WORKSHOP TECNOLOGY

Fundamentals Materials
Stone & clay
Timber
Bronze
Iron
Properties Process
Plastics
Elastomers
Physical & chemical Molding

Mechanical Forging

Hardness Cutting

Elasticity Grinding

Malleability
Ductility

Metals

ferrous Non ferrous

Wrought iron – 99% pure Fe Cu
Steel – 1% Carbon Zn
Cast iron – High present carbon Sn

❖ Gold, Silver, Platinum (Au, Ag, Pt) are freshers metals

 Engineering materials

materials plastics Ceramic & others Composites

Ferrous Non ferrous thermo thermoset Oxides Reinforced plastic
Steels Al Nitrides Laminates
Cast iron Cu Carbides Plywood
Wrought iron Sn Glass concrete
W Graphite
Au etc. diamond

• Plain carbon steels

Ferrous (Fe) +Carbon (C) >> Fe3C

• Cast iron – Fe+Fe3+C

• Tracer elements (for develop properties of steels)

Si, Mn, S, P etc.

• Alloy elements: steels containing significant amounts of alloying elements are called alloy steels
 Iron making/Manufacturing

ORE

BLAST FANANCE

PIG IRON
CUPOLA PADDLING PROCESS

CAST IRON WROUGHT IRON

STEELS

BESSMER CONVERTER OPEN HEARTH ELECTRIC

STEELS

PRODUCTION OF IRON AND STEEL

• RAW MATERIALS → IRON ORE

COKE

LIME STONE

IRON AND STEEL SCRAP

• IRON AND STEEL MANUFACTURED BY SMELTING IRON ORE

IRON SMELTING

Iron ore mixed with coke and limestone is reduced to molten metallic Iron in the BLAST FURNANCE. Coke
provides heat by combustion (react with oxygen) also it is carbon assets reducing the oxides lime combines
with impurities in the ore to from liquid slug. Slug when solidarized from a useful by product for road molting
cement manufacture various building proposes. Molten metal may be cast to pigs directly taken for steel and
iron manufacture.
• Chemical reactions

Hot air blast meeting coke in the furnace burns to from Carbone monoxide (CO) near the tuyers CO2 forms
and the Carbone dioxide (CO2) dissociates coke to Carbone monoxide.

CO2 can react with descending coke

CO2 + C  2CO

Sizes of BLAST FURNACES

• Hight = 80 feet or 37 meters

• Diameter =20 feet or 3 meters

• Cast iron manufacturing

▪ Cupola furnace (only for cast iron)

 ▪ Eclectric arc furnace

✓ Working principle similar to the arc welding

✓ It Can operate 2 to 5 tons per ones

▪ Crucible furnace

IRON ORES
• Hematite - Fe2O3
Swedish ores
• Magnetite - Fe4O4

• Limonite - 2Fe2O3 .3H2O

 • Spathic ore - FeCO3
Sri lanka ores
• Iron pirates - FeS2

PROCESSING / WORKING (METALS)