gigi TevzaZe

instituciuri cvlilebebis sociologia

2002

1
 sarCevi:

winasityvaoba............................................................................................................................................ 4
modernulobis da Tanamedroveobis aRwerebi ......................................................................... 6
(Sesavali) .................................................................................................................................................. 6
maqs veberi da talkot parsonsi ............................................................................................. 8
daniel beli da alan tureni ................................................................................................... 11
entoni gidensi ................................................................................................................................. 12
ulrix beki......................................................................................................................................... 16
iurgen habermasi .............................................................................................................................. 19
receptebi da diagnozebi (XX saukunis inteleqtualuri mimarTulebebi) .. 22
Tavi I. Teoriebi socialuri cvlilebebis Sesaxeb ...........................................................23
klasikuri da neoevolucionizmi ...........................................................................................23
ogust konti (1798-1857) ......................................................................................................23
herbert spenseri (1820-1903)............................................................................................ 24
luis morgani (1818-1881) ...................................................................................................... 26
emil durkhaimi (1855-1936) ................................................................................................ 27
ferdinand tionisi (1855-1936) ..........................................................................................28
lester uardi (1841-1913) ................................................................................................... 29
gerhard da jin lenskebi ...................................................................................................... 31
talkot parsonsi (1902-1979) .......................................................................................... 33
diferenciaciis da modernizaciis Teoriebis kritika ...............................................36
istoriuli ciklebis Teoriebi .............................................................................................. 37
osvald Spengleri (1880-1936) .......................................................................................... 37
arnold toinbi (1889-1975)................................................................................................. 37
vilfredo pareto (1848-1923) ........................................................................................... 38
pitirim sorokini (1889-1968) ............................................................................................ 38
istoriuli materializmi .......................................................................................................... 38
Tavi II. socialuri struqturebis (institutebis) warmoSobis da
cvlilebebis Teoriebi ..................................................................................................................... 39
maqs veberi ......................................................................................................................................... 39
simboluri urTierTqmedeba ....................................................................................................... 41
eTnomeTodologia .......................................................................................................................... 42
anomiis Teoriebi ............................................................................................................................ 43
emil durkhaimi ........................................................................................................................... 44
robert mertoni ........................................................................................................................ 44
socialuri kontrolis da struqturis Seqmnis Teoria ........................................ 45
markirebis Teoria ......................................................................................................................... 47
realobis socialuri konstruireba ................................................................................... 49
Tavi III. Teoriebi socialuri institutebis Sesaxeb ..................................................... 51
arnold geleni............................................................................................................................ 51
uiliam zamneri da Carlz qulei ......................................................................................52
malinovski......................................................................................................................................52

2
nawili II .................................................................................................................................................. 55
instituciuri cvlilebebis sociologia .............................................................................. 55
Tavi I .................................................................................................................................................... 55
institutis gansazRvreba ........................................................................................................... 55
Sesavali .......................................................................................................................................... 55
socialur instituti da jgufi, organizacia, asociacia, rituali ............56
socialuri institutebis formebi ....................................................................................... 57
“ojaxi” ............................................................................................................................................ 57
“saxelmwifo” ............................................................................................................................... 58
“samoqalaqo sazogadoeba” .................................................................................................... 59
daskvna............................................................................................................................................. 60
Tavi II ...................................................................................................................................................65
socialuri institutebis tipebi ..........................................................................................65
Sesavali ..........................................................................................................................................65
mikroinstitutebi ..................................................................................................................... 66
makroinstitutebi ..................................................................................................................... 66
mezoinstitutebi ....................................................................................................................... 66
daskvna............................................................................................................................................. 67
Tavi III .................................................................................................................................................68
instituciuri kompleqsebi ........................................................................................................68
institucionaluri kompleqsebis monacvleoba, rogorc istoria...................... 69
evropocentrizmis SesaZlo braldebis winaamRdeg ..................................................... 76
instituciuri cvlilebebis sociologia _ ori ganzomileba ..............................77
Tavi IV .................................................................................................................................................82
instituciuri cvlilebebi ........................................................................................................82
1. diferenciacia da dediferenciacia .............................................................................82
2. reinstitutizacia ............................................................................................................... 83
institucionalizacia ................................................................................................................... 88
aRwera I _ mezodominanturobis parametrebi:........................................................... 89
aRwera II _ adamiani, rogorc saagento: ...................................................................... 94
makro-mezo da mezo-mikro institucionaluri kompleqsebi Tanamedrove
(gvian-, winwasul- anda, gnebavT post- modernul) socialur sistemebSi.. 98

3
winasityvaoba

rodesac fond “Ria sazogadoeba – saqarTvelos” xelSewyobiT

SesaZlebeli gaxda es wigni damewera, sakmaod didi siZneleebis winaSe
aRmovCndi. miuxedavad imisa, rom socialuri instituti socialuri
mecnierebis erT-erTi ZiriTadi cnebaa, Tavad socialuri institutis cnebas
sxva socialur fenomenebTan SedarebiT naklebi yuradReba eqceoda. ZiriTadi
aqcenti gadatanili iyo institucializaciaze. miuxedavad imisa, rom erTi
SexedviT, sociologia gaCenis dRidan aRwers socialur cvlilebebs, erTi
konkretuli sazogadoebis, an konkretuli institutis SigniT swraf
cvalebadobaze yuradRebis gansakuTrebuli dafiqsireba bolo 10-15 wlis
ganmavlobaSi moxda. garda amisa, rTulia rogorc gadmocemis mimarTulebis
arCeva, aseve, romelime mimarTulebaSi zedmetad ar dafiqsireba, imdenad,
ramdenadac sociologiis, rogorc socialuri cvlilebis Sesaxeb mecnierebis,
istoriis avtorebi xSirad toveben da ar aqceven yuradRebas im mniSvnelovan
SemTxvevebs, romlebic Cems mier dasaxuli amocanisaTvis, Cemi azriT,
sagulisxmo unda yofiliyo.
magram, miuxedavad amisa, am wignis pirveli, istoriuli nawili didad
aris davalebuli piotr Stompkas wignidan “socialuri cvlilebis
sociologia”6. am wignidan aRebulia Txrobis logika da istoriis
gadmocemis mimdevroba. aseve, gamoyenebulia smelzeris naSromi “socialuri
struqtura”19 da rudolf andorkas “sazogadoebis sociologiur analizis
Sesavali”33. rac Seexeba meore nawilis terminologias: cneba “instituciuri
kompleqsi” ekuTvnis naklebad cnobil avtorebs makivers da peijsi. imdenad,
ramdenadac institutebis cvalebadobis tipologiis asagebad es cneba
gamosadegi iyo, Tavs ufleba miveci gamomeyenebina. socialuri institutebis
makro, mezo da mikro institutebad dayofis ideis amosavali iyo valter


wignis I nawilSi miTiTebuli literatura ixile 54-55 gverdebze, I nawilis
dasasrulis Semdeg.

4
uollasis (Walter L. Wallace) statiaSi ”sociologiis disciplinaruli
matriqsis mimarTulebiT19” moyvanili socialuri fenomenebis mikro, makro da
mezod dayofa.
garda amisa, ar minda gaugebroba gamoiwvios Cems mier ori cnebis
“modernulobis” da “Tanamedroveobis” gamoyenebam. “modernuloba” Seesabameba
termins “Modernity” da aRniSnavs kacobriobis istoriis gansazRvrul periods
Sua saukuneebis da aRoZinebis Semdeg. “Tanamedroveoba” Seesabameba termins
“Contemporarity” da niSnavs axlandel an cota xnis winandel da axlandel
socialur mdgomareobas. “Tanamedroveobis” terminis Semotana gaxda saWiro,
radgan sociologiaSi da socialur TeoriaSi XX saukunis pirveli naxevris
Semdeg modernulobis da misi Semdgomi droebis gansxvaveba da maTi or
damoukidebel socialur da inteleqtualur fenomenad dafiqsireba erT-erTi
centraluri diskursia (amis Sesaxeb ix. qvemoT teqstSi).
bolos minda madloba gadavuxado bairoiTis universitetis
sociologiis kaTedras da am kaTedris gamges profesor arnold cingerles am
wignze muSaobisas gaweuli daxmarebisaTvis.

bairoiTi.
24 ivlisi, 2001 weli.

5
 modernulobis da Tanamedroveobis aRwerebi
(Sesavali)

socialuri cvlilebebis Seswavla sociologiis centraluri amocanaa.

socialuri cvlileba imdenad cxadi movlenaa, rom adre Tu gvian is
nebismieri sociologiis centraluri sakiTxi xdeba. TavisTavad, sociologiis,
rogorc mecnierebis warmoSoba ukavSirdeba socialur cvlilebebs – im did
gardaqmnebs, romelic XIX saukuneSi evropul sazogadoebaSi moxda, rodesac
SesamCnevad daiwyo tradiciuli evropuli sazogadoebis modernul
sazogadoebad gardaqmna. anu, maqs veberis (1864-1920) sityvebiT rom vTqvaT,
tradiciul-agraruli sazogadoebis kapitalisturi sazogadoebiT Canacvleba
(veberi “protestantuli eTika da kapitalizmis suli”).
XX saukunis pirvel naxevarSi didma socialurma Zvrebma (pirveli
msoflio omi, ruseTis revolucia, meore msoflio omi, germaniaSi faSizmis
gamarjveba da kraxi) socialuri cvlilebebis analizi kidev ufro aqtualuri
gaxada. miuxedavad imisa, rom XX saukunis meore naxevari globaluri
katastrofebiT ar gamoirCeoda, sociologebis da inteleqtualebis SefasebiT
mniSvnelovani cvlilebebis swrafi procesi swored am dros Seesabameba. XX
saukunis bolo aTwleulis yvelaze mniSvnelovani globaluri movlenaa
sabWoTa kavSiris rRveva, romelic, aRiwereba, rogorc swrafi socialuri
cvlilebebis anarekli da kulminacia. 1991 wels entoni gidensi werda: “Cven
dRes vcxovrobT epoqaSi, romelic xasiaTdeba gamaognebeli socialuri
cvlilebebiT, romelic radikalurad gansxvavdeba wina periodebisaTvis
damaxasiaTebeli cvlilebebisagan. sabWoTa stilis socializmis kolafsi,
Zalauflebis bipolaruli ganawilebis problema, sul ufro da ufro Zlieri
globaluri sakomunikacio sistemebis formireba, msoflioSi kapitalizmis
cxadi triumfi, maSin, rodesac msoflios globaluri gadanawileba sul
ufro da ufro mwvavdeba, ekologiuri problemebi, romlis arealic sul
ufro da ufro farTovdeba – yvela es da sxva sakiTxebi dgas socialuri

6
mecnierebis win, rogorc gamowveva, da socialurma mecnierebam ar unda
aaridos mas Tavi”ii.
Tuki tradiciul-agraruli sazogadoeba kacobriobis istoriis did
nawils moicavs, modernuli sazogadoebis wili ganuzomlad mcirea.
modernuli sazogadoebis dasawyisze naTeli SeTanxmeba ar arsebobs, magram,
rogorc wesi sawyisad miiCneven XVI saukunidan XVIII saukunemde periods
(gidensi “modernulobis pirobebi”iii kumari ”modernuli sazogadoebis
warmoSoba. dasavleTis socialuri da politikuri ganviTarebis aspeqtebi"”iv).
modernulobis mizezebad asaxeleben amerikul da frangul revoluciebs,
romelmac Camoayaliba modernulobis instituciuri CarCo: konstituciuri
demokratia, kanonze damyarebuli wesrigi, da saxelmwifo-erebis
suverenulobis principi.
ogiust kontma (1798-1857), sociologiis damaarsebelma, gansazRvra
modernulobis, anu, axali socialuri wesrigis ZiriTadi niSnebi. esenia: 1.
samuSao Zalis koncentrireba urbanistul centrebSi; 2. samuSaos organizacia,
romelSic warmmarTvelia efeqturoba da sargeblianoba; 3. mecnierebis da
teqnologiis gamoyeneba warmoebaSi; 4. faruli, an Ria winaaRmdegobis
warmoSoba damqiraveblebsa da daqiravebulebs Soris; 5. socialuri
kontrastebis da araTanabrobis zrda; 6. ekonomikuri sistema, romelic
damyarebulia Tavisufal warmoebaze da Ria Sejibrebaze (konti
“sociologia”).
sociologebi, rogorc wesi upirispireben “wina-modernul” da
“modernul” sazogadoebebs erTmaneTs da ageben polarul modelebs. maT Soris
aRsaniSnavia militaristuli da industriuli sazogadoebebis dapirispireba
herbert spenserTan, meqanikuri da organuli solidarobis dapirispireba emil
durkhaimTan, tradiciul-agraruli da kapitalisturi sazogadoebebis
dapirispireba veberTan.

7
maqs veberi da talkot parsonsi
am ori tipis sazogadoebis yvelaze ufro sistematizirebuli aRwera
da Sedareba mocemuli aqvs maqs vebers. qvemoT Cven movitanT randal
kolinzisv mier Sedgenil cxrils, da aseve, XX saukunis omis Semdgomi
wlebis yvelaze ufro cnobil aRweras, romelic SeimuSava talkot parsonsma,
romlis cxrilis saxiT rekonstruqcia ekuTvnis polonel sociolog piotr
Stompkasvi.
ori tipis sazogadoebis veberianuli opozicia:
tradiciul-agraruli kapitalisturi sazogadoeba
sazogadoeba
sakuTrebis SeWidulia memkvidreobiT warmoebis yvela saSualebaze kerZo
forma socialur statusTan sakuTreba da maTi koncentracia
sawarmoebis kontrolis sSualebiT (miwa,
Senobebi, manqanebi, masala – yvelaferi
kontroldeba erTi agentis saSualebiT,
da Tavisuflad icvleba rogorc kerZo
sakuTreba bazarze).
samuSaos praqtikulad ar arsebobs muSaobis meqanizacia aris dominanturi
meqanizacia teqnologia, rac zusti daTvlis da
kapitalis aRricxvis saSualebas iZleva.
efeqturoba, produqtiuloba,
racionaluri organizacia is principebia,
romlebic warmarTavs warmoebas.
samuSao ZiriTadad ar aris samuSao aris Tavisufali imoZraos
Zalis buneba Tavisufali (an piradi pirobebis an moTxovnebis Sesabamisad,
monoba, an miwasTan warmoebis erTi saxidan meorisken, erTi
mijaWvuloba). regionidan meoreSi. pirdapiri
mwarmoeblebi yidian sakuTar Sromas
xelfasis fasad, rogorc produqts
bazarze.
bazari Zalian SezRuduli mimarTulia Ria bazarze da ar aris
(gadasaxadebis barieriT, tradiciulad SezRuduli (klasobrivi
Zarcvis safrTxiT, monopolia, sakuTrebis SezRudvebi,
monetaruli proteqcionizmi). bazari rogorc
instrumentebis ganawilebis da moxmarebis organizebuli
SezRuduleobiT, principi.
transportirebis cudi
saSualebebi. amis Sedegia
an adgilobrivi bazrebi,

8
 an SezRuduli Soreuli
bazrobebi.
upiratesi partikularuli, universalurad gamosayenebeli, kanonebi,
kanonebi sxvadaxvanairad miesadageba romlebic winaswar gansazRvravs
sxvadasxva socialur kontraqtebis saxes da uflebebis
jgufebs. patrimonialuri iZulebiT dacvas.
ganaCenis gamotanis da
iZulebis wesi.
dominanturi Tavmoyrilia Cveuli SeuzRudavi mogeba (permanentulad mzardi
motivaciebi saWiroebebis mogeba) rogorc ekonomikuri qcevis
dakmayofilebis garSemo. gardauvali motivacia.
miRebulia tradiciuli
cxovrebis da mogebis
wesi. rogorc veberi
ambobs, “metis miRwevis
SesaZlebloba naklebad
mimzidvelia, vidre
naklebi muSaoba”

ori tipis sazogadoebis parsonsiseuli opozicia:

tradiciuli sazogadoeba modernuli sazogadoeba
socialuri difuziuroba, anu, specifikuroba, anu, rolebis damatebiTi
struqturis socialuri rolebis, specializacia, Sromis ganawileba, jgufis
artikulacia urTierTobebis, jgufebis cxovrebis dadgenili sazRvrebi
araartikulirebuli,
farTo, yovlismomcveli
xasiaTi.
statusis memkvidreobiToba, anu, miRweva, anu, rolebis Sesruleba,
safuZvlebi rolebis Sesruleba, statusebis miReba, jgufebis wevroba
statusebis miReba, damyarebulia pirad Zalisxmevaze da
jgufebis wevroba damsaxurebaze
damyarebulia dabadebiT da
memkvidreobiT miRebul
faqtorebze
samuSaoze partikularizmi, anu, universalizmi, anu, socialur
ayvanis socialur urTierTobebSi urTierTobebSi partniorebis, iseve
kriteriumebi partniorebis, iseve rogorc rolebis Semsruleblebis da
rogorc rolebis jgufebis arCeva, damyarebulia zogad,
Semsruleblebis da kategoriis rangSi ayvanil niSnebTan,
jgufebis arCeva, romlebic jgufebis amocanebis da bunebis,
damyarebulia potenciuri anda urTierTobebis pirdapir
kandidatebis unikalur, relevanturia.
pirovnul niSnebze,

9
 romlebic aucileblad ar
arian samizne saqmianobis
an jgufebis bunebis
relevanturi
Sefasebis koleqtivizmi, anu, individualizmi, anu, adamianebis Sefaseba
fokusireba adamianebis Sefaseba imis da aRqma maTi saqmianobis mixedviT.
mixedviT, Tu romeli centraluri mniSvneloba aqvs imas, Tu
jgufis, koleqtivis, ras akeTeben isini.
erTobis, tomebis wevrebi
arian. centraluri
mniSvneloba aqvs imas, Tu
ras ekuTvnian adamianebi,
da ara imas, Tu rani arian
isini TviTon.
emociebis afeqturoba, anu, neitraluroba, anu, emociuri
roli emociebis CarTva gamoxatulebis akrZalva, faqtebze
socialur cxovrebaSi. orientireba, socialur cxovrebaSi
racionaluri klimati.

modernulobis gansazRvrebebi amiT ar amoiwureba da arc SeTanxmeba imis

Sesaxeb, rom Cven dRes modernulobis epoqaSi vcxovrobT, romelic zemoT
moyvanili ori aRweridan erT-erTiT mainc xasiaTdeba, ar aris miRweuli.
meoce saukunis mere naxevarSi inteleqtualur sivrceSi gamoCnda
gansxvavebuli aRwerebi, romelTa saerTo niSania imis gancxadeba, rom
modenulobisaTvis tradiciuli da damaxasiaTebeli ZiriTadi elementebi
Canacvlebulia axali ganzomilebebiT. magaliTad, fukos mixedviT,
diskursiuli formaciebi anacvleben warmoebis formebsvii. burdies mixedviT,
ekonomikuri tipis kapitali Canacvlebulia kulturuli kapitaliTviii.
liotari ambobs, rom didi narativebis gaqrobis da umuSevrobis fonze
racionalizmi qreba did narativebTan erTad da mxolod janyi rCeba
ganmsazRvreli da dominantiix. bodriari ambobs, rom warmoeba da
kvlavwarmoeba gadaqceulia simbolur aqtad, da xdeba simulaciuri warmoebis
gabatonebax. lumanis mixedviT, monokonteqstualuri samyaro aRar arsebobs, da
sazogadoebis kvlavwarmoeba ganawilebulia sxvadsxva funqcionalur sistemebs
Soris, romelTaganac yoveli operirebs misTvis specifikuri, sistemuri

10
kodiT. “polikonteqstualuri” sazogadoeba niSnavs, rom arc erT funqciur
sistemas ar SeuZlia ibatonos, an Caanacvlos sxva sistemaxi.
yvela es Teoria socialur samyaroSi mimdinare raRac iseTi movlenebis
Sesaxeb miuTiTebs, rac saSualebas gvaZlevs vifiqroT, rom Cven
modernulobidan gansxvavebul droSi vcxovrobT, romelsac postmodernuloba
hqvia.

daniel beli da alan tureni

postmodernulobis gamocxadebas win uswrebda postindustriuli
periodis dadgomis aRwerebi II msoflio omis Semdeg. postindustriuli
sazogadoebis klasikuri aRwera SeimuSaves belmaxii da turanmaxiii. maTi
aRweris mixedviT, postindustriuli sazogadoeba xasiaTdeba:
1. ekonomikaSi moxda ZiriTadi veqtoris kidev erTi gadatana: Tu
industriuli, anu XIX saukunis sazogadoeba xasiaTdeboda
miwaTmoqmedebidan industriuli warmoebisken mimarTulebiT, II msoflio
omis Semdeg industriuli warmoebidan momsaxureobisken moxda socialuri
mniSvnelobis gadanacvleba: warmoiSva axali profesiebis da samuSao
adgilebis didi raodenoba, romelic ar aris pirdapir dakavSirebuli
warmoebasTan. moqmedebis iseTma mimarTulebebma, rogoricaa vaWroba,
finansebi, marTva, administrireba, ganaTleba da a.S. axali mniSvnelobebi
SeiZina.
2. struqturul da stratifikaciul ierarqiaSi gaizarda momsaxure fenis
mniSvneloba. xolo TviTon momsaxure fenaSi – profesiuli da teqnikuri
jgufebis (mecnierebis, ganviTarebis dargSi momuSaveebi) da “humanitaruli
momsaxurebis” (ganaTleba, mecniereba, kultura, socialuri dacva, jandacva
da sxva) wona.

11
3. teqnologiaSi moxda axali “inteleqtualuri teqnologiebis” gaCena,
romelic informaciis gacvlis da warmoebis procesSi sul ufro da ufro
metad aucilebeli xdeboda, vidre masala da energia.
4. sazogadoebis dinamikaSi TviTmdgradma teqnologiurma zrdam centraluri
mniSvneloba miiRo.
5. yoveldRiuri cxovrebis RirebulebebSi da yvelgangamWol TemebSi aqcentma
gadainacvla codnaze da mis miRebaze mudmivi swavlebis sxvavasxva
formebis saSualebiT.
postindustriulma sazogadoebam moitana protestis grZnoba da is
aRwerebi, romlebic postmodernulobaSi gadasvlas iTxovda da uTiTebda.
socialuri cxovrebis ukiduresobamde miyvanilma racionalizaciam da
industrializaciam warmoSva zemoT Camoyalibebuli moTxovnebi da imedi, rom
SesaZlebelia sxva, modernulobidan gansxvavebul viTarebaSi cxovreba,
romelic aRadgens im “yvelafer kargs” rac iyo tradiciul sazogadoebaSi, an
Semoitans gansxvavebuls da socialuri mowyobis axal safexurze gadagviyvans.

entoni gidensi
magram yvela Tvalsazrisi ar aris aseTi radikaluri. gidensisxiv
mixedviT jer adrea laparaki postmodernizmze. Cven vimyofebiT gviani, anda
maRali modernizmis epoqaSi, romelic gamowveulia modernizmis
maxasiaTeblebis/Tvisebebis radikalizaciiT da universalizaciiT. XX saukunis
bolos arsebuli viTareba gansxvavdeba modernulobidan, Cveni dRevandeli
socialuri samyaro mainc modernulobis nawilia. magram, gidensi aRniSnavs,
rom arsebuli viTareba “ar aris adreuli mimarTulebebis ubralo gagrZeleba.
metic, gamoCnda Tvisobrivad axali fenomeni, romelic safuZvelSi cvlis
Tanamedrove msoflios da SevyavarT gamocdilebis axal da amaRelvebel
samyaroSi”.
gidensi ganixilavs “maRal modernulobas” oTxi ZiriTadi mimarTulebis
mixedviT: ndoba, riski, gaumWvirvaloba da globalizacia.

12
 ndobis mniSvneloba gamowveulia dRevandel msoflioSi “abstraqtuli
sistemebis” arsebobiT, romelic yvelafers msWvalavs. am sistemebis principebi
da moqmedebis wesebi ar aris cxadi Cveulebrivi xalxisaTvis, miuxedavad
imisa, rom am sistemebze yoveldRiuri cxovrebaa damokidebuli. es sistemebia
transporti, telekomunikaciebi, finansuri bazari, atomuri
eleqtrosadgurebi, samxedro Zalebi, saerTaSoriso korporaciebi da
organizaciebi, masmedia. es uzarmazari, rTuli, upirovno sistemebia, romlebic
gavlenas axdenen yoveldRiurobaze. adamianebi swavloben maT gamoyenebas da
maTgan damokidebulad yofnas. amitom, upirovno principebis, anonimuri wesebis
ndoba socialuri arsebobis aucilebeli da gardauvali piroba xdeba.
maRali modernulobis kidev erTi Tvisobrivad axali niSania riskis
axali fenomeni. riski niSnavs daurwmuneblobas sakuTar moqmedebebis
SedegebSi; anu damangreveli Sedegebis vergamoTvlis SesaZlebloba, romelic
individualuri nebisagan damoukideblad SeiZleba moxdes. principSi, es
adamianis cxovrebis erT-erTi aRmoufxvreli Tanamgzavria, magram maRali
modernizmis pirobebSi is axal masStabebs da SesaZleblobebs iZens. maRali
modernulobis SemTxvevaSi warmoiSoba safrTxesTan erTad cxovrebis
gardauvaloba, romelic gamosulia ara marto individebis kontrolidan,
aramed didi organizaciebis da saxelmwifoebis kontrolidanac. es safrTxe
umaRlesi intensivobisaa da emuqreba milionobiT adamianis sicocxles, da
potenciurad mTlianad kacobriobas. maRali modernulobis riski gansxvavdeba
wina gamocdilebebidan rogorc subieqtur, aseve obieqtur doneebze. orive
doneze arsebobs riskis bevrad ufro Zlieri SegrZneba, vidre warsulSi.
obieqtur doneze SeimCneva:
1. riskis universalizacia: globaluri katastrofis axali SesaZlebeli
riski safrTxes uqmnis yvelas, fenis, eTnikurobis, Zaluflebis
ganurCevlad (mag. atomuri omi, ekologiuri katastrofa)
2. riskis globalizacia: riskis garemos gavrceleba kacobriobis farTo
segmentebze, riskis garemoSi adamianebis didi masebia moqceuli (mag.

