condition produced in a non-ferrous

metal by mechanical or thermal
treatment; for example, annealed
temper (soft), hard temper, and spring
temper.

Temper
43

It is the capacity of material to

withstand a shock load without
breaking.

Toughness
44

It refers to the results of a transverse

bend test, the specimen being mounted
as a simple beam.

Transverse Strength
45

The other term for transverse strength

and frequently applied to brittle
materials, especially cast iron.

Rupture Modulus
46

The other term same as strain

hardening.

Work Hardening
47

It is the steel that has been hammered,

rolled, or drawn in the process of
manufacture; it may be plain carbon or
alloy steel.

Wrought Steel
48

It is an operation or combination of
operations involving the heating and
cooling of metal or an alloy in the solid
state for the purpose of altering the
properties of the material.

Heat
Treatment
49

It is a change in a metal by which its

structure recovers from an unstable or
metastable condition that has been
produced by quenching or cold
working.

Aging or Age Hardening

50

A comprehensive term, is a heating and

slow cooling of a solid metal usually
done to soften it.

Annealing
51

Other purposes of Annealing include

those:
Altering the mechanical and
physical properties

Producing a particular
microstructure, removing internal
stresses (Stress relieving) and
removing gases
52

The same meaning as the

Transformation Range.

Critical Range
53

It is often used to mean tempering, but

this usage conflicts with the meaning of
the drawing of a material through a die
and is to be avoided.

Drawing
54

It causes the combined carbon to

transform wholly or on part into
graphitic or free carbon; it is applied to
cast iron, sometimes to high-carbon
steel.

Graphitizing
55

It is the heating of certain steels above

the transformation range then
quenching, for the purpose of
increasing the hardness.

Hardening
56

It is an annealing process whereby

combined carbon in white cast iron is
transformed wholly or on part to temper
carbon.

Malleablizing
57

It is the heating of an iron-base alloy to

some 100 deg. F above the
transformation range with subsequent
cooling to below that range in still air at
room temperature. The purpose is to
produce uniform structure.

Normalizing
58

It is any heating and cooling of steel that

produces a rounded or globular form of
carbide. Typically, it is prolonged heating at
a temperature slightly below the
transformation range usually followed by
slow cooling; or for small objects of high
carbon steel, it may be prolonged heating
alternately within and slightly below the
transformation range.
Spheroidizing
59

It is the heating of a metal body to a

suitable temperature (generally just
below the transformation range for
steel, say 1100-1200 deg. F) and
holding it at that temperature for
suitable time (1 to 3 hrs for steel) for
the purpose of reducing internal
residual stresses.
Stress Relieving
60

It is reheating of hardened or
normalized steel to a temperature
below the transformation range,
followed by any desired rate of cooling.

Tempering
61

For ferrous metals, it is the temperature

interval during which austenite is
formed during heating; it is also the
temperature interval during which
austenite disappears during cooling.
Thus, there are two ranges; these may
overlap but never coincide. The range
on heating is higher than cooling.
Transformation Range
62

It is the measure of the material’s

resistance to indentation.

Hardness
63

The common instruments used to

determine hardness:

Brinell
Rockwell
Vickers
Shore Scleroscope
64

The tester faster than Brinell and is

widely used commercially. It utilizes
several different indenters and, in
effect, measures what?

depth of the penetration

by the indenter
65

What are the different indenters of Rockwell

tester?
Rockwell B 1/16 “ ball 100 kg Medium soft Copper
(RB) metals alloys
Soft steels
Rockwell C Diamond 150 kg Hard metals Hard as
(RC) indenter steel
Rockwell A Diamond 60 kg Extremely Tungsten
(RA) indenter hard metals carbide
Rockwell D Diamond 100 kg Case
(RD) indenter Hardened
metal
Rockwell E 1/8 in ball 100 kg Soft metals Bearing
(RE) metals
magnesium
66

A tester that has a square-base,

diamond pyramid indenter whose
number is the load in kilograms divided
by the impressed area in square
millimeters.

Vicker Tester
67

A tester in which the number is

obtained by letting a freely falling
hammer with a diamond point strike the
object to be tested and measuring the
height of rebound.

Shore Scleroscope
68

The term used for hardness of perhaps

600 Brinell.

Hard File
69

The meaning of ASTM.

American Society of
Testing Materials
70

The specifications of SAE means what?

American Society of
Automotive Engineers
71

Used for tubings, forgings, pressed-

steel parts, screws, rivets, and for
carburized case-hardened parts.

