TDTU, 2022 Adv. Mat.

Advanced materials
TDTU, 2022 Adv. Mat.
Advanced materials
 Materials that utilized in High-Tech application
 High-Tech: Device or product that operates or function
using relatively intricate or sophisticated principles
 These advanced materials are typically traditional materials
where the properties enhanced, also newly developed
high performance materials

Nanotechnology,
Semiconductors
Biomaterials
Materials of the future
TDTU, 2022 Adv. Mat.
History
10 000 BC 5000 BC 0 1000 1500 1800 1900 1940 1960 1980 1990 2000 2010 2020
Gold Copper
Bronze
Iron METALS
Cast Iron Glassy Metal
Al - Lithium Alloys Development Slow
Dual Phase Steels Mostly Quality
Steels
Micro Alloyed Steels Control and Processing
Wood POLYMERS, New Super Alloys
Skin ELASTOMERS Alloy Steels
Fibers

Glues
Light Alloys
COMPOSITES
Rubber Super Alloys
Straw-brick paper
High Temperature
Titanic Polymers
Stone
Bakelite Zirconium Alloys
Etc High Modulus
Flint Polymers
Nylon
Pottery Polyesters
Glass Exposies
PE
Cement PMA Arcrylics
CERAMICS Refractories PC PS PP
Portland Cement
Fused Tough Engineering
Cerments Pyro-
Silica ceramics (Al2O3,Si4,etc)
Ceramics

10 000 BC 5000 BC 0 1000

DATE 1500
(Year) 1800 1900 1940 1960 1980 1990 2000 2010 2020

The use of other competitive materials in replacement to metals and alloys
becomes prominent as technological development requires higher
performance of engineering materials
TDTU, 2022 Adv. Mat.
Introduction

Properties: Mechanical, Electrical, Thermal, Magnetic,

Optical, Deteriorative (e.g. Corrosion)
TDTU, 2022 Adv. Mat. Nanotechnology

What is Nanotechnology

• Nanotechnology is an interdisciplinary field

that integrates all aspects of sciences and
engineering manipulating nanomaterials

• Quantum Dots – 1 – 50 nm diameter

• Carbon Nanotubes – 1 – 3 nm in diameter
• Graphene – 1 carbon atom thick
TDTU, 2022 Adv. Mat. Nanotechnology
Structure
• Subatomic level
Electronic structure of individual atoms that defines interaction
among atoms (interatomic bonding).

• Atomic level
Arrangement of atoms in materials (for the same atoms can
have different properties, e.g. two forms of carbon: graphite and
diamond)

• Microscopic structure
Arrangement of small grains of material that can be identified by
microscopy. 2 D s im ul at io n u s i ng M ont e C a rlo P ott s m od el .

• Macroscopic structure
Structural elements that may be viewed with the naked eye. Monarch butterfly
~ 0.1 m
TDTU, 2022 Adv. Mat. Nanotechnology
Length-scales

Angstrom = 1Å = 1/10,000,000,000 meter = 10-10 m

Nanometer = 10 nm = 1/1,000,000,000 meter = 10-9 m
Micrometer = 1µm = 1/1,000,000 meter = 10-6 m
Millimeter = 1mm = 1/1,000 meter = 10-3 m

Interatomic distance ~ a few Å

A human hair is ~ 50 µm

Elongated bumps that make up the data track on CD are

~ 0.5 µm wide, minimum 0.83 µm long, and 125 nm high
TDTU, 2022 Adv. Mat. Nanotechnology
Nanoengineered
materials (gecko feet)

(Mark Cutkosky/Stanford University in California)

Super tape Robots (climb walls)
(work too under water)
Dhinojwala - Proceedings of the National Academy of

Science
First price 2007 “Towards a Spiderman suit:
large invisible cables and
self cleaning releasable
super adhesive materials.”
Sciences, June 18-22, 2007

Problems:

“We would suffer great

www.technologyreview.com
Tokyo Institute of Technology muscle fatigue if we tried
to stick to a wall for many
hours,”

Aug. 28, 2007

Courtesy Institute of Physics
Geim/Univ. of Manchester
and World Science staff
(Multi wall CNT)
fibers twice as adhesive
as those used by geckos.
TDTU, 2022 Adv. Mat. Nanoengineered Nanotechnology
materials (gecko feet)
TDTU, 2022 Adv. Mat. Nanotechnology
TDTU, 2022 Adv. Mat.
Semiconductors Semiconductors
Semiconductors have electrical properties that are
intermediate between the conductors (e.g. metals,
metal alloys) and insulator (ceramics, polymers)

Common Semiconducting materials are crystalline

solids but amorphous and liquids semiconductors
are known. These includes hydrogenated
amorphous silicon, mixture of arsenic, selenium and
tellurium

Electrical characteristics are extremely sensitive to

the presence of minute concentration of impurity
atoms

Semiconductors have caused the advent of

integrated circuitry
TDTU, 2022 Adv. Mat.
Semiconductors

pn-junction Diodes
 Here p-type and n-type semiconductors are joined together.

 The principal characteristic of a pn-junction diode is that it allows current to

flow easily in one direction but hardly at all in the other direction.

We call these situations forward bias and reverse bias, respectively.

TDTU, 2022 Adv. Mat.
Semiconductors
Light emitted diode (LED)

 Another important kind of diode is the light-

emitting diode (LED). Whenever an electron
makes a transition from the conduction band to
the valence band (effectively recombining the
electron and hole) there is a release of energy in
the form of a photon. In some materials the
energy levels are spaced so that the photon is in
the visible part of the spectrum. In that case, the
continuous flow of current through the LED
results in a continuous stream of nearly
monochromatic light.
TDTU, 2022 Adv. Mat.
Light emitted diode (LED) Semiconductors
TDTU, 2022 Adv. Mat.

