Production and BUILDING

MATERIAL
SCIENCE-IV

properties of metal
AP-226

NAME-ADITI DHIMAN
B.ARCH 2YR 4SEM SEC-B
DELHI TECHNICAL CAMPUS

WROUGHT IRON
•wrought iron, one of the two forms in
which iron is obtained by smelting.
•Wrought iron is an iron alloy which is
soft, ductile, fibrous variety.
• It usually contains less than 0.1
percent carbon and 1 or 2 percent slag.
• It is superior for most purposes to
cast iron, which is overly hard and
brittle owing to its high carbon content.
• Wrought iron can be easily welded.
Wrought iron is manufactured from
process of puddling of cast iron.
• This involves reheating cast iron and
manually mixing air in with the molten
mass.
• Puddling, by which the molten metal
is still further exposed to a blast of air .
PUDDLING PROCESS • Method of converting pig iron into
wrought iron by subjecting it to heat and frequent stirring in
a furnace. • It was the first method that allowed wrought
iron to be produced on a large scale.
ASTON PROCESS • In 1925, James Aston of the United States
developed a process for manufacturing wrought iron quickly
and economically. • It involves taking molten steel from a
Bessemer converter and pouring it into cooler liquid slag. •
The molten steel contains a large amount of dissolved gases
so when the liquid steel hits the cooler surfaces of the liquid
slag the gases are liberated • The molten steel then freezes IRON PILLAR
CONTAIN
to yield a spongy mass having a temperature of about 1370 ° 95% OF
C. • . This spongy mass must then be finished by being WROUGHT
IRON
shingled and rolled.
https://www.researchgate.net/figure/Primary-wrought-iron-industry-Process-Stage-o
f-Production-traditional-modern-Product_fig1_4868166
 MECHANICAL PROPERTIES
1.COMPRESSION
Particles of a material are pushed
against each other, causing them to
shorten, or compress. In a building,
compression usually comes from the top.
Tension: The opposite of compression, in
which a pulling force is working to
lengthen the material.
Compression of metal causes glide of
dislocations, which consequently pile up.
This is known as strain hardening.
Dislocation complexes in strained
materials can have very complex shapes.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Main_Page
2. BRITTLENESS
Easily breaks into pieces or can be
easily reduced to powder form.poor
capacity to resist impact and vibration
of load, high compressive strength,
and low tensile strength Brittleness
material failure occurs when there are
two conditions:
● Stress acting on the surface
of the material
● Surrounding temperatures
below the melting point of a
material
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brittleness#/media/File:Cast_iron_tensile_test.JP
G
3.BENDING
Metal Bending is a process
that involves the shaping of
metals to a predetermined
shape by applying force to
it. This then causes such
metal to bend at an angle to
form a particular shape. In
doing this, a press brake
tool is usually employed to
bend the sheet metal.
4. STRENGTH
There are three types of tensile strength:
Yield strength is the stress point at which
metal begins to deform plastically. Ultimate
strength describes the maximum amount of
stress a metal can endure. Breakable
strength is the stress coordinate on the
stress-strain curve at the point of failure.
-In general, a simple formula can determine the
relationship: the strength of a metal is inversely
proportional to the square root of the grain size.
Temperature is another factor that affects mechanic
properties of a metal, including the tenacity and
elastic limit.
 5.DUCTILITY
Ductility is a measure of a metal's ability to
withstand tensile stress—any force that pulls
the two ends of an object away from each
other. ... The term "ductile" literally means
that a metal substance is capable of being
stretched into a thin wire without becoming
weaker or more brittle in the process.
Ductility is the ability of a material to be
drawn or plastically deformed without
fracture. It is therefore an indication of
how 'soft' or malleable the material is. ...
An increase in carbon, for example, will
increase the strength but decrease the
ductility.
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6.ELASTICITY 7.HEAT RESISTANCE 8.PLASTICITY
Elasticity is the ability of metal to
Thermal resistance is a heat plasticity, ability of certain solids to flow or
return to its original size, shape, and
property and a measurement of a to change shape permanently when
dimensions after being deformed,
temperature difference by which subjected to stresses of intermediate
stretched, or pulled out of shape. The
an object or material resists a heat magnitude between those producing
elastic limit is the point at which
flow. Thermal resistance is the temporary deformation, or elastic
permanent damage starts. The yield
reciprocal of thermal conductance. behaviour, and those causing failure of the
point is the point at which definite
material, or rupture (see yield point).
damage occurs with little or no Almost all metals that are able to Plasticity is a mechanical property of
increase in load. withstand temperatures of 500℃ materials that shows the ability to deform
The elasticity of a metal refers to the
and above are high-temperature under stress without breaking, while
rate at which a given metal sample is
alloys. These materials are a retaining the deformed shape after the load
able to distort its size and shape under a
combination of metals and is lifted. Metals with higher plasticity are
range of stress and strain forces and
better for forming. This is evident in metal
other externally varying factors. additional elements that are
bending
selected for specific property
traits, which in this case is heat
resistance.
https://www.neonickel.com/neonickel-news/choosing-the-right-alloys-for
https://www.britannica.com/science/elasticity-physics -high-temperature-service/
-IMPACT (TOUGHNESS) -HARDNESS
The impact properties, which
indicate a material's toughness,
can be determined from the
potential energy difference
resulting from striking the
material with a pendulum
hammer. The impact properties
include the notched impact
strength, as determined with a
V-shaped notch, and the
un-notched impact strength.
The mechanical properties of
metal are generally
determined by a number of
factors, including grain size,
heat treatment, atmospherics
exposure, and temperature.
Together, these attributes
affect how a metal reacts to
the forces it is exposed to in
industrial processes
https://www.worldoftest.com/brinell-hardnes
s-tester-qualibrineller
Hardness is defined as a material's
ability to resist permanent
indentation (that is plastic
deformation). Typically, the harder
the material, the better it resists
wear or deformation. The term
hardness, thus, also refers to local
surface stiffness of a material or its
resistance to scratching, abrasion, or
cutting
BRINELL
Brinell Hardness Testing is a
nondestructive testing method that
determines the hardness of a metal by
measuring the size of an indentation
left by an indenter
ROCKWELL
The Rockwell hardness tester
utilizes either a steel ball or a
conical diamond known as a
brale and indicates hardness
by determining the depth of
penetration of the indenter
under a known load. For
hardened steel, Rockwell
testers with brale indenters
are particularly suitable; they
are widely used in
metalworking plants.
https://www.researchgate.net/figure/Major-components-of-a-Rockwell-h
ardness-tester-4_fig2_309011624
VICKERS
A measure of the hardness of a material, calculated
from the size of an impression produced under load
by a pyramid-shaped diamond indenter. The Vickers
hardness tester uses a square-based diamond
pyramid indenter, and the hardness number is equal
to the load divided by the product of the lengths of
the diagonals of the square impression. Vickers
hardness is the most accurate for very hard materials
and can be used on thin sheets.
https://www.britannica.com/science/
Vickers-hardness
 CHEMICAL PROPERTIES
1.CORROSION RESISTANT
Corrosion resistance is the ability to
prevent environmental deterioration by
chemical or electrochemical reaction.
Desirable characteristics of
corrosion-resistant alloys, therefore,
include high resistance to overall
reactions within the specific environment.
https://www.
Corrosion resistance refers to the
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2.COMBUSTIBILITY 3.TOXICITY 4.REACTIVITY
Metal toxicity or metal poisoning is the Reactivity: Some metals will undergo
'combustibility' refers to the tendency
of a substance to burn as a result of toxic effect of certain metals in a chemical change (reaction), by
fire or chemical reaction. The term certain forms and doses on life. Some themselves or with other elements,
'flammable' may be used to describe metals are toxic when they form and release energy. These metals are
substances that ignite more easily, poisonous soluble compounds. Certain never found in a pure form, and are
whilst substances that are harder to metals have no biological role, i.e. are difficult to separate from the minerals
ignite or that burn less intensely may not essential minerals, or are toxic they are found in. Potassium and
be referred to as combustible .Only when in a certain form.The human sodium are the most reactive metals.
body can absorb heavy metals through
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 PHYSICAL PROPERTY
1.MELTING POINT 3.THERMAL CONDUCTIVITY 5.ELECTRICAL RESISTIVITY
When temperatures become high enough, the ions that Thermal Properties of Metals, Conductivity, Thermal Electrical resistivity is a fundamental property of a metal
make up metal vibrate more and more, eventually Expansion, Specific Heat. Metals in general have high that measures how strongly it resists electric current.
breaking the bonds its ions have and allowing them to electrical conductivity, high thermal conductivity, and high
move free. ... The strength of the bond — which is based density. In terms of optical properties, metals are shiny
on the material itself — is typically what determines the and lustrous Thermal conductivity is the property of a
melting point of a metal material to conduct heat.
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2.DENSITY 4.SPECIFIC HEAT 6.MAGNETIC PERMEABILITY