Carbon, 10-20 points

(10XX groups)
72

The specifications of AISI mean what?

American Iron and

Steel Institute
73

1XXX Plain carbon

11XX Plain carbon steel with greater sulfur
content for free cutting
2XXX Nickel steel
SAE 1030 or 0.30% carbon or 30 points carbon
AISI 1030
SAE 10XX Plain carbon
SAE 11XX Free cutting
SAE 13XX Manganese
SAE 14XX Boron
SAE 2XXX Nickel
SAE 3XXX Nickel-chromium
SAE 303XX Heat and Corrosion Resistant
74

SAE 4XXX Molybdenum

SAE 41XX Molybdenum-chromium
SAE 46XX Molybdenum-nickel
SAE 47XX Molybdenum-chromium-nickel
SAE 48XX Molybdenum-nickel
SAE 5XXX Chromium
SAE 514XX Heat and corrosion resistant
SAE 515XX Heat and corrosion resistant
SAE 6XXX Chromium-vanadium
SAE 8XXX Nickel-chromium-molybdenum
SAE 92XX Silicon-manganese
SAE 9XXX Nickel-chromium-molybdenum (except
92XX)
75

Due to higher sulfur content in certain

grades, it is free-cutting and food for
use of in automatic screw machines for
miscellaneous parts including screws; it
may also be carburized.

Carbon, 10-20 points

(11XX)
76

General purpose grades, used for

forged and machined parts, screws;
also for boiler plate and structural steel.

Carbon, 20-30 points

77

With 0.40-0.50% C, frequently used for

miscellaneous forged machined parts;
shafts. Frequently heat treated for
improved mechanical properties. Cold
finish for shafting and similar parts?

Carbon, 30-55 points

78

Maybe hardened to a good cutting

edge, especially in the higher ranges of
carbon therefore, used for tools. Also
for springs. High strength, low ductility.
Nearly always heat treated, say, to a
Brinell hardness of 375 or higher.

Carbon 60-95 points

79

A steel that contains significant

quantities of recognized alloying
metals.

Wrought iron
80

Used to improve the hardenability of

steel, to reduce distortion from heat
treatment, to increase toughness,
ductility, and tensile strength, and to
improve low-temperature or high
temperature properties.

Alloys
81

An efficient deoxidizer, an alloy in

nitriding steels (nitrialloys), and it
promotes fine grain size.

Aluminum
82

In very small amounts (0.001% or less)

is an economical hardenability agent in
low-or-medium-carbon deoxidized
steels. It has no effect on tensile
strength.

Boron
83

It improves hardenability economically,

resistance to corrosion (with other
alloys), strength at high temperature,
and wearing properties (high carbon).

Chromium
84

It improves red hardness.

Cobalt
85

It is often used to “stabilize” stainless

steel (that is, it preempts the carbon
and forestalls the formation of
undesired carbides).

Columbium
86

It improves steel’s resistance to

atmospheric corrosion and increases
the fluidity of the melt; it improves
tensile strength and yield ratio at
normalized condition.

Copper
87

It improves the machinability, but

affects different alloys differently.

Lead
88

It improves strength and increases

hardenability moderately, counteracts
brittleness for sulfur.

Manganese
89

It becomes an alloying element when

its amount exceeds about 0.6% as in
the 13XX steels.

Manganese
90

It contains 1.2% Carbon and 12-13%

Manganese and responds to work
hardening most readily.

Austenitic Manganese
Steels
91

It increases hardenability markedly and

economically (when Mo>Cr), tends to
counteract temper brittleness,
improving creep strength and red
hardness. It improves wear by forming
abrasion-resistant particles.

Molybdenum
92

Strengthens unquenched and annealed

steels, toughens steel (especially at low
temperatures), and simplifies heat
treatment by lessening distortion.

Nickel
93

It increases hardenability, strengthens

low-carbon steels, improves
machinability of stainless steel; also
added to leaded resulfurized carbon
steels for the same purpose.

Selenium
94

-
-
95

It strengthens low-alloy steels and

improves resistance to high
temperature oxidation; it is a good
general-purpose deoxidizer and
promotes fine grain.

Silicon
96

It is a Stabilizer.

Tantalum
97

It is used for deoxidation and for

stabilizing austenitic stainless steels
(preventing intergranular corrosion and
embrittlement); it increases the
hardness and strength of low-carbon
steel and improves creep strength).