13
 finansur bazrebze moqmedebs politikuri arastabiluroba, SeiaraRebuli
konfliqtebi, navTze fasebis gaZvireba, korporaciebis kraxi da a.S.)
3. riskis institucionalizacia: iseTi organizaciebis gaCena, romlebsac riski
aqvT moqmedebis principad qceuli (mag. sainvesticio bazrebi, an
nedleulis gacvla, sporti, dazRveva)
4. riskis refleqsuroba: riskis, rogorc adamianTa moqmedebebis moulodneli
gverdiTi efeqtis, an bumerangis efeqtis warmoSoba an intensifikacia (mag.
industrializaciis Sedegi – ekologiuri safrTxe, danaSauli da
samarTaldarRveva, rogorc araswori socializaciis Sedegi, axali, e.w.
“civilizaciis” avadmyofobebi, romlebsac modernulobisaTvis tipiuri
Sromis modelebi da cxovrebis stili iwvevs).
subieturad, arseboben damatebiTi faqtorebi, romlebic riskis gamocdilebas
ufro mwvaved aqcevs:
1. safrTxeebis da muqaris ufro mwvave SegrZneba, romelic gamowveulia
magiuri da religiuri dacvebis da racionalizaciis gaqrobis gamo
2. ganaTlebis donis amaRlebiT gamowveuli safrTxis da muqaris ufro
sazogadoebrivi (saerTo) SegrZneba
3. eqspertizis sazRvrebis da “abstraqtul sistemebSi” ganmeorebiTi
Secdomebis Sesaxeb informirebulobis da gacnobierebulobis gazrda.
es yvelaferi ukavSirdeba meoTxe mTavar niSans – “gaumWvirvalobas”, maRali
modernulobis pirobebSi socialuri cxovrebis gaugebar, saeWvo bunebas. aseTi
saeWvoobis ramdenime wyaro arsebobs:
1. agebis, konstruqciis Secdomebi, romlebic axasiaTebs did, kompleqsur
abstraqtul sistemebs.
2. operatoris Secdomebi, romelic gardauvalia, radganac adamiani CarTulia
abstraqtuli sistemebis moqmedebasa da kontrolSi
3. moulodneli da amoucnobi, ganusazRvreli (latenturi) efeqtebis
gardauvaloba. ara aqvs mniSvneloba ramdenad kargad aris sistema awyobili
da ramdenad ganswavlulni arian operatorebi: am sistemis funqcionirebis

14
 Sedegebi sxva sistemebTan da saerTod adamianur moqmedebebTan mimarTebaSi
SeuZlebelia srulad nawinaswarmetyvelebi iyos.
socialuri codnis refleqsurobam, romelic, swored im momentSi,
rodesac is axsnis sazogadoebas da aqcevs met-naklebad gaTvlad fenomenad,
SeiZleba imoqmedos socialuri procesebis mimdinareobaze gauTvleli da
ganusazRvreli formiT. “axali codna” (cnebebi, Teoriebi, mignebebi) ar aqcevs
socialur samyaros ufro gamWvirvaled, aramed moqmedebs mis bunebaze,
xlarTavs mas axali mimarTulebebiT.
4. Zalauflebis, Rirebulebebis da interesebis eqstremaluri diferenciacia
sazogadoebis wevrebs da maT dajgufebebs Soris. amis Sedegia ukontrolo
relativizmi, romelic aqrobs socialuri viTarebebis gansazRvrebis da
Sefasebis elementarul, konsensusze damyarebul martiv saSualebebs.
maRali modernulobis mexuTe Tviseba aris TanamedroveobaSi mimdinare
globalizacia. anu, socialuri urTierTobebis, ekonomikuri, politikuri,
kulturuli qselebis gadaWimva mTel msoflioze. amis Sedegia, sxvasTan
erTad, saxelmwifo-erebis rolis Semcireba, romlebic Zlian mcireni xdebian
cxovrebis didi problemebis gadasaWrelad, da Zalian didni patara
problemebis gadasaWrelad. ufro pirveladi socialuri kavSirebisadmi da
jgufebisadmi erTguleba, romlebic manamde Sekavebuli iyo saxelmwifo-eris
mier, TandaTan kvlav Cndeba. erTsa da imave dros Cven vxedavT socialuri
urTierTobebis gadaWimvas, da amave dros, rogorc am procesis nawils, imasac,
rom adgilobrivi avtonomia da regionaluri kulturuli identuroba
Zlierdeba.
gidensi amTavrebs maRal modernizmze saubars imiT, rom aRwers im
tipiur reaqciebs, romlebic axasiaTebs adamianebs rodesac gamWol
gaurkvevlobaSi da riskSi aTavseben sakuTar Tavs:
1. pragmatuli miReba, anu biznes-midgoma, romelic gamoixateba yoveldRiur
amocanebze fokusirebiT da cnobierebis mousvenrobis CaxSoba.

15
2. mdgradi optimizmi, rwmena, rom rogorme yvelaferi kargad iqneba da
safrTxeebi gaqreba gangebis, mecnierebis da teqnologiis, an adamianuri
racionalizmis daxmarebiT.
3. cinikuri optimizmi, mcire (droiTi) perspeqtiviT, da cxovrebiT
siamovnebis (aq da axla) hedonisturi ganwyoba, manam sanam safrTxe
dadgeba.
4. safrTxis CaxSobili wyaroebisadmi radikaluri opozicia, romelic
ZiriTadaT socialuri moZraobebis CarCoebSi gamoixateba. is mimdinareobs
imis uTqmelad da daudgenlad, rom mxolod es bolo adaptacia aris
konstruqciuli da amitom moaqvs modernulobis ramdenime saxifaTo
aspeqtis gadalaxvis Sansi.

ulrix beki
riskis sazogadoebis mnSvnelovani aRwera, aseve, ekuTvnis urlix beksxv. beki,
iseve rogorc gidensi, ambobs, rom amJamindeli mdgomareoba unda aRiweros
rogorc axali modernuloba. Tuki klasikur modernuloba asocirdeboda
industriul sazogadoebasTan, axali modernuloba asocirdeba riskis
sazogadoebasTan. amitom, Cven mxolod industriul sazogadoebaSi aRar
vcxovrobT, aramed, iseT sazogadoebaSi, sadac industriuloba gamsWvalulia
riskiT.
beki uwodebs am axal warmonaqmns “refleqsiur modernulobas”:
individualizaciis procesma, romelic dasavleTSi daiwyo, ganapiroba is, rom
agentebi ufro da ufro Tavisufldebian struqturuli SezRudvebisagan, da
amis Sedegad, maT SeuZliaT refleqsurad aagon ara marto sakuTari Tavi,
aramed is sazogadoebebic, romelbSic isini cxovroben. magaliTad, klasobrivi
viTarebebis mxriv gansazRvris magivrad, adamianebi ufro da ufro operireben
sakuTar Tavze dayrdnobiT. imdenad, ramdenadac adamianebi Tavis Tavis anabara
darCnen, isini xdebian, iZulebulni arian gaxdnen sul ufro da ufro
refleqsurebi. beks mohyavs refleqsurobis mniSvnelobis Semdegi magaliTi:

16
“axali Camoyalibebuli urTierTobebi da socialuri qselebi axla unda
airCio individualurad: socialuri kavSirebic, aseve, refleqsuri xdeba, ase
rom isini SeiZleba damyardes, SenarCundes da mudmivad ganaxldes individebis
mier”.
bekis mixedviT, miuxedavad imisa, rom Tanamedroveobas (refleqsur
modernulobas) da klasikur modernulobas Soris didi gansxvavebaa,
refleqsuri modernuloba inarCunebs msgavsebebs da saerTo niSnebs klasikur
modernulobasTan, rogorc misi gagrZeleba: klasikuri modernulobis
centraluri Tema iyo simdidre da misi maqsimalurad Tanabari ganawileba.
axlandel modernulobaSi (“win wasul modernulobaSi”) ki, centraluri Tema
aris riski da misi SeCerebis, neitralizaciis, monitoringis,
winaswarmetyvelebis problemebi. klasikur modernulobaSi ideali iyo
Tanasworoba, maSin rodesac Tanamedrove modernulobaSi ideali aris
daculoba. klasikur modernulobaSi adamianebi aRwevdnen solidarobas
Tanasworobis pozitiuri mizniT, magram Tanamedrove modernulobaSi es
solidaroba miiRweva negatiuri mizniT: iyo daculi safrTxeebisagan.
TavisTavad riskebi warmoSobilia imave wyaroebidan, saidanac
modernuli sazogadoebis simdidre warmoiSva. anu, dRevandeli sasikvdilo
safrTxeebis warmoSobis safuZveli industriaa. beki ambobs, rom es
Tanamedrove safrTxeebi ar izRudeba arc droiT da arc sivrciT (atomuri
afeTqeba, marTalia lokaluria, magram daazianebs bevr sxva xalxs da adgils,
amave dros, mas SeuZlia gamoiwvios genetikuri darRvevebi, rac gadaecema
momaval Taobebs)xvi.
amave dros, riskis sazogadoeba ar arbilebs klasobriv sazRvrebs,
aramed, piriqiT, amyarebs maT. beki werda: “riskis ganawilebis istoria
aCvenebs, rom simdidris msgavsad, riskic SeWidulia klasobriobasTan, oRond
ukuRma: simdidre moTavsebulia ierarqiis wverze, riskebi – fskerze. amitom,
riski, rogorc etyoba, aZlierebs, da ar auqmebs, klasobriv sazogadoebas.
siRaribe izidavs riskebis mravalferovnebas da did raodenobas. amis

17
sapirispirod, simdidres (Semosavali, Zalaufleba, an ganaTleba) SeuZlia
iyidos daculoba da Tavisufleba riskisagan”. rac SeiZleba iTqvas klasebze,
igive SeiZleba iTqvas saxelmwifoebze.
magram, sabolood aravin ar aris riskisagan daculi. amas beki uwodebs
bumerangis efeqts: anu, usafrTxoebis yidva da warmoeba TviTon warmoSobs
axal safrTxeebs, romelic mwarmoeblebs ubrundebaT.
imdenad, ramdenadac win wasuli modernizacia awarmoebs riskebs, is
aseve awarmoebs refleqsurobasac, radganac, adamianebi, romlebic mindobilni
arian sakuTar Tavs da xdebian riskebis msxverplni, iwyeben riskebis analizs,
fiqrs maTze. imitom, rom isini aRar endobian mecnierebas da mecnierebs.
klasikur modernulobaSi buneba da sazogadoeba gayofilia, win wasul
modernulobaSi sazogadoeba da buneba Rrmadaa urTierTdakavSirebuli:
amitomacaa, rom cvlilebebi sazogadoebaSi moqmedebs bunebaze, xolo
cvlilebebi bunebaSi – sazogadoebaze. bekis naTqvami, rom “sazogadoeba aris
buneba da buneba aris sazogadoeba” imavdroulad gulisxmobs, rom buneba
politizirda, imitom, rom moxda bunebismetyvelebis, iseve rogorc
socialuri mecnierebis warmomadgenlebis, politizacia.
politikis tradiciuli samefo, mTavroba, kargavs Tavis Zalauflebas,
mas mere, rac ZiriTadi riskebi momdinareobs “subpolitikisagan”, anu, didi
kompaniebisagan, didi laboratoriebisagan, da a.S. es sub-politikur sistemaSi
xdeba, sadac “axali sazogadoebis struqturebi inergeba progresis da codnis
gamdidrebis mizniT, saparlamento sistemis gareT, ara sawinaaRmdegod, magram,
misi ignorirebiT”. amas beki uwodebs “politikis aSvebas”. rodesac politika
aRar aris centraluri mmarTvelobis xelSi, aramed, gadadis sub-jgufebisken
da aseve individebisken. es ukanasknelni SeiZleba aRmoCndnen ufro
refleqsurebi, vidre mTavroba, da amitom, ukeT gaanalizon is riskebi,
romelic maT winaSe dadgeba. ase qmnis win wasuli modernuloba uprecendento
riskebs, magram, aseve, uprecendento refleqsiis SesaZleblobebs am riskebis
dasaZlevad da gasaneitraleblad.

18
 iurgen habermasi
Tanamedrove sociluri struqturis aRwerebs Soris mniSvnelovani
adgili uWiravs iurgen habarmasisxvii socialur Teorias. habermasis Teoriis
wyaroebs Soris asaxeleben marqsizms, fsiqoanalizss, fenomenologias.
marqsizmTan kavSiri upirveles yovlisa imiT gamoixateba, rom iseve, rogorc
frankfurtis skolis sxva warmomadgenli _ markuze, habermasisTvisac yvela
sazogadoeba, tradiciuliT dawyebuli, postkapitalisturis CaTvliT, aris
“klasobrivi sazogadoeba”. yvela am sazogadoebas axasiaTebs sakuTari
organizaciuli principebi, magram postkapitalisturi sazogadoeba
gansxvavdeba imisagan, rac marqsma aRwera. ganviTarebis Sedegad miviReT
sazogadoeba romelSic: 1. saxelmwifosa da sazogadoebis gayofa, romelic iyo
liberaluri kapitalizmisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli, Canacvlda maTi SerwymiT; 2.
cxovrebis standarti ise amaRlda, rom emansipacia aRar aris mxolod da
pirvel rigSi ekonomikuri sakiTxi; 3. proletariatis, rogorc klasobrivi
revoluciis specialuri agentis roli gauqmda da dRes SeuZlebelia am
jgufebSi klasobrivi cnobiereba ipovo.
amaze dayrdnobiT, habermasi ambobs (marqsis sawinaaRmdegod), rom
politikuri sistema iTvisebs mTavar maregulirebel funqcias socio-
kulturul da ekonomikur sistemebTan mimarTebaSi. habermasi warmoadgens am
sami sistemis urTierTobas Semdegnairad (smelzeris mixedviT16):

socialuri
marTuli keTildReobis
ekonomikuri politikur- socio-
moqmedebebi moqmedebebi
sistema administraciu kulturuli
li sistema sistema
fiskaluri masebis
damorCileba (skim- loialuroba
off)
saxelmwifo arsebobs im danamatze, romelic iwarmoeba ekonomikuri
sistemis mier, magram Rrmadaa CarTuli ekonomikis organizaciaSi da

19
manipulaciaSi regulaciis da intervenciis saSualebiT. amas uwodebs habermasi
“marTul moqmedebebs”. garda amisa, saxelmwifo pirdapir Sedis ekonomikaSi,
magaliTad, ganaTlebis da wvrTnis programebis uzrunvelyofiT, materialuri
infrastruqturis ganviTarebis da dagegmvis pirdapiri marTviT (transporti,
mSenebloba), kosmosis gamokvlevis organizebiT da SeiaraRebaSi SejibriT. rac
Seexeba sociokulturul sistemas (populacias), saxelmwifo moipovebs mis
loialurobas (zogjer pasiurs) samomxmareblo procesebis xelSewyobiT,
krizisebis sawinaaRmdego RonisZiebebis gatarebiT (keTildReobis
uzrunvelsayofi moqmedebebi) da masmediis [saboloo jamSi] kontroliT.
gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelovania habermasis naSromebSi misi mimarTeba
saxelmwifo-ekonomikis administraciul sistemasTan: am aparatis mier
kontrolis da koordinaciis ZiriTadi funqcia mindobilia instrumentalur-
teqnikur xelovnebas, romelic awarmoebs codnis adaptacias politikas sxva
saxelmwifo da ekonomikur saWiroebebTan. am mxriv, habermasis mixedviT,
mecniereba aris postkapitalistur sazogadoebaSi kontrolis da dominaciis
erT-erTi mTavari instrumenti. konkretulad, sociologia, imdenad,
ramdenadac misi obieqtia sazogadoeba, xdeba marTvis momsaxure gamoyenebiTi
mecniereba. kvlevis resursebis teqnikuri Targmani gamoiyeneba ara analitikur
sqemaSi, aramed, anacvlebs im socialur realobas, romlis sqematizirebac
ukve moxda. am saxis ganviTareba ZiriTadia Tanamedrove dasavlur
sazogadoebebSi da apirobebs racionalurobis gaukuRmarTebul gagebas,
romelic fiqsirdeba SemecnebiT-instrumentalur aspeqtebze da am mxriv
partikularistulia (viwro) da amitom xels uSlis racionaluri diskursis
alternatiuli formebis ganviTarebas. am yvelafris manifestacia xdeba
“kulturuli” anu, mecnierul-teqnikuri formiT.
miuxedavad aseTi aRwerisa, romelic stabilurad da Seucvlelad
gamoiyureba, habermasi CamoTvlis im krizisebs, romelic emuqreba mis mier
aRweril postkapitalistur sazogadoebas: 1. ekonomikuri krizisi, rogoricaa
inflacia, finansuri Cavardnebi, da warmoebis Secdomebi. 2. racionalurobis

20
krizisi, rogoricaa dagegmvis Secdomebi da administraciuli dambla, romelic
xdeba raodenobrivad gazrdili jgufebis da gazrdili moTxovnebis
Sexvedrisas. 3. legitimurobis krizisi, anu, saxelmwifo-administraciuli
Secdomebi sakuTari dapirebebis SesrulebasTan dakavSirebiT da Secdomebi,
romelsac is uSvebs daqvemdebarebuli klasebis loialurobiT manipulaciisas.
4. motivaciis krizisi, anu, iseTi Rirebulebebis erozia, rogoricaa
individualizmi da miRweva, romelic aucilebelia ganviTarebuli
kapitalisturi sazogadoebis muSaobisaTvis.
magram, meore mxriv, ukve sxva doneze, habermasi gamoTqvams imeds, rom
SesaZlebelia sxva saxis racionaloba, romelsac is uwodebs “komunikaciuri
racionalurobas”. habermasi am cnebas gansazRvravs rogorc “araZaldatanebiTi,
gamaerTianebeli, konsensusis momtani Zalis mqone argumentirebuli
metyvelebis centraluri gamocdileba, romelSic sxvadasxva monawileebi
Zleven sakuTar mTlianad subieqtur Tvalsazrisebs da raki Tvlian, rom
racionalurad motivirebuli darwmuneba ormxrivobis gareSe ar arsebobs,
daumtkiceben erTmaneTs rogorc obieqturi samyaros erTianobas, aseve, maTi
cxovreb(eb)is intersubieqturobas”xviii.
“racionaluroba” aq aRniSnavs konsensusis miRwevis process, romelic
xorcieldeba Tavisufali, daumaxinjebeli individebis saSualebiT, romlebSic
dasabuTebis moTxovna SemecnebiT-racionaluri ki ar aris, aramed, gamoixateba
mizezebis moyvanaSi, normatiul dasabuTebaSi da dasabuTebis saboloo
instanciad gamocdilebis gadaqcevaSi. socialuri struqtura, romelic
aRmocendeba komunikaciuri moqmedebidan, Tavisufali sazogadoebis msgavsia –
romelic Tavisufalia SemecnebiT-racionaluri mentalobis simaxinjeebisagan –
emansipirebuli sazogadoeba damyarebulia konsensusze da gonebaze,
sazogadoeba, romelsac SeTanxmebuli jgufuri moqmedebis unari aqvs, da
SeuZlia daamarcxos gamowvevebis iracionaluroba represiuli
administraciul/racionaluri sistemis batonoba.

21
receptebi da diagnozebi (XX saukunis inteleqtualuri mimarTulebebi)

XIX-XX saukuneSi radikaluri socialuri Zvrebi inteleqtualebis

mier aRqmuli iqna, rogorc seriozuli gamowveva. teqstebis is
mravalferovneba, romelebic am dros da am gamowvevis gamo Seiqmna, SeiZleba
or nawilad gavyoT, davarqvaT erTs receptebis, xolo meores diagnozis
mimarTuleba. diagnozis mimarTulebis qveS pirobiTad gaerTianebuli
inteleqtualebi aRweren [socialur] samyaros da cdiloben arsebuli
aRweriT gamoiTvalon momavali.
receptis mimarTulebis mimdevrebi aRweren samyaros, afaseben mas
radikalurad uaryofiTad (xSir SemTxvevebSi es ganwyoba saerToa maTsa da
diagnozistebs Soris) da cdiloben daadginon is gza, romlic arsebuli
winaaRmdegobrivi viTarebidan gamoiyvans socialur samyaros.
am ori mimarTulebis radikalur warmomadgenlebad SeiZleba
davasaxeloT parsonsi (diagnozi) da habermasi (recepti).
Tumca, es ganwyoba ar gaCenila maincdamainc XX saukuneSi da SeiZleba
iTqvas, rom nicSes memkvidreobaa. dRes bevrs saubroben nicSes gavlenaze XX
saukuneze, da konkretulad, nicSes gavlenaze veberze: am mimarTulebas
safuZveli daedo 80-ian wlebSi, sabWoTa reJimis rRvevis dawyebis Semdeg,
rodesac, globaluri pirobebis cvlilebis gamo marqsma daiwyo socialur-
inteleqtualuri aqtualobis kargva, da mniSvnelovani opozicia – marqsi-
veberi - romelic XX saukunis pirveli naxevari ikavebda socialur TeoriaSi
da socialur filosofiaSi momuSave inteleqtualebis Tavebs, Senelda xix.
veberis da nicSes urTierTobis kvlevas safuZveli daudo hennisisxx wignma
veberis Sesaxeb.
idea, romelic nicSe-veberis urTierTobas udevs safuZvlad, aris
nicSes da veberis mier arsebuli sazogadoebis Sefasebis igiveoba (veberis
mier kapitalisturi sazogadoebis, rogorc rkinis galiis dafiqsireba da

22
a.S.). am konkretuli saxelmZRvanelosaTvis am SemTxvevaSi mniSvnelovania
receptualistis (nicSes) gavlena diagnozistze (veberze). Tavad XX saukunis
inteleqtualur istoriaSi nicSe SesaZlebelia Sefasdes, rogorc azrovnebis
am ori ZiriTadi mimarTulebis damwyebi, Tumca, argumentebi imis
sawinaaRmdegod, rom am mxriv marqsis roli naklebia, Zneladaa mosapovebeli.

Tavi I. Teoriebi socialuri cvlilebebis Sesaxeb

sociologiis gaCena XIX saukuneSi gamowveuli iyo im cvlilebebiT, romelic
xdeboda sazogadoebaSi. cvlilebebi im droindel socialur cnobierebasTan da
istoriul gamocdilebasTan SedarebiT iyo swrafi, rac bunebrivia,
inteleqtualebSi aCenda moTxovnas mecnierulad aexsnaT es cvlilebebi, da
rac ufro mniSvnelovania, SesaZlebisdagvarad gamoeTvalaT momavali. amitom,
ar aris gasakviri, rom sociologia gaCnda rogorc drois moTxovnaze pasuxi
da rogorc Cans, rogorc mecniereba socialuri cvlilebebis Sesaxeb.

klasikuri da neoevolucionizmi

ogust konti (1798-1857)

sociologiis damfuZnebeli konti ambobda, rom Tanamedrove sazogadoeba
(anu, industriul-urbanistul-kapitalisturi) ar aris SemTxveviTi, is
gamomdinareobs aucileblobiT misi winmswrebi procesebisagan. amitom,
SeuZlebelia Tanamedroveobis gageba da adekvaturi axsna, Tu ar gavigebT
winare istoriis meqanizms.
amisaTvis kontma Camoayaliba “sami etapis (safexuris, stadiis) kanoni”:
istoriuli cvlilebebis mamoZravebeli Zala mdebareobs gonebaSi, anu, sulSi.
anu, imaSi, Tu rogor aRiqvamen adamianebi samyaros, rogor moqmedeben am
aRqmis da gagebis Sesabamisad. es yvelaferi aris is codna, romelic aqvs
sazogadoebas da romelic ganuxrelad izrdeba. sazogadoebis es centraluri
momenti gavlenas axdens socialuri cxovrebis sxva aspeqtebze (rogoricaa

23
ekonomika, politika, samxedro saqme). kacobrioba gadis sam safexurs:
Teologiurs, metafizikurs da pozitiurs. Teologiuri mcire codnis etapia,
rodesac adamianebi jer nivTebs da cxovelebs “abraleben” xdomilebebis
marTvas, Semdeg mraval RmerTs, Semdeg erT yovlisSemZle RmerTs. es periodi
xasiaTdeba samxedro cxovrebis dominanturobiT da farTod gavrcelebuli
monobis institutiT. meore, metafizikuri etapi, safexuri dgeba rodesac
adamianebi anacvleben RmerTebs abstraqtuli mizezebiT da SinaarsebiT,
realobis fundamenturi principebiT, romelsac goneba wvdeba. am dros
politikaSi gabatondeba umaRlesi Zalauflebis, kanonze damyarebuli wesrigis
da kanonieri mmarTvelobis ideebi. mesame, pozitiuri periodi miiRweva,
rodesac adamianebi adgenen kanonebs empiriuli sicxadidan, dakvirvebidan,
Sedarebebidan da eqsperimentidan gamomdinare. es aris mecnierebis da
industriis dro. raki pozitiuri safexuri miRweulia, ganviTareba xdeba
dauboloebeli, imdenad, ramdenadac mecniereba mudam win midis, ufro maRal
da maRal xarisxs aRwevs, magram verasdros ver aRwevs saboloo WeSmaritebas.
ganviTareba xdeba raodenobrivi. ase rom, kontis istoria aris cvlilebebis
mimdevroba gonebaSi da sazogadoebaSi, romlebic ganviTarebis Sesabamisad,
Seesabameba da ireklavs erTmaneTs. evolucia upirveles yovlisa codnis
miRwevis meTodebis da codnis moculobis evoluciaa.

herbert spenseri (1820-1903)

spenseri fiqrobda, rom evolucia saerTo principia, rogorc bunebrivi,
aseve socialuri procesebisTvis. evolucia, spenseris mixedviT, mimdinareobs
struqturuli da funqcionaluri diferenciaciis gziT: 1. martividan
rTulisaken 2. amorfulobidan nawilebis gamoxatvisken (artikulaciisaken) 3.
erTformianobidan, homogenurobidan specializaciisaken, heterogenulobisaken
4. cvalebadobidan stabilurobisakenxxi.
kacobriobis istoriaSi evoluciis zogadi kanoni specifikurad
xorcieldeba. socialuri evoluciis meqanizmi eyrdnoba sam princips. 1.

