Teknik Pengolahan Migas

Laporan Praktikum
 Menggunakan kelengkapan laporan Praktikum
sebelumnya
 Latar Belakang : 4 halaman
 Dasar Teori : 8 halaman
 Aplikasi : 1 halaman
 Kesimpulan : 1 ½ halaman
 Daftar Pustaka : 5 sumber
 Buku Pustaka
 Materials Science and Engineering, An
introduction, William D. Callister Jr, Wiley, 2004
 Ilmu dan Teknologi Bahan, Lawrence H. Van
Vlack (terjemahan), Erlangga, 1995
 Pengetahuan Bahan, Tata Surdia dan Shinroku
Saito, Pradnya Paramita, 1995
 Principle of Materials Science and Engineering,
William F. Smith, Mc Graw Hill, 1996
Introduction
A familiar item that is
fabricated from three
different materials types

Aluminium
(metal) cans

Glass (ceramic)
bottles

Plastic
(polymer)
bottles

4
4/22/2021 5
 Development of Engineering Materials
(after Ashby 1992)

10 000 BC 5000 BC 0 1000 1500 1800 1900 1940 1960 1980 1990 2000 2010 2020
Gold Copper
Bronze
Iron METALS
Cast Iron Glassy Metal
Al - Lithium Alloys Development Slow
Dual Phase Steels Mostly Quality
Steels
Micro Alloyed Steels Control and Processing
Wood POLYMERS, New Super Alloys
Skin ELASTOMERS Alloy Steels
Fibers
Glues
Light Alloys
COMPOSITES
Rubber Super Alloys
Straw-brick paper
High Temperature
Titanic Polymers
Stone
Bakelite Zirconium Alloys
High Modulus
Flint Etc Polymers
Nylon
Pottery Polyesters
Glass Exposies
PE
Cement PMA Arcrylics
CERAMICS Refractories PC PS PP
Portland Cement
Fused Tough Engineering
Cerments Pyro-
Silica ceramics (Al2O3,Si4,etc)
Ceramics

10 000 BC 5000 BC DATE

0 1000
(Year) 1500 1800 1900 1940 1960 1980 1990 2000 2010 2020

The use of other competitive materials in replacement to metals and alloys
becomes prominent as technological development requires higher
performance of engineering materials
 The Materials Cycle
Bulk Materials Engineering
Raw Metals Materials
Extract Chemicals Paper
Materials Refine Process
Cement Fibers
Process *Crystals
Ore Coal *Alloys * Ceramics
Sand Wood Oil *Plastics *Concrete
Rock Plants *Textiles

Mine Design
Arena of Mineral and Arena of Materials Manufacture
Drill Science and
Agricultural Sciences Assembly
Harvest
and Engineering Recycle Engineering

Wood
Oil
Ore
The Earth
Performance
Waste Service
Dispose
Junk Use Source: Ref. 2
Abundance and Distribution
of Elements on Earth
(in weight percent)

Crust Seawater Atmosphere

Oxygen 47 Oxygen 85.7 Nitrogen 79
Silicon 27 Hydrogen 10.8 Oxygen 19
Aluminium 8 Chlorine 1.9 Argon 2
Iron 5 Sodium 1.05 Carbon dioxide 0.04
Calcium 4 Magnesium 0.127
Sodium 3 Sulfur 0.089
Potassium 3 Calcium 0.040
Magnesium 2 Potassium 0.038
Titanium 0.4 Bromine 0.0065
Hydrogen 0.1 Carbon 0.003
Phosphorus 0.1 Strontium 0.0013
Manganese 0.1 Boron 0.00046
Fluorine 0.006
Barium 0.04
Strontium 0.04
Sulfur 0.03
Carbon 0.02
 Process Energy For Materials Production