Titanium
98

It increases the hardenability markedly

in small amounts and improves
hardness and strength at high
temperature. An expensive alloy, it is
used only where particular advantage
results, as in high-speed tool steel in
which it forms a hard, abrasion –
resisting carbide).
Tungsten
99

It promotes fine-grain structure, improves

the ratio of endurance strength to ultimate
strength of medium carbon-steels (average
of about 0.57), increases hardenability
strongly when dissolved, and results in
retention of strength and hardness at high
temperature; it is the most effective element
in retarding softening and tempering.

Vanadium
100

It is the capacity of steel to through-

harden when cooled from above its
transformation range.

Hardenability
101

It is the process of adding carbon to the

surface of steel by exposing it to hot
carbonaceous solid, liquids, or gases
above the transformation temperature.

Carburizing
102

The part is immersed in a molten salt

bath that imparts a case similar to that
obtained with gas or pack carburizing
except that the case in thinner, usually
not in excess of about 0.025 in.

Liquid carburizing
103

It is accomplished by immersing the

part in a hot (about 1550 deg. F) liquid
salt bath, sodium cyanide (NaCN)
being a common medium in both
processes.

Cyaniding
104

The machined and heat-treated part is

placed in a nitrogenous environment,
commonly ammonia gas, at
temperatures much lower that those
used in the previously described
processes say 1000 deg. F for
somewhat less.
Nitriding
105

It is the process of case hardening steel

by simultaneous absorption of carbon
and nitrogen from a surrounding hot
gaseous atmosphere, followed by
either quenching or slow cooling, as
required.
Carbonitriding
106

It consists of heating a thin surface

layer preferably of annealed or
normalized steel above the
transformation range by electrical
induction and then cooling, as required
in water, oil, air, or gas.

Induction Heating
107

It is the process of heating the surface

of an iron-base alloy, which is
preferably annealed or normalized and
then quenching it.

Flame Hardening
108

It is the result of a metal being stressed

at some point into its plastic range,
usually ordinary temperatures (certainly
below recrystallization temperature);
metal cold worked in this manner
becomes stronger and more brittle.

Work hardening
109

It is made by burning carbon from

molten iron then putting the product
through hammering and rolling
operations.

Wrought Iron
110

It is heat-treated white cast iron.

Malleable Cast Iron

111

The heat treatment of the white cast

iron, in which substantially all of the
carbon is combined in the form of iron
carbide, is an annealing called:

Malleablizing
112

Nodular Cast Iron is also called:

Ductile Iron
113

Age hardening is usually termed as ___

with reference to stainless, which
occurs because of the precipitation of a
constituent from a supersaturated solid
solution.

Precipitation Hardening
114

Are toothed wheels whose tooth

elements are straight and parallel to the
shaft axis; they are used to transmit
motion and power between parallel
shafts.

Spur Gears
115

It is the basis of measurement of gears.

Pitch Circle
116

The size of a gear is called

Pitch Diameter
117

It is the trace of the:

Pitch cylinder
118

It is the point of the pitch circles; for

individual gear, the pitch point will be
located where the tooth profile cuts the
standard pitch circle.

Pitch Point
119

It is the circle that bounds the outer

ends of the teeth.

Addendum Circle
(also called
outside circle)
120

The radial distance between the pitch

circle and the addendum circle is
called:

Addendum
121

It is the circle that bounds the bottom of

the teeth.

Dedendum Circle
122

The radial distance from the pitch circle

to the root circle, that is, to the bottom
of the tooth space.

Dedendum
123

The ____ is equal to the addendum

plus dedendum.

Whole depth
124

The ____ is equal to the radial distance

from the addendum circle to the
working depth circle.

Working depth
125

It marks the distance that the mating

tooth projects into the tooth space; it is
the sum of the addendums of mating
gears.

Working depth circle

126

The ____ is the radial distance

between the working-depth circle and
the root circle; it is the dedendum
minus the mating addendum.

Clearance
127

It is also called tooth thickness. It is the

width of tooth measured along the pitch
circle.

Circular thickness
128

It is the toothed width space between

teeth measured along the chord of pitch
circle.

Chordal thickness
129

It is the tooth space minus the circular

thickness.

Backlash
130

It is the surface of the tooth between

the pitch circle and root cylinders.

flank
131

It is the surface of the top of the tooth.

Top land
132

It is the surface of the bottom of the

tooth space.

Bottom land
133

When two gears mesh, the smaller is

called:

pinion
134

When two gears mesh, the larger is

called:

gear
135

The angle through which the gear turns

from the time a particular pair of teeth
come into contact until they go out of
contact.