24
homogenuri, erTgvarovani populaciebis Sinagani arastabiluroba. adamianebi
araTanabarni arian maTi gamocdilebiT, memkvidreobiT, garemo pirobebiT da a.S.
amitom, SeuZlebelia ar daiwyos erTgvarovani sazogadoebis diferenciacia
masSi rolebis, Zalauflebis, funqciebis da sxva maxasiaTeblebis gamoyofiT.
2. arsebobs araTanabrobis gaZlierebis, rolebis specializaciis gaRrmavebis,
Zalauflebis da simdidris gayofis zrdis tendencia. 3. imdenad, ramdenadac
msgavsi poziciebis (rolebis, prestiJis, simdidris, funqciebis mixedviT)
xalxi mimarTulia gaerTianebisaken, sazogadoeba iwyebs nawilebad, klasebad da
jgufebad dayofas. imdenad, ramdenadac sazRvrebi, romlebic am jgufebs
hyofs, fiqsirdeba, populaciis segregacia izrdeba da homogenur
mdgomareobasTan dabruneba SeuZlebeli xdeba.
es meqanizmi apirobebs kacobriobis istoriis safexurebis gansxvavebas,
dawyebuli martivi sazogadoebebidan (ormxrivad izolirebuli, yvela wevris
erTgvarovani saqmianoba, politikuri organizirebis gareSe) rTuli
sazogadoebebis (individuumebs Soris Sromis ganawilebis Canasaxebi,
sazogadoebis segmentebs Soris funqciebis ganawilebis dasawyisi, ierarqiuli
politikuri organizacia) da ormagad rTuli sazogadoebebis (sakuTari
teritoriis floba, kanonebis sistema) gavliT, civilizaciamde (yvelaze
rTuli socialuri mTlianobebi, saxelmwifo-erebi, saxelmwifoebis
federaciebi an didi imperiebi).
imisaTvis, rom mieTiTebina, Tu saiT midis es evoluciuri procesi,
spenserma Semoitana sazogadoebebis tipebis pirveli dixotomiuri, polaruli
dapirispireba. qvemoT motanil cxrilSi mocemulia samxedro da
industiriuli sazogadoebebis idealuri tipebis sqema (smelzeris
mixedviTxxii), anu, Tu rogor gadmocemda spenseri sazogadoebis da
saxelmwifos ganviTarebis dasawyisis da dasasrulis principebs:

25
damaxasiaTebeli niSnebi samxedro sazogadoeba industriuli sazogadoeba
ZiriTadi moqmedeba teritoriis dacva da mSvidobiani warmoeba da
dapyroba momsaxurebis/produqciis
gacvla
integraciis principi iZuleba, xisti sanqciebi Tavisufali, nebelobiTi
kooperacia, kontraqtebi
saxelmwifos da saxelmwifos batonoba, saxelmwifo emsaxureba
individuumebis Tavisuflebis SezRudva indivuduumebis saWiroebebs,
urTierToba Tavisuflebebs
saxelmwifos da sxva monopolia da kerZo organizaciebis
organizaciebis saxelmwifos dominiacia avtonomia
urTierToba
politikuri struqtura centralizacia, decentralizacia,
autokratia demokratia
stratifikacia mimagreba, dabali miRwevadoba, maRali
mobiluroba, Caketili mobiluroba, Ria
sazogadoeba sazogadoeba
ekonomikuri moqmedeba autarkia, ekonomikuri
proteqcionizmi, urTierTdamokidebuleba,
TviTkmaroba Tavisufali vaWroba
donimanturi simamace, disciplina, iniciativa, gamomgonebloba,
Rirebulebebi loialuroba, morCileba, damoukidebloba,
patriotizmi samarTlianoba/simarTleze
orinetirebuloba.

luis morgani (1818-1881)

amerikelma anTropologma luis morganma Semoitana evoluciis ideis
sakuTari varianti. is iyo pirveli imaT Soris, vinc evoluciis amosavali
daukavSira teqnologiis ganviTarebis ideasxxiii. morgans sjeroda, rom
evoluciis erTgvarovneba da gangrZobiToba dakavSirebulia adamianTa
materialur moTxovnebis universalurobasa da mudmivobasTan. aseTi
moTxovnebi, romelic saerToa yvela adamianisaTvis (saWmeli, TavSesafari,
komforti, usafrTxoeba da a.S.) warmoSobs maTi dakmayofilebis Zebnis
stimuls. ase, teqnologiuri Zvrebi ganpirobebulia im materialuri
moTxovnebiT, romlebic axasiaTebT adamianebs. axali teqnologiebis gamoCena ki

26
cvlis sazogadoebis bunebas, gavlenas axdens ojaxur cxovrebaze da
naTesaobis organizaciaze, ekonomikis da politikis formebze, kulturul
Rirebulebebze da yoveldRiur cxovrebaze.
kacobriobis istoria sam fazas gadis: veluroba, barbarosoba da
civilizacia. gadasvlebi xdeba mniSvnelovani teqnologiuri aRmoCenebis gamo.
ase, “martivi velurobis” periodSi Cven vxvdebiT nayofis Segrovebas, xolo
“Sua velurobaSi” – cecxlis aRmoCenas da Tevzaobis meTodebs. “maRali
veluroba” aris mSvildisris gamogoneba da nadiroba. “dabal babrbarosobaSi”
Tixis WurWlis gakeTebis teqnologiaa umniSvnelovanesi, “Sua barbarosobaSi”
vxvdebiT moSinaurebas da axal miwaTmoqmedebis kulturebs. “maRal
barbarosobaSi” Cndeba rkinis da rkinis iaraRebis warmoeba, romelsac
revoluciuri mniSvneloba aqvs. sabolood, civilizaciis dabadeba aRiniSneba
fonetikuri anbanis gamogonebiT da weris xelovnebiT.
aseTma, anu, monomizezobrivma, teqnologiurma axsnam gavlena moipova. is
aisaxa momdevno mniSvnelovan mimdinareobebSi (mag. marqsizmi, neo-
evolucionizmi).

emil durkhaimi (1855-1936)

durkhaimi iyo antireduqcionisti. is uaryofda imis SesaZleblobas, rom
socialuri fenomenis mizezebi SeiZleba sadme iyos, garda socialuri
realobisa (socialur faqtebSi). es Tvalsazrisi aisaxa mis TeoriaSi
socialuri evoluciis Sesaxeb. evoluciis ZiriTad mimarTulebad durkhaimma
gansazRvra Sromis ganawilebis, amocanebis, movaleobebis da rolebis
diferenciaciis zrda. es tendencia ukavSirdeba demografiul faqtorebsxxiv:
populaciis zrda moqmedebs demografiul simWidroveze da moaqvs “moraluri
simWidrovis” zrda, rac niSnavs urTierTobebis intensifikacias, socialuri
urTierTobebis sirTules, anu, moqmedebs socialuri kavSirebis xarisxze.
spenseris msgavsad, durkhaimmac Semoitana sazogadoebebis tipologia romelic
eyrdnoba socialuri kavSirebis sxvadasxva xarisxs: “meqanikuri solidaroba”

27
gamomdinareobs funqciebis da amocanebis erTgvarovnebidan da
aradiferncirebulobidan, “organuli solidaroba” Zlier diferencirebuli
rolebis da adgilebis rTul da ormxriv TanamSromlobazea damyarebuli.
durkhaimis mixedviT istoria moZraobs meqanikuri solidarobidan organul
solidarobamde. qvemoT mocemuli sqema ganmartavs am dixotomias (Stompkas
mixedviT5):
Tviseba meqanikuri solidaroba organuli solidaroba
moqmedebebis xasiaTi, erTgvarovani, erTi Zlierad
ZiriTadi socialuri formis morali dadiferencirebuli
kavSiri religiuli konsensusi kavSirebi da ormxrivi
damokidebuleba
individuumis pozicia koleqtivizmi, fokusi individualizmi, fokusi
jgufze, sazogadoebaze avtonomiur individebze
ekonomikuri struqtura izolirebuli, Sromis ganawileba,
autarkiuli, TviTkmari jgufebis ormxrivi
jgufebi damokidebuleba
erTmaneTze, gacvla
socialuri kontroli represiuli kanonebi, restituciuli* kanonebi,
darRvevebis dasja damcavi kontraqtebi
(kriminaluri samarTali) (samoqalaqo samarTali)
* iseTi kanonebi, romelic mimarTulia pirveladi samarTlebrivi mdgomareobis
aRdgenaze (mag. zaralis anazRaurebaze).

ferdinand tionisi (1855-1936)

msgavsi topologiis povna SeiZleba tionisTan. tionisma Semoitana “erTobis”
da “sazogadoebis” dayofaxxv. personaluri, intimuri, pirveladi, TviTmiznuri,
romelic “erTobis” tipis daxasiaTebaa, modernul “sazogadoebaSi” icvleba
impersonaluri, mediaciuri, meoreuli da mTlianad instrumentaluri
kontaqtebiT. ufro konkretulad, ix. cxrili (Stompkas mixedviT):

28
Tviseba erToba sazogadoeba
socialuri naTesaoba ekonomikuri gacvla
urTierTobebi
tipiuri institutebi ojaxi saxelmwifo da ekonomika
individuumis xati, saxe TviToba pirovneba, moqalaqe
simdidris firma miwa fuli
kanonis tipi ojaxuri samarTali kontraqtebis samarTali
centraluri sofeli qalaqi
institutebi
socialuri kontroli xalxuri wesi, religia kanoni da
sazogadoebrivi azri

tionisis midgomis gansakuTrebuloba mdgomareobs erTobis nostalgiaSi. is

aris evolucionistebis im iSviaTi frTis warmomadgeneli, romelic ar
akavSirebs evoluciis da progresis cnebebs erTmaneTTan. misi azriT,
evolucia midis adamianuri saWiroebebis sawinaaRmdegod, adamianuri pirobebis
gauaresebisaken, da ara gaumjobesebisaken.

lester uardi (1841-1913)

uardi Tavis “dinamiur sociologiaSi”xxvi amtkicebda, rom evoluciis
meqanizmi ar aris mudmivi da droTa ganmavlobaSi is icvleba. yvelaze ufro
mniSvnelovani zRvari, romelic SeiZleba davinaxoT evoluciis procesSi,
spontanur, bunebriv evolucias (genezisi) da adamianur, mizezze
orientirebul evolucias (telezisi) Sorisaa. es ukanaskneli
gansakuTrebulia da warimarTeba adamianebis cnobierebiT da dasaxuli miznebis
mixedviT. anu, ufro konkretulad, evolucia iwyeba rogorc “kosmogenezisi”,
da moicavs samyaros warmoSobas. raRac momentSi, sicocxlis warmoSobis gamo,
Cndeba axali evoluciuri meqanizmi (“biogenezisi”) da iwyebs moqmedebas
kosmogenezisTan erTad. Semdgom, adamianis gaCenasTan erTad, axali
evoluciuri meqanizmi Cndeba (“anTropogenezisi”) da erTveba evoluciaSi

29
kosmogenezisTan da biogenezisTan erTad. sabolood, rodesac adamiani moeqceva
axal organizaciul formaSi, sazogadoebaSi, da warmoiSoba axali meqanizmi
„sociogenezisi”. sabolood, oTxi meqanizmi erTad muSaobs, da akontrolebs
erTmaneTze dadebul Sreebs, romlebsac sxvadasxva warmoSoba aqvT:
kosmogenezisuri, biogenezisuri, anTropogenezisuri da sociogenezisuri.
bolo ori fazis dros evolucia ganicdis axal Semobrunebas: dagegmva, aRqma,
momavlis konstruireba sruliad axal SesaZleblobebs qmnis socialuri
cvlilebisaTvis. evolucia gadadis axal, yvelaze maRal doneze da xdeba
ufro mravalganzomilebiani da adamianuri (humanuri).

evoluciis klasikur Teoriebi mravalmxriv gaakritikes. kritikis samizneebs

Soris yvelaze ufro popularuli iyo Semdegi eWvebi:
 arsebobs Tu ara saerTo istoriuli logika?
 ganicdis Tu ara adamianebis sazogadoeba, rogorc mTliani, evolucias?
 marTebulia Tu ara sazogadoebis [mTliani] organizmis analogiiT aRwera?
 gazviadebuli xom ar aris socialuri cvlilebebis sixSire da socialuri
wyobis Secvlaze maTi mimarTuloba?
 arseboben Tu ara socialuri cvlilebebi, rogorc aseTi? (xom ar arian
isini abstraqciiT miRebulebi?);
 marTebulia Tu ara linearuli evoluciis cneba?
 realuria Tu ara monomizezobrivi cvlilebebi?
yvela am da bevri sxva mizezis gamo, XX saukunis Sua wlebamde
evoluciuri modeli aRaravis aRar gaxsenebia. garda filosofiuri da
ontologiuri safuZvlebisa, neoevolucionizmis gaCenas safuZvlad daedo
aRmoCenebi paleontologiaSi, anTropologiaSi, eTnologiaSi da sxva
mecnierebebSi. yovel SemTxvevaSi cxadi gaxda, rom ganviTarebis idea ar iyo
sabolood gadasagdebi, radganac sxvadasxva istoriuli mecnierebis monacemebi
lamis yoveldRiurad adasturebdnen populaciis zrdis, teqnologiis da

30
warmoebis winsvlis tendenciebs. da rac mTavaria, socialuri sistemebis
garTulebas, diferenciacias da urbanizacias.
talkot parsonsi werda: “biologiuri da socialuri mecnierebis
ganviTareba qmnis safuZvels rom miviRoT sazogadoebis da kulturis
fundamenturi gangrZobiToba, rogorc cocxali sistemebis evoluciis ufro
farTo da zogadi Teoriis nawili”.
magram, neoevolucionizmi ar iyo klasikuri evolucionizmis ubralo
gameoreba. gansxvavebebi maT Soris Semdegia:
1. globaluri adamianuri sazogadoebidan fokusma gadainacvla im procesebze,
romlebic mimdinareoben ufro SezRudul socialur erTeulebSi:
civilizaciebSi, kulturebSi, gamoyofil sazogadoebebSi (tomebSi,
saxelmwifo-erebSi, a.S.)
2. ZiriTadi yuradReba sazogadoebebis tipologiuri daxasiaTebebidan gadavida
evoluciis mizezebis meqanizmebze. anu, axsna gaxda ufro mniSvnelovani,
vidre aucilebeli safexurebis aRwera da CamoTvla.
3. evoluciis gansazRvrebebi gaxda aRweriTi. neoevolucionistebi
maqsimalurad cdilobdnen ar SeefasebinaT socialuri procesebi rogorc
progresi.
4. teqstebi igeboda ufro “albaT”, “SesaZlebelia” konstruqtebis
saSualebiT, vidre deterministuli da darwmunebuli formiT.
5. iyo Sinagani kavSiri evolucionizmis sxva mimarTulebasTan, darvinizmTan,
romelic viTardeboda damoukideblad da didi siswrafiT.
neoevolucionizmis yvelaze ufro cnobili warmomadgenlebi arian gerhard da
jin lenskebi da talkot parsonsi.

gerhard da jin lenskebi

lenskebis azriT, maTi Teoria (ekologiur-evoluciuri midgoma)
biologiaSi evoluciur midgomasTan erTad iziarebs interess cvlilebis
procesisadmi – kerZod, ZiriTad, xangZliv, ganviTarebad da adaptirebad
cvlilebebisadmi _ da aseve, interess masTan SeWidul - Sejibrebis da

31
konfliqtis procesebisadmi. biologiaSi ekologiur midgomasTan mas aqvs
saerTo interesi populaciebis SigniT da populaciebs Soris
urTierTdamokidebulebis mimarT, da populaciis da maTi garemos
damokidebulebis mimarTxxvii.
lenskebis azriT, kacobrobis istoriaSi xangZlivi
mimarTulebebis/tendenciebis arseboba sruliad cxadia. yvelaze ufro
mniSvnelovani tendencia teqnologiuri winsvlaa. miuxedavad imisa, rom
arsebobs “teqnostasisis” da regresiis SemTxveviTi movlenebi, is cvlilebis
upiratesi da mTavari mimarTulebaa. sociokulturuli evolucia aris
teqnologiuri winsvla da misi Sedegebia. teqnologiuri cvlilebis ZiriTadi
idea, Sinaarsi im informaciis moculobis da xarisxis cvlilebaa, romelic
garemos kontrolisTvisaa gamosadegi. “me vixrebi darwmunebisaken, rom yvela,
an umetesi mimarTulebis safuZveli erTi ZiriTadi mimarTulebaa, romelic
xsnis yvela danarCens. es aris adamianebisaTvis xelmisawvdomi informaciis
moculobis zrda, konkretulad, ki im informaciis, romlis saSualebiTac
SesaZlebelia materialuri samyaros manipulireba”.
adamianebis warmoSoba cxovelTa samyarodan aris winsvla swavlaSi da
informaciis gacvlaSi. informaciis ZiriTadi, sabazo forma wminda
genetikuria, umaRlesi forma individualuri swavlebaa. genetikur dones
Semdeg misdevs niSnebiT komunikacia (informaciis gaziareba imaTTvis, vinc im
wuTas aris gverdiT), da sabolood, simboloebis mniSvnelobebiT komunikacia,
informaciis kodireba, Senaxva da gaziareba maTTvis romlebic aucileblad ar
arian gverdiT, ara marto sivrceSi, aramed droSic (informaciis gadacema
Taobebidan Taobebze). simboluri sistemebi aZleven adamians saSualebas
radikalurad axali gzebiT moaxdinos adaptacia da hqondes urTierToba
biofizikur garemosaTan. simboluri sistemebi genetikuri sistemebis
funqciuri analogebia. Cans, rom momavalSi, informacia, romelic eqneba
adamians, miscems mas saSualebas cnobieri kontroli gauwios sakuTar
evolucias. es daagvirgvinebs “evoluciis evoluciis” process.

32
 socialuri cxovrebis yvela sxva aspeqti mkacrad SeWidulia
teqnologiasTan. evoluciis ganmsazRvrelebi ierarqiis mixedviT ase lagdeba:
teqnologia, ekonomika, politika, ganawilebis sistema. marTalia, lenskebi
uSveben sxva xazis arsebobasac, romelic moqmedebs teqnologiaze
sazogadoebis mxridan, magram, zogadaT, teqnologiuri winsvla mTavari
ganmsazRvrelia ZiriTadi mimarTulebebis TanavarskvlavedSi – populacia, ena,
socialuri struqtura da ideologia – romlebic sazRvravs kacobriobis
istoriis ZiriTad mimarTulebebs.
ase rom, kacobriobis evoluciuri fazebi iyofa teqnologiis
kriteriumis mixedviT: 1. nadiroba da Semgrovebloba (7000 Zv.w.-mde) mebaReoba
(hortikulturuli faza) (7000-dan 3000-mde Zv.w.), agraruli (3000 Zv.w.-dan
1800 ax. w.) da industriuli (1800 ax.w.-dan dRemde). adgilobrivi
ekologiuri pirobebidan gamomdinare, SesaZlebelia iyos alternatiuli
xazebi, romlebic uxvevs evoluciis ZiriTad kurss. zogierTma sazogadoebam
SeiZleba ganaviTaros ekvivalenturi, magram gansxvavebuli teqnologiebi,
efeqturobis igive doneze, rac SeiZleba gaizomos, sazogadoebis mTliani
produqtis Rirebulebis gayofiT adamianur energiaze, romelic ixarjeba
produqtis warmoebaze.

talkot parsonsi (1902-1979)

parsonsi ansxvavebs or ZiriTad process, romelic xdeba nebismier socialur
sistemaSi: integraciuli da kontrolis procesebi, romlebsac aqvs
kompensatoruli efeqti: isini aRadgenen wonasworobas darRvevis Semdeg, da
icaven sazogadoebis gangrZobiTobas da reproduqtiulobas. magram, garda
amisa, arseboben struqturuli cvlilebebis procesebi, romlebic exeba
Rirebulebebis da normebis ZiriTad sistemebs. struqturuli cvlileba aris
im Rirebulebebis cvlileba, romelic akontrolebs sistemis erTeulebs
Soris urTierTobebsxxviii.

33
 stuqturuli cvlilebebi evoluciur models mihyvebian. procesis
yoveli Semdgomi faza gamoirCeva sirTulis zrdiT, rac Tavis mxriv
gamoixateba sistemis SigniT specializirebuli erTeulebis raodenobis
gazrdiT, rasac mosdevs TanamSromlobis, organizaciis da koordinaciis axali
formebis aucilebloba. sociokulturuli evolucia, iseve, rogorc organuli
evolucia mimdinareobs SedarebiT martividan ufro rTuli formebisaken. anu,
mTavari mimarTuleba zogadi adaptiuri SesaZleblobis gaZlierebaa. magram es
mxolod zogadi mimarTulebaa, romelic ar moicavs specifikuri evoluciuri
traeqtoriis mravalferovnebas. evolucia aris ara monolinearuli, aramed
multilinearuli. evoluciis yoveli done moicavs gansxvavebuli formebis da
tipebis did mravalferovnebas.
arsebobs evoluciis oTxi bazisuri meqanizmi: diferenciacia,
adaptaciuri gaumjobeseba, CarTva da Rirebulebebis ganzogadeba
(generalizacia). 1. diferenciaciis meqanizmi, anu, struqturulad da
funqciurad axali struqturuli erTeulebis Camoyalibeba. diferenciacia
struqturis erTeulis an sistemis dayofaa or an met erTeulad, an
struqturad, romlebic gansxvavdeba erTmaneTisagan da sistemisaTvis
funqciurad mniSvnelovania; 2. adaptirebadi gaumjobeseba yoveli axali
erTeulis efeqturobis zrdaa, maTi ufro specializirebuli da efeqturi
moqmedeba adreuli, ufro erTgvarovani erTeulebis moqmedebasTan SedarebiT.
adaptaciuri gaumjobeseba is procesia, romlis mixedviTac ufro meti
resursebia xelmisawvdomi, anu, axali erTeulebis funqcionireba Tavisufalia
im SezRudvebisagan, romelic hqonda maT winmswreb erTeulebs; 3. CarTva is
meqanizmia, romelic saWiroa axali erTeulebis da sistemebis sazogadoebaSi
integraciisaTvis, maTi harmoniuli operirebisaTvis axal konteqstSi; 4.
Rirebulebebis ganzogadeba saWiroa maSin, rodesac xdeba axali normatiuli
standartebis formulireba, imisaTvis, rom axali erTeulebi CaerTon
sazogadoebaSi da maT moqmedebas legitimuri safuZlveli hqondes. es meqanizmi
muSobs socialuri stabilurobis uzrunvelsayofad.

34
 oTxive es meqanizmi moqmedebs erTad, da yoveli cvlileba am oTxi (da
sxva) procesis Sedegia.
evolucias aqvs Semdegi etapebi-safexurebi: primitiuli, ganviTarebuli
primituli da modernuli. primitiuli etapi aris maSin, rodesac sazogadoeba
mTliand homogenuli da erTgvarovania. ganviTarebul primitiul safexurze
xdeba qvesistemebad dayofa: politikuri funqciebi gamoeyofa religiurs,
xolo saeklesio da saero Rirebulebebi diferencirdeba. sazogadoebaSi
monawileoba stratificirdeba, da ufro meti yuradReba eqceva miRwevebs,
vidre socialur warmoSobas. xdeba damwerlobis gaCena, informaciis
akumulireba da gadacema. sabolood, “sazogadoebis modernuli tipi
warmoiSoba erT evoluciur arenaze, romelic evropis arealia.. .. “
modernulobis ZiriTadi, ganmasxvavebeli niSnebia: 1. sazogadoebaSi oTxi
qvesistemis sruli diferenciacia: adaptaciuri, mizanze orientirebuli,
integraciuli da modelebis SemanarCunebeli; 2. ekonomikis dominanturi
roli, romelic xasiaTdeba masobrivi warmoebiT, biurokratiuli
organizaciiT, bazris yvelgan ganmsWvaluroba da fuli, rogorc gacvlis
generalizebuli arena da mediumi; 3. kanonis sistemis, rogorc socialuri
koordinaciis da kontrolis ZiriTadi meqanizmis ganviTareba; 4.
stratifikacia, romelic damyarebulia miRwevis univeersalur kriteriumze; 5.
socialuri urTierTobebis impersonaluri, mediaciuri, rTuli qselebis
gavrceleba.
parsonsma Tavisi msjeloba evoluciaze daamTavra daskvniT: Cvens droSi
unda gamoCeniliyo “wamyvani sazogadoeba”, romlic daasrulebda evoluciur
process, da es sazogadoeba amerikis SeerTebuli Statebia. “aSS-m, “pirvelma
axalma erma” unda iTamaSos daaxloebiT igive roli, rasac inglisi
asrulebda XVII saukuneSi”.

35
diferenciaciis da modernizaciis Teoriebis kritika
miuxedavad imisa, rom diferenciaciis da modernizaciis Teoriebi Zalian
momxibvlelad da ueWvelad gamoiyureba, maT warmoSves kritikis mTeli
talRa:
diferenciaciis Teoriis winaaRmdegobebi Semdegia:
1. kriteriumebi – am SemTxvevaSi mniSvnelovania Zalauflebis faqtori. anu,
kiTxva, Tu visTvisaa efeqturi diferenciacia (anu, visi kriteriumis
mixedviT)? Tu am kiTxvas CavuRrmavdebiT mivdivarT ideasTan, rom
Zalaufleba arCevs diferenciaciis mimarTulebas da SeuZlia dablokos
sxva mimarTulebebi. amdenad, diferenciacia ki ar xdeba, aramed,
Zalaufleba awarmoebs mas, Sesabamisad, Sromis ganawilebas, da zogadad,
socialuri formebis warmoebas da kvlavwarmoebas.
2. dediferenciaciis mravali SemTxveva – miuxedavad imisa, rom diferenciacia
zogadad amarTlebs da xsnis istoriis ZiriTad xazs, istoriaSi arsebobs
dediferenciaciis da funqciebis Serwymis mravali SemTxveva
(civilizaciebis dacema, qalaqebis da soflebis funqciebis gamartiveba-
Serwyma, da sxva). garda amisa, modernul samyaroSic aris de-
diferenciaciis saintereso SemTxvevebi, rogoricaa, magaliTad, Tanamedrove
moqalaqis roli, romelic msWvalavs yvela sxva socialur dayofas.
modernizaciis Teoriis winaaRmdegobebi Semdegia:
1. praqtikuli winaaRmdegobebi: XX saukunis Sua wlebis Semdeg gairkva, rom
modernizacias xSirad ar moaqvs is Sedegebi, romelsac isaxavda miznad.
modernizaciis arasasurvel Sedegebad miCneuli iyo omebi, axali
fundamentalisturi religiebi, nacionalizmis sxvadasxva saxe,
regionalizmis gaCena da sxva. garda amisa, aSkara iyo, rom qvesistemebis
doneze izrdeboda gadaxrebi da danaSaulebebi. mravali Semfaseblis azriT,
bevri qveynis politikur sferoSi modernizacias ganviTareba ar moutania.
2. Teoriuli winaaRmdegobebi: am mxriv modernizaciis safuZvlis, evoluciuri
modgomis gaziareba aRmoCnda Zneli. Teoretikosebi aRniSnavdnen, rom

36
 sazogadoebebis modernizacia iwyeba sxvadasxva adgilidan, rac gavlenas
axdebs maT kursze. garda amisa, tradiciulobis da modernulobis mkveTri
gansxvaveba dadga eWvis qveS. axali qveynebis modernizaciis dawyebam aCvena,
Tu ra didi roli aqvs tradicias, rogor SenarCundeba da xandaxan rogor
Zlierdeba igi modernizaciisas. SemoTavazebul iqna Canacvlebuliyo
mizanze mimarTuli konteqsti globaluri, gareT mimarTuli foniT,
romelic kritikosebis azriT, realobas ufro Seesabamiseboda. dabolos,
dasavleTze orientirebuli koncefcia ar aRmoCnda damakmayofilebeli,
aRiniSneboda, rom bevri modernuli saxelmwifo da sazogadoeba ar
viTardeba evropuli saxelmwifo-erebis mimarTulebiT.

istoriuli ciklebis Teoriebi

sanam kacobriobis istoriis cvlilebebis kanonzomierebebze davasrulebdeT
saubars, unda aRiniSnos istoriuli ciklebis Teoriebi, romlis yvelaze
cnobili warmomadgenlebi arian Spengleri, toinbi, pareto, sorokini.

osvald Spengleri (1880-1936)

Tavis naSromSi “dasavleTis daisi” Spengleri aRniSnavda, rom ar arsebobs
istoriis linealuri progresi. Spengleri miuTiTebda “maRali kulturebis”
(egvipturi, babilonuri, induri, berZnul-romauli, Cinuri da a.S.) beds, da
ambobda, rom isini ibadebian (mcenareebiviT - gansazRvrul miwaze), da
kvdebian, rodesac srulad axorcieleben TavianT SesaZleblobebs. istoria
aseTi kulturebis “koleqtiuri biografiaa”.

arnold toinbi (1889-1975)

toinbim dawera 12 tomiani naSromi “istoriis Seswavla”xxix. toinbis
mixedviT, istoriis, rogorc mecnierebis, sagani aris ara erTeuli
saxelmwifo-eri, ara kacobrioba, rogorc mTlianoba, aramed, is, rac aris maT
Soris, anu, is, rasac aqvs ufro meti arsebobis xangZlivoba, vidre calkeul
sazogadoebebs, magram ufro mcire, vidre mTlianad kacobriobas. es aris

37
civilizacia. yovel civilizacias aqvs Tavisi specifikuri dominanturi niSani.
es niSnebia, magaliTad, esTetika elinistur civilizaciaSi, religia indurSi,
mecniereba da meqanikuri teqnologia dasavleTis civilizaciaSi.
civilizaciebi warmoiSoba Semdegi pirobebis gamo: SemoqmedebiTi umciresobis
arseboba da arc Zalian kargi, da arc Zalian cudi garemo pirobebi.
civilizaciebis dacema sami momentis urTierTdamTxvevaa: umciresobis
SemoqmedebiTi Zalis dakargva, umravlesobis winaaRmdegoba umciresobisadmi, da
rogorc amis Sedegi, sazogadoebis mier socialuri erTianobis dakargva.

vilfredo pareto (1848-1923)

paretos sazogadoeba warmodgenili hyavda, rogorc sistema, romelic rogorc
mTlianad, aseve misi Semadgeneli nawilebic, gadian wonasworobis,
destabilizaciis, wonasworobis dakargvis da axali wonasworobis ganmeorebad
ciklebs. arsebobs saerTo socialuri cikli, da arseboben segmentuli
ciklebi: politikur-militaristuli, ekonomikur-industriuli, ideologiur
religiuri, da yoveli maTgani “SigniT” imeorebs aRniSnul ciklsxxx.

pitirim sorokini (1889-1968)

sorokinma kacbriobis istoria sam etapian ciklebad dahyo. es etapebia
ideaciuri, idealisturi da grZnobadi. istoria ganuxrelad mimdinareobs am
ciklebis mixedviT. Tanamedrove sazogadoeba aris yvelaze uaresi, da
Sesabamisad, grZnobadi. magram, sorokinis es pesimisturi Teoria optimizmis
safuZvelsac iZleva. anu, raki axla grZnobadi droa, momavalSi dadgeba
ideaciuri xanaxxxi.

istoriuli materializmi

karl marqsis (1818-1883) istoriul materializms gansakuTrebuli adgili

uWiravs socialuri cvlilebebis Teoriis istoriaSi. XX saukunis
ganmavlobaSi, rogorc orTodoqsi (sabWoTa kavSiri), aseve araorTodoqsi
(dasavleTi) marqsistebi absoluturad gansxvavebul interpretaciebs

38
iZleodnen. Tavad marqsis nawerebi dRemde sainteresod rCeba
sociologebisaTvis. qvemoT mokled ganxilulia Stompkas mier marqsis
interpretacia:
Stompka marqsis naazrevSi gamohyofs sam dones: moqmedeba-individualuri done
(pirovnebis, rogorc ara substanciuri, aramed relaciuri arsebis Teoria),
sociostruqturuli done (klasTa Teoria) da msoflio-istoriuli done
(socioekonomikuri formaciebis Teoria). aseTi rekonstruqciis safuZvelze
marqsi warmogvidgeba rogorc socialuri cvlilebis sami tipis
mizezobriobis damdgeni.
Sesabamisad, klasTa Teoria, romelic ase popularuli iyo sabWoTa
kavSiris dros, am konkretuli rekonstruqciiT aris mxolod erTi “fenis”
aRwera da arafriT ar asaxavs mTlinad marqss.
aseve, aRsaniSnavia, rom zogierTi Tanamedrove avtori (mag. andorka32)
marqsiseul gaucxoebis cnebas akavSirebs anomiis cnebasTan (acxadebs mis
winamorbedad).