Energy in 106 BTU per ton

Process Theoretical Efficiency From-Scrap
energy energy (%) energy

Titanium 359 16.0 4.4 --

Magnesium 339 20.1 5.9 10
Aluminium ingot 197 25.2 12.8 12
Nickel 89 3.1 3.5 15
Copper 48 1.8 3.7 18
Zinc 48 4.2 8.7 18
Steel slab 22 5.7 26.0 13
Lead 18 0.8 4.4 10
Silicon 74 25.1 34
Polyethylene (high density) 23
Polyethylene (low density) 46
Glass 15
Materials Science and Engineering
 Materials science involves relationship between the structures and properties of
materials.
 Materials engineering is designing and engineering the structure to produce a
predetermined set of properties.
 The structure of material relates to arrangement of its internal components:
• Subatomic structure: electron and nuclei
• Atomic structure: organization of atoms or molecules to one another
• Group of atoms structure: agglomeration (microscopic)
• Structural elements: can be viewed by naked eyes (macroscopic)
 Six important properties of solid materials:
• Mechanical (stimulus is load): elastic modulus, strength
• Electrical (stimulus: electric field): electrical conductivity, dielectric constant
• Thermal: heat capacity, thermal conductivity
• Magnetic: response to the application of a magnetic field
• Optical: index of refraction, reflectivity
• Deteriorative: chemical reactiveness.

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Materials Science and Engineering
PROCESSING  STRUCTURE  PROPERTIES  PERFORMANCE

The structure of a metal is defined by: For example : Steels can be

1. The constitution:
• composition of the elements
• number of phases, and
• composition of each phase
high strength, stainless, and
heat resistant, depending on
their structure and processing
method.

2. The geometric feature:

• shape of each phase
• sizes and spacing of the phases

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Materials Science and Engineering
PROCESSING  STRUCTURE  PROPERTIES  PERFORMANCE

Metal casting of turbine blades showing the progress in

grain control from equiaxed (right), to directionally (left,
to mono crystal (center)

12
Materials Science and Engineering
PROCESSING  STRUCTURE  PROPERTIES  PERFORMANCE
Structural features of some representative materials
(a) Steel AISI 1045 at 1000X (b) Steel AISI 1045 with SEM at 2550X
(c) Wood (maple) at 415X (d) Plastic (polyethylene) dendrite crystals
(e) Glass ceramic: crytals growing in amorphous glass 17900X (f) Fiber metal composite

(a) (b) (c)

(d) (e) (f)

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Classification of Materials
Solid materials groups: metals, ceramics, and polymers
Other groups of the important engineering materials:
• Composites: combinations of two or more different naterials
• Semiconductors: unusual electrical characteristics
• Biomaterials: are implanted into human body

METALS
• Combinations of metallic elements
• Having large number of nonlocallized electrons
• Metal properties are attributable to electrons
• Good conductors of electricity and heat, not transparent to visible light

CERAMICS
• Compounds between metallic and nometallic elements: oxides, nitrides and carbides
• Ceramics: clay minerals, cement and glass
• Insulative to the passage of electricity and heat
• More resistant to high temperatures and harh environments than metals and polymers
• Hard but brittle

14
 Classification of Materials
POLYMERS
• Familiar plastic and rubber materials.
• Mainly organic compounds based on carbon, hydrogen, other nonmetallic elements
• Very large molecular structures, low density and may be extremely flexible.

COMPOSITES
• Physical mixture of more than one materials types
• Designed to display a combination of best characteristics of each the component materials
• Fiberglass is a familiar example. It acquires strength from the glass and flexibility from the polymer

SEMICONDUCTORS
• Having electrical properties intermediate between the electrical conductors and insulators.
• Sensitive to the presence of impurities.

BIOMATERIALS
• Components implanted into the human body for replacement of diseased of damaged body parts.
• Not produce toxic substances
• Compatible with body tissues
• Can be metals, ceramics, polymers, composites, and semiconductors.

6/03/03 PCT 15
 Materials Properties (K.G. Budinski, Eng. Mat.: Prop. And Select., 2001)

Chemical Physical Mechanical Dimensional

Compositions Tensile properties Available shapes
Microstructure Toughness and Ductility Available sizes
Phases Fatigue Availaible surface texture
Metals Grain size
Corrosion resistance
Hardness Manufacturing tolerances
Inclusions Creep resistance

Composition Melting point Tensile properties Manufacturing tolerances

Fillers Thermal Stability
Heat distortion
Crystallography
Magnetic Compression strength Available sizes
Polymers Molecular weight
Flammability Electrical PV Limit
Spatial configuration Optical Toughness
Chemical resistance Acoustic
Gravimetric
Composition Tensile properties Available shapes
Porosity Compression strength Available sizes
Ceramcis Grain size Fracture toughness Manufacturing tolerances
Binder Hardness Available surface texture
Environmental resistance
Composition (matrix/reinforcement) Tensile properties Available shapes
Matrix/reinforcement bond Compression strength Available sizes
Composites Volume fraction reinforcement Manufacturing tolerances
Fracture toughness
Reinforcement nature Creep resistance Stability
Corrosion / environmental resistance