Angle of action
136

It is the angle through which the gear

turns from the time a given pair of teeth
are in contact at the pitch point until
they pass out of mesh.

Angle of recess
137

It is the angular velocity of the driver

divided by the angular velocity of the
driven gear.

Velocity ratio
138

It is the number of teeth in the gear

divided by the number of teeth in the
pinion.

Gear ratio
139

Describes a time-temperature-
depending change in the properties of
certain alloys.

Aging
140

A term denoting a treatment consisting

of heating to and holding suitable
temperature followed by cooling at a
suitable rate used primarily to soften
but also to simultaneously produce
desired changes in other properties or
in microstructure.

Annealing
141

Box or Pot annealing used mainly for

sheet, trip or wire.

Black Annealing
142

Heating hot-rolled sheet in an open

furnace to a temperature within the
transformation range and then cooling
in air, to soften the metal. The formation
of a bluish oxide on the surface is
incidental.

Blue Annealing
143

Annealing is a sealed container under

conditions that minimizes oxidation.
This is also called “closed annealing” or
“pot annealing”.

Box Annealing
144

Annealing in protective medium to

prevent discoloration of the bright
surface.

Bright Annealing
145

Annealing process employing

predetermined and closely controlled
time-temperature cycle to produce
specific properties or microstructure.

Cycle Annealing
146

Annealing in which the heat is applied

directly to the flame.

Flame Annealing
147

Austenitizing and then cooling at a rate

such that the hardness of the product
approaches a minimum.

Full Annealing
148

Annealing in such a way that some or

all of the carbon is precipitated as
graphite.

Graphatizing
149

Annealing at one or more stages during

manufacture and before final thermal
treatment.

Intermediate Annealing
150

Austenitizing and then cooling to and

holding at a temperature at which
austenite transforms to a relatively soft
ferrite-carbide aggregate.

Isothermal Annealing
151

A term used to denote various heat

treatments that improve workability. For
the term to be meaningful, the condition
of the material and the time-
temperature cycle used must be stated.

Process Annealing
152

Annealing an austenitic alloy by

solution heat treatment.

Quench Annealing
153

Heating and cooling in a cycle designed

to produce a spheroidal or globular
form of carbide.

Spheroidizing
154

Quenching from a temperature above

the transformation range in medium
having rate of heat abstraction high
enough to prevent the formation of high
temperature formation products.

Austempering
155

Forming of austenite by he ating into

the transformation (partial austenitizing)
or above transformation (full
austenitizing) range.

Austenitizing
156

Heating at low temperature in order to

remove entrained gases.

Baking
157

A treatment of surface of iron-based

alloys usually in the form of sheet or
strip on which by the action of air or
stream at a suitable temperature, a thin
blue oxide film is formed on the initially
scale-free surface, as a means of
improving appearance and resistance
to corrosion.
Bluing
158

A measure of the ability of an

environment containing active carbon
to alter or maintain under prescribed
condition, the carbon content of steel
exposed to it.

Carbon Potential
159

The process of introducing elements

into the outer layer of metal objects by
means of high-temperature diffusion.

Cementation
160

Exposing to suitable subzero

temperatures for the purpose of
obtaining desired conditions or
properties, such as dimensional or
microstructural stability.

Cold Treatment
161

A preliminary heat treatment used to

prepare a material for a desired
reaction to subsequent heat treatment.

Conditional Heat Treatment

162

A term used to describe a process by

which a steel object is cooled from an
elevated temperature, usually from the
final hot-forming operation in the
predetermined manner of cooling to
avoid hardening, cracking or internal
damage.
Controlled Cooling
163

What is synonymous with

Transformation Range?

Critical Range or
Critical Temperature Range
164

A process of case hardening an iron-

base alloy by simultaneous absorption
of carbon and nitrogen by heating in a
cyanide salt.

Cyaniding
165

What follows to cyaniding to produce

hard case?

Quenching
166

The loss of carbon from the surface of

an iron-base alloy as the result of
heating in a medium that reacts with
the carbon.

decarburization
167

It is synonymous with Tempering.

Drawing
168

The alloy composition that freezes as

constant temperatures similar to a pure
metal.

Eutectic Alloy
169

In a ferrous alloy, the property that

determines the depth and distribution of
hardness induced by quenching.

Hardenability
170

Any process of increasing the hardness

of metal by suitable treatment, usually
involving heating and cooling.