Tavi II. socialuri struqturebis (institutebis) warmoSobis da

cvlilebebis Teoriebi

maqs veberi
socialuri struqtura, romelic warmoiSoba sazrisis mqone interaqciidan.
veberis mixedviT, socialuri moqmedeba SeWidulia im subieqtur
mniSvnelobasTan, rasac masSi debs aqtori, anu, is, vinc moqmedebs. moqmedeba
ganisazRreba, imdenad, ramdenadac moqmedi individuumi aniWebs subieqtur
mniSvnelobas sakuTar moqmedebas – iqneba is faruli Tu Ria, Secdoma Tu
daTmoba. moqmedeba aris socialuri imdenad, ramdenadac “misi subieqturi
mniSvneloba angariSs uwevs sxvebis qcevas da da amitom mimarTulia misi
mimarTulebiT” (anu, socialuris mimarTulebiT). am amosavalma ubiZga vebers
gaego sociokulturuli fenomeni sxvagvarad, vidre es aris miRebuli

39
sabunebismetyvelo mecnierebaSi [sakuTari sagnis mimarT], da mieZRvna
meTodologiuri ganazrebebi imis gzebis axsnas, romlebiTac es
“inteleqtualuri da fsiqologiuri” fenomeni SeiZleba yofiliyo nawvdomi
“gagebis” procesis saSualebiT. e.w. “obieqturi” statistikac ki ar Seileba
gagebuli iqnes mxolod rogorc “socialuri moqmedebis mimarTulebis
gagebadi (wvdomadi) subieqturi mniSvneloba”xxxii.
aqedan gamomdinare, veberTan sakmaod problematuri unda iyos
subieqturi mniSvnelobebidan saerTo mniSvnelobebze, anu, institutebze
gadasvla. veberTan es problema wydeba idealuri tipebis cnebiT, romelic
iZleva saSualebas moxdes gadasvla subieqturi mniSvnelobebidan zogad
debumlebebze da mdgomareobebze. idealuri tipi xasiaTdeba, rogorc
konstruqcia, an sqema, romelic warmoiSoba mkvlevaris naazrevSi, magram aqvs
safuZveli empiriul samyaroSic. idealuri tipis veberiseuli gansazRvreba
Semdegia: “is yalibdeba erTi an ramdenime erTmxrivi Tvalsazrisis
aqcentuaciis da bevri difuziuri, diskretuli, met-naklebad saxeze arsebuli
da SemTxveviTad ar arsebuli konkretuli indivudualuri fenomenebis
sinTeziT, romlebic (fenomenebi) Seadgenen im erTmxrivi gamokveTili
Tvalsazrisebis mixedviT gaerTianebul, analitikur konstruqcias”. idealuri
tipebis konkretuli magaliTebi, veberis mixedviT arian didi msoflio
religiebi da maTi Sida variaciebi, mmarTvelobis tipebi, biurokratia,
racionaluri burJuaziuli kapitalizmi. veberis mixedviT, idealuri tipi
mimarTulebas usaxavs realobis gazomvas, Sedarebas da uflebas aZlevs
mkvlevars miaRwios istoriuli fenomenis da misi kavSirebis zogad analizs.
veberis am Teoriis kritika eyrdnoba imas, rom ar aris cxadi da
erTgvari, Tu rogor Cndeba struqtura, instituti. am problemas
sxvadasxvanairad upasuxebs sami Tanamedrove Teoria: simboluri
urTierTqmedebis, eTnomeTodologiis da socialuri kontrolis Teoriebi.

40
simboluri urTierTqmedeba
simboluri urTierTqmedebis meTodologiuri safuZvlis Camoyalibebisas
blumermaxxxiii gaakeTa aqcenti imaze, Tu ra ar aris simboluri
urTierTqmedeba:
1. adamianis qceva ar unda gavigoT, rogorc Sedegi, romelsac apirobebs
fsiqologiuri faqtorebi – stimuli, ganwyobebi, cnobieri Tu aracnobieri
motivebi da a.S. blumerma uaryo rogorc biheviorizmi, aseve fsiqoanalizi,
erTi da igive mizeziT: rodesac mkvlevari cdilobs es faqtorebi
daukavSiros specifikur qcevas, is amiT ugulvebelyofs sagnebis
mniSvnelobas im adamianebisaTvis, romlebic moqmedeben.
2. aseve, adamianis qceva ar unda gavigoT, rogorc iseTi socialuri
faqtorebis Sedegi, rogoricaa statusis moTxovnebi, socialuri rolebi,
normebi da Rirebulebebi da a.S. blumeris winaaRmdegoba amisadmi igivea: am
SemTxvevaSi individuumi gaigeba, rogorc pasiuri WurWeli, romelsac
msWvalavs Zalebi, romlebic ar aZlevs individuums saSualebas mianiWos am
Zalebs mniSvneloba, gavlena iqonios maTze, da amiT mianiWos
individualoba da mniSvneloba sakuTar moqmedebas.
3. sagnebis mniSvneloba – iseTi ubralo sagnebisac ki, rogorebicaa skami da
magida – ar SeiZleba vipovoT Tavad sagnis obieqtur daxasiaTebaSi.
mniSvnelobis warmoSobaSi gansakuTrebuli adamianuri elementia CarTuli.
am midgomiT blumeri uaryofda rogorc pozitivistur, aseve realistur
filosofiur tradicias, romlis mixedviTac struqturis da wesrigis
fesvebi bunebaSia.
4. igive niSniT, sagnebis mniSvnelobebi ar dadgindeba maTdami gansakuTrebuli
fsiqologiuri mimarTebebiT – iseTi mimarTebebi, rogoricaa mexsiereba,
motivebi, ganwyobebi. struqturirebis aseTi wesic mcdaria blumerisaTvis,
rac sabolood zRvars avlebs blumers, filosofiur subieqtivizms da
fsiqoanalitikur perspeqtivas Soris.

41
mniSvnelobis cneba ZiriTadia simboluri interaqciis TeoriisaTvis: misi
wyaroa adamianebs Soris interqciis, urTierTmoqmedebis procesi. individebi
urTierTqmedeben erTmaneTs Soris, qmnian da iReben mniSvnelobebs, moqmedeben
maT Sesabamisad. damatebiTi elementi am procesSi aris is, rom
urTierTqmedebaSi CarTuli interpretaciis process aqvs intraindividualuri
komponenti, anu, individuumebi erTvebian komunikaciebSi, interpersonaluri
urTierTqmedebis garemoSi akeTeben arCevas, Sesworebebs, miTiTebebs, daskvnebs.
procesi gansakuTrebiT rTulia, da Seicavs sxvisi mnSvnelobebis wakiTxvas,
mniSvnelobebis gadaxedvas amaze dayrdnobiT, mixvedras, qcevis Sesabamisad, ra
wakiTxva aqvs sxvas, da Semdeg, sxvis qcevis/aRqmebis am mixvedrebTan
SesabamisobaSi moyvanas.
am TvalTaxedviT Zalian Znelia struqturis erTian ideaze gasvla. amis
sapirispirod, simboluri interaqciis Teoria ar tovebs aranair saSualebas
davinaxoT makrostruqturebi (mag. saxelmwifo). erTaderTi, rac SesaZlebelia,
es aris imis dadgena, rom sazogadoeba warmoiSoba sxvadasxva mniSvnelobebis
“urTierTSesabamebisagan”, romlebic sayovelTaod gaziarebulni iqnen, da amiT
institucionalizaciis safuZveli Seqmnes. magram am TeoriaSi ar xdeba
konkretuli diferenciaciis procesebis axsna an masze gasvla.

eTnomeTodologia
garfinkelisxxxiv amosavali negatiuri punqti, anu, is Tu rogor uaryofs is
sxva Teoriebs, hgavs blumeris ideebs:
garfinkeli akritikebda or Teoriul midgomas: rolebis Teorias da
fsiqologiur determinizms:
1. rolebis Teoriis mixedviT, arsebobs rolebis, molodinebis da
institutebis damoukidebeli – transcendentuli Tu ara – socialuri
realoba, romelic ganyenebulia individuumisagan (imdenad, ramdenadac
individuumebi moqmedeben am warmarTveli Zalebis Sesabamisad, da amitom

42
 maTi qceva struqturirebulia, da imdenad, ramdenadac maT swamT am
Zalebis, maTi ganwyobebi da Rirebulebebi struqturirebulia);
2. nebismieri fsiqologiuri determinizmis Teoria ganixilavs individuumebis
mier moqmedebis arCevans, rogorc fsiqoanalitikuri biografiidan,
istoriidan da mentaluri funqciebidan gamomdinares;
es ori midgoma, garfinkelis azriT, warmoadgens individuums rogorc
“zedapirul sulels”, romelic met-naklebad ararefleqsiurad upasuxebs
dafiqsirebul molodinebs da gansazRvrulobebs. amis sapirispirod
eTnomeTodologias Semoaqvs ufro Tavisufali, praqtikuli, improvizaciis
unaris da msjelobis unaris mqone individuumis cneba, romelic
alternatiuli moqmedebebis da “racionaliebis” didi mravalferovnebis winaSe
dgas: eTnomeTodologiis amocanaa gamoikvlios is arCeuli moqmedebis
mimarTulebebi, mniSvneloba, romelic am moqmedebas mieniWa, da is gzebi,
romliTac gagebebi “miRebulia” da met-naklebad eqsplicituria.
fenomenologiuri tradiciis mixedviT, socialuri realobis struqtura aris
ara mocemuli, aramed mudmivad konstruirdeba, rekonstruirdeba da
kvlaviwarmoeba.
am doneze eTnomeTodologia SeiZleba ganvixiloT, rogorc gare
(kulturuli da normatiuli determinacia) aseve Sida (fsiqologiuri
determinacia) struqturaze nawilobrivi uaris Tqma da urTierTqmedebis
procesis magivrad iseTi gagebis Semotana, romlis mixedviTac qcevis
mimdinareobis didi mravalferovnebaa xelmisawvdomi (amitom misi
winaswarganWvreta SeuZlebelia).

anomiis Teoriebi
socialuri struqturis cvlilebebis aRwerasTan erTad sociologiaSi
yuradReba mieqca socialuri gadaxris (deviaciis) Temas. struqturis
cvlilebis ZiriTad safuZvlad dasaxelda gadaxra (deviacia), romelsac
deviantebi anxorcieleben. magram manamde deviaciis Teoria Seiqmna rogorc

43
socialuri gadaxris sixSiris ganmarteba. deviaciis klasikuri Teoria
ekuTvnis durkhaimsxxxv da mertonsxxxvi. anomiis Teoriebi ganmartaven
deviaciebis sixSires rogorc makrosazogadoebis struqturis damaxasiaTebel
Tvisebas. garda amisa, arsebobs Teoriebi, romlebic yvela deviaciuri
qmedebisaTvis saerTo safuZvels agebs.

emil durkhaimi
durkhaimi ambobda, rom miuxedavad imisa, rom TviTmkvlelobis wyaro
TviTmkvlelis sulSi, anda mis uSualo garemocvaSi unda veZeboT,
TviTmkvlelobebis sixSiris axsna SesaZlebelia mxolod rogorc mTlianad
sazogadoebisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli TvisebiT. am mizniT Camoayaliba man anomiis
Teoria. anomia socialuri mdgomareobaa, rodesac sazogadoebis qcevis normebi
kargavs erTmniSvnelovanebas da gansazRvrulobas. es procesi Zlierdeba
sazogadoebis cvlilebis gamZafrebasTan erTad. anomia farTo azriT
mimarTulia TviTmkvlelobebis gazrdisaken, imdenad, ramdenadac cxadi
moqmedebis wesebis gaqroba adamianis cxovrebaSi daZabulobas, stress iwvevs.
anomiis cnebis Semdgom ganviTarebaSi durkhaimi ambobs, rom
sazogadoebis cvlilebis swrafi, anda, ufro metic, damangreveli mimdinareoba
aucileblad qmnis stresul situacias, iwvevs socializaciis
mouwesrigeblobas da mTlianad normebis da Rirebulebebis mxriv kriziss. es
anomiiis mdgomareobaa. am mdgomareobaze sazogadoebis wevrebi reagireben
deviaciuri qceviT.

robert mertoni
mertoni ikvlevda deviaciuri qmedebebis sixSires amerikuli
sazogadoebis ierarqiaSi. yvela devianturi qmedebis wesi modis calke mdgomi
individisagan, ZiriTadad Raribebisagan. gamomdinare iqidan, rom anomia
deviantis safuZvelia, mertonma gamoimuSava anomiis cneba, radgan aexsna,
rogor da ratom aris anomia am fenaSi ufro xSiri. mertonis mixedviT,
anomia ar aris ubralod normebis Sesusteba, aramed winaaRmdegoba, romelic

44
arsebobs sazogadoebaSi miRebul miznebsa da daSvebul saSualebebs Soris.
magaliTad, amerikul sazogadoebaSi materialuri warmateba, simdidre da
kariera sayovelTaod miRebuli mizania. am miznebis misaRwevi nebadarTuli
saSualebebia swavla, muSaoba da ekonomia. xSirad Raribi fenis
warmomadgenels ar SeuZlia miaRwios mizans daSvebuli saSualebebiT. amitom
anomia am fenaSi ufro xSiria. anomiaze aris ramdenime reaqcia, romlebic
aCvenebs, rom miznebi da daSvebuli saSualebebi TiTqos miRweulia. es oTxi
anomiis reaqcia, konformulobasTan erTad am sqemiT SeiZleba gadmoices
(andorkasxxxvii mixedviT):

individebis qcevis tipebi mizani daSvebuli saSualeba

1. konformuloba + +
2. inovacia + _
3. ritualizmi _ +
4. damalva _ _
5. janyi + _ + _
pliusi niSnavs miRebas, minusi miuReblobas. plius-minusi niSnavs, rom mojanye
pirovneba ver iRebs verc mizans da verc saSualebas, magram mis SemTxvevaSi
sakuTar miznebs da saSualebebs aqvs adgili. mertoniseuli tipebis
daxasiaTeba ar aris Cveulebrivi. magaliTad, yoveldRiur metyvelebis enaze
rom vTargmnoT, novacia niSnavs kriminals, ritualizmi niSnavs sazogadoebis
normebis ulaparako miyolas (amitomac ar gamoiyureba rogorc devianti).
damalva niSnavs suliT avadmyofobas, nevrozs, alkoholizms, eqstremalur
SemTxvevebSi _ TviTmkvlelobas.

socialuri kontrolis da struqturis Seqmnis Teoria

parsonsma struqturisxxxviii wyarod daadgina Rirebulebebze da normebze
SeTanxmeba da aseve, gansazRvra socializaciis meqanizmi, anu, saerTo
Rirebulebebis, normebis, socialuri obieqtebis internalizacia, imis
gaTvaliswinebiT, rom mosalodneli Tanxmoba TviTregulaciis meqanizmia.

45
magram, amave dros, parsonsi acnobierebda, rom orivegan, rogorc
individualur aqtorebSi, rogorc pirovnebebSi, aseve, im viTarebebSi,
romlebSic isini moqmedeben, arsebobs faqtorebi, romlebic mimarTulia
wonansworobis darRvevaze. es xdeba maSin, rodesac gadaxris, an
arakonformulobis (uTanxmoebis) tendencia izrdeba, da am dros moqmedebaSi
erTveba gansakuTrebuli meqanizmi, romelsac SeiZleba socialuri kontrolis
meqanizmi daerqvas.
parsonsis gadaxris (deviaciis) modeli eyrdnoba imas, rom yvela
interaqciul rolur viTarebaSi arsebobs ambivalentobis (sawinaaRmdegod
moqmedebis) wyaro, rogorc interaqciaSi CarTul sxva moqmedTan mimarTebaSi,
aseve, im Rirebulebebis da normebTan mimarTebaSi, romelic aregulirebs
interaqcias. am amosavalze dayrdnobiT, da imis gaTvaliswinebiT, rom
deviacias SeuZlia Seasrulos, rogorc aqtiuri, aseve pasiuri roli,
parsonsma aago im mimarTulebebis klasifikacia, romelic SeiZleba
axasiaTebdes deviaciur qmedebas. damatebiTi stresebis siaSi, romlebmac
SeiZleba xeli Seuwyos deviaciis warmoSobas, aris dakmayofilebaze uaris
Tqma garkveuli rolebis pirobebSi, normebis ganusazRvreloba da rolebis
konfliqti.
ra Tqma unda, aq dgas struqturis SenarCunebis da xelSewyobis
sakiTxi. “Cveni yuradReba dafiqsirdeba .. .. .. deviaciuri tendenciebis
winaswar gagebaze da SewinaaRmdegebaze.. .. .. da im procesebze, romlebic
ewinaaRmdegeba da abrunebs sistemas Zveli wonasworobis mdgomareobaSi”.
parsonsi aRwers im strategiebs, romlebic am mimarTulebiT exmareba sistemas.
naklebad eqstremalurebs Soris aris daxmarebis gaweva da deviaciuri
qcevisaTvis „yvelafris uflebis‟ akrZalva, romelsac, amave dros unda axldes
pozitiuri azriT gacvla (amis prototipi, parsonsis azriT, fsiqoTerapiis
institucionalizaciaa). am konkretuli institucionaluri strategiebis ukan
igulisxmeba iseTi moqmedebebi – rogorebicaa institucionaluri
prioritetebis dadgena, potenciuri konfliqturi moqmedebebis dagegmva –

46
romelic arbilebs konfliqts, kerZod, rolebis konfliqts. iseTi
radikaluri moqmedebebis institucionalizacia, rogoricaa, magaliTad,
axalgazrduli kultura, sxva saqmea. gansakuTrebul eqstremalur doneze
SesaZlebelia deviantebis izolaciis (hospitalizacia da cixe) strategiac.
magram, parsonsi amave dros aRniSnavda, rom deviacia Seicavs
mniSvnelobebis gamo brZolasac. zogjer deviaciuri “liberaluri”
axalgazrdoba SeimuSavebs Rirebulebebs da msoflmxedvelobas, romelic
ewinaaRmdegeba maTi mSoblebis “fundamentalizms”. am SemTxvevaSi, rodesac
deviacia koleqtiuri xdeba, mag. religiuri kulti, an radikaluri
politikuri jgufi, SesaZlebelia es brZola gadaizardos farTo konfliqtSi
da cvlilebebSi. rogorc parsonsi werda: “struqturirebuli deviaciuri
moqmedebis tendencia, romelic warmatebiT ar kopirdeba socialuri sistemis
kontrolis meqnizmebis mier, socialuri sistemis struqturis cvlilebis
erT-erTi mTavari wyaroa”.

markirebis Teoria
es Teoria, romelic aseve ganixilavs deviacias, da romlis warmomadgenlebic
arian edvin lemertixxxix, irving gofmanixl da hovard bekerixli, ZiriTadad,
kontrolis im tradiciis winaaRmdeg warmoiSva, romelsac safuZveli daudo
parsonsma. maTi argumentebia:
1. parsonsi, iseve rogorc umetesoba, vinc muSaobs deviaciis Temaze,
ganixilavs deviacias upiratesad qcevis, daxasiaTebis, an, devianturobis
pirobebis (iman, ramac gamoiwvia konkretuli devaiantis warmoSoba)
cnebebis saSualebiT. imdenad, ramdenadac deviacia socialur
interaqciaSi arsebobs da imdenad, ramdenadac is fasdeba raRac arsebuli
RirebulebebiT da normatiuli molodinebiT, amosavali ar aris arc
deviantis qceva, da arc sxvebis reaqcia, socialuri kontrolis
agentebis CaTvliT. imdenad, ramdenadac markirebis Teoriis
warmomadgenlebi akavSirebdnen “deviantad” gadaqcevas markirebasTan,

47
 ZiriTadi punqti mdgomareobs SemdegSi: deviantis markireba xdeba da
isazRvreba imaTi Zalauflebis mier, visac socialuri kontrolis
poziciebi uWiravs (eqimebi, mosamarTleebi, kanonaRmsruleblebi da a.S.).
amitom, deviaciis problema ufro zustad ganisazRvreba, rogorc
mniSvnelobebis gamo brZola, da ufro zustad – brZola
ZalauflebisaTvis, romelSic ufro meti Zalauflebis mqone sabolood
akisrebs sxvebs sakuTar gansazRvrebas, miuxedavad imisa, rom
strategiebis mravalferovneba SeiZleba gamoiyenebul iqnes deviantebad
markirebulebis mier, rogorc mniSvnelobebis Setrialeba an maTi
saSualebiT manipulireba.
2. parsonsis ZiriTadi wuxili iyo dakavSirebuli deviaciis SedegebTan
didi sistemasTan kavSirSi: rogor irRveva masSi wonasworoba, ras
mimarTavs is wonasworobis aRsadgenad rogor SeiZleba deviacia iyos
sistemis radikaluri cvlilebis safuZveli. amis sawinaaRmdegod,
markirebis Teoriis umetesobisaTvis ZiriTadia Tavad markirebulebi –
deviantebi: rogor isazRvrebian isini, rogorc sakuTari Tavis mxriv,
aseve sxvebis mxriv; da rogor agrZeleben amis Semdeg cxovrebas, rogorc
deviantebi.
3. struqturis SenarCunebasTan mimarTebaSi, ori perspeqtiva gamoiyofa:
rogorc aRiniSna, parsonsis amosavali iyo wonasworobis SenarCuneba, ase
rom ZiriTadi yuradReba eqceoda “mwkrivSi dabrunebis” fenomens.
markirebis Teoria, amis sawinaaRmdegod, amodis im tendenciidan, romlis
mixedviTac Zalauflebis mqoneebi qmnian axal struqturebs
deviantebisaTvis nakluli qve-klasis statusis “miniWebiT”, romlis
SenarCunebaSic Zalauflebis mqoneebi dainteresebulebi arian. am
SemTxvevaSi, markirebis Teoria ufro struqturis dominanturi
SenarCunebis Tvalsazrisze dgas, vidre struqturis konsensusis
(Tanxmobis) mixedviT SenarCunebis Tvalsazrisze.

48
realobis socialuri konstruireba
bergeris da lukmanis am wignisxlii mizania aCvenos, Tu rogor xdeba
erTxel warmoqmnili socialuri struqtura damoukidebeli socialuri
realoba da socialuri cxovrebis ganmsazRvreli da safuZveli. avtorebis
survili iyo gaegoT “socialuri da individualuri cxovrebis dialeqtika. am
arCeul mimarTulebaSi isini miuTiTebdnen mravalferovan wyaroebs – marqss,
parsons, simboluri urTierTqmedebis Teorias.
am Teoriis amosavali simboluri urTierTqmedebis Teoriaa: cxovrebis
yvelaze mniSvnelovani gamocdileba pirispir urTierTqmedebaa, romelic
xasiaTdeba Semdegnairad: “es aris pirispir yofna, romelSic sxva
warmomidgeba, cxad awmyoSi, romelic gaziarebulia orive Cvenganis mier. me
vici, rom aseTive cxad awmyoSi warmovudgebi me mas. Cemi da misi “aq da axla”
mudmivad ejaxebian erTmaneTs im droSi, sanam pirispir yofna grZeldeba.
rogorc Sedegi, adgili aqvs Cemi da misi eqspresiulobis (gamoxatvis formis,
gamoxatvis) mudmiv mimocvlas. me vxedav mis Rimils, Semdeg misi Rimilis
Sewyvetas, rogorc reaqcias Cemi kopebisSekvraze, Semdeg kvlav Rimils da ase
Semdeg. Cemi yoveli eqspresia mimarTulia masze, da piriqiT. eqspresiuli
aqtebis es mudmivi ormxrivoba erTdroulad aris SesaZlebelia orive
CvenganisaTvis”.
amiT bergeri da lukmani warmoadgenen imas, rac maTi analizis ZiriTadi
postulatia: urTierTqmedebaSi rutinizaciis da gamartivebis saWiroebas:
“adamianebis organizmebis Sinagani arastabiluroba warmoSobs aucileblobas,
rom adamiani qmnis stabilur garemos mis [Tavisi organizmis] samarTavad”.
adamianis saWiroeba habituaciisaTvis aris urTierTqmedebis Sinagani
saWiroeba da marTalia, is win uswrebs institucionalizacias, magram xdeba
institucionalizaciis safuZveli. rodesac saerTo azrebi da
Camoyalibebulia, iwyeba “eqsternalizacia”; imdenad, ramdenadac es azrebi
obieqturi realobis saxeliT iwyebs moqmedebas, gansakuTrebiT maT mimarTebaSi

49
momaval Taobebze (socializaciis gziT). amdenad, habituacia
institucionalizirdeba rogorc “ase xdeba, aseTia sagnebis yofnis wesi”.
bergerma da lukmanma warmoadgines institucionalizaciis gamravleba bevr
specializirebul sferoSi, rogoricaa gansazRvruli rolebis warmoSoba,
magram amave dros isini amtkicebdnen, rom sxvadasxva instituciuri sferoebi
“gadabmulia”: amis mizezi amave dros fsiqologiuricaa, da misi safuZveli
kognitur SesabamisobaSia: “miuxedavad imisa, rom warmodgenebi SeiZleba
daiyos, mniSvnelobebi miemarTeba imisaken, raTa minimalur Tanmimdevruloba
mainc hqondeT. rodesac individuumi fiqrobs sakuTari gamocdilebis
warmatebul momentebze, is cdilobs moaTavsos maTi mniSvnelobebi
urTierTSesabamis da urTierTSeTanxmebul biografiul qselSi”.
istoriuli drois ganmavlobaSi, SerCeuli mniSvnelobebi da codnebi,
umetesad enobrivi reprezentaciis formiT, gadis “maobieqtivirebeli
daleqvis” process sazogadoebis wevrebis cnobierebaSi. anu, is midis
garealurebis (reifikaciis), gziT, anu, “xdeba adamianuri fenomenis iseTi
warmodgena, TiTqos isini sagnebi iyvnen”. instituciuri realoba gamagrebulia,
Zalian farTo azriT, legitimaciebiT, romelic xdeba enaSi, istoriaSi,
codnaSi, miTologiaSi, TeologiaSi, romelic adgens am realobas rogorc
bunebrivs da swors, da awarmoebs manqanas, romelic moagvarebs urTierTobas
alternatiul (deviaciur) simbolur samyaroebTan. simboluri samyaros
SenarCunebis specialistebi (religiuri liderebi, kanonis warmomadgenlebi)
warmoiSobian rogorc simboluri wesrigis legitimurobis gamamagrebeli
Semdgomi gza.
dialeqtikis meore mxares gadasvliT bergeri da lukmani yuradRebas
uTmoben obieqturi realobis gavrcelebas da gamyarebas socializaciis gziT:
pirveladi socializacia, rodesac bavSvebi iReben fundamentur wesebs,
realobis aRqmebs, identifikaciis gzebs, da meoradi socializacia, rodesac
xdeba specifikuri swavla da momzadeba specifikuri diferencialuri
rolebisaTvis. magram, socializaciis (romlic arasodes mTavrdeba) garda,

50
saWiroa mainstituticionebeli saSualeba “realobis-SemanarCunebeli”
rutinisaTvis, rac ZiriTadad mdgomareobs saubarSi. “SesaZlebelia Sexedo
individis yoveldRiur cxovrebas, rogorc saubris aparatidan gamomdinare
moqmedebebs, romelic mudmivad inarCunebs, cvlis, rekonstuirebas ukeTebs
subieqtur realobas”. SenarCuneba krizisis periodSi mouxmobs socialuri
kontrolis ufro Sinagan da intensiur saSualebebs, romelSic rituals
gansakuTrebuli adgili ukavia. bergeri da lukmani ganixilaven rogorc
izolaciis SesaZleblobas, rodesac deviants miaweren specialur jgufs
(idioti, nabiWvari da a.S.), aseve, im viTarebebs, rodesac xdeba “deviaciis
koleqtivizacia”, anu, transformacia iseTi meqanizmebis saSualebiT,
rogoricaa religiad gardaqmna, da sxva.