16
Taxonomy of ceramics based on application
Traditional Ceramic Materials

Clays Refractories Glasses Cement Abrasives

Silica Oxide Silicate Glass

Fire Clay Carbide Glass Ceramics
Pottery Whitewares
(porcelain,
Structural plumbing,
Clay (bricks, fixtures)
tiles, pipe)
Engineering Ceramic Materials

Oxides Nitrides Carbides

Abrasives Rocket Engines Abrasives
Bio Ceramics Gas Turbines Resistance Heating
Electrical/Electronic Cutting tools (steel) Steel Additives
Cutting Tools High Temperatures Cutting tools (Cermets)
Refractory Brick Substrates for IC chips Armor
Class Additives Coatings Ceramic Matrix Composites
Nuclear Fuels Reinforcing Fibers

17
 Engineering Ceramics
ASTM C 1145
A highly engineered, high performance, predominantly non metallic, inorganic,
ceramic having specific functional attributes

A typical classical dictionary Structural ceramics, ASTM committee

definition: The art of wotrk of Fine ceramics on ceramics advocated
making pottery, tile porcelain, Engineering ceramics, use of term:
etc. Advanced ceramic Advanced ceramics
1980’s

1980 1990

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 Traditional and Advanced Ceramics
Traditional:
Based primarily on natural Examples:
Raw materials of clay and clay, glass, cement
silicates
Ceramics
Advanced: Advanced ceramics for engines
Include artificial raw materials, Examples: Top left to the right: Silicon nitride (Si3N4) turbocharger
exhibit specialized properties, structural, Si3N4 valve, cast steel diesel engine rocker arm with
require more sophisticated electronic, partially stabilized zirconia (PSZ) cam follower
optical and wear button, Si3N4 cam follower, and valve.
processing Bottom left to right: valve; silioccon carbide (SiC) water
pump seal; piston pin, valve spring retainer, and
Traditional ceramics made from valve guide of Si3N4; and PSZ diesel head plate
marble (mixture of CaCO3) with integrated valve seats (ORNL)
 

19
Development of important engineering
polymers
Polymers come into importance
only within the last 75 years
Polyamide-imide
Polysterene
Polyester Thermoplastic
polyurethane
Polyethylene Polyphthalamide
Cellulose Polypropelene
acetate
Epoxy Aliphatic polyketones
Nylone Polycarbonate
Acrylomitrile Polyether
First ‘plastic’ Phenolic butadiene sulfone
Cellulose nitrate styrene Polysulfone

Year
1850 1900 1950 1975 2000
Polyvinylidene Polybenzimidizole
fluoride Plyphenylene
oxide Liquid crystal
Polyvinyl polymer
chloride Polyimide
Acetal
Acrylics
Polyphenylene
Melamines sulfide
Polyethereter imide
Fluoracarbons
Polyetherether
ketone
Silicones
20
 Spectrum of polymeric materials
Polymeric Materials
Plastics Elastomer Adhesives Coatings Fibers Natural polymers Biosystems

Thermoplastic Thermosetting

Commodity Engineering Commodity Engineering

plastics plastics plastics plastics

Polyethylenes Ethenic Phenolics Silicones

Polypropylene Polyamide Unsaturated Polyimides
polyesters
Polystyrene Cellulosics Urethanes
Ureas
Polyvinyl Acetals Melaminies
chloride
Polycarbonates Epoxides
Polyimides Others
Polyethers
Others

21
Thermosetting and Thermoplastic Polymers
One classification scheme for these materials is according to
behavior with rising temperature
Thermoplastic:
• Thermoplastic softens when heated (and eventually) liquefy and harden when cooled-processes that are
totally reversible and may be repeated
• Molecular secondary bonding is weakened as the temperature increases so that the relative movement of
adjacent chains is facilitated when a stress applied
• Irreversible degradation may, however, occur when a molten temperature is raised excessively which
molecular vibrations become violent enough to break the primary covalent bonds
• Mostly they are linear polymers and those having some branched structures with flexible chains.
Thermosetting:
• Thermosetting becomes permanently hard when heated and does not soften upon subsequent heating
• Crosslink are formed between adjacent molecular chains and therefore the bonds resist to vibrational and
rotational chains movement at high temperatures.
• Excessive heating will cause severance of the cross link bonds and thus polymer degradation which is non
reversible
• They generally harder and stronger than thermoplastics and posses better dimensional stability