The density of a substance is the relationship between
the mass of the substance and how much space it takes
up (volume).Metals have high density and are very
heavy. Iridium and osmium have the highest
Specific heat is a characteristic property that measures
how much energy it takes to raise the temperature of 1
gram of a material by 1 oC. The higher the c value is, the
more difficult it is to warm up that substance.
magnetic permeability, relative increase or decrease in the
resultant magnetic field inside a material compared with the
magnetizing field in which the given material is located.

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https://www.britannica.com/science/magnetic-permeability
 TECHNOLOGICAL PROPERTIES
1.WELDABILITY 2.MACHINABILITY 3.MALLEABILITY 4.CASTABILITY
Weldability is the ability of any Machinability is the ease with which a Metals are malleable, meaning that All metals and alloys can be liquefied
material (usually metals and its metal can be cut (machined) they can be formed into other by the application of heat and are thus
alloys) to weld with similar permitting the removal of the shapes, such as thin sheets or foils, able to flow, usually under the
materials. Many metals and material with a satisfactory finish at without breaking or cracking. ... In influence of gravity alone. ... Virtually
thermoplastics can be welded low cost. Materials with good metallic bonds, electrons move all metals and alloys, therefore, can be
together to fabricate a final machinability (free machining freely among the atomic cast and this confers great versatility
material that is required further materials) require little power to cut, nuclei—they are delocalized, so with respect to the processing of
in the fabrication process or any can be cut quickly, easily obtain a good there isn't a definitive bond in the metallic materials.
other industrial process. finish, and do not wear the tooling way molecular and ionic bonds
much. form

https://www.thomasnet.com/articles/custom-manufacturin
https://sciencenotes.org/malleable-definition-what-is-malleability/
https://theteche.com/stainless-steel-weldability-testing-of-weldments/ https://marketbusinessnews.com/financial-glossary/machinability/ g-fabricating/casting-materials/
THANK YOU