Professional Documents
Culture Documents
April 2010
Linepipe Material
Parameter Desain Pipeline
Material
Selection
Parameter
Stress Analysis &
D i
Design
Thermal Expansion
Spanning &
Route Buckling
Survey
Pipeline
Design Environmental
Data
On Bottom‐
Stability
Sizing & Wall
Cathodic Thickness
Protection
Fatigue
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Material‐Design Basis
Design Basis
Temperaturre,
est
nt
Sour Service
e
Functional
Requiremen
Pressure,
Fracture arre
Diameter
Other
Material Selection (Grade)
Material
Increase Utilisation (U)
Design
Linepipe NDT Level
Plastic Deformation & Strain
Geometry (Thickness)
Pipa Terkorosi
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Pipa Terkorosi
Mechanical
properties
Maintainability Corrosion
/ repairability resistance
Material
Selection
Cost & Ease to
availability fabrication
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Material Pipa Material
Metal Non‐Metal
High Alloy (Stainless)
Wrought Thermoplastic,
Iron Thermoset,
M di
Medium Alloy
All Fiber
Reinforced
Cast Iron Carbon
Linepipe Material Alternatives
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Pipe Material Selection
Carbon Steel Pipe
Carbon Steel
Carbon steel adalah material pipa yang paling banyak dipakai di industri power,
h l h d b d industri
chemical, process, hydrocarbon dan d l
pipeline.
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Carbon Steel Pipe
Material Type Carbon Steel
Serviceable under a wide variety of conditions and especially
Serviceable under a wide variety of conditions and especially
adaptable to low‐cost techniques of mass production.
Ease of fabrication
adequate strength
Advantages excellent finishing characteristics to provide attractive appearance
after fabrication
compatibility with other materials and with various coatings and
processes.
Not expensive
Susceptible to Chemical reaction
Disadvantages
Low corrosion resistance
Contoh Kekuatan Material
Korelasi allowable stress
pipa dengan temperatur.
Diagram membentuk
“knee” (lutut).
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Alloy Steel Pipe
Low Alloy Steel
• Logam ini digunakan sebagai material dalam konstruksi
untuk
t k pipeline karena
i li k harganya
h murah, keersediaannya
h k di
banyak dan mudah di fabrikasi.
• Kondisi paling agresif biasanya ditemukan pada sistem
pipeline yang berhadapan dengan air, H2S dan CO2
• Karakteristik dari korosi CO2 and H2S dapat dibedakan
sbb:
– CO2 = general weight loss dengan adanya
korosi lokal dimana air terkumpul
air terkumpul
– H2S = ‐ biasanya tidak melibatkan general
weight loss, tetapi korosi lokal lebih
berupa stress corrosion
cracking atau hydrogen induced
cracks.
‐ General Weight loss pada T > 60 °C &
partial pressure > 0.1 atm.
Alloy Steel Pipe
Low Alloy Steel
• Dasar dari low alloy steel
– Batas kekerasan maksimum
– Paduan maksimum nikel 1 %
– Kondisi heat treatment
• Hydrogen induced cracking (HIC) merupakan
bentuk lebih lanjut dari hydrogen sulphide
corrosion yang mungkin terjadi, terutama pada
low alloy material
y
• Tindakan pencegahan untuk meminimalisir resiko
dari korosi:
– Pengawasan komposisi material
– Pengetesan khusus korosi
– Pemenuhan dengan NACE MR‐01‐75
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Alloy Steel Pipe
Low Alloy Steel
Field weldability
Field weldability dari high strength low alloy steel
high strength low alloy steel
dapat ditingkatkan berdasarkan formula berikut
Mn Cr Mo V Cu Ni
CE C
6 5 15
Semakin besar nilai CE (Carbon Equivalent), semakin
rendah weldable suatu steel.
Alloy Steel Pipe
High Alloy Steel (Stainless)
High Alloy steel mengandung
g y g g 10% Cr dengan
g yyang paling
gp g
sering ditemukan ialah jenis stainless steel (kandungan
Cr 18%).