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Advantages of plastic
(synthetic polymer)

• They are relatively low in cost

• Elimination of parts through engineering design with plastics

• Elimination of many finishing operations

• Simplified assembly

• Weight savings

• Noise reduction

• In some cases elimination of the need for lubrication of some parts

• Useful for many electrical-electronics application because of their

good insulative properies

23
 Advantages of plastic
(synthetic polymer)

TV remote control casing using Semiconductor wafer wands

advanced styrenic resin to meet made of vitrex PEEK Nylon thermoplastic reinforced with
requirement of for gloss, (Polyetheretherketone) 30% glass fiber to replace aluminium
toughness, and crack resistance thermoplastic air intake manifold

24
 Industrial Polymers
1. Organic polymers 2. Inorganic polymer
1.1 Natural Those long chains of molecules
Hide (leather) not containing carbon. For example,
Protective coatings (shellac) a chain of silica found in many ceramics
Fiber (silk) Normally, the term polymer is reserved
Wood (fir) for the organic material
Elastomer rubber (butyl)
Adhesive (caseins)

1.2 Synthetic
Elastomer rubber (styrene butadiene)
Fiber (aramide)
Protective coatings (varnish)
Plastics (acrylic)
Adhesive (cynoacrylates)

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Advanced Materials
 Materials that are utilized in high-technology application

 High-tech, a device or product that operates or functions using

relatively intricate and sophisticated principles

 Electronic equipment, computers, fiber optic systems, spacecraft,

aircraft, military rocketry, bio-medical applications.

 They might be of all material types whose properties have been

enhanced or newly developed

26
Materials of the Future
Smart materials
• a group of new and state of the art materials now being developed that will have a
significant influence on many technologies.
• Smart implies the ability to sense charges in environments and then respond to the
changes in predetermined manners-traits that are also found in living organisms.
Component of smart materials (or system):
 Some type of sensor (detect an input signal)
 An actuator (perform a responsive and adaptive function)
Four types of materials used for actuator:
1. Shape memory alloys; metals, after having been deformed, revert back to their original
shapes when temperature is changed.
2. Piezoelectric ceramics; expand and contract in response to an applied electric fields
(or voltage); conversely, they also generate an electric field when their dimension are
altered.
3. Magnetostrictive; like piezoelectric but in magnetic fields
4. Electrorheological & magnetorheological fluids are liquids that experience dramatic
changes in viscosity upon the application of electric or magnetic fields
Example of Smart materials: piezoelectric inserted to blade of helicopter to sensor noise 
computer  feedback to generate noise-cancelling antinoise.

27
Materials of the Future
Nanotechnology
To understand the chemistry and physics of materials by studying large and
complex structures to investigate the fundamental building blocks of these
structures that are smaller and simpler. “Top-down” sciences

By SPM (scanning probe microscopes) permits to observe the individual

atoms and molecules, and it has become possible to manipulate and move
atoms and molecules to form new structures, thus, design new materials
that are built from simple atomic level constituents (i.e. “materials by
design”)

It enables to carefully arrange atoms to develop mechanical, electrical,

magnetic, and other properties. “Bottom-up” sciences called
nanotechnology.
Nano = 10-9, nanotechnology < 100 nm
equivalent 500 atom diameters

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 Modern Materials Needs
 The development of more sophisticated and specialized
materials, as well as consideration of the environmental impact of
material production.
• Nuclear energy: many problem remain in materials, from fuel to containment
structures to facilities to the disposal of radioactive waste.
• Transportation: facing low operating temperature engine etc.
• Fuel cell energy: facing low operating temperature for high energy output.
• Manufacturing process: facing toxic as a product of the process

 Non renewable materials such as polymer, some of metals, oil will

be depleted for:
• The discovery of additional reserves,
• The development of new materials having comparable properties with less adverse
environmental impact, and/or
• Increased recycling effort and the development of new recycling technology

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