Hardening
171

A high temperature heat treatment

process intended to eliminate or to
decrease chemical segregation by
diffusion.

Homogenizing
172

A process of annealing white cast iron

in which the combined carbon is wholly
or in part transformed to graphitic or
free carbon and, in some cases, part of
the carbon is removed completely.

Malleablizing
173

A precipitation hardening treatment

applied to a special group of iron-base
alloy to precipitate one or more
intermetallic compounds in a matrix of
essentially carbon-free martensite.

Maraging
174

A hardening procedure in which an

austenized ferrous workpiece is
quenched into an appropriate medium.
The treatment is usually followed by
tempering.

Martempering
175

The exposure of metal to an unduly

high temperature. It develops an
undesirably coarse grain structure but
is not permanently damaged.

Overheating
176

A process of heat treatment applied to

medium-or high carbon steel in wire making
prior to wire drawing of between drafts. It
consists in heating to a temperature above
the transformation range, followed by
cooling to a temperature appropriate to the
carbon content of the steel and the
properties required to finished product.
Patenting
177

Rapid Cooling is known as:

Quenching
178

Quenching carburized parts directly

from the carburizing operation.

Direct Quenching
179

Quenching carburized parts directly

from the carburizing operation.

Direct Quenching
180

Quenching in the mists.

Fog Quenching
181

An imprecise term used to cover a

variety of quenching procedures in
which quenching medium is maintained
at a prescribed temperature above 160
deg.

Hot Quenching
182

A quenching procedure in which

workpiece is removed from the first
quench at a temperature substantially
higher than that of the quenchant and is
then subjected to a second quenching
system having a different cooling rate
than the first.
Interrupted Quenching
183

Quenching only certain portions of a

workpiece.

Selective Quenching
184

The incomplete hardening of steel due

to quenching from the austenitizing
temperature at the slower rate that the
critical cooling rate for the particular
steel, resulting from the formation of
one or more transformation products in
addition to martensite.

Slack Quenching
185

Quenching in a spray of liquid.

Spray Quenching
186

Interrupted quenching in which the

duration of holding in the quenching
medium is controlled.

Time Quenching
187

Prolonged heating of metal at a

selected temperature.

Soaking
188

A treatment applied to stabilize the

dimensions of a workpiece or the
structure of a material.

Stabilizing Treatment
189

The free or graphitic carbon that comes

out of solution usually in the form of
rounded nodules in the structure during
graphitizing or malleabilizing.

Temper Carbon
190

Heat or quench-hardened or
normalized ferrous alloy to a
temperature below transformation
range to produce desired changes in
properties.

Tempering
191

A treatment in which quench hardened

steel is given two complete tempering
cycles at substantially the same
temperature.

Double Tempering
192

A precautionary interim stress-relieving

treatment applied to high hardenability
steels immediately after quenching to
prevent cracking because of delay in
tempering then at the prescribed higher
temperature.

Snap Temper
193

Brittleness that results when certain

steels are held within, or are cooled
slowly through a certain range of
temperatures below transformation
range.

temper brittleness
194

The critical or transformation point at

which pearlite is transformed into
austeninte as it is being heated is also
called/;

decalesence point
195

A heating to an appropriate
temperature immadiately prior to
austenitizing when hardening nigh-
hardenability constructional steels,
many of the tools steels and heavy
sections.
Preheating
196

A process to reduce internal residual

stresses in a metal object by heating
the object to a suitable temperature and
holding for a proper time at that
temperature.

Stress Relieving
197

The element iron in the form

metallurgically known as ferrite.

ferrite
198

The chemical compound iron carbide in

the form metallurgically known as:

cementite
199

The temperature at which a change in

phase occurs.

transformation temperature
200

A fully annealed steel that has 0.85%

carbon is known as:

hypoeutectoid steel
201

The critical or transformation point at

which austenite is transformed back
into pearlite on cooling is called:

decalescence point
202

The critical or transformation point at

which straight teeth cut parallel to the
axes. Tooth loads produce no axial
thrust. Shaft rotates in opposite
directions.

External Spur Gears

203

Compact drive arrangements for

transmitting motion between parallel
shafts rotating in the same direction.

Internal Spur Gears

204

These are cylindrical gears with teeth

cut at angle to the axes. Provide rive
between shafts rotating in opposite
directions, with superior load carrying
capacity and quietness of spur gear.
Tooth loads produce axial thrust.

Helical Gears
205

These are helical gears that mesh

together on non-parallel axes.

Crossed Helical Gears

206

Gears that have teeth that are radial

toward the apex and are of conical
form.

Straight Bevel Gears

207

Gears that have curved oblique teeth

that contact each other smoothly and
gradually from one end of a tooth to the
other end.

Spiral Bevel Gear

208

Gears having curved teeth lying in the

same general direction as straight
bevel teeth but should be considered to
be spiral bevel gears with zero spiral
angle.

Zerol Bevel Gears

209

Gears that are cross between spiral

bevel gears and worm gears. The axes
of these gears are non-intersecting and
non-parallel.

Hypoid Bevel Gears

210

Gears that are used to transmit motion

between shafts at right angles, do not
lie in the common plane and sometime
to connect the shafts at other angles.
These gears have line tooth contact
and are used for power transmission.
Worm Gears
211

It is the dimension of the tooth face

width that makes contact with a mating
gear.

Active Face
212

It is the radial or perpendicular distance

between the pitch circle and the top of
the tooth.

Addendum
213

It is the arc of the pitch circle through

which a tooth travels from the first point
of contact with the mating tooth to the
point where contact ceases.

Arc of Action
214

It is the arc of pitch through which a

thought travels from the first point of
contact with the mating tooth to the
pitch point.

Arc of Approach
215

It is the arc of the pitch circle through

which a tooth travels from its contract
with a mating tooth at a pitch point until
contact ceases.

Arc of recession
216

It is the distance parallel to the axis

between corresponding sides of the
adjacent teeth.

Axial Pitch
217

It is the plane that contains the two

axes in a pair of gears.

Axial Plane
218

It is the distance parallel to the axis

between two pitch line elements of the
same tooth.

Axial Thickness
219

It is the shortest distance between the

non-driving surfaces of adjacent teeth
when working flanks are in contact.

Backlash
220

It is the circle from which the involute

tooth curve is generated or developed.

Base Circle
221

It is the angle at the base cylinder of an

involute gear that the tooth makes with
the gear axis

Base Helix Angle

222

It is the circular pitch taken on the

circumference of the base circles, or
distance along the line of action
between two successive and
corresponding involute tooth profiles.

Base Pitch
223

It is the distance on the base circle in

the plane of rotation between involutes
of the same pitch.

Base Tooth Thickness

224

It is the surface of the gear between the

flanks of adjacent teeth.

Bottom Land
225

It is the shortest distance between the

non-interesting axes of mating gears, or
between the parallel axed of spur gears
and the parallel helical gears, or the
crossed axes of crossed helical gears
or worm gears.

Center Distance
226

It is the plane perpendicular to the gear

axis in a worm gear. In the usual
arrangement with the axes at right
angles, it contains the worm axis.

Central Plane
227

It is the radial distance from the circular

thickness chord to the top of the tooth.

Chordal Addendum
228

It is the length of the chord subtended

by the circular thickness arc.

Chordal Thickness
229

It is the distance on the circumference

of the pitch circle in the plane of
rotation between corresponding points
of adjacent teeth.

Circular Pitch
230

It is the thickness of the tooth on the

pitch circle in the plane of rotation or
the length of arc between two sides of
the gear tooth measured on the pitch
circle.

Circular Thickness
231

It is the radial distance between the top

of a tooth and the bottom of a mating
tooth space, or the amount by which
the dedendum in a give gear exceeds
the addendum of its mating gear.

Clearance
232

It is the smallest diameter on a gear

tooth with which the mating gear makes
contact.

Contact Diameter
233

It is the ratio of the arc of action in the

plane of rotation to the circular pitch,
and is sometimes thought as the
average number of teeth in contact.

Contact Ratio
234

It is the ratio of the face advantage to

the circular pitch in helical gears.

contact ratio face

235

It is the ratio of the sum of the arc of

action and the face advantage to the
circular pitch.

Contact ratio total

236

It is the maximum compressive stress

within the contact are between mating
gear tooth profiles. Also called hertz
stress.

Contact Stress
237

It is the curve formed by the path of a

point on a circle as it rolls along a
straight line.

Cycloid
238

If rolls along the outside of another

circle then it is called:

Epicycloid
239

If it rolls along the inside of another

circle then it is called:

Hypocycloid
240

It is the ratio of the number of teeth to

the number of inches in the pitch
diameter in the plane of rotation, or the
number of gear teeth to each inch of
pitch diameter.

Diametral Pitch
241

It is the torque ratio of a gear set

divided by its gear ratio.