Tavi III. Teoriebi socialuri institutebis Sesaxeb

miuxedavad imisa, rom mTeli sociologia SeiZleba ganvixiloT, rogorc
Teoriebi socialuri institutebis Sesaxeb, Tavad institutebis
gansazRvrebaze dafiqsireba da misi damuSaveba rogorc wesi, iSviaTad xdeba.
amis mizezi, albaT, upirveles yovlisa isaa, rom instituti imdenad zogadi
cnebaa, rom masSi SesaZlebelia yvelafris moazreba, da Sesabamisad,
absolutizmSi Cavardna, romelsac Sedegad gamouyenebeli cnebebis Seqmna
mosdevs. qvemoT aRvwerT socialuri institutebis gansazRvris sam magaliTs:

arnold geleni

aviTarebda socialuri institutis cnebas “Svebis”, “gaadvilebis”,

cnebasTan kavSirSixliii. ZiriTadi moTxovnilebebis dakmayofilebisaTvis,
rogorc adamianebis jgufebma, aseve calkeulma adamianebma garkveuli
kulturiT gansazRvruli qcevis wesebi kanonad unda miiRos. amiT calkeuli
adamians “uadvildeba” moTxovnilebis dakmayofilebis optimaluri formebis
yoveldRiuri Zieba. am mxriv, socialuri institutebi SeiZleba ganvixiloT,

51
rogorc organizirebuli, kulturiT gansazRvruli gza ZiriTadi socialuri
moTxovnilebebis dakmayofilebisaTvis.
uiliam zamnerma da Carlz quleim ganaviTares sxva Tvalsazrisi.

uiliam zamneri da Carlz qulei

zamnerixliv wes-Cveulebebs anu, socialur adaTebs ganixilavda, rogorc

elementarul socialur fenomenebs, rac warmoadges koleqtiuri qcevis
Sedegs rogorc warsulSi, aseve awmyoSi da momavalSi. calkeuli individuumi
moqmedebs socialuri adaTebis zewoliT, iZulebiT da MaRar acnobierebs
Tavis moqmedebebs. am Tvalsazrisis amosavalia koordinacia da Zaladoba,
magram amave dros socialuri qcevis gaucnobiereblobis aspeqtic.
amis sawinaaRmdegod, quleixlv ufro konkretuli adamianis mxarze iyo.
individuumi aviTarebs pirvelad jgufSi sakuTar specifikur qcevis wess.
pirvelad jgufs formulirebuli ki ara aqvs sakuTari qcevis kanoni, aramed
jgufis wevrs miuTiTebs jgufis molodinebze. am pirvelad jgufebSi sxva
raRacisaken Semobruneba socialuri iZulebis formaa, romelsac Cven vamzadebT
socialuri adaTebis da moTxovnebis saSualebiT.
es Tvalsazrisebi agebs institutebs erTi mxriv adaTebze, xolo meore
mxriv pirvelad jgufebze dayrdnobiT. zamnerisTvis institutis da adaTis
gansxvaveba mxolod formaluri kooperaciis da gacnobierebis ufro maRal
xarisxSia. qulei ki ambobs, rom pirveladi jgufebi ara marto individuumze
axdenen gavlenas, aramed “socialuri institutebisTvisac” mniSvnelovanni
arian. am ukanasknels is uwodebs socialuri kulturis specializirebul,
kargad Camoyalibebul da rigidul nawils.

malinovski

malinovskimxlvi institutis cnebis kvleva daafuZna primitiuli sazogadoebebis

anTropologiur kvlevebs, romlebsac TviTon atarebda: kulturis
safuZvelerTianoba, mimdinareobis mniSvnelovani xarisxi, damoukidebloba da
universaluroba, malinovskis mixedviT, adamianTa qcevis organizirirebuli

52
sistema, anu, institutia. yoveli instituti koncentrirdeba raime
fundamentur saWiroebaze da mihyavs konkretuli adamiani rogorc am
moTxovnilebis dakmayofilebisaken aseve, kooperaciuli qcevisken (jgufi),
aviTarebs, aRwevs garkveul konsensuss da muSaobs Sesabamisi teqnikiT.
rodesac malinovskiseul institutis gagebaze vlaparakobT, im
fenomenebis gverdiT, rogorebicaa qcevis forma, socialuri roli, jgufi,
unda gaviTvaliswinoT, rom yovel instituts Semdegi elementebi axasiaTebs:
1. ZiriTadi da mniSvnelovani saWiroebebi sazogadoebaSi kmayofildeba
institutis saSualebiT.
2. rogorc dakmayofilebis saSualeba, institutSi aRiwereba qcevis
gansazRvruli wesi.
3. qcevis es wesi organizirdeba socialur rolebSi, da am rolebis
matareblebi grZnoben, ician rom garkveuli qceva, aris “movaleoba”, anda
“Tanamdeboba”.
4. imdenad, ramdenadac institutebi mowodebulia daakmayofilos ZiriTadi
adamianuri moTxovnilebebi, arsebobs sxvadasxva institutebs Soris
garkveuli kavSiri.
5. marTalia, institutebi individuumebis da socialuri jgufebis
mniSvnelovani saWiroebebisaTvis arsebobs, magram didi jgufisaTvis,
sazogadoebisaTvis isini aseTive ganmsazRvrelia.

meri duglasi
anTropologma meri duglasma Tavis institutebis TeoriaSi mWidrod
daukavSira erTmaneTs codnis safuZveli da koleqtiuri qmedeba. solidaroba
da kooperacia SesaZlebelia mxolod maSin, Tu individebi iziareben
azrovnebis safuZvlebs, midgomebs. duglasis Teoriuli naSromisxlvii mizania
axsnas Semecnebis, kogniturobis roli socialuri kavSirebis CamoyalibebaSi,
da aseve, rogor aris kognituroba socialurad kontrolirebadi.

53
 instituciuri azrovneba, iseve rogorc individis azrovneba,
damyarebulia analogiaze. institutebi, romelTac aqvs pretenzia
Zalauflebaze, bunebis modelebzea dafuZnebuli. institutebi awarmoebs
filtrebs, radgan gadaarCion is, rac unda axsovdeT individebs, da ra unda
daaviwydeT. kategorizaciis da damaxsovrebis yvelaze ufro martivi aqtic ki
institucirebulia.
instituti ar azrovnebs damoukideblad, arc TavisiT ar iqmneba da arc
rame sakuTari miznebi aqvs. imdenad, ramdenadac Cven vqmniT Cvens institutebs,
Cven vaqcevT erTmaneTis ideebs saerTo formaSi, radgan davumtkicoT maTi
legitimuroba sazogadoebis umetes wevrs.
meri duglasis mixedviT damajerebeli ar aris is azri, rom
institutebi axorcielebs rutinul, dabali donis, banalur azrovnebas. ufro
sarwmunoa sapirispiros dajereba.
meri duglasi, rogorc anTopologi, amtkicebs, rom azri, rom
primitiuli adamianebi albaT fiqrobdnen da azrovnebden institutebis
karnaxiT, xolo Cven, modernuli adamianebi mniSvnelovan sakiTxebs
individualurad vwyvetT, Secdomaa. meri duglass mohyavs magaliTebi, rom
Cven azrovnebasac insitutebi “akeTeben”.
meri duglasi eyrdnoboda durkhaims da fleks (Ludwik Fleck): “maTTvis
namdvili solidaroba SesaZlebelia mxolod im SemTxvevaSi, Tu individebi
iziareben azrovnebis kategoriebs. is, rom aseTi gaziareba SesaZlebelia,
miuRebelia bevri filosofosisaTvis. es ewinaaRmdegeba racionaluri qcevis
Teoriis aqsiomebs, romlis mixedviTac yoveli, vinc fiqrobs da azrovnebs,
miRebulia, rogorc suverenuli individi. magram racionaluri arCevnis
Teoria, romelic am aqsiomaturi struqturidanaa ganviTarebuli, awydeba
gadaulaxav winaaRmdegobas solidarobis ideasTan Sexvedrisas.. .. .. kargia Tu
cudi, individebi realurad iziareben erTmaneTis azrebs da sakuTari arCevanis
garemosTan harmonizaciasac axdenen, da maT ara aqvT sxva gza, miiRon didi
gadawyvetilebebi, Tu ara im institutebSi, romlebsac isini aSeneben”.

54
nawili II
instituciuri cvlilebebis sociologia

Tavi I
institutis gansazRvreba

Sesavali
rogorc vnaxeT, institutebis gansazRvrebebi da miTiTebebi socialur
institutebze didi mravalferovnebiT ar gamoirCeva. amitom, ufro
moxerxebuli iqneba institutebis Sesaxeb naazrevis ramenairi sistematizacia
moaxdinoT, da amaze dayrdnobiT SevecadoT gadavdgaT Semdgomi nabijebi.
socialur institutSi mTavari elementebia Rirebulebebi, romelic
miRebulia (an dadgenilia) sazogadoebis umravlesobis mier, rogorc
garkveuli moTxovnilebebis Sesrulebis legitimuri mimarTuleba, da qcevis
wesebi, romelic aseve dadgenilia sazogadoebis mier, rogorc konkretuli
institutis Sesabamisi Rirebulebis ganxorcielebis daSvebuli misaRwevi
saSualebebi.
bunebrivia aq Cndeba kiTxva: vis mier daSvebuli da vis mier
legitimireburi? am kiTxvaze me Sevecdebi gavce pasuxi, rodesac visaubrebT
institutebis tipologiaze.
socialuri instituti muSaobs rogorc “sazogadoebis” nawili da
safuZveli, maSin, rodesac misi wevrebi miznad isaxaven rogorc legitimur
misaRwev miznebs, aseve, legitimuri miznebis misaRwev legitimur saSualebebs.
Tuki romelime es nawili ar sruldeba, maSin saqme gvaqvs gadaxrasTan, anu,
deviantur qcevasTan. Tumca, ramdenad aris devianturi qceva institutis
damSleli da ara piriqiT, Semakavebeli da gamamyarebeli, sakamaToa.
igive SeiZleba iTqvas devianturi qcevis Sesaxeb, rac zemoT aRvniSne
legitimur qcevasTan mimarTebaSi; anu, visi TvalsazrisiT aris qceva
devianturi da vin adgens deviantis deviantobas?

55
socialur instituti da jgufi, organizacia, asociacia, rituali
Teoriebi institutsa da sxva socialur dajgufebebs Soris gansxvavebis
Sesaxeb sxvadasxvaa. maT Soris polarulebad SeiZleba Semdegi Tvalsazrisebi
miiCnioT:
1. insitituti winaswar mocemuli struqturaa, xolo konkretuli
dajgufeba, organizacia, asociacia – misi ganxorcieleba, struqturis
konkretuli forma (malinivski, geleni, durkhaimi, duglasi)1.
2. asociaciaSi arsebuli wesebi da Rirebulebebi warmoadgenen institutebs,
anu, instituti aris procesi, romelic mimdinareobs organizaciaSi (anu,
asociaciebi, organizaciebi, sazogadoebebi qmnian Tavis TavSi institutebs
rogorc moqmedebis wesebs/normebs) (makiveri, peiji)2.
3. instituti es aris konkretuli jgufebis da organizaciebis wevrebis
qcevebisagan abstraqcia3 (konceptualuri konkretizacia), an ubralod,
adamianTa qcevebisa, ase rom, is mxolod da mxolod cnobierebis
konstruqtia (randal kolinzi, bergeri, lukmani)4.
samive am Tvalsazrisis fesvebi TviTon socialuri institutebis bunebaSia.
qvemoT moyvanili magaliTebi amas cxads gaxdis: qvemoT vnaxavT, Tu ramdenad
Seesabameba zemoT moyvanili sami gansazRvreba socialuri institutebis
konkretul formebs:

1
Korte, Hermann und Schafers, Bernard (Hrsg). Einfuhrung in Hauptbegriffe der Soziologie.
Leske+budrich. Opladen 1998. anda, durkhaimis pozicia: institutebi “moqmedebis,
fiqris da SegrZnebis wesebia, romlebic individuumis gareTaa da iZulebis
Zalaufleba aqvs da romlis ZaliTac isini induviduums Tavs exveva”.
2
“Tu Cven vfiqrobT rameze, rogorc organizebul jgufze, es asociaciaa, Tu
rogorc procesze, es institutia” (Maciver R.M., Page Charles H. Society. An
introductory Analysis. Macmilan &CO LTD. London. 1964).
3
aq urigo ar iqneba randal kolinzis citatis moyvana wignidan
“makrosociologiis mikrosafuZvlebis Sesaxeb”: “socialuri Cvevebi, institutebi
da organizaciebi mxolod individebis qcevidan miRebuli abstraqciebia..... Tu es
abstraqciebi iRebs mudmiv saxes, imitom, rom individebi, romlebic maT akeTeben,
imeoreben maT xSirad mikro doneze”.
4
Wossner, Jakobus. Soziologie. Einfuhrung und Grundlegung. Bohlau Verlag, Koln, Wien. 1986

56
socialuri institutebis formebi

“ojaxi”
adamiani dabadebidanve xvdeba konkretul ojaxSi an ojaxis substitutSi.
misTvis arsebobis sxvagvari dasawyisi SeuZlebelia. Sesabamisad, rogorc
empiriuli aRqmis doneze, aseve Teoriuladac, adamiani xedavs ojaxs, rogorc
raRac struqturas, romelsac konkretulad bevri jgufi axorcielebs: misi
ojaxi, megobris, mezoblis ojaxi da sxva. Semdeg is TviTon, Tuki gadaswyvets
ojaxis Seqmnas, irCevs ojaxs, rogorc ukve arsebuli ojaxis struqturis
konkretul, miseul ganxorcielebas. anu, Tuki socialuri institutis
ganmsazRvrelad avirCevT aseTi poziciis adamians, SevecdebiT masze
dayrdnobiT SeviqmnaT saerTod socialur institutebze warmodgena, maSin
miviRebT, rom ojaxi, rogorc instituti winaswarmocemuli struqturaa,
xolo yvela konkretuli ojaxi, a, b, g, am struqturis konkretuli
formebia. am mxriv, aseTi tipis instituti tradiciis safuZvelia, Sedegi da
Tavad tradicia. tradicia am SemTxvevaSi isaa, rac ojaxis agentebs da
aqtorebs aZlevs legitimuri moTxovnebis da legitimuri Sefasebebis
gakeTebis saSualebas. ojaxis aseTi gageba damaxasiaTebelia imisaTvis, vinc
“irCevs daojaxebas”, anu, vinc aris konkretuli ojaxis Semqmneli da wamyvani
piri.
amave dros, ojaxi, rogorc konkretuli socialuri organizacia
konkretuli ojaxis aramTavari konkretuli wevris5 azriT, aris organizacia,
organizebuli jgufi, romelic Tavis SigniT agebs (konstruirebas uwevs)
arsebobis wesebs.
amave dros, damkvirveblisaTvis ojaxi abstraqciaa. damkvirvebelSi
igulisxmeba is, vinc Tavisi mdgomareobiT, poziciiT, roliT gamoyofilia

5
anu, im wevris azriT, romelic ar asrulebs ojaxSi mTavar rols. es SeiZleba
iyos bavSvi, mozardi, naTesavi, mosamsaxure da a.S.

57
ojaxidan, magram masTan kavSiri aqvs: vinc, magaliTad, kanons wers ojaxis
Sesaxeb, anda, visac Tavisi msoflmxedvelobis gamo ar moswons ojaxis
arsebuli fenomeni da sakuTar Tavs gamoyofs misgan, gverdze ayenebs, mecnieri,
romelic ojaxs ikvlevs da a.S.

“saxelmwifo”

Tuki socialuri institutis modelad avirCevT saxelmwifos, anda, rogorc

mas xSirad uwodeben – Zalaufleba-politikas, maSin miviRebT, rom
saxelmwifo, rogorc instituti, maTTvis, vinc masSi mTavar rols asrulebs 6,
konkretuli didi organizaciaa, romelic Tavis SigniT agebs (konstruirebas
uwevs) sxvadasxva legitimur institutebs – parlaments, armias, policias,
zogadad Zalauflebas, rogorc konkretuli saxelmwifosaTvis Sesabamis
konkretul instituts. es niSnavs, rom am institutSi mTavari moqmedi
pirebisaTvis ar arsebobs Zalaufleba-politikis socialuri instituti(ebi)
zogadad, is yovelTvis aris konkretul did organzaciaSi, saxelmwifoSi
Seqmnili am saxelmwifos konkretuli moqmedeb(eb)isaTvis. anu, rogorc am
saxelmwifoSi mimdinare procesebis maregulirebeli da warmmarTveli
legitimirebuli normatiuli da aranormatiuli wesebis erToblioba. am
SemTxvevaSi, instituti aris organizaciis arsebobis wesi, anu, organizacia,
rogorc procesi, socialuri institutia.
amave dros, saxelmwifo maTTvis, vinc masSi ar warmoadgens ZiriTad
aqtors, magaliTad, vinc mxolod mierTebulia misi institutebis muSaobas, da
es institutebi masze mxolod zemoqmedeben7, winaswararsebuli, tradiciuli

6 anu, politikosi, maRali donis saxelmwifo moxele, arCevnebis aqtiuri

monawile da a.S.
7
xelfasis, socialuri dacvis, sxva gziT. anu, rodesac ar aris misi mxridan arc
survili da arc mcdeloba aqtiuri roli Seasrulos institutis muSaobaSi.

58
fenomenia, romlis konkretuli formebia konkretuli institutebi da
moqmedebebi. xolo damkvirveblisaTvis8 saxelmwifo aris abstrqcia im
moqmedebebidan romelic saxelmwifoSi xorcieldeba.

“samoqalaqo sazogadoeba”

Tuki socialuri institutis magaliTad avirCevT Tanamedrove samoqalaqo

sazogadoebas, an zogierTi ganviTarebadi qveynis eklesias, an romelime qveynis
Tanamedrove ekonomikur sistemas, vnaxavT, rom rig SemTxvevebSi, marTalia
maTi legitimacia xdeba normatiul doneze, magram es normatiuli aqtebi
arafers ar ambobs im moqmedebis wesze, anda, Rirebulebebze, romelTa
mixedviTac es institutiebi imarTeba da muSaobs yovel konkretul
SemTxvevaSi. eklesiis9, samoqalaqo sazogadoebis da ekonomikuri institutebis
mimarT saxelmwifo ifargleba CarCos SemoRebiT. danarCeni, anu, ra saxis
institutia is, rogor moqmedebs, ra sakiTxebs miapyrobs yuradRebas, vis
mouwodebs CaerTos Tavis moqmedebebSi da a.S. anu, konkretuli socialuri
institutis konkretuli saxe, raoba dgindeba imisda mixedviT, Tu ra saxis
moqmedebebs ewevian maTi warmomadgenlebi, maTi aqtiuri, mTavari wevrebi da

8 termini “damkvirvebeli” am teqstSi gamoiyeneba “ojaxis” magaliTSi

aRwerili mniSvnelobiT: damkvirvebelSi igulisxmeba is, visac Tavisi
msoflmxedvelobis gamo ar moswons socialuri institutis arsebuli fenomeni,
is, vinc, magaliTad, kanons wers socialuri institutis Sesaxeb, is, vinc
ikvlevs am konkretul socialur instituts da a.S.
9
eklesiasTan mimarTebaSi SeiZleba ar dameTanxmon Tanamedrove saqarTvelos
politikuri da socialuri viTarebis eqspertebi. magram maTi sawinaamRdego
argumenti iqneba is, rom is forma, romliTac dRes saqarTveloSi arsebobs
eklesia (saxelmwifo religiad qcevis survilis da religiuri eqstremistebis
dajgufebebis CaTvliT) swored is instituciuri formaa, romelic iRebs Sinaars
da konkretul moqmedebis struqturas (instituciur ganxorcielebas) misi
wevrebis mier garkveuli moqmedebebis xSiri gameorebis abstraqciiT.

59
rogori sixSiriT romel mizanmimarTul moqmedebas imeoreben. am ukanasknel
SemTxvevaSi socialuri instituti iqneba abstraqcia agentebis10
moqmedebebidan, da misi konkretuli saxe iqneba damokidebuli garkveuli
moqmedebebis gameorebis, garkveuli aqtivobis Catarebis sixSireze. da es
abstraqcia Seicvleba moqmedebis sixSiris SecvlasTan, an SenelebsTan erTad.
iseve, rogorc wina or SemTxvevaSi, ekonomikuri sistema, samoqalaqo
sazogadoeba da zog SemTxvevaSi eklesia, gvevlineba organizaciad pasiuri
mimRebisaTvis11. xolo damkvirvebelisaTvis, imdenad, ramdenadac arsebobs
ekonomikis, samoqalaqo sazogadoebis da eklesiis uamravi konkretuli forma,
aseTi socialuri institutebis yoveli konkretuli forma garkveuli
zogadobis, winaswarmocemuli struqturis ganxorcielebaa.

daskvna
rogorc vxedavT arsebobs socialuri insititutebis sul mcire sami forma.
anu, socialur institutebi SeiZleba samnairad gansazRvro. Cvens mier zemoT
motanil gansazRvrebebSi TiToeuli magaliTisTvis samnairi gansazRvrebaa
SesaZlebeli, da yvela es gansazRvreba iwarmoeba garkveuli
kuTxidan_rolidan. es roli aris sami: 1. “centraluri” – “agenti”; 2.
“damkvirvebeli”; 3. “pasiuri monawile” (e.i. visac exeba institutis muSaoba,
magram visTvisac institutis es muSaoba calmxrivia, anu, vinc mxolod iRebs
Sedegebs da gzavnilebs12).

10 mTavari moqmedi pirebis, vinc axorcielebs konkretuli institutebis

muSaobas, akontrolebs mas
11 “pasiuri monawiles” rolis mniSvnelobaa socialuri institutis iseTi wevri,
romelic marTalia insititutis wevria, magram ar Rebulobs monawileobas
institutis marTvaSi, rac gansazRvrulia rogorc wesi, misi institucionaluri
statusiT da insitutis zemoqmedebebis mxolod mimRebad gvevlineba. “pasiuroba”
ar niSnavs, rom es wevri fizikurad pasiuria. is SeiZleba hiperaqtiuri iyos,
magram mainc rCebodes pasiur wevrad.
12 ix. amave wignis I nawilSi habermasiseuli sazogadoebis aRweris sqema.

60
 meore da mesame SemTxvevisaTvis gasagebia ra poziciiT aris mocemuli
gansazRvrebebi. aseve, ukve ganisazRvra, ras niSnavs centraluri roli, anu,
agentis pozicia:
“centraluri” aris institutis ZiriTadi moqmedi pirebis, anu,
agentebis pozicia. anu, Cvens SemTxvevebSi, ojaxis agentebi iqnebian ojaxis
aqtiuri, “mTavari” wevrebi, saxelmwifos – politikosebi, saxelmwifo
moxeleebi, arCevnebis aqtiurad monawileebi. ekonomikuri sistemaSi, eklesiaSi
da samoqalaqo sazogadoebis SemTxvevaSi – aqtiuri wevrebi, biznesmenebi,
morwmuneebi da a.S.
maSasadame, rogorc vxedavT, socialuri institutebis gansazRvreba
SesaZlebelia samnairad, sami poziciis gamoyenebiT (rogorc winaswarmocemuli
struqturebis, rogorc organizaciis moqmedebis procesebis da rogorc
konkretuli moqmedebebidan abstraqciebis [cnobierebis konstruqtebis]). anu,
socialuri institutebis mimarT sami pozicia SeiZleba arsebobdes:
idealisturi, realisturi da konceptualisturi13. am sami poziciidan erT-
erTi mainc, romelime instituciuri formis SemTxvevaSi aris centraluri 14,
anu, agentis pozicia.

13
aq minda avxsna, ratom SevarCie es saxelebi institutebis formebisaTvis: Sua
saukuneebSi cnobilma kamaTma ideebis bunebis Sesaxeb sam nawilad dahyo
mokamaTeebi: idealistebad, vinc ambobda, rom 1) ideebi arsebobs RmerTSi, da
RmerTi maT mixedviT qmnis sagnebs, 2) konceptualistebad, vinc ambobda, rom
ideebi sagnebidan da movlenebidan Cvens mier konstrurirebuli abstraqciebia, da
3) realistebi, vinc ambobdnen, rom ideebi aris Tavad sagnebSi.
14
am SemTxvevaSi sruliad gasagebia institutis sami sxvadasxva gansazRvrebis
arseboba. yoveli SemmuSavebeli iyo agentis poziciaSi romelime
institucionaluri formis mimarT, xolo sxvebis mimarT – damkvirveblis an
pasiuri monawilis mdgomareobaSi. amitomac Sedegad miviReT sami sxvadasxva
gansazRvreba.

61
 qvemoT moyvanilia sqema, romelic aRwers socialuri institutebis
gansazRvrebebs-arsebobis formebs pozicia/rolebTan mimarTebaSi. aSkarad Cans,
rom sami poziciis SemTxvevaSi socialuri institutebi samive midgomiT
aRiwerebian:
konkretuli “ojaxi” “samoqalaqo “saxelmwifo”
socialuri sazogadoeba”,
instituti “ekonomikuri
sistema”, “eklesia”
midgoma
agenti15 idealisturi konceptualisturi realisturi

damkvirvebeli konceptualisturi idealisturi konceptualisturi

pasiuri mimRebi- realisturi realisturi idealisturi
monawile

midgomebis/rolebis aseTi dayofa ra Tqma unda pirobiTia. isini umetesad erT

adamianSi SeiZleba gavaerTianoT. anu, erTi pirovneba, erTi sistema, SeiZleba

15
rodesac aqac da sxvaganac am wignSi “agentis” Sesaxeb vlaparakob, vgulisxmob
socialur agents, romelic centraluria institutisaTvis, da gansxvavdeba
situaciuri, anu, fsiqologiuri agentisagan. fsiqologiuri agenti aris
mdgomareoba, rodesac institutisaTvis damaxasiaTebel raime situaciaSi,
viTarebaSi, konkretul momentSi wamyvani, pirobebis mokarnaxe, mTavari moqmedi
piri xdeba ara socialuri agenti, aramed sxva: situaciuri agenti SeiZleba iyos
bavSvi (romelic uzurpacias uwevs Tavis mSoblebs daZinebis dros), mosarCle
(romelsac Seaqvs sarCeli saxelmwifo moxelis, an saxelmwifos winaamRdeg. am
SemTxvevaSi is ki ar aris socialuri agenti, aramed advokati), moqalaqe
(romelsac wiTeli jvris gancxadebis Tanaxmad miaqvs Zveli tansacmeli mesame
qveynebis macxovreblebisaTvis). Tuki davakvirdebiT aq aRweril situaciuri
agentebis tipebs, vnaxavT, rom isini yovel zemoT CamoTvlil SemTxvevaSi iReben
sikeTeebs, sargebels da gzavnilebs institutebis muSaobisagan, da TviTon masSi
ar asruleben centralur rolebs.

62
iyos agenti ojaxTan mimarTebaSi, damkvirvebeli eklesiasTan mimarTebaSi da
pasiuri monawile saxelmwifosTan mimarTebaSi.
cxrilSi mocemuli konkretuli socialuri institutebis
dasaxelebebis ganawileba ar aris aucilebeli, da SeiZleba sxvadasxva
kulturaSi sazogadoebaSi, regionSi sxvadasxva iyos. zemoT mocemuli
danawileba specifikuria saqarTvelosaTvis, da albaT, zogierTi post-sabWoTa
qveynisaTvis16.
magram, garkveuli viTarebebis gamo, agentebi xandaxan icvlian pozicias,
midgomas. magaliTad, ojaxis agenti xdeba konceptualisti, anda, saxelmwifos
agenti – konceptualisti, an, samoqalaqo sazogadoebis, eklesiis, ekonomikuri
sistemis agenti – realisti17. aseT SemTxvevaSi, Tu agentebis simravle
sakmarisia18, xdeba institucionaluri cvlileba da instituti icvlis tips
da formas.
magram, zemoT moyvanili socialuri institutebis aRwera gamosadegia,
rodesac gainteresebs institucionaluri cvlilebebi.
imisaTvs, rom arsebul sazogadoebaSi aRiweros institutebis arsebuli
sistemebi, amisaTvis saWiroa instituciuri tipebis cnebis Semotana, romelic
formalurad emTxveva instituciur formebs, magram moxerxebulia
instituciuri kompleqsebis aRsawerad.

16
aseTi midgomis moqniloba iZleva saSualebas gamoiyeno is radikalurad
gansxvavebuli sazogadoebebis SemTxvevaSi: dawyebuli jer kidev arsebuli
“pirvelyofili” sazogadoebebidan, sadac Zalaufleba/politika sqemaSi mocemuli
aRwerebidan albaT “ojaxs” Tu daemTxveva, da damTavrebuli Bbekis “riskis
sazogadoebiT”, sadac Zalaufleba-politika SeiZleba aRiweros, rogorc zemoT
mocemul sqemaSi “samoqalaqo sazogadoebis” da”ekonomikuri sistemebis” identuri.
17
rac am SemTxvevaSi roialistobis tolfasia.
18
zogierT SemTxvevaSi ki, rogorc vnaxavT, simravles ara aqvs mniSvneloba.

63
 bunebrivia, mkiTxvels gauCndeboda daukmayofileblobis grZnoba am
Tavis saTaurTan dakavSirebiT: arsad am msjelobaSi ar gvixsenebia jgufi,
asociacia, rituali. saqme imaSia, rom iseve, rogorc organizacia, jgufic,
asociaciac da ritualic institutis sxvadasxva ganzomilebebia. anu,
yvelaferi damyarebulia ZiriTadad monawilis poziciaze: anu, jgufad,
asociaciad da ritualad “Sefaseba” da Semdeg am Sefasebis legitimacia,
SeiZleba Zalian mniSvnelovania konkretuli adamianis cxovrebaSi, magram
institutis aRweris mxriv aranairi siaxle ar Semoaqvs.
anu, SeiZleba vTqvaT, rom konkretulad “rituali” organizaciis
arsebobis wesia, romelic damkvirveblis mier fasdeba, rogorc “rituali”.
amis argumenti iqneba Tundac is, rom SesaZlebelia “institucionalizacia”
yvelaze ufro rTuli deskrifciis SemTxvevaSic ki aRiweros rogorc
“ritualizacia”. msgavsi debulebebis formulireba SeiZleba yvela im
socialuri fenomenis mimarT, romelsac istoriulad instituts
upirispirebdnen.

64
Tavi II
socialuri institutebis tipebi

Sesavali
institutebis es sami forma, sami ganzomileba, rogorc vnaxeT,
sxvadasxvagvarad moqmedebs, iwyebs arsebobas da Sesabamisad, “sazogadoebis”19
mimarT sxvadasxvanairi Tvisebebi unda hqondes.
institutebi, marTalia, erTis mxriv qmnis misaRwev miznebs
(Rirebulebebs) da adgens moqmedebis wesebs, meore mxriv, swored am
dadgenebis gamo, isini Semakaveblebi da makontroleblebi arian. Tanac es
Sekaveba da kontroli ar aris erTmniSvnelovani da yvela formis institutis
SemTxvevaSi ara aqvs Tanabari Zala. SeiZleba institutis Rirebulebebi iyos
Zalian Zlieri da SemzRudveli, magram moqmedebis wesebi da sanqciebi imdenad
susti, rom aseTi instituti warmoadgendes kontrolis, stabilurobis da
moqmedebis wesebis simkacris minimalur dones. SesaZlebelia, piriqiT,
Rirebulebebi iyos zogadi da farTo, magram am sifarTovis damcveli zomebi,
wesebi da sanqciebi Zlieri da gadaulaxavi. am SemTxvevaSi aseTi instituti
warmoadgens stabilurobis, kontrolis da moqmedebis wesebis simkacris
maqsimalur dones. zemoT moyvanili aRwerebidan pirvelis magaliTad Cvens
garemoSi SeiZleba davasaxeloT ojaxi, xolo meoris – Zalaufleba-politika
(zogierTi interpretaciiT – postkapitalisturi saxelmwifo).
rogorc zemoT aRwerili socialuri institutebis formebidan vnaxeT,
arsebobs institutebi, romlebic, “centraluri” poziciis mixedviT, mTlianad
damyarebulia arian agentebis konkretul aqtivobaze. aq SezRudvebi ar
arsebobs, qveynis zogadi kanonmdeblobis garda. amitom, am fenaSi xdeba am

19
me aq varCie “sazogadoeba” brWyalebSi Camesva, imdenad, ramdenadac socialur
mecnierebaSi da sociologiaSi is TandaTan sul ufro da ufro metad xdeba
regulatoruli cneba, Sesabamisad maqsimalurad yovlismomcveli da amitom,
konkretuli Sinaarsis armqone.

65
SezRudvebis da CarCoebis TviTdadgena. SeiZleba iTqvas, rom es fena
Sualeduria SezRudvebis maqsimalur da minimalur doneebs Soris. amitom,
SeiZleba “bunebrivi” davarqvaT kontrolis20 qveda da zeda doneebis agentebis
mimarTebas gadaaqcion Tavisi institutebi Sualedur institutebad. [amis
Sesaxeb, dawvrilebiT TavSi cvlilebebis Sesaxeb].
institutebis am sam tips SeiZleba davarqvaT mikro, makro da mezo
institutebi.

mikroinstitutebi
institutebi, romlebic qmnis moqmedebis, kontrolis da stabilurobis
minimalur dones (anu, romelTac ara aqvT saSualeba institutis konkretul
ganxorcielebaSi bevri adamiani gaaerTianon).

makroinstitutebi
institutebi, romlebic qmnis moqmedebis, kontrolis da stabilurobis
maqsimalur dones (anu, yovel konkretul SemTxvevaSi aqvT SesaZlebloba
RirebulebebiT da wesebiT gaaerTianon “sazogadoebis” wevrebis maqsimalur
raodenoba).

mezoinstitutebi
institutebi, romlebSic arsebobs balansi, wonasworoba SezRudvebs da
sanqciebs Soris. anu, Rirebulebac (misi forma) da represiis Zalac
damokidebulia am institutebis wevrebis SeTanxmebul moqmedebaze. anu,

20
aq kidev erTxel minda aRvniSno SezRudvebis buneba, romelic tradiciul
(idealistur) da saxelmwifos (realistur) doneebs axasiaTebs: idealistur
doneze SezRudvebis moTxovna aris mkacri, magram ganxorcielebis da kontrolis
mxare – susti. realistur doneze SezRudva yvelaze ufro mcirea, magram
ganxorcielebis da kontrolis mxare SesaZleblobis farglebSi absoluturia.
amitom, bunebrivia, SesaZlebelia arsebobdes swrafva idealisturi donidan
naklebi dawesebuli SezRudvebis samyaroSi moqcevisaken, xolo realisturi
donidan, naklebad mkacri represiis doneze moxvedrisaken.

66
potenciurad SezRudvis moTxovna da represiis iaraRi Tanabari Zalisaa.
Sesabamisad, es institutebi warmoadgens moqmedebis, kontrolis da
stabilurobis Sualedur dones21.

daskvna
TviTon socialuri institutebis ganawileba am sam tips Soris yvela
sazogadoebisaTvis da saxelmwifosaTvis ar aris erTnairi. magaliTad, Tuki
ganvixilavT adreul tradiciul-agrarul sazogadoebas, vnaxavT, rom masSi
ganaTlebis miReba xdeba ojaxSi, anu gadadis mamidan vaJiSvilze, dedidan
qaliSvilze, am SemTxvevaSi, ganaTleba iqneba mikroinstituti22. Tanamedrove
dasavleT evropaSi, rodesac umaRlesi ganaTleba saxelmwifo politikis
sazrunavia da misi moqmedebis wesebi politikurad isazRvreba, umaRlesi
ganaTleba makroinstitutia23. aSS-Si, sadac umaRlesi ganaTleba ZiriTadad
bazarzea mibmuli da umetesad kerZoa, umaRlesi ganaTleba mezoinstitutia 24.
sabWoTa kavSirSi Tavidan iyo survili yvela instituti makrod
gadaeqciaT (ojaxis CaTvliT), anu, yvela instituti moeqciaT realistur
formaSi. sabolood es srulad ar ganxorcielda, magram ojaxis sabWoTa
instituti Zlier iyo SeWiduli Zalaufleba-politikasTan25.

21
aq SeiZleba spekulacias mivceT gza, da vTqvaT, rom am doneze SesaZlebelia
vilaparakoT socialuri Tavisuflebis, anu, gadawyvetilebis Tavisuflebis
Sesaxeb.
22 aqvs idealisturi forma
23 aqvs realisturi forma
24
aqvs konceptualuri forma
25
Tumca, sakamaToa, ra aris totalitaruli saxelmwifo am klasifikaciis
mixedviT: makroinstituti Tu mikroinstituti? am erTi SexedviT paradoqsuli
gamonaTqvamis sasargeblod Semdegi faqtorebi metyvelebs: I. Rirebulebebi da
Sesabamisad akrZalvebi totalitarul saxelmwifoSi stratificirebulia,
ierarqiuli, zustad gawerili. II. marTalia, represiuli meqanizmi erTi SexedviT
Zlieria, magram, is yovelTvis xorcieldeba damkvirveblebis da pasiuri mimRebebis

67
 imisaTvis, rom am SeWidulobis bunebaSi gaverkveT, unda SemovitanoT
kidev erTi cneba.
Tavi III
instituciuri kompleqsebi

instituciuri kompleqsi is socialuri SemTxvevaa, rodesac ramdenime

instituti SeWidulia an kanonis, an tradiciis (dauwerlad), an orives
ZaliT. anu, rodesac konkretul sazogadoebaSi/saxelmwifoSi erT-erTi
institutis Tanaoba (da sein) TavisTavad niSnavs meoris Tanaobasac.
(magaliTad, zogierT SemTxvevaSi: Zalaufleba/politika – eklesia,
Zalaufleba/politika – eklesia – ojaxi, ganaTleba – ojaxi).
sxvadasxva instituciuri kompleqsi SeiZleba aRiweros erTi da igive
institutebis saxelebiT. magram sxvadasxva sazogadoebaSi es saxelebi,
gamomdinare kompleqsis bunebidan da TviTon institutis formidan, sxvadasxva
rames aRniSnavs. institutebs, romelTac Cveni garemos istoriis ganmavlobaSi

mimarT (represia xdeba ara agentebis, aramed yofili agentebis mimarT). III.
agentebs SeuZliaT gverdi auaron represiul aparats Tavisi Zalauflebis
gamoyenebiT.
Tumca, meore mxriv, unda iTqvas, rom sabolood, totalitaruli reJimis
ganviTareba bolos aRwevs makromdgomareobas, imdenad, ramdenadac misi
Rirebulebebis da akrZalvebis sazRvrebi formalizdeba da umetes SemTxvevaSi
neitraluri xdeba. represiuli aparati rCeba igive doneze. swored “umetes da
gaurkvevel SemTxvevebSi” neitraluroba, xolo raRac SemTxvevebSi “Zveli drois
gaxseneba” xdeba totalitaruli reJimis, rogorc institutis rRvevis safuZveli
– warmoiSoba totaluri anomia: erTi da igive SemTxvevis ori da SeiZleba
ramdenime interpretacia xdeba. winamdebare teqstis enaze rom vTqvaT, izrdeba da
bolos absoluturi xdeba im SemTxvevebis/xdomilebebis ricxvi, romlis
monawileebic iZulebulni arian Tanabrad da erTdroulad iyvnen realistebic,
konceptualistebic da idealistebic (amis Sesaxeb dawvrilebiT ixile TavSi:
“institucionalizacia. adamiani, rogorc saagento”).

68
ar SeucvliaT TavianTi forma, da jerjerobiT metwilad aseTad rCebian, aris
ojaxi – mikroinstituti, da saxelmwifo (Zalaufleba/politika) –
makroinstituti. Cveni garemos, Cveni civilizaciis sxva institutebi, rogorc
istoriis ganmavlobaSi, aseve modernulobaSi da TanamedroveobaSi icvlis
rogorc formas, aseve tipsac. institucionaluri kompleqsis konkretuli
tipis saSualebiT SeiZleba gansazRvros saxelwifos da sazogadoebis tipi.
aseve, institucionaluri kompleqsis tipi gansazRvravs erTis mxriv, ra
forma aqvs masSi Semaval institutebs, xolo meore mxriv, institutis forma
gansazRvravs institucionaluri kompleqsis tips.
qvemoT CamoTvlilia institucionaluri kompleqsis ramdenime magaliTi:

institucionaluri kompleqsebis monacvleoba, rogorc istoria

daviwyoT martivi magaliTiT. gvaqvs institucionaluri kompleqsi –

saxelmwifo-eklesia. es aris SemTxveva, rodesac institucionalur kompleqsSi
gaerTianebuli arian saxelmwifo da eklesia. Tumca, es erTmniSvnelovnad ar
miuTiTebs, rom aseTi kompleqsi niSnavs diqtaturas, an Teokratias. ra Tqma
unda, Sua saukuneebis saxelmwifoebi ZiriTadad aseTi kompleqsiT
xasiaTdeboda, magram, aseTive kompleqsiT xasiaTdeboda sul cota xnis winaT
(da umetes SemTxvevebSi exlac) evropis ganviTarebuli saxelmwifoebi. es
kompleqsi sruliad totalitarulia, rodesac “saxelmwifo-eklesias”
daemateba “ekonomika”, “ganaTleba” da “ojaxi”. am SemTxvevaSi, anu, rodesac
institucionaluri kompleqsia “saxelmwifo-eklesia-ekonomika-ganaTleba-ojaxi”
gvaqvs saqme diqtaturasTan da Tu “eklesia” figurirebs am kompleqsSi, maSin
Teokratiul saxelmwifosTan. sabWoTa kavSirSi “eklesia” iyo Canacvlebuli
“partia/ideologiiT”. Tanac, am SemTxvevaSi yvela es instituti, romelic
gaerTianebulia am kompleqsSi – makroTi isazRvreba da institutebis
umravlesoba makro tipisaa. aseT SemTxvevaSi ukve SegviZlia vilaparakoT
saxelmwifo/sazogadoebis tipze: imdenad, ramdenadac makroinstitutebi bevria
am kompleqsSi, makroinstitutebis Semkvreli Rirebulebebi (SezRudvebi) ver

69
iqneba zogadi, radganac isini bevr konkretul sferos unda Seexon. xolo
represiis da SezRudvis iaraRi rCeba Zlieri. amitom, aseTi kompleqsebi erTi
mxriv ra Tqma unda, makrodominanturi sistemaa, magram aRweris dros
emsgavseba mikrosistemas, im gansxvavebiT, rom represiis iaraRi da saSualeba
imasTan SedarebiT, rac mikroinstitutis gaaCnia, ganuzomlad Zlieria da
yovlismomcveli. am SemTxvevaSi, rogorc vxedavT, makro da mikro
institutebis Tvisebebi gaerTianebulia. amitom, aseT kompleqsebs makro-mikro
insitutebis kompleqsi SeiZleba davarqvaT.
kacobriobis istoria SeiZleba warmovidginoT, rogorc
institucionaluri kompleqsebis garTuleba da diferenciacia:
anu, winamodernuli periodi SeiZleba davaxasiaToT, rogorc
“saxelmwifo-eklesia-ekonomika-ganaTleba-ojaxi” – sadac
“Zalaufleba/politika-eklesia-ekonomika-ganaTleba” makroinstitutebia, xolo
ojaxi mikro26. istoria SeiZleba warmovidginoT, rogorc mimarTuleba

26
Tumca es sqema, iseve, rogorc yvela sqema ar aris absoluturi: ra Tqma unda,
winamodernul periodSi iyo mezoinstitutebic (gildiebi Sua saukuneebis
evropaSi, inteleqtualuri da religiur-inteleqtualuri jgufebi, vaWrebis
asociaciebi da a.S.) magram, wina modernuli periodis adreul xanaSi isini
imdenad sustebi arian, rom Znelia maTi calke gamoyofa mikroinstitutebidan.
Tanac, isini umetesad arsebobdnen makroinstitutebis nebiT da xelSewyobiT.
Zlieri mezoinstituciuri formebi, Tuki warmoiSobodnen, imdenad, ramdenadac
agentebisaTvis potenciurad yvelaze misaRebi iyo makroforma, gadadioda
makroinstitutis formaSi. amis magaliTia, Tundac qristianobis gavrceleba da
aseve, Sua saukuneebSi universitetis warmoSoba: Sua saukuneebis pirveli
universiteti Seiqmna boloniaSi XIII saukuneSi (ix. The Rise of Unversities. by
Charles Homer Haskins. 1923. Ithaca, New York). Tavidan, universiteti saxeliTac
(universitas (laT.) - niSnavs erTianobas, gaerTianebas) da formiTac warmoadgenda
profesorTa, anu, ostatTa da studentTa gildiebis gaerTianebas. gildiaSi
ostatebs hqondaT didi uflebebi, xolo Segirdebi, rogorc wesi

70
uuflebobisaTvis iyvnen ganwirulni (sanam TviTon gaxdebodnen ostatebi).
miuxedavad imisa, rom boloniaSi jer studentTa gildia Seiqmna, da Semdeg
profesorebis, qalaqi profesorebis gildias uWrda mxars da uflebebi ZiriTadad
profesorebs hqondaT. universitetis, rogorc gildiebis gaerTianebis warmoSobis
dasawyisi gamoiwvia 1163 wlis papis brZanebam, romlis mixedviTac maRali
wodebis sasuliero pirebs ekrZalebodaT swavleba. am brZanebam gaavlo
sademarkacio xazi saeklesio skolebs da universitetebs Soris da misca dasabami
universitetebis arsebobas. gildiis garda sxva instituciuri forma im dros ar
arsebobda, amitom, axlad Seqmnili universiteti (boloniis) moeqca gildiis
instituciur formaSi. magram Tu ostatebi (profesorebi) akmayofilebdnen
gildiis moTxovnebs da kmayofilebi iyvnen gildiis wevrobiT, studentebisaTvis
universitetSi yofna warmoadgenda problemas; miuxedavad imisa, rom maT calke
gildia hqondaT, isini mainc aRiqmebodnen rogorc Segirdebi da qalaqis mxridan
aranairi SeRavaTebi ar hqondaT (binis rentis fasi, sxva saxis momsaxureba): 1.
isini iyvnen saSualo an maRali fenis ojaxebidan gamosulebi, da ar moswondaT
sakuTari Tavis SegirdebisaTvis gatoleba. 2. saeklesio skolebi, sadac adre
xdeboda ganaTlebis miReba, ar iyvnen gildiis formis, isini ufro
makroinstitutebs warmoadgendnen. 3. studentebi rogorc wesi iyvnen ucxoelebi,
da maTi jgufebi upirispirdebodnen qalaqis mmarTvelobas, romelic maT uyurebda
rogorc Segirdebs da SegirdebiviT eqceoda (mag. dasawyisSi iyo SemTxvevebi,
rodesac studentebi garozges). amitom, ukmayofileba studentebs Soris sul
ufro da ufro izrdeboda, da bolos miaRwia SeiaraRebul dapirispirebas
qalaqis mosaxleobas da studentebs Soris. profesorebi qalaqs uWerdnen mxars.
bolos da bolos, konstancis sabWos sagangebo gadawyvetilebiT, studentebs
mieniWaT specialuri uflebebi, romelic maT boloniaSi gansakuTrebul pirobebSi
ayenebda (profesorebis arCeva, gagdeba, binebze, wignebze fasis dadgena qalaqTan
SeTanxmebiT da a.S. ix. Universities in Politics. Case study from the late Middle ages and
early Modern period. The John Hopkins Press. Baltimore and London. 1972), aseve,
universiteti gaxda klerikaluri wreebis gansakuTrebuli yuradRebis obieqti.
Tumca, aseTi konkretuli warmateba pasiuri wevrebis gaagentebis mimarTulebiT

71
makrodominanturi institucionaluri kompleqsebidan mezodominanturi
institucionaluri kompleqsebisaken. anu, rodesac “Zalaufleba/politika”
darCeba erTaderT makroinstitutad, xolo “ojaxi” erTaderT
mikroinstitutad. danarCeni yvela (eklesia, ganaTleba, ekonomika da sxva)
gaxdeba mezoinstituti.
aseve, SeiZleba ganvixiloT winaistoriuli periodi (ra Tqma unda
hipoTeturi), romelic SeiZleba aRiweros, rogorc mikroinstitutebis
dominantobidan moZraoba makroinstitutebis dominantobisaken: “dasawyisSi”
ganaTleba, ojaxi, ekonomika, SeiZleba eklesiis substitutic, iyvnen
mikroinstitutebi. Semdeg, ganviTarebis tendencia wavida mikroinstitutebis
makroebad qcevisaken. ra Tqma unda, istoriaSi iyo gamonaklisebic; anu, yvela
instituti, ar iyo mxolod mikro da makro tipebis. magram mezoinstitutebi,
axali drois dadgomamde, yovelTvis iyo ufro cota, vidre
makroinstitutebi. magaliTisaTvis sakmarisia gildiebis socialuri faqtis
moxmobac. Tumca, sakiTxavia, is ufro mikroinstitutis formaze iyo

mxolod boloniaSi aRiniSneba. sxva qveynebSi, marTalia, am faqtma iqonia

gamoZaxili, magram aseTi radikaluri forma ar miuRia. magram amis Semdeg yvela
universiteti am faqtis gaTvaliswinebiT iqmneboda. universitetis formis meore
radikaluri gamovlineba iyo oqsfordi, rogorc mTlianad profesorebis
universiteti (bolonias amis sapirispirod “studentebis universitets”
uwodebdnen). Tumca, faqtia, rom boloniis universitetis studentebis, anu,
socialuri statusis mixedviT pasiuri wevrebis gamosvlebma gadamwyveti roli
Seasrula institucionalur cvlilebaSi.
es aRwerili SemTxveva makrodominantobis tipiuri magaliTia. Semdeg,
TandaTan, mezoinstitutebi ikreben Zalas, da ukve modernulobis dadgomasTan
erTad, nel-nela makroinstitutebTan erTad Tanabar mdgomareobas ikaveben.
kapitalizmis warmoSoba, samoqalaqo aqtiobis specifikuri saxe, sazogadoebrivi
azris warmoSoba - es yvelaferi aris mezo donis TandaTanobiTi gaaqtiurebis
niSnebi.

72
orientirebuli, Tu mezoze. aseve, ga-mezo-ebis niSnebia XVII saukunidan
bazrobebis, savaWro gzebis, salonebis, da a.S. gaCena27.
dRes msoflioSi arsebuli tendencia SeiZleba aRiweros, rogorc
ganviTareba mezodominanturobisaken. samoqalaqo sazogadoebis organizaciebi,
religiuri jgufebi, ekonomikuri jgufebi, Zalauflebis potenciuri da
aqtualuri mqonenic28 ki – miiswrafian imisaken, rom gaxdnen
mezoinstitutebi, anu, moeqcnen TviTregulirebad samyaroSi, gansxvavebiT
makro da mikro samyaroebidan. Tumca, GganviTarebad qveynebSi xSiria am
procesis Setrialebis mcdelobebi: magaliTad, yofil sabWoTa kavSiris
qveynebSi arsebuli mcdelobebi romelime eklesias mianiWon gansakuTrebuli
uflebebi, anu, aqcion makroinstitutad, anda, ekonomikuri sistemebis Zlieri
regulaciis survili, rac arcTuise liberalur kanonebSi gamoixateba. aseve,
amave qveynebis politikosebis survili saxelmwifo organizaciebis mxridan
akontrolon da reglamentirebuli gaxadon samoqalaqo sazogadoebis
aqtiuroba, anu, gadaaqcion sakuTari organizaciis procesad. Tumca, es
moqmedebebi albaT droebiTia, da Tavad agentebis survils sabolood win
veraferi gadaeRobeba (amis Sesaxeb ixile institucionaluri cvlilebebis
TavSi).
ganviTarebuli evropis qveynebSi, sadac jer kidev aris
makrodominanturi sistemebis reliqtebi SemorCenili, mimdinareobs am
sistemebis gardaqmna mezodominantur sistemebad. magaliTad, skandinaviis
qveynebSi, sadac saskolo elementarul doneze religiuri ganaTlebis wili

27
ix. Habermas, Jurgen. Structural Transformation of the Public Sphere. Chicago Uni. Press.
1995
28
ix. am wignis pirvel nawilSi bekis “riskis sazogadoeba”. bekis mixedviT, riskis
(Tanamedrove) sazogadoebaSi Zalaufleba gadadis didi asociaciebis da firmebis
xelSi, romlebic ki ar upirispirda arsebul “ofocialur xelisuflebas” aramed
ignorirebs mas.

73
sakmao iyo29 TandaTan uars amboben elementaruli skolis saswavlo gegmebSi
konkretuli religiis Setanaze da mimarTuleba religiebis istoriaze aqvT
aRebuli30. amis gamarTleba upirveles yovlisa isaa, rom ojaxi ukve aRar
aris totalurad mijaWvuli eklesiaze; Tu aqamde skola religiuri
swavlebiT exmareboda bavSvebs garkveuliyvnen im ritualebSi Tu moqmedebebSi
romlebsac ojaxSi an ojaxTan erTad asrulebdnen, arsebuli tendenciebis
mixedviT skola male xels SeuSlis bavSvebis ojaxSi urTierTobas
religiuri swavlebiT, rogorc ojaxisaTvis ucxo da uCveulo elementis
kultivirebiT.
rodesac institucionalur kompleqsebze vlaparakobT, unda
gaviTvaliswinoT, rom Cvens mier CamoTvlili institutebic SeiZleba
iyofodes “qveinstitutebad”. aseT SemTxvevaSi SesaZlebelia ufro Rrma
analizis warmoeba, Tu rogor gamodian erTi zeinstitutis farglebidan qve-
institutebi, da rogor Sedian sxva zeinstitutebSi. rac SeiZleba
ganpirobebuli iyos tipis SecvliT (anu, mag. makros mezoTi, an mezos
makroTi, rogorc es yofili sabWoTa kavSiris SemTxvevaSia zemoT moyvanil
magaliTSi. aseve, makrodan nawilobriv gamosvlis da mezoSi Sesvlis
magaliTia arCeviTi Serifis Tanamdeboba aSS-Si31).

29
anu, religia iyo [nawilobriv mainc] makroinstituti da gaerTianebuli iyo
institucionalur kompleqsSi ZalauflebasTan da saskolo ganaTlebasTan –
Sesabamisad ojaxTanac.
30
ix. fineTis dawyebiTi skolis saswavlo gegma. Framecurriculum for comprehencive
school. 1999.
31
TavisTavad arCeviTobis faqti SeiZleba ganvixiloT, rogorc
mezodominanturobisken mimarTuleba. Tumca, albaT ara absoluturi, ramdenadac
aq unda gaviTvaliswinoT arCeulis mier miRebuli Zalauflebis xarisxi,
Zalauflebis qarizma da a.S. _ amitom, arCeviToba albaT makro-mezo
instituciuri kompleqsis nawilad unda ganvixiloT.

74
 qvemoT sqemis saxiT mocemulia instituciuri kompleqsebis ganviTareba
istoriul periodebTan mimarTebaSi:

modernulobis Semdegi dro

modernuli dro

winamodernuli dro

winaistoruli dro

aRniSnulia makroinstitutebi
aRniSnulia mezoinstitutebi
aRniSnulia mikroinstitutebi
ra Tqma unda, gadasvla erTi mdgomareobidan meoreSi ar iyo aseTi mkveTri da
gamoyofili, aramed talRovani da TandaTanobiTi. wyvetili xazi aRniSnavs
gadasvlis pirobiT talRas.

75
rogorc aRvniSneT, SesaZlebelia gadaxrebic rogorc es iyo sabWoTa kavSiris
SemTxvevaSi, magram aRsaniSnavia, rom gadaxris SemTxvevaSic ki Zalaufleba
eweva mezoinstitutebis arsebobis imitacias.
sqemaze mezoinstitutis gagrZeleba konusuri formiT miuTiTebs, rom
mimdinare da momavali procesi aris mezoinstituciuri farglebis gafarToeba
da makro da mikro institutebis Semcireba. magram es procesi albaT
sabolood arasodes ganxorcieldeba (dawvrilebiT, ix. bolo Tavi “makro-mezo
da mikro-mezo institucionaluri kompleqsebi Tanamedrove socialur
sistemebSi).

evropocentrizmis SesaZlo braldebis winaamRdeg

aseTi gawyobis SemoTavazebis SemTxvevaSi, pirveli, rac mouva gamocdil

kritikoss TavSi, aris am sqemis evropocentrulobaSi dadanaSauleba, imdenad,
ramdenadac es sqema imeorebs dasavluri civilizaciis istorias da a.S.
magram, aseTi midgoma ar aris marTebuli, radganac, jer erTi, Cems mier
SemoTavazebuli institutis cneba universaluria32, da axasiaTebs yvela
sazogadoebas da civilizacias. institutebis makro da mikro tipebic
universaluri daxasiaTebaa. rac Seexeba mezoinstitutebs, maTi monaxvac yvela
sazogadoebaSi SeiZleba, Zlieri Tu susti formiT.

32
anu, es Teoria ar asaxelebs arc erT konkretul instituts, rogorc
aucilebels, aramed yuradReba gadaaqvs institutebisadmi monawileebis
midgomebze, damokidebulebebze, da institutebSi rolebis ganawilebaze. am mxriv,
mniSvneloba aqvs monawileebis rolebs da poziciebs institutebisadmi.
Sesabamisad, SesaZlebelia moviazroT sazogadoeba, sadac Zalaufleba/politika
iseve xasiaTdeba agentis, pasiuri monawilis da damkvirveblis midgomebiT
(idealisti, konceptualisti, realisti) rogorc Cvens civilizaciaSi “ojaxi”,
da a.S.

76
 sxva saqmea, ramdenadaa ase danaxuli cvlileba universaluri, da xom
ar aris mosalodneli ramdenime mniSvnelovani SemTxveva, rodesac ganviTareba
wava sxva mimarTulebiT.
rogorc ukve aRvniSne, sabWoTa kavSiris drosac ki, rodesac
faqtiurad ar arsebobda mezo done, xdeboda mezo donis institutebis
imitacia. rac Seexeba mimarTulebas mezodominanturi sistemebisaken, es ukve
Tavad sistemebis sakiTxia, da problema JRers Semdegnairad: aris Tu ara
sistema Sinaganad mimarTuli TviTregulaciisaken, Tu ufro sxva sistemiT
regulirebisaken?
magram, am kiTxvaze sruli pasuxis gacema SesaZlebeli iqneba mas Semdeg,
rac ganvixilavT instituciuri cvlilebebis sakiTxebs.

instituciuri cvlilebebis sociologia _ ori ganzomileba

imisaTvis rom aRvweroT instituciuri cvlilebebi, institutebis

tipebis da istoriaSi maTi monacvleobis sqema ar gamogvadgeba. es sqema sqemad
darCeba, da miuxedavad imisa, rom is produqtiulia saerTo ganviTarebis
suraTis dasanaxavad, Tavad konkretuli cvlilebis procesze veranair
informacias ver mogvcems.
magram, institutebis tipebis da instituciuri kompleqsebis cnebebi
sasargebloa arsebuli viTarebis aRsawerad: instituciuri kompleqsebis
dadgena SeiZleba kvleviT (rogorc kanonmdeblobis sociologiuri kuTxiT
analiziT, aseve CaRrmavebuli da raodenobrivi gamokiTxviT). rogoric ar
unda iyos saxelmwifos Tu sazogadoebis garegnuli, imitaciuri Tu
simulaciuri saxe, instituciuri kompleqsebis da am kompleqsebSi Semavali
institutebis tipebis dadgena ueWvelad miuTiTebs, Tu ra tipis socialur
sistemasTan gvaqvs saqme33.

33
instituciuri cvlilebebi SeiZleba gaizomos institucionaluri kompleqsebis
cvlilebiT, rogorc sakanonmdeblo, aseve sazogadoebrivi azris gamokiTxvis

77
doneze. magaliTad, Tuki kanonis mixedviT tradiciul eklesias CamoerTmeva
privilegiebi, is gaxdeba mezoinstituti. magram SesaZlebelia iseTi SemTxvevac,
rom legalurad, anu, normatiuli aqtebis mixedviT eklesias ar hqondes
privilegiebi, magram garkveuli pirobebis gamo is mainc makroinstituti iyos da
Zalaufleba/politikasTan institucionalur kompleqss qmnides. amis konkretul
magaliTia saqarTveloSi dRevandeli viTareba marTlmadideblur eklesiasTan
dakavSirebiT: qarTul istoriul mecnierebaSi miRebulia marTlmadidebluri
eklesiis aRwera, rogorc saukuneebis ganmavlobaSi makrofenomenis. ramdenad
misaRebia es faqti – miT umetes rom gviani Sua saukuneebidan moyolebuli axal
dromde saqarTvelo dayofili iyo ramdenime saxelmwifod, istoriuli
mecnierebis amocanaa. yovel SemTxvevaSi, sabWoTa wyobilebis damyarebis mere,
iseve, rogorc mTel sabWoTa kavSiris teritoriaze, marTlmadidebluri eklesia
gaxda makroinstituti. anu, instituti, romelsac winaswar ki ar hqonda
mocemuli qcevis da akrZalvebis wesebi, aramed mis SigniT xdeboda am wesebis da
akrZalvebis konstruireba, saWieroebisda mixedviT. anu, is kontroldeboda da
imarTeboda saxelmwifo struqturebidan. es Careva sabWoTa xelisuflebam
ganaxorciela mas mere, rac cxadi gaxda, rom eklesiis ganadgureba SeuZlebelia,
imdenad ramdenadac, jer erTi, sazRvargareT arsebobda analogiuri eklesiebi,
romlebic yovelTvis darCebodnen orientirebad, da meorec, ramdenime sasuliero
piris daxvretam daanaxa sabWoTa mTavrobas, rom mosaxleobas es mxolod
aRizianebs da ganawyobs mis sapirispirod. magram makrod qcevis procesi ar iyo
erTmniSvnelovani: amave dros erTis mxriv saxelmwifo, xolo meore mxriv TviTon
eklesia Seecada, rom ar daekarga mediaciurobis niSnebi, anu, ar daekarga
mrevlis mozidvis momxibvleloba. es iqna miRweuli, erTis mxriv saqarTvelos
kulturis ZiriTad monapovrad saeklesio xelovnebis (arqiteqtura, sagaloblebi,
saeklesio mxatvroba) gamocxadeba-kultivirebiT, da meore mxriv – amave
safuZvelze qarTuli nacionlizmis faqtiuri daSvebiT da nacionalistobis “Cumi”
uflebis micemiT. amitom, miuxedavad imisa, rom erTi mxriv TiTqos cxadi iyo,
rom eklesias saxelmwifo akontrolebda, meore mxriv eklesia “saidumlo
TavSeyris” adgilad gadaiqca, sadac morwmune-patriotebi erTmaneTs xvdebodnen.

78
bunebrivia, es TavSeyris adgilebic iseve kontroldeboda (an ver kontroldeboda
– qvemoT Cven vnaxavT, ra mniSvneloba aqvs instituciuri cvlilebebisaTvis aseT
moqmedebebs saxelwifos mxridan), rogorc patriarqebis daniSvna da mRvdlad
kurTxeva. magram es procedurebi, Tavisi bunebis mixedviT ar iyo cxadi, da
savsebiT SesaZlebeli iyo vinme “gamZvraliyo”, dasxltomoda maT. ase rom
saboloo jamSi, mainc gaurkveveli iyo, eklesia mTlianad kontrolis qveS iyo,
Tu SeiZleboda ramdenime “pirovneba-oazisis” monaxva. aseTive viTareba iyo
patriot-morwmuneebis mimarTac, romlebic eklesiaSi ikribebodnen. garda amisa,
sabWoTa eklesia maqsimalurad cdilobda tolerantuli yofiliyo: saqarTvelos
marTlmadideblobis mTavar taZarSi garkveuli periodulobiT sxvadasxva
konfesiis warmomadgenlebi erTad loculobdnen.
mokled, am pirobebSi eklesias ar aklda arc mrevli, arc saxelmwifos
mxridan dafinanseba, da arc saxelmwifos mxridan kontroli. magram, sabWoTa
kavSiris rRvevis Semdeg legitimuri viTareba radikalurad Seicvala: axal
saxelmwifos saerTaSoriso valdebulebebi miuTiTebdnen eklesiisagan maqsimalur
daSorebisken da yvela konfesiis Tanabrad gamocxadebisken. Tumca imdenad,
ramdenadac xelisuflebaSi mainc ZiriTadad yofili partiuli bosebi da
saeklesio patritizmze aRzrdili xalxi iyo, konstituciaSi mainc Caweres, rom
“marTlmadideblur eklesias gaaCnia gansakuTrebuli roli saqarTvelos
istoriaSi”. es erTi SexedviT uwyinari fraza mogvianebiT aRmoCnda is mosaWidi
wertili, romlisganc daiwyo moZraoba religiurma fundamentalizmma, anu,
marTlmadideblobis saxelmwifo religiad gamocxadebis moTxovnam. Tu
gaviTvaliswinebT imasac, rom saqarTvelos mTavrobaSi dRiTi dRe Zlierdeba
yofili partiuli bosebis poziciebi, gasagebi unda iyos, rom eklesiisaTvis
Zveli saxis dabruneba maT unda awyobdeT, rogorc sazogadoebis kontrolis
gamocdili saSualeba (magram, rogorc Semdeg, “institucionalizaciis” TavSi
vnaxavT, swored aseTi kontrolis saSualebaa, rac erTis mxriv amyarebs, magram
meore mxriv Slis totalitarul saxelmwifos). Tanac isic aris
gasaTvaliswinebeli, rom legitimurad sabWoTa dros eklesia ar iyo
saxelmwifos nawili. dRes biujeturi met-naklebi gamWvirvalobis pirobebSi

79
TandaTan SeuZlebeli xdeba eklesiis farulad dafinanseba. amitom, eklesia sul
ufro da ufro aqtiurad moiTxovs saxelmwifoebrivi statusis miniWebas. anu, is
cdilobs moipovos igive makro statusi, romelic hqonda sabWoTa wyobilebis
dros. magram “im” statusis mopoveba dRes SeuZlebelia, radganac legitimaciis
gareSe (anu, konstituciuri Sesworebis, oficialuri dafinansebis da sxva)
SeuZlebelia im viTarebis niSnebi SeiZino, xolo TavisTavad legitimacia, anu,
makroinstitutad qceva gamoricxavs sazogadoebrivi kontrolis im meqanizmis
aRdgenas. amitom, dRes saqarTveloSi eklesiam SeiZleba iTqvas, miaRwia
makroinstitutis mdgomareobas: Sevida Sesworeba konstituciaSi, saubrobdnen
sakonstitucio xelSekrulebaze da a.S. prezidenti moinaTla, saxelmwifo
moxeleebic Tavs valdebulad Tvlian Svilebi monaTlon da eklesiisadmi
kuTvnilebis afiSireba moawyon. aseve, eklesiis aSeneba iqca erTgvar modad, da
amave dros Tavis dacvad, korufciaSi CarTuli xalxis mxridan. Tumca, eklesia
legitimaciis doneze mainc ar aris bolomde makroinstituti, misdami
saxelmwifos damokidebuleba da mis mier sakuTari Tavis aRqma mTlianad
makroinstituts Seefereba. miuxedavad amisa, saxelmwifos warmomadgenlebi dRes
cdiloben eklesias miaweron mediaciuri funqcia: es maT im Zveli, sazogadoebis
kontrolis meqanizmis asamuSaveblad sWirdebad.
aq SeiZleba gaCndes kiTxva, rom Tu eklesia mediaciuri funqcias asrulebda Sua
saukuneebSi saxelmwifosa da sazogadoebas Soris, maSin ratom iyo
makroinstituti? saqme isaa, rom “mediacia” ar niSnavs “mezoinstituciur tips”:
mediacia SesaZlebelia makroinstitucionalur dones ekuTvnodes, rogorc es iyo
eklesiis SemTxvevaSi Sua saukuneebis evropasa da saqarTveloSi. anda, presis da
televiziis ZiriTadi nawili dRes ruseTSi da saqarTveloSi (albaT sxva
qveynebSic) – asruleben makro donis SekveTebs da gvevlinebian
makroinstitutebad. sxva saqmea, rom es makro done ramdenime, SeiZleba
urTierTdapirispirebuli nawilebisagan Sedgeba. anu, “mediaciuroba” ar niSnavs
mezoinstitucionaluri donisadmi kuTvnilebas. SeiZleba, piriqiT, sapirispirosac
ki aRniSnavdes: anu, mediaciuri funqcia SeiZleba saerTod ar iyos mezo donis
Tviseba.

80
 magram es yvelaferi exeba statikur aRweras, anu, arsebuli
mdgomareobis dafiqsirebas da gansazRvrebas. rogorc zemoT aRvniSneT, aseTi
aRwera arafers ar gvaZlevs instituciuri cvlilebebis axsnisaTvis; anu,
aseTma aRweram SeiZleba gviTxras, Tu ra mdgomarebaSia sazogadoebrivi
sistemebi, rom arsebobs tendencia – mezodominanturobisaken Tu
makrodominanturobisaken. magram ver gvetyvis ratom icvleba konkretulad esa
Tu is instituti da ra aris amis safuZveli.
imisaTvis, rom vilaparakoT instituciuri cvlilebebis sociologiaze,
unda mivmarToT institutebis aRweris sxva ganzomilebas: rodesac Cven
vlaparakobdiT socialuri institutebis formebze, aRvwereT institutebis
samnairi gagebis SesaZlebloba, rodesac TiToeuli es gageba damokidebulia
pirovnuli sistemis sam sxvadasxva nawilze, romelTac Sexeba aqvT socialur
institutebTan. anu: agenti – socialuri institutis “mamoZravebeli”,
“aqtiuri wevri”, damkvirvebeli – “disidenti” “kanonSemoqmedi”, “mecnieri”, da
Ppasiuri wevri, monawile, institutis aqtivobis calmxrivi mimRebi, is vinc
mxolod iRebs sikeTeebs da gzavnilebs – anu is, vinc institutis farglebSi
arsebobs, magram ar aris aqtiuri, masze ar aris damokidebuli institutis
konkretuli saxe da institutSi mimdinare konkretuli procesebi.

konkretuli instituciuri cvlileba damyarebulia agentebze. anu, im

subieqtebze, romlebic uSualod monawileoben, CarTulni arian da
warmarTaven institutebis muSaobas. Teoriulad instituciuri cvlileba
nebismieri mimarTulebiT SeiZleba wavides. magram sanam instituciuri
cvlilebebis mimarTulebebze daviwyebT laparaks, unda aRvweroT
instituciuri cvlilebebis tipebi; socialuri instituti ornairad SeiZleba
Seicvalos.
es ori cvlilebaa 1) diferenciacia da de-diferenciacia, da 2) re-
institucionalizacia.

81
Tavi IV
instituciuri cvlilebebi

1. diferenciacia da dediferenciacia
SesaZlebelia erT socialur instituts gamoeyos erTi an ramdenime
socialuri instituti, romelic SeinarCunebs rogorc “winapari” institutis
tips, aseve institutis formas.
magaliTi: XX saukunis meore naxevarSi evropaSi saskolo ganaTlebis
institutidan gamoiyo dawyebiTi ganaTlebis instituti, romelsac ukve aqvs
sakuTari SerCevis, moqmedebis wesebi da Rirebulebebi. aseTive tipis
magaliTia policiis da armiis diferenciacia.
rodesac am tipis cvlilebaze vlaparakobT, saqme gvaqvs
diferenciaciasTan. Tumca, SesaZlebelia ukuprocesic, anu, institutebis
sinTezi. amis magaliTad SeiZleba moviyvanoT sabWoTa kavSiris ngrevis Semdeg
samoqalaqo sazogadoebis, rogorc institutis Camoyalibebis procesi,
romelmac Tavis TavSi gaaerTiana disidenturi, avangarduli da sxva arsebuli
institutebi34. aseTive de-diferenciaciis magaliTia Sua saukuneebSi evropaSi
“moqalaqeobis” (zogierT interpretaciaSi “qalaqis”) institutis
Camoyalibeba, romelic Tavis TavSi ramdenime arsebul instituts aerTianebda.
aseTi diferenciacia da rediferenciaciis mizezebi SeiZleba iyos
rogorc Sromis danawilebis procesi, aseve gare impulsi, aseve, agentebSi
warmoSobili konsolidaciis survili, rodesac isini (anu, cal-calke
institutebi) ver umklavdebian problemebs, anda rodesac problemebi saerToa

34
Tumca, Semdeg moxda am gaerTianebis danawevreba da politikuri moZraobebis
gamoyofa. Tumca, dRes saqarTveloSi e.w. warumatebeli, an talRovani warmatebis
mqone partiebi kidev rCeba (nawilobriv mainc) samoqalaqo sazogadoebis
farglebSi.

82
da a.S. am mizezebze bevri SeiZleba daiweros da SesaZlebelia mizezebis mTeli
gansxvavebuli sistemebi aigos, romlebic, rogorc mosalodnelia, iseTive
gansxvavebulebi iqneba, rogorc socialuri institutebis gansazRvrebebi,
romlebic rogorc vnaxeT, ganmsazRvrelis poziciazea damokidebuli da
emTxveva mas.
institutebis erT doneze diferenciacia/rediferenciaciis mizezebi
SesaZlebelia sulac ar iyos am doneze warmoSobili saWiroebebi da iyos
makro donidan nakarnaxevi, kanonmdeblobis Secvlis an sxva normatiuli aqtis
gamocemis gziT35. amitom, am saxis cvlilebebis klasifikacia, ra Tqma unda
SesaZlebelia, magram yovel sazogaodebaSi da mikrosazogadoebaSi sxvadasxva
SeiZleba iyos. ase rom maTze dayrdnobiT raime zogadi wesis gamoyvana rac
SesaZlebelia, magram xelovnuri iqneba. sxva saqmea, rodesac laparakia erTi
instituciuri formidan meore instituciur formaSi gadasvlis Sesaxeb.

2. reinstitutizacia
instituciuri cvlileba, rodesac erTi instituti icvlis formas (da
tipsac) da gadadis sxva institucionalur formaSi.
rogorc zemoT aRvniSneT, institutis tipis ganmsazRvreli aris ara
is, Tu ramden adamians moicavs, aramed is, Tu kontrolis, moqmedebis da
represiis ra da ra siZlieris wesebia masSi legitimirebuli36.
Sesabamisad, raodenobas ara aqvs mniSvneloba, imdenad, ramdenadac
raodenoba yovelTvis fardobiTia, da verasodes ver ityvi, ra ricxvi ras
gamoxatavs. amitomac, rodesac qvemoT laparaki gveqneba institutebis tipebze,

35
aseve, wina magaliTze dayrdnobiT rom vTqvaT, es gaerTianeba Seiqmna
SesaZlebeli mas Semdeg, rac dasavluri organizaciebis kontaqtis prioriteti
gaxda zogadaT “samoqalaqo sazogadoeba”. anu am SemTxvevaSi moxda garedan
mosuli impulsis mixedviT dediferenciacia.
36
legitimacia aq gamoiyeneba yvelaze farTo azriT: dadgenis, gaziarebis,
TavisTavad cxadobis mniSvnelobiT.

83
(mikro, makro, mezo) gamoviyenebT ara raodenobriv gansazRvrebas, aramed
Sinaarsobrivs - Rirebulebebis, SezRudvebis da normebis tipebis azriT37.

rogorc zemoT aRvniSneT, socialur institutebSi mTavari moqmedi

pirebi arian agentebi, romlebic zogierTi institutis SemTxvevaSi adgenen
Rirebulebebs da SezRudvebs, zogierT SemTxvevaSi asruleben da axorcieleben
arsebul normebs. yvelaferi es imaze miuTiTebs, rom agentebs, miuxedavad
imisa, rom isini yvela agentebi arian, uxdebaT arseboba araTanabar pirobebSi.
anu, martivad rom vTqvaT, iq, sadac SezRudvebi da represiebi naklebia,
agentebi miT ukeTesad grZnoben Tavs da miT ufro miiswrafian am
mdgomareobisaken38.
zemoT aRwerili socialuri institutebis formebis mixedviT Tu
vimsjelebT, mezodominantur droSi yvelaze naklebi SezRudvebi da represiebi
arsebobs konceptualisti agentebis samyaroSi, anu, mezoinstitutebis doneze.
naklebi ara im azriT, rom am doneze kanoni ar arsebobs da yvelaferi

37
Tumca, isic cxadia, rom Tu socialur instituts axasiaTebs mkacri
SezRudvebi da susti represiis/kontrolis iaraRi, maSin misi konkretuli forma
ufro naklebi subieqtebis da agentebis momcveli iqneba, vidre im socialuri
institutis konkretuli forma, romelsac aqvs naklebi RirebulebiTi SezRudva
da Sesabamisad, represiis naklebi faqtiuri, normatiuli moTxovna.
38
ase, Sua saukuneebis SemTxvevaSi, marTalia mezoinstitutebi arsebobda, magram
arsebuli samarTlebrivi sivrcis da Zalauflebis gamo, makroinstitutebSi ufro
meti TviTdadgenis da TviTkonstruirebis saSualeba iyo, vidre mezod darCenaSi,
anda saerTod mikro doneze gadasvlaSi. am ukanasknel doneebSi mxolod agentebs
gaaCndaT ganusazRvreli Zalaufleba, sxva ablosuturad uuflebo iyo. maSin
rodesac makro dones SeeZlo nebismierisaTvis “mieniWebina” agentoba - brZanebiT.
amitom am periodSi, garda imisa, rom makro doneze naklebi SezRudvaa, makro
done yvelaze ufro metad uwyobs xels TviTdamdgen da TviTganmsazRvrel (ra
Tqma unda garkveul, mkacrad dadgenil farglebSi) institutebs.

84
daSvebulia. naklebi im azriT, rom kanonebi, Rirebulebebi, tendenciebi da
qcevis mimarTulebebi dgindeba TviTon agentebs Soris urTierTobiT da
faqtiurad, maTive Semoqmedebaa. anu, am instituciur formaSi da instituciur
tipSi Rirebulebebi da normebi dadgenilia agetebis moqmedebebis
generalizaciiT, abstraqciiT. rac imaze miuTiTebs, rom Tu sakmarisad bevri
agenti Seicvlis qcevas raime mimarTulebiT, Seicvleba ara marto aseTi
qcevis miRebuli wesi, aramed Rirebulebac da normac.
aseTi rame warmoudgenelia danarCeni ori tipis da formis SemTxvevaSi:
warmoudgenelia realisturi formis da makro tipis SemTxvevaSi, radganac aq
Zalauflebis organizacia sazRvravs institucionalur formas, anu, qcevis
wess da represias da ara piriqiT. aseve warmoudgenelia idealisturi formis
da mikro tipis SemTxvevaSi, radganac aq Rirebuleba aris xelSeuxebeli,
zeviT mdgomi, realuri idealuri tipi.
amjerad mivuaxlovdiT institucionaluri cvlilebis aRweras: agentis
Sinagani survili TviTon daadginos sakuTari moqmedebis sazRvrebi (anu,
sakuTari institutis konkretuli gamoxatulebis) da wesebi ubiZgebs mas
Secvalos institutis rigiduli forma ufro moqnilisaken da gadainacvlos
rogorc agentma mezo tipSi, anu, konceptualistur formaSi. aseTi gawyoba
xsnis im suraTs, romelic sqemazea gamosaxuli, anu, ratom xdeba
makrodomininturi sistemebidan mezodominantur sistemebze gadasvla39.
magram, Tu es sqema muSaobs, muSaobs aseve isic, rom arasodes ar
moxdeba absoluturi mezodominanturi sistemis miRweva, Tundac imitom, rom
am cvlilebebis gamtareblebi agentebi arian da yovelTvis iqneba sakuTari
Rirebulebebis, normebis da SezRudvebis dawesebis eqstremaluri survilebi,

39
es ar niSnavs, rom yvela agenti maincdamainc TavisuflebismoyvareobiT aris
Sepyrobili. monobis survilic mezo doneze ufro advilad ganxorcieldeba,
vidre sxva doneze. iseve, rogorc yvela sxva deviaciuri qcevac.

85
rac damwesebels, warmatebis SemTxvevaSi, Caayenebs (an daabrunebs) mikro an
makro tipis socialur sistemaSi40.
garda amisa, es moZraoba ar aris erTmniSvnelovani. dRevandel
msoflioSi, gansakuTrebiT ganviTarebad qveynebSi, xSiria SemTxvevebi, rodesac
garkveuli politikuri pirobebis gamo mimdinareobs ukuprocesi. anu, mezo
(konceptualisturi) institutebis makroinstitutebad qceva. SesaZlebelia
aRwero mikroinstitutebad qcevis SemTxvevebic. Tumca, isic aRsaniSnavia, rom
saboloo warmatebiT es mcdelobebi jerjerobiT arsad ar damTavrebula.
albaT upirveles yovlisa imitom, rom am mizanmimarTul procesebs Tan sdevs
mezodominanturi sistemebis Camoyalibebis procesi, romelic TandaTan
totaluri da yvelafris gamWoli xdeba. ase rom iq, sadac mimdinareobs ga-
makro-obis Segnebuli mcdelobebi, yovelTvis arsebobs mezodominanturi
procesis xelSemwyobi saagento41.
ase rom, Cven SegviZlia vTqvaT, rom nebismieri “devianturi” qceva
sakuTari kontrolis dawesebis mcdelobaa. rodesac am mcdelobas didi
winaamRdegoba aqvs, maSin is SesaZlebelia ukidures formebSi gadaizardos,
revoluciis CaTvliT42. Tu es winaamRdegoba ar aris Zlieri, anu, Tu
institucionaluri kompleqsebi mTlianad ar msWvalavs da kravs socialur

40 anu, kidev ufro rom ganvmartoT, SeuZlebelia aRwero iseTi

socialuri viTareba, sadac yvela socialuri instituti mezoa. anu, amis Cveneba
SeuZlebelia: mezo donis mravalferovneba Tavis TavSi Seicavs am
mravalferovnebebs Soris mikro-donis tradiciuli institutebis (magaliTad,
tradiciuli ojaxis) arsebobasac. es ki niSnavs, rom imis aRwera (damtkiceba)
rom yvela instituti gaxda mezo – SeuZlebelia. igive SeiZleba iTqvas makro
donis institutebis mimarTac.
41
am SemTxvevaSi igulisxmeba mezo fenis aqtiuri mxardamWerebi biznesmenebis,
samoqalaqo sazogadoebis aqtivistebis da religiuri umciresobebis saxiT.
42
Tu gamoCnda adamiani, romelic am deviaciebSi daiWers saerTos da im
mimarTulebiT wava, ra mimarTulebiTac mas deviantebi gahyvebian.

86
sistemas, SedarebiT umtkivneulod xdeba mezodominanturi procesis
ganxorcieleba. amis yvelaze kargi magaliTia Tanamedrove ojaxis mikro
tipidan TandaTan gadaqceva mezo tipad: homoseqsualisturi wyvilebis
dakanoneba, saqorwino kontraqti, ekonomikuri sistemebis mier ojaxis
ganmsWvalva, intimurobis gandevna ojaxidan, rogorc socialuri
institutidan da a.S. TandaTan ojaxs aqcevs mezo, anu, konceptualistur
warmonaqmnad43.
aseve, rogorc ukve aRvniSneT uamravi magaliTi SeiZleba moviyvanoT
mezodominanturi procesis, iqneba es arCeviToba da decentralizacia, rac
aSkarad miuTiTebs imas, rom makroinstitutebi iRebs konceptualistur
formas. es procesic, (anu, makroinstitutebis ga-mezo-ebis) iseTive usasrulo
unda iyos, rogorc konkretulad ojaxis SemTxvevaSi aRvwereT.

amdenad, “devianturi” saqcieli aris instituciuri cvlilebis

safuZveli. mTavari am SemTxvevaSi isaa, rom “devianturi” qceva unda
axasiaTebdes agents. im SemTxvevaSi Tu devianturi qceva axasaTebs an pasiur
wevrs, an damkvirvebels, mis moqmedebas rogorc wesi ar moqvs Sedegi da am
SemTxvevaSi represiuli aparati iwyebs Tavis arsenalSi arsebuli
saSualebebis gamoyenebas.
Tumca, SesaZlebelia pasiuri wevri gadaiqces agentad, Tuki maT
SeeqmnebaT Sesabamisi pirobebi. rogorc es vnaxeT Sua saukuneebis boloniis
universitetis magaliTis ganxilvisas.

43
es ar niSnavs, rom istoriaSi mxolod mezo dominantur procesebs hqondaT
adgili. magaliTad, Sua saukuneebSi universiteti gildiis konceptualisturi
formidan gamovida da gaxda makro, realisturi formis instituti. marTalia, is
dRes brundeba mezo formaSi, magram es ar auqmebs Sua saukuneebis faqts.

87
garda amisa, unda aRiniSnos, rom aseTi TvalTaxedviT “deviacia” aris ara
marto instituciuri cvlilebis, aramed socialuri institutebis arsebobis
safuZvelic: “deviantis” qceva garkveul SemTxvevebSi SeiZleba institutis
gamamyarebelic ki aRmoCndes. es is SemTxvevaa, rodesac instituti icvlis
tips da formas, magram misi realuri/faqtiuri Semadgenloba, ritualebi,
rekvizitebi da sxva igive rCeba. anu aseTi instituciuri cvlileba
sazogadoebis simyaris SemanarCunebelia, imdenad, ramdenadac inarCunebs
rolebs da adgilebs. is rom am rolebis da adgilebis Sinaarsi aseT
SemTxvevebSi Tavidan iwereba, Tavad stabilurobisaTvis ara aqvs mniSvneloba.
magaliTisaTvis Cvens mier zemoT moyvanili Tanamedrove ojaxis institutic
gamodgeba.

institucionaluri cvlilebebis am interpretaciaSi is ki ar aris mTavari,

Tu rogori tendenciebia dRes, aramed is, rom instituciuri cvlilebebis
(anu, mezodominanturi) mimarTuleba eyrdnoba SesaZleblobis farglebSi
yoveli agentis mier maqsimaluri TviTgansazRvris mdgomareobis miRwevis
survils. me ar viyeneb sityva Tavisuflebas, radganac, SesaZlebelia romelime
konkretul SemTxvevaSi „Tavisufleba‟ iyos konkretuli TviTgansazRvrulobis
sawinaamRdego.

institucionalizacia
institutebis formebis da tipebis TvalTaxedviT institucionalizacia
Rirebulebebis da represiuli aparatis legitimaciis procesia, romelic
warimarTeba potenciuri, an aqtualuri agentebis mier an konkretuli
institutuciuri formisken da tipisken, an momdinareobs konkretuli
instituciuri formidan da tipidan.
“warimarTeba .. ..ken, momdinareobs .. ..dan” niSnavs agentis mier pasiuri
mimRebebis da damkvirveblebis Ziebas. romdesac es sami roli (agenti, pasiuri

88
mimRebi da damkvirvebeli) Segrovdeba Rirebulebebis da akrZalvebis aparatis
garSemo, institucionalizaciis procesi damTavrebulia. Tumca, es mxolod
procesis dasawyisia. legitimaciis procesi aris uwyveti da institutis
konkretuli formebis arsebobis Tanamdevi procesia.

aRwera I _ mezodominanturobis parametrebi:

institutad qcevis, anu, institutcionalizaciis mizezad ZiriTadad ori
faqtoria dasaxelebuli: 1. rom instituti adamianis bazisuri
moTxovnilebebis dakmayofilebisaTvisaa Seqmnili (parsonsi); 2. instituti
daxmarebaa, Svebaa adamianebisaTvis da amave dros, rac aq CvenTvis
mniSvnelovania, aris carieli forma, romelic faqtiurad Tavisufalia
SinaarsisaaTvis (geleni). anu am midgomis Tanaxmad, SesaZlebelia, instituti
marTlac iqmnebodes sadRac bazisuri saWiroebebis dasakmayofileblad, magram
mas Semdeg rac instituti obieqtivirebulia, struqturirebulia,
avtonomiuria, is ufro anTavisuflebs adamianebs maTi pirveladi
saWiroebebidan da saSualebas iZleva maT ufro “maRali”, sxva ganzomilebis
miznebi daisaxon44.
magram, am SemTxvevaSic saqme isevea, rogorc institutebis samnairi
gansazRvrebis SemTxvevaSi: institutebi arian erTsa da imave dros rogorc
bazisuri, ZiriTadi moTxovnilebebis damakmayofileblebi, aseve, carieli
formebi, romlebic unda amoivsos konkretuli SinaarsiT. institutebis aseTi
ragvaroba damokidebulia poziciebze, romlebic zemoT aRvwereT: anu, kiTxva

44
am gansazRvrebis sailustraciod Semdegi magaliTi gamodgeba: oficialuri
sadilis mizani ar aris Wamis moTxovnilebis dakmayofileba. da arc SimSilis
Caqroba. is aris, faqtiurad, carieli forma, romelic SeiZleba aivsos sxva
miznebiT da motivebiT, rogoricaa urTierToba, flirti, politikuri
kompomilebis gamyareba, mafiozuri jgufis Sekvra da a.S. (ix. Ziderveld, Anton C. The
Institutional Imperative. The Interface of Institutions and Networks. 2000. Amsterdam University
Press. p. 33-42).

89
unda daisvas ara “ras akmayofilebs instituti?” aramed, “romeli rolisTvis
ra funqcias asrulebs instituti?”
ase dasmuli kiTxvis pasuxad miviRebT, rom institutebi ZiriTad,
bazisur moTxovnebebs akmayofilebs pasiuri wevrebisaTvis. anu, imaTTvis, vinc
iRebs institutebis muSaobis Sedegs da gzavnils da TviTon ar/ver axdens
maTze zemoqmedebas. agentebisaTvis instituti, garda imisa, rom akmayofilebs
sawyis da bazisur45 moTxovnebs, amave dros instituti maTTvis carieli
formaa, romelsac isini avseben sakuTari survilis da arCeuli mimarTulebis
mixedviT46. am SemTxvevaSi, rodesac sxvadasxva poziciebis agentebze
vlaparakobT, am formebis simkacre-siviwrove-sixiste iqneba gadamwyveti
mezodominanturi mimarTulebis arCevaSi.
ase rom, SesaZlebelia, rom instituti Seiqmna rogorc ZiriTadi da
bazisuri moTxovnilebebis dakmayofilebis saSualeba. Tumca, aq Sesaqmnelic
araferi iyo, imdenad, ramdenadac Tuki magaliTad, SevadarebT adamians da
maRalganviTarebul cxovels, romelic jgufurad cxovrobs, maTi bazisuri
institutebi erTi da igive iqneba, mmarTvelobis formis CaTvliT. es Sedareba
Zalian Sors wagviyvans, da aq mxolod aRvniSnav, rom am doneze mikro da
makro gadaxlarTulia erTmaneTSi da emTxveva erTmaneTs: didi ojaxis Tavkaci

45
“bazisuri” moTxovnilebis cneba sakmaod farToa, da dReisdReobiT, Seicavs
iseT momentebs, romelic wina saukunis dasawyisSi ar iTvleboda aseTad. bazisuri
moTxovnebia socialuri dacva, samuSao, jandacva, usafrTxoeba, aseve, komunikacia
da a.S.
46
anu, ojaxis agentisaTvis “ojaxis” instituti aris carieli forma, romelic
man unda Seavsos sakuTari SinaarsiT. magram, aq dgeba am formis siviwrovis
sakiTxi, anu, ramdenad farToa esa Tu is instituti imisaTvis, rom agenti ar
SeizRudos Tavis molodinebSi. “ojaxis” (ukve konkretulis) pasiuri wevrisaTvis
ojaxi bazisuri moTxovnilebebis dakmayofilebis formaa. aseve,
damkvirveblisTvisac, Tu is ojaxSi cxovrobs, ojaxi aseTad gvevlineba.

90
da jgufis ufrosi erTi da igivea47. am SemTxvevaSi misi farglebi iqneboda
Zalian viwro. magram Semdeg iwyeba diferenciaciis da re-
institucionalizaciis procesi. anu, institutis farglebis gafarToeba da
maqsimaluri dacarieleba. Cven SegviZlia vTqvaT, rom faqtiuri
institucionalizacia iwyeba reinstitucionalizaciasTan erTad, anu, rodesac
Cndeba araZiriTadi moTxovnebis dakmayofilebis survili.
am SemTxvevaSi kidev ufro cxadi xdeba instituciuri cvlilebis
safuZveli: viwro farglebi da Sevsebuli sivrce, romelic aqvs pirvelad
institutebs, ar akmayofilebs agentebs, da isini cdiloben gaafarToon
institutis farglebi, ise, rom ar Seavson isini. amiT SeiZleba aixsnas
instituciuri ganviTarebis orientacia jer makrodominantur, da Semdeg,
rodesac makrodominanturma mimarTulebam amowura Tavisi Tavi –
mezodominanturze gadasvla.
makrodominanturma mimarTulebam amowura Tavisi Tavi modernistul
droSi, rodesac ukve SeuZlebeli gaxda saxelmwifos organizaciuli
farglebis gafarToeba. es cxadi gaxda, rodesac aseTi gafarToebis
praqtikuli ganxorcieleba – ruseTis revolucia _ iyo winamodernul, da
lamis winaistoriul periodSi dabruneba. aseTive gafarToebis praqtikuli
ganxorcieleba iyo faSisturi reJimebi, romlebic aseve, winaistoriul
diqtaturebad gadakeTda.
ase rom, ruseTis revolucias da faSizmis periods SeiZleba vuwodoT
makrodominanturobis piki da dasasruli. ratom aris es piki da Tavis
amowurva, SeiZleba ase avxsnaT:
TavisTavad agentis (am potenciuri agentis) makrodominanturobaze
mimarTeba meti TviTgansazRvrulobis garantad gvevlineba, imdenad, ramdenadac
makro doneze sazRvrebi garkveulia da mkacri: arsebobs garkveuli

47
Tumca, erTmniSvnelovnad arc imis Tqma ar SeiZleba, rom maRalganviTarebuli
cxovelis sociumi eqstremalurad totalitarulia (ix. farli moueti “nu
iyvireb: mgeli, mgeli!” Tbilisi. 1985. Farley Mowat “Don‟t Cry: the Wolf!”).

91
aucilebeli moTxovnebi, romelic agentma unda Seasrulos, xolo is "rac ar
aris akrZaluli, daSvebulia”. amitom, agenti, bunebrivia, ecdeba daaRwios
Tavi mikro donis mkacr, gaurkvevel da mTlianad amovsebul institutebs da
iseT doneebze gadainacvlos, romlebic ufro meti TviTgansazRvruli
moqmedebebis saSualebas miscemen. winamodernul istoriaSi am mxriv SeiZleba
ormxrivi mimarTuleba davinaxoT:
1. makrodominanturobisaken, romelic uSualod mosdevs
mikrodominaturobas, da am mxriv, aris samarTalis da
iurispudenciis warmoSobis safuZveli – anu, mimarTuleba makro
sazRvrebis mkacri da naTeli formulirebisaken, rac agents
saSualebas AaZlevs zustad icodes arsebuli SezRudvebi da
farglebi.
2. mezodominanturobisaken, romelic axal dromde SedarebiT sustia,
magram mainc rCeba mikrodominanturobisagan Tavis daRwevis erT-erT
gzad: amdroindeli mezomimarTuleba, marTalia, TviTdadgenil
farglebSi moqmedebs (mag. gildiebi), magram swored imis gamo, rom
jer kidev ar aris Camoyalibebuli saxelmwifo samarTali, makro
done aqtiurad ereva mis saqmianobaSi, rac bunebrivia SezRudavs mis
TviTgansazRvrulobas.
imis gamo, rom mezo done sustadaa ganviTarebuli, da ZiriTadi
yuradReba makro doneze da makrodominantur procesebzea gadatanili,
warmoiSoba mcdelobebi makro donis farglebi maqsimalurad gafarTovdes,
anu makro done gaxdes TviTgansazRvruli moqmedebebis sfero. amis Sedegi
aris safrangeTis revolucia, romlis istoriac kargad aCvenebs, Tu rogor
TviT-sazRvravdnen movlenebs da Semdeg sxvebis mier TviTisazRvrebodnen
revoluciis diqtatorebi (agentebi).

92
 magram es iyo makrodominantobis pirveli kraxi48. amis Semdeg cotaTi
ufro gaZlierda mezodominantobaze orientireba, samoqalaqo sazogadoebis
elementebis, Tavisufali bazaris, sabolood kapitalizmis gaCeniT, magram,
rogorc Teoriul, pirovnul da aseve globalur-politikur doneze,
makrodominantoba (anu, ufro cxadad rom vTqvaT, bednieri da ara represiuli
saxelmwifo wyobis miRweva) jer kidev aRiqmeboda, rogorc SesaZlebeli
momavali.
Mmakro donis farglebis gafarToeba, romelis gamoc bolSevikebi da
faSistebi xelisuflebaSi movidnen (orive SemTxvevaSi mmarTvelebis mxridan
iyo “xalxis arCevnisadmi” anu, situaciuri agentebisadmi damorCileba:
gansakuTrebiT bolSevikebis SemTxvevaSi, rodesac droebiTma MmTavrobam
faqtiurad winaamRdegoba ar gauwia mojanyeebs. aseve, faSizmis SemTxvevaSi,
rodesac hitleri gaaTavisufles cixidan). am makrodominantobis absoluturi
ganxorcielebis es bolo mcdelobebic kraxiT damTavrda. anu, Sedegad miviReT
absoluturi TviTganmsazRvreli samyaro, sadac Zalian cota iyo agenti, da
ZiriTadi sazogadoeba – pasiuri mimRebi da damkvirvebeli49. anu, faqtiurad,
es iyo nabiji mikrodominanturobisaken da mikroabsolutizmisaken.
meore msoflio omis Semdeg, mas Semdeg, rac makrodominanturobis
damRupveloba da uSedegoba gamovlinda, aSkaraa mezodominanturoba, ara marto

48
magram meore mxriv, demokratiuli saxelmwifo, rogorc Tanamedrove, aseve
romis periodis, aris makrodominanturi mimarTulebis (anu, moqmedebis sazRvrebis
maqsimaluri legitimuri gafarToebis) Sedegi. marTalia, Semdeg am gzas Cixamde
diqtaturis da totalitarizmis Seqmnamde mivyavarT, magram es sxvaze araferze
miuTiTebs, garda imisa, rom SesaZlebelia istoriis ciklurobis/wriulobis
daZleva da gadalaxva.
49
Tumca, rig SemTxvevebSi xdeboda spontanuri, situaciuri agentebis warmoSoba
da gaqroba (saxalxo dasjis, sasamarTloSi waTrevis inspiratorebi da a.S.). es
xdeboda yvela revoluciis dros (maT Soris ruseTSic) da warmoadgenda
makroinstitutebis sazRvrebis waSlamde da gaqrobamde gafarToebis Sedegs.

93
empiriul survilebis/molodinebis, aramed Teoriul donezec. aseve aSkaraa
mezodominanturobis xelSewyoba globaluri politika-Zalauflebis mxridan.
ra Tqma unda, mezodominanturobasac aqvs safrTxeebi. magram, amave dros
arsebobs am safrTxeebis daregulirebis saSualeba: is kanonebi, romelic
makro donezea dadgenili, da romlebic usazRvraven mezo dones moqmedebis
zogad CarCoebs. demokratiuli (post-kapitalisturi) saxelmwifos erTaderTi
mizani, rogorc Cans, aris am CarCoebisTvis maqsimaluri sicxadis micema da
represiis iseTi iaraRis SemuSaveba, romelzec SeuZlebeli iqneba damrRvevis
mier winaamRdegobis gaweva. am SemTxvevaSi Seucvleli iaraRebia sasamarTlo
da media50.
magram es wonasworoba, romelsac saboloo jamSi mezodominanturi
mimarTuleba gvTavazobs, aris myife wonansworoba, romelic SeiZleba advilad
dairRves, da aranairad ar aris anomiisagan da gaucxoebisagan gaTavisuflebis
saSualeba, rogorc zogierT avtors miaCnia51. anomia da gaucxoeba
gauqmdeboda, Tuki yvelas eqneboda aqtualuri saSualeba gamxdariyo agenti.
magram mezodominanturobis gaZlierebasTan erTad Cven mivadgebiT anomiis da
gaucxoebis advilad daZlevis etaps, rodesac anomirebulsac da
gaucxoebulsac eqmneba saSualeba Seqmnas Tavisi Rirebulebebis da akrZalvebis
forma, romelSic agentad mogvevlineba52.

aRwera II _ adamiani, rogorc saagento:

Tumca, zemoT aRwerili mimarTulobis ufro dazustebuli da agentebze
orientirebuli aRwerac aris SesaZlebeli: zemoT aRwerili procesi

50
magaliTad bil geiTsisadmi wayenebuli antiminopoliuri kanonis darRvevis
braldeba gamodgeba.
51
Ziderveld, Anton C. The Institutional Imperative. The Interface of Institutions and Networks.
2000. Amsterdam University Press. p. 198-201.
52
am SemTxvevaSi mivadeqiT zRvars, romlis iqiTac SesaZlebelia axali eTikis
Sesaxeb laparaki. amitom es am wignis Tema aRar aris.

94
istoriul ganviTarebazea orientirebuli, da aRwers statikurad makro da
mezo dominantur procesebs, rogor anacvleben isini erTmaneTs da ambobs, Tu
ratom aris Tanamedrove samyaroSi mezodominanturoba wamyvani.
agentebze orientirebuli aRweris amosavali unda gaxdes SedarebiT
ufro naklebmasStabiani procesi, vidre es iyo zemoT mocemuli. anu am
SemTxvevaSi Cveni orientiri iqneba revoluciuri viTareba, da is pirobebi,
ris gamoc qveyanaSi iqmneba revoluciuri viTareba:
totalitarul qveynebSi makro done, rogorc wina aRweraSi aRvniSne,
aris mkacri da Sevsebuli kanonebiT, akrZalvebiT, represiuli aparatiT da a.S.
am SemTxvevaSi, ra Tqma unda, potenciuri agentebi mimarTulebi arian makro
doneze adgilebis dakavebisaken. makro doneze agentebis adgilebis raodenoba,
marTalia, ufro metia, vidre mikro doneze, magram mainc SezRudulia, da
mosurneTa didi nawilis dakmayofileba ar xdeba. makro donisaken
mimarTuloba potenciur agentebSi ara marto karieris gamo aris gamowveuli:
aq SeiZleba bevri mizezi iyos, dawyebuli ekonomikuri pirobebiT,
damTavrebuli sazogadoebrivi aqtiurobis surviliT.
rodesac potenciuri agentebi ver aRweven makro doneze agentobas,
bunebrivia, isini icvlian mimarTulebas mezodonisaken. magram, swored imis
gamo, rom makro donis instituciuri farglebi Sevsebulia akrZalvebiT da
SezRudvebiT, mezo done faqtiurad ar arsebobs, an Tu arsebobs, arsebobs
makro donis Zlieri kontrolis qveS. potenciur agents ar akmayofilebs
makro donis zedamxedvelobis qveS yofna, radgan mas am SemTxvevaSi pasiur
mimRebad gardaqmna emuqreba. saukeTeso SemTxvevaSi ki damkvirveblad.
amitom, rogorc gamosavali am mdgomareobidan, potenciuri agentebi
iwyeben saidumlo organizaciebis Seqmnas, romelTagan, SesaZlebelia, arc erTi
ar iyos dasawyisidanve radikaluri, aramed, ubralod, klubebis saxe hqondeT.
makro donidan amis sapasuxo nabijia saidumlo policiis Seqmna53, radganac

53
amasTan dakavSirebiT ixile: Kreutz, Henrik. “Gutgemeint ist das Gegenteil von ist
gelungen”. in: Materials of the Conference: “Organisierte Kriminaliteat oder „Invisible Hands‟?”

95
makro dones arsebuli principidan gamomdinare, man mezo done mTlianad unda
daiqvemdebaros da gaakontrolos.
saidumlo policiis, rogorc damatebiTi represiis aparatis warmoqmna
iwvevs mezoorganizaciebis Sesabamebas policiis miznebisadmi, da isini realur,
antisaxelmwifoebriv saidumlo organizaciebad gardaiqmneba, raSic didi wili,
empiriul domezec ki saidumlo policias, anu, Tavad makro dones miuZRvis54.
es TiTqosda dazRvevis da garantiebis aRebis procesi ukve Tavis TavSi
Seicavs makro donis daSlis da gadawyobis marcvlebs: im xalxis socialuri
rolebi (anu, makro donis mier dawesebuli amocanebi da valdebulebebi),
romelTac akisriaT makro donis usafrTxoeba, kargavs gansazRvrulobas,
idRabneba, xdeba gaurkveveli: anu, es adamianebi iwyeben mravalrolian
cxovrebas, da es rolebi rogorc wesi, erTmaneTs ewinaamRdegeba55. anu, es
xalxi erTsa da imave dros asrulebs agentis rols ramdenime ganzomilebaSi,
ramdenime doneze. anu agentebi erTsa da imave dros arian realistebi,
konceptualistebi da idealistebi.
am SemTxvevaSi saxelmwifos ukve aRar SeuZlia mosTxovos Tavis
moxeles cxadi qceva: aracxadi qcevis wesebi maTi muSaobis wesia. Tanac,
zogjer xdeboda am funqciebis micema imaTTvis, visac sazogadoebrivi wesrigis

Universitaet Erlangen-Nurnbeg. 20.07.-21.07. Nurnberg. 2001. am naSromSi ganxilulia

revoluciis win ruseTSi mimdinare movlenebi da nacadia imdroindeli
centraluri socialuri rolebis rekonstruireba.
54
Tuki gadavxedavT nebismieri qveynis revoluciis wina periodis istorias,
vnaxavT, rom viTareba am mxriv yvelgan erTnairia: policiis saidumlo
TanamSromlebi erTvebian saidumlo organizaciebis muSaobaSi, xandaxan TviTon
qmnian mas. iwyeben xalxis mozidvas da maTi, rogorc policiis, aseve
organizaciis saqmianobaSi Cabmas. Cndebian ormagi, sammagi da oTxmagi agentebi.
55
Kreutz, Henrik. ibid. roman malinovskis magaliTi: erTi da igive adamiani SeiZleba
yofiliyo dumis wevri, oxrankis agenti, revoluciuri jgufis aqtivisti da a.S.

96
dacva evalebodaT: policiisaTvis (mag. ruseTSi, safrangeTSi), rac kidev
ufro abnelebda viTarebas da gaurkvevels xdida56.
rogorc Cans, revoluciuri mdgomareoba pirdapir kavSirSia agentebis
rolebis simravlesTan. ufro zustad ki, erTi individis/sistemis farglebSi
arsebul agentebis rolebis mravalferovnebasTan. e.i. revoluciis wina
periodSi qveyanaSi izrdeba individebis mier sxvadasxva agentebis rolebis
Sesruleba. anu erTi da igive pirovneba monawileobs ramdenime institutSi
rogorc agenti. am SemTxvevaSi, mezo doneze qseli iwyebs arsebobas, magram es
aris ara institutebis da organizaciebis qseli, aramed, es aris adamiani,
pirovneba, individi rogorc qseli (Kreutz). anu adamiani bevri mTavari roliT,
adamiani, rogorc saagento.
is, Tu aseTi viTarebis Semdeg ra aris konkretuli revoluciis mizezi,
empiriuli istoriis sakiTxia da Teoriulad misi gadaWra ar SeiZleba:
konkretuli revoluciis mizezi, anu zemoT aRwerili viTarebis gamoyenebis
safuZveli SeiZleba iyos gare (mag. rogorc ruseTis SemTxvevaSi – leninis
Semogzavna javSnosani matarebliT), SeiZleba Sida (safrangeTis 1789 wlis
revolucia), da aseve sxva bevri. magram mTavari aq is aris, rom revoluciis
mizezi aq socialur donezea – mezodominantoba da adamianebi, rogorc
saagentoebi.
am Tavis boloSi SeiZleba gakeTdes erTi daskvna, romelsac
SesaZlebelia praqