9/5/2014

SUPPLEMENTARY CEMENTITIOUS
MATERIALS FOR CONCRETE

Ephraim Senbetta, PhD

Supplementary
Cementing Material (SCMs)

A materialthat, when used in

conjunction with portland cement,
contributes to the properties of the
hardened concrete through
hydraulic or pozzolanic activity, or
both.

Ephraim Senbetta, PhD

Common Supplementary
Cementing Materials
• Fly ash

• Slag

• Silica Fume

• Natural Pozzolans

Ephraim Senbetta, PhD

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 9/5/2014

Supplementary Cementing
Materials — Pozzolans
• Pozzolan — a material that, in a finely divided
form and in the presence of moisture, chemically
reacts with calcium hydroxide released by the
hydration of portland cement to form
compounds possessing cementing properties.

• Natural Pozzolan — a natural pozzolan which

may also be calcined and/or processed ( eg.
metakaolin, rice husk, volcanic ash, calcined
shale)

Ephraim Senbetta, PhD

Supplementary Cementitious
Materials (SCMs)
From left to right:
• Fly ash (Class C)
• Metakaolin (calcined
clay)
• Silica fume
• Fly ash (Class F)
• Slag
• Calcined shale
Ephraim Senbetta, PhD

Specification and Class of Natural

Pozzolans
ASTM C 618

Class N — Raw or calcined

natural pozzolans including:
– Diatomaceous earths
– Opaline cherts and shales
– Tuffs and volcanic ashes or
Metakaolin
pumicites
– Calcined clays, including
metakaolin, and shales

Ephraim Senbetta, PhD

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 9/5/2014

Specifications and Classes of Fly Ash

ASTM C 618

• Class F— Fly ash with

pozzolanic properties

• Class C — Fly ash with

pozzolanic and
Fly Ash
cementitious properties

Ephraim Senbetta, PhD

SEM Micrograph of Fly Ash Particles

Ephraim Senbetta, PhD

Specifications and Grade of Ground

Granulated Iron Blast-Furnace Slags
ASTM C 989

• Grade 80
Slags with a low activity
index
• Grade 100
Slags with a moderate
activity index
• Grade 120
Slags with a high activity
index

Ephraim Senbetta, PhD

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SEM Micrograph of Slag Particles

Ephraim Senbetta, PhD

Specification for Silica Fume

ASTM C 1240
Silica Fume — finely divided residue
resulting from the production of
silicon, ferro-silicon, or other silicon-
containing alloys that is carried from
the burning surface area of an
electric-arc furnace by exhaust
gases.

Ephraim Senbetta, PhD

SEM Micrograph of Silica

Fume Particles

Ephraim Senbetta, PhD

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Applications for Silica Fume

and Metakaolin

Ephraim Senbetta, PhD

Chemical Analysis of Typical Fly Ash, Slag, Silica Fume,

Calcined Clay, Calcined Shale, and Metakaolin

Class F Class C Ground Silica Calcined Calcined Meta-

fly ash fly ash slag fume clay shale kaolin
SiO2, % 52 35 35 90 58 50 53

Al2O3, % 23 18 12 0.4 29 20 43

Fe2O3, % 11 6 1 0.4 4 8 0.5

CaO, % 5 21 40 1.6 1 8 0.1

SO3, % 0.8 4.1 9 0.4 0.5 0.4 0.1

Na2O, % 1.0 5.8 0.3 0.5 0.2 — 0.05

K2O, % 2.0 0.7 0.4 2.2 2 — 0.4

Total Na
2.2 6.3 0.6 1.9 1.5 — 0.3
eq. alk, % Ephraim Senbetta, PhD

Average Chemical composition, %

Type of
portland
cement SiO2 Al2O3 Fe2O3 CaO MgO SO3 Na2Oeq

I 20.5 5.4 2.6 63.9 2.1 3.0 0.61

II 21.2 4.6 3.5 63.8 2.1 2.7 0.51

III 20.6 4.9 2.8 63.4 2.2 3.5 0.56

IV 22.2 4.6 5.0 62.5 1.9 2.2 0.36

V 21.9 3.9 4.2 63.8 2.2 2.3 0.48

White 22.7 4.1 0.3 66.7

Ephraim Senbetta, PhD 0.9 2.7 0.18

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Typical Amounts of SCM in Concrete

by Mass of Cementing Materials
• Fly ash
– Class C 15% to 40%
– Class F 15% to 20%
• Slag 30% to 45%
• Silica fume 5% to 10%
• Calcined clay 15% to 35%
– Metakaolin 10%
• Calcined shale 15% to 35%
Ephraim Senbetta, PhD