Efficiency
242

It is the radius of curvature of the pitch

surface at the pitch point in a plane
normal to the pitch line element.

Equivalent pitch radius

243

It is the distance on the pitch circle that

a gear tooth travels from the time pitch
point contact is made at one end of the
tooth until the pitch point contact is
made at the other end.

Face Advance
244

It is the radius of the concave portion of

the tooth profile where it joints the
bottom of the tooth space.

Fillet Radius
245

It is the maximum tensile stress in the

gear tooth fillet.

Fillet Stress
246

It is the surface between the pitch circle

and the bottom land, including the gear
tooth.

Flank tooth
247

It is the ratio between the numbers of

tooth in the mating gears.

Gear Ratio
248

It is the ration effective face width of a

helical gear divided by the gear axial
pitch.

Helical Overlap
249

It is the angle that a helical gear tooth

makes with the gear axis at the pitch
circle, unless specified otherwise.

Helix Angle
250

It is the largest diameter on a spur gear

oat which a single tooth is in contact
with the mating gear.

HPSTC
(Highest Point of Single Contact)
251

Is the contact between mating teeth at

some point other that along the line
action.

Interference
252

It is the diameter of a circle that

coincides with the tops of the teeth of
an internal gear.

Internal Diameter
253

It is a gear with teeth on the inner

cylindrical surface.

Internal gear
254

It is the curve generally used as a

profile of gear teeth. The curve is the
path of a point on a straight line as it
rolls along a convex base curve usually
a circle.

Involute
255

It is the top surface of the gear.

Top Land
256

It is the surface of the gear between the

fillets of adjacent layers.

Bottom Land
257

It is the axial advance of the helix in

one complete turn, or the distance
along its own axis on one revolution if
the gear were free to move axially.

Lead
258

It is the distance of on one involute line

of action through which the point of
contact moves during the action of the
tooth profile.

Length of action
259

It is the portion of the common tangent

to the base cylinders along which
contact between mating involute teeth
occurs.

Line of action
260

It is the smallest diameter on a spur

gear at which a single tooth is in
contact with its mating gear.

(LPSTC)
Lowest Point of
Single Tooth Contact
261

It is the ratio of the pitch diameter to the

number of teeth, normally the ratio of
pitch diameter in mm to the number of
teeth.

Module
262

It is a plane normal to the tooth

surfaces at a point of contact and
perpendicular to the pitch plane.

Normal Plane
263

It is the diameter of the circle that

contains the tops of the teeth of
external gears.

Outside diameter
264

It is the distance between similar,

equally-spaced tooth surfaces in a
given direction along a given curve or
line.

Pitch
265

It is the circle through the pitch point

having its center at the gear axis.

Pitch Circle
266

It is the intersection between the axes

of the line of centers and the line of
action.

Pitch Point
267

It is the angle between a tooth profile

and a radial line at its pitch point.

Pressure angle
268

A gear with teeth spaced along a

straight line suitable for straight line
motion.

Rack Gear
269

An angle subtended at the center of a

base circle from the origin of an
involute to the point of tangency of a
point of a straight line from any point on
the same involute.

Roll Angle
270

It is the diameter of the circle that

contains the roots or bottoms of the
tooth spaces.

Root Diameter
271

An arbitrary modification of a tooth

profile where small amount of material
is removed from the involute space of
the tooth surfaces near the tip of the
gear tooth.

Tip Relief
272

It is the surface between the pitch line

of element and the tooth tip.

Tooth Face
273

It is the total tooth area including the

flank of the tooth and the tooth face.

Tooth Surface
274

It is the dimensional width of a gear

blank and may exceed the effective
face width as with a double helical gear.

Total Face
275

It is the curve formed by path of a point

on the extension of the radius of a
circle as it rolls along a curve or a line.

Trochoid
276

It is the condition of general gear teeth

when any part of the fillet curve lies
inside a line drawn at a tangent to the
working profile at its lowest point.

Under Cut
277

It is the total depth of a tooth space,

equal to the addendum plus dedendum
and equal to the working depth plus
clearance.

Whole Depth
278

It is the depth of engagement of two

gears or the sum of their addemdums.

Working Depth
279

-
280

It is the heat treatment that uses a

concentrated flame impinging on a
localized area for a controlled amount
of time to heat the part, followed by
quenching in a bath or by a stream of
water or oil.

Flame Hardening
281

It is the process in which the part is

surrounded by a coil through which
high frequency electric current is
passed.