Biomaterials

A Biomaterial is any material, natural or man-made that comprises whole

part of a living structure or biomedical device which performs, augments
or replace a natural function

Must not produce toxic substances and must be compatible with body
Tissues

Materials such as metals, ceramic, polymers, composites and semiconductors

May be used as biomaterials

Examples: Artificial Hip, bone plates, heart valves, contact lenses,

dental implants, etc.
TDTU, 2022 Adv. Mat.
Biomaterials
Skin/cartilage
Drug Delivery
Devices
Ocular implants
Polymers

Orthopedic Bone
screws/fixation replacements

Heart
valves
Metals Synthetic BIOMATERIALS Ceramics

Dental Implants Dental Implants

Semiconductor
Materials Biosensors
Implantable
Microelectrodes
TDTU, 2022 Adv. Mat.
Biomaterials
Heart Valve
Fabricated from carbons, metals, elastomers, fabrics, and natural valves.
Must NOT React With Chemicals in Body.
Attached By Polyester Mesh.
Tissue Growth Facilitated By Polar Oxygen-Containing Groups.
Almost as soon as valve implanted cardiac function is restored to near
normal.
Bileaflet tilting disk heart valve used most widely.
TDTU, 2022 Adv. Mat.
Biomaterials
Artificial Tissue
TDTU, 2022 Adv. Mat.
Biomaterials
Examples of
tissue engineering

Heart valve

Urinary
Bladder

Artificial
Skin
TDTU, 2022 Adv. Mat.
Tissue Engineering Biomaterials
TDTU, 2022 Adv. Mat.
Materials of the future Smart materials

(smart materials)
Smart materials are materials that have one or more properties that can
be significantly changed in a controlled fashion by external stimuli, such as
stress, temperature, moisture, pH, electric or magnetic fields

Smart material (or system) include some type of sensor, and an actuator

Shape memory alloys, piezoelectric ceramics, magnetostrictive materials,

electrorheological/ magnetorheological fluids, nanoengineered
materials, electroactive polymers
TDTU, 2022 Adv. Mat.
Shape memory alloy Smart materials

• A material that can remember its shape

• A class of smart materials

• SMA also exhibits superelastic

(pseudoelastic) behavior

• Nitintol (Nickel-Titanium)
TDTU, 2022 Adv. Mat. Smart materials
TDTU, 2022 Adv. Mat.
Smart materials
TDTU, 2022 Adv. Mat.
Smart materials
ERF: Electro
Rheological Fluids
 Under the application of an
external electric field
there appears a change in
viscosity (speed ~10 ms)

 If the field is sufficiently

strong, ERF can “solidify”
into an anisotropic solid
boasting a yield stress
befitting its strength
TDTU, 2022 Adv. Mat. Smart materials
TDTU, 2022 Adv. Mat.
Artificial muscles Smart materials
TDTU, 2022 Adv. Mat.
Smart materials

Property Electroactive Shape Memory Electroactive

Ceramics Alloys Polymers
(EAC) (SMA) (EAP)
Actuation 0.1 - 0.3 % <8% short fatigue >10%
displacement life
Force (MPa) 30-40 about 700 0.1 - 3

Reaction speed m sec to sec sec to min m sec to sec

Density 6-8 g/cc 5 - 6 g/cc 1- 2.5 g/cc

Drive voltage 50 - 800 V NA 4-7V

Power consumption watts watts m-watts

Fracture toughness fragile elastic resilient, elastic

TDTU, 2022 Adv. Mat.
Smart materials

Electroactive polymers (EAP)

 Electronic EAP
Example: Dielectric elastomer
 and Ionic EAP
Example: Conducting polymers
TDTU, 2022 Adv. Mat.
Smart materials

Electroactive polymers (EAPs) convert electrical

energy to mechanical work and vice versa

ACTUATOR

E EAP W

MECHANICAL WORK
ENERGY
(ELECTRICAL)

GENERATOR OR SENSOR
TDTU, 2022 Adv. Mat.
Dielectric elastomers Smart materials

 Dielectric elastomers have a polymer (aka plastic)

film between two electrodes ACTUATOR or GENERATOR SENSOR

STRUCTURE: Support,
Transmission, Spring, Damper
TDTU, 2022 Adv. Mat.
Dielectric elastomers Smart materials
TDTU, 2022 Adv. Mat. Smart materials
Ionic EAP
Conducting polymers (CP)

Conjugated double bounds

TDTU, 2022 Adv. Mat.
Smart materials
CP-actuators

Volume change Bilayer, Trilayer, Free standing CP film

CP deposited on Hinge, Helix fiber Linear length change
Pt or Au surface CP deposited on flexible foil Working in electrolyte
Working in electrolyte with Pt layer
Working in air
or electrolyte
TDTU, 2019 Adv. Mat. Smart materials

CP-actuators
TDTU, 2022 Adv. Mat.
New concept: Ink-jet printed CP actuators Smart materials
I. Põldsalu, K. Rohtlaid, T.M.G. Nguyen, C. Plesse, F. Vidal, M.S. Khorram, A.L. Peikolainen, T. Tamm, R. Kiefer (2018) Thin ink-jet printed trilayer actuators composed of PEDOT:PSS on
interpenetrating polymer networks, Sensors and Actuators B: Chemical, 256, 1072–1079

± 0.6 V ± 1.0 V
TDTU, 2022 Adv. Mat. Smart materials
Robots that exist