Professional Documents
Culture Documents
• A COMPOSITE IS A STRUCTURAL
MATERIAL WHICH CONSISTS OF
COMBINING TWO OR MORE
CONSTITUENTS
• EXAMPLES:
• FLESH IN YOUR LEG REINFORCED
WITH BONES
• CONCRETE REINFORCED WITH STEEL
• EPOXY REINFORCED WITH GRAPHITE
FIBERS.
• “YOU ARE NO LONGER TO SUPPLY THE PEOPLE WITH STRAW FOR
MAKING BRICKS; LET THEM GO AND GATHER THEIR OWN STRAW” -
EXODUS 5.7.
SHIFT IN PARADIGM ABOUT MATERIALS
• WHAT IS A COMPOSITE?
• WHAT ARE THE ADVANTAGES AND DRAWBACKS OF COMPOSITES OVER
MONOLITHIC MATERIALS?
• WHAT FACTORS INFLUENCE MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF A COMPOSITE
CHAPTER OBJECTIVES (CONTINUED)
• WOOD
• CELLULOSE FIBERS
• LIGNIN MATRIX
• BONES
• COLLAGEN FIBERS
• MINERAL MATRIX
WHY COMPOSITES OVER METALS?
E
Specific modulus = ,
Specific strength = ult .
where
E = Young' s Modulus
= Density
ult=Ultimate Strength
SPECIFIC STRENGTH VS. YEAR
10
Aramid Fibers,
Carbon Fibers
Specific Strength, (10 6) in
6
Composites
4
2
Wood,
Bronze Cast Iron Steel
stone Aluminum
0
1400 1500 1600 1700 1800 1900 2000
Year
TABLE 1.1. SPECIFIC MODULUS AND STRENGTH OF
TYPICAL FIBERS, COMPOSITES AND BULK METALS
4500
Graphite Fiber
4000
Specific Strength [Ksi-in/lb]
Unidirectional
3
3500
Graphite/Epoxy
3000
2500
2000
1500 Cross-Ply
Aluminum Graphite/Epoxy
1000
Quasi-isotropic
500
Steel Graphite/Epoxy
0
0 100 200 300 400 500 600
2 P
cr
P 2 cr
E E
TAILORED DESIGN
• LONG FIBERS
• EASY TO ORIENT
• EASY TO PROCESS
• HIGHER IMPACT RESISTANCE
• DIMENSIONAL STABILITY
• SHORT FIBERS
• LOW COST
• FAST CYCLE TIME
FIBER FACTOR - ORIENTATION
• MULTI-DIRECTION ORIENTATION
• LESS STIFFNESS BUT MORE DIRECTION INDEPENDENT
FIBER FACTOR - SHAPE
• POLYMERS
• METALS
• CERAMICS
POLYMER MATRIX
• THERMOSETS
• POLYESTER
• EPOXY
• POLYMIDE
• THERMOPLASTICS
• POLYPROPYLENE
• POLYVINYL CHLORIDE
• NYLON
METAL MATRIX
• ALUMINUM
• TITANIUM
• COPPER
CERAMIC MATRIX
• CARBON
• SILICON CARBIDE
• CALCIUM ALUMINOSILICATE
• LITHIUM ALUMINOSILICATE
WHY DO FIBERS HAVE THIN DIAMETER?
• LESS FLAWS
• MORE TOUGHNESS AND DUCTILITY
• HIGHER FLEXIBILITY
Thin Fiber
Thick Fiber
LESS FLAWS
2.5
Fiber Strength (GPa)
1.5
1
5 7.5 10 12.5 15
Fiber Diameter (m m)
MORE TOUGHNESS AND DUCTILITY
• FIBER-MATRIX INTERFACE AREA IS INVERSELY PROPORTIONAL TO THE
DIAMETER OF THE FIBERS
• HIGHER SURFACE AREA OF FIBER-MATRIX INTERFACE RESULTS IN HIGHER
DUCTILITY AND TOUGHNESS, AND BETTER TRANSFER OF LOADS.
MORE FLEXIBILITY
Consumer Products
Transportation
Corrosion-Resistant
Equipment
Construction
M arine
WORLD MARKET OF COMPOSITES
ADVANTAGES OF COMPOSITES
• COMPARISON BASED ON
SIX PRIMARY MATERIAL
SELECTION PARAMETERS
ARE COMPOSITES IMPORTANT?