Induction Hardening
282

The usual goal of case hardening is to

produce a case hardness in the range
of Rockwell C hardness HRC 55 to 60
of a Brinell Hardness of:

550 to 650
283

Carburizing when properly done will

produce a case hardness of:

HB 550 to 700
(Brinell Hardness)
284

Stainless steel characterizes high level

of corrosion resistance and must have
a chromium content of at least how
many percent?

At least 10% chromium

285

The three main groups of stainless

steel :

Ferritic (AISI 400 series)

Austenitic (AISI 200 and 300 series)
Martensitic also 400 series including
403, 410, 414 and etc.
286

Most structural steel are designed by

what?

ASTM
287

The steels used typically for cutting

tools, punches, dies, shearing blades,
chisels.

Tool Steels
288

HSLA Steels means:

High-Strength Low-Alloy
289

Large gears, machine structures,

bracelets, linkage parts, and other
important machine parts are usually
made from:

Cast iron
290

What iron available in grades having

tensile strengths ranging from 20 000 to
60 000 psi?

Gray iron
291

A group of heat-treatable cast irons with

moderate to high strength, high
modulus of elasticity (stiffness), good
machinability, and good wear
resistance.

Malleable Iron
292

It is an alloyed and heat-treated Alloy. It

has attractive properties that lead to its
use in transportation equipment
industrial machinery and other
applications where the low cost, good
machinability.

Austempered ductile iron

293

Aluminum Alloy groups designation:

1xxx 99% or greater aluminum
content
2xxx copper
3xxx manganese
4xxx silicon
5xxx magnesium
6xxx magnesium and silicon
7xxx zinc
294

The fourth most commonly used metal

in the world.

Zinc
295

The most widely used zinc casting alloy

is called Alloy No. 3 sometimes referred
to as:

Zamak 3
296

It is usually used in aerospace structure

and components, chemical tank and
processing equipment. It is a high
strength-to-weight ratio.

Titanium
297

It is widely used in its nearly pure form

for electrical and plumbing applications
because of its high electrical
conductivity and good corrosion
resistance.

Copper
298

It is the family of alloys of copper and

zinc.

Brass
299

Inconel means:

Nickel-Chromium
300

Monel means:

Nickel-Copper alloy
301

Ni-Resists

Nickel-Iron alloy
302

Hastelloys:

Nickel-Molybdenum alloys,
sometimes chromium, iron,
or copper
303

Metals usually used for condenser and

other heat exchanger tubes and plates:

Admiralty Metal
304

A type of brass used for electrical

fixtures, plumbing, wires, pins, rivets,
screw, spring, architectural grillwork,
radiator cores.

Yellow Brass
305

It is used in clutch disks, pump rods,

shaft, valve stems, welding rod.

Manganese Bronze
306

It is primarily an alloy of nickel and

copper (67 Ni, 30 Cu).

Monel
307

Ordinary steel begins to lose strength

(and elasticity) significantly at about:

600 – 700 deg. F

308

Polytetrafluoroethylene is also called

tetrafluoroethylene TFE or known as:

Teflon
309

Prolong heating at a temperature below

melting point is called:

Sintering
310

The process of melting layer of another

metal such as lead or copper into pores
of sintered material.

Infiltration
311

The circle in which the involute is

generated.

Base circle
312

The expression used to define the base

circle for a particular pitch circle.

Degree of involute
313

It is the measure of spacing and usually

also of the size of the tooth.

Pitch
314

It is the distance measured along the

pitch circle from a point on one tooth to
the corresponding point on an adjacent
tooth.

Circular pitch
315

It is the ratio of the number of teeth per

inch of the pitch diameter.

Diametral pitch
316

It is the ratio of the angle of action to

the pitch angle.

Contact ratio
317

It is the ratio of the length of action to

the base pitch.

Contact ratio
318

It is the ratio of the arc of action to the

circular pitch.

Contact ratio
319

For best running gear condition, the

contact ratio should be:

1.25 to 1.4
320

Gear that ahs teeth cut on the inside of

the rim instead of outside of the rim.

Internal or annular gear

321

Gears that are most often used in

heavy-duty gear boxes.

Helical and herringbone gears

322

The other name of crossed helical

gears.

Spiral gear
323

Gears used to connect intersecting

shaft but not necessarily 90 degrees.

Bevel gears
324

Gears used to transmit power between

nonintersecting shafts, nearly always at
right angles to each other.

Worm gearing
325

End