Stainless steel type 304 (C max 0.08%) sering digunakan
karena tahanan terhadap korosi dan oksidasinya baik,
strength dan
h d ductility yang sangat
d ili b ik
baik, mudah
d h dilas
dil dan
d
dibentuk.
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Alloy Steel Pipe
High Alloy Steel (Stainless)
Konduktifitas Thermal High Alloy Steel = 1.5
carbon steel.
Alloy Steel Pipe
High Alloy Steel (Stainless)
Masalah yang dapat
yang dapat timbul akibat penggunaan high
high
alloy steel :
Biaya pembuatan yang mahal berkaitan dengan
produktifitas yang rendah
Girth weld repair rates yang sangat tinggi
dengan penggunaan SMAW process
Adanya sambungan las yang memiliki sifat
mekanik dan korosi pada base pipe
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Alloy Steel Pipe
High Alloy Steel
Duplex Stainless Steel :
• Banyak diaplikasikan pada offshore pipeline.
• Kesulitan dalam pengaplikasian adalah
mengendalikan fraksi volume austenite & Ferrite
pada weld metal dan HAZ Diatasi dengan pemilihan
logam lasan secara hati‐hati.
• Defect tolerance is also a problem with regard to
specifying existing codes.
Stainless Steel
Stainless Steel Type
– Duplex Stainless Steel
Duplex Stainless Steel
– Stainless Steel 304
– Stainless Steel – 316
Material Type Duplex Stainless Steel Stainless Steel 304 Stainless Steel 316
Excelent Corrosion Resistance Excellent in a wide range of Excellent in a range of
High Strength atmospheric environments atmospheric environments and
Advantages Weldable by all standard methods and many corrosive media. many corrosive media -
Better stress-corrosion
stress corrosion cracking generallyy more resistant than
g
Excellent forming 304.
resistance
Susceptible to stress cracking Susceptible to stress cracking
Susceptible to sensitisation
Has lower stiffness compared (grain boundary carbide
Disadvantages Expensive to Polypropylene precipitation) when heated
until 425-860 0C
High mould shrinkage and Cannot be hardened by
poor UV resistance thermal treatment.
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Internally Clad Pipe,
Carbon Steel Outer Material
y yp
Internally Clad Type
– 304L SS ‐ Carbon Steel Clad Pipe
– 316L SS ‐ Carbon Steel Clad Pipe
– Duplex SS ‐ Carbon Steel Clad Pipe
– CuNi Alloy ‐ Carbon Steel Clad Pipe
Internally Coated Carbon Steel
– Fusion Bonded Epoxy (FBE) Coating
– Coal Tar Epoxy Coating
– Ceramic Epoxy Coating
p y g
Material Type FBE Coating Coal Tar Epoxy Coating Ceramic Epoxy Coating
Suitable for intermittent exposure to Holiday (pinhole) testing per applicable ASTM, NACE,
ease of application,
300°F And SSPC Industry standards
less waste of Can be applied to the bell and spigot of ductile iron
Excellent chemical resistance
material, pipe for total "Wet Area" protection
Field repairs are completed with same product as is
rapid application, Excellent adhesion
applied at factory, not coal tar epoxy
Finished coated Excellent abrasion resistance (Alpha Phase alumina
High build to 40 mils per coat
pieces can be moved ceramics ‐ Hardness just below s diamond)
to storage area 100% solids, 0.0 lbs. VOC Superior bonding to the substrate (three times that
within minutes after of any other ceramic epoxy or polyethylene product)
application Sprayable, Tough and flexible
Do not use below 40°F
Store material under dry conditions
Disadvantages
For best results, applied condition
material to 70°F or higher.
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Iron Pipe
Cast Iron
Cast iron pipe (ASTM A 74) comes in 5 ft and 10 ft
lengths,
lengths extra heavy (marked XH) or service (marked SV)
wall thickness.
Cast iron mempunyai sifat aliran material yang baik saat
meleleh, dan sangat cocok untuk dicor.
Cast Iron dapat di-alloydengan Si, Ni atau Cr untuk
meningkatkan kemampuan abrasion atau corrosion
resistance.
Cast irons can be classified as gray cast iron, ductile iron,
white iron and malleable iron.
Wrought Iron
Wrought material termasuk forging, billets (kedalaman <
6”) atau blooms (kedalaman > 6”) dibuat menjadi bars,
tubes atau bentuk structural, serta slab dibuat jadi sheets,
skelp (pelat untuk membuat seam welded pipe) ataupun
pelat.
Nonferrous Alloy
Cu‐Ni Type Ni alloy Type
– 90Cu ‐ 10Ni – 70Ni – 30Cu
– 80Cu ‐ 20Ni – Inconel
– 70Cu ‐ 30Ni Aluminum - Magnesium Alloy
Aluminum -
Material
90Cu - 10Ni 80Cu - 20Ni 70Cu - 30Ni 70Ni - 30Cu Inconel Magnesium
Type
Alloy
excellent corrosion excellent
excellent electrical and thermal conductivities,
resistance in mechanical typically
outstanding resistance to corrosion, ease of
reducing chemical properties and displays
fabrication, and good strength and fatigue
environments and in presents the excellent
resistance . Can be readily soldered and
Ad
Advantag
t sea water
t d i bl
desirable electrical
l t i l and
d
brazed. Can be welded by various gas, arc,
es excellent ductility and combination of high thermal
and resistance methods. Can be plated,
can be readily strength and good conductivity,
coated with organic substances, or chemically
fabricated and workability.
colored to further extend the variety of
formed into a variety Good resistance to
available finishes. Low density
of shapes. corrosion and heat
Expensive
Lower strength
Disadvan sometimes have limited usefulness in certain environments because
Very expensive than
tages of hydrogen embrittlement or stress-corrosion cracking (SCC).
ferousbased
Metal
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Non Metallic Pipe
Thermoplastic (PVC)
• Tahan Korosi
Tahan Korosi
• Tekanan dan temperature
terbatas
– PVC : T < 65 C, Stress < 4 ksi
– PE : T < 40 C, Stress < 625 psi
• Harus di kubur atau disupport
untuk melindungi dari sinar
untuk melindungi dari sinar
matahari, api, dan kerusakan
mekanik.
• Tahan terhadap UV
• ketahanan terhadap getaran
rendah
Non Metallic Pipe
Composite (Fiber Reinforced Plastic)
• Tahan terhadap tekanan tinggi dibanding PVC
– T < 95 oC. P < 20 bar (LR)
• Tahan terhadap getaran
• Tahan terhadap UV
• Sangat tahan terhadap korosi
• Mudah di instalasi
• Biaya perawatan rendah
• Kekuatan tariknya yang lebih tinggi daripada
pipa HDPE
pipa HDPE
• Tidak direkomendasikan untuk depressurized
systems
• Harus di kubur untuk melindungi dari sinar
matahari, api, dan kerusakan mekanik.
• Ketahanan terhadap getaran rendah
• Aplikasi : Freshwater, potable water, chilled
water, seawater, chlorinated seawater
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Composite Pipe
Composite Type
– Glass Fiber Reinforced Plastics (GFRP)
– Carbon / Epoxy Composite
– High Density Polyethylene (HDPE)
GFRP
Material Aliphatic Anhydiride Aromatic Carbon / Epoxy
HDPE
Type Amine Cured Cured Amine Cured Composite
Epoxy Epoxy Epoxy
Corrosion Control - Resists corrosion Good mechanical Good low temperature impact
caused by CO2, H2S and salt water properties resistance
Advantag Reduced cost of the piping and reduced Good chemical
Excellent chemical resistance
es maintenance costs resistance
Lowest shrinkage Exceptional resistance to rapid-
Reduced weight on the platform deck
(highest stability). crack propagation
May react with oxygen and strong
Disadvan
Low performance in high temperature Expensive oxidizing agents, such as chlorates,
tages
nitrates, peroxides, etc.
Metodologi Pemilihan
Preliminary study & Data Collection
Establish Material Criteria
Choose Material Alternatives
Generate material type‐
properties‐operational
criteria matrix
Material NO Unrecommended
Accepted? Material
YES
Material Recommendation
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Thank You
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