33.

49: a) For sunlight entering the earth’s atmosphere from the sun BELOW the
horizon, we can calculate the angle  as follows:
na sin  a  nb sin  b  (1.00) sin  a  n sin  b , where nb  n is the atmosphere’s index
of refraction. But the geometry of the situation tells us:
R nR  nR   R 
sin  b   sin  a      a   b  arcsin    arcsin   .
Rh Rh  R  h   R  h
b) 
 (1.0003)(6.4  10 6 m)   6.4  10 6 m 

  arcsin  
 
 arcsin  
 6.4  10 6
m  2.0  10 4
m)   64.  10 6
m  2.0  10 4
m 
  0.22. This is about the same as the angular radius of the sun, 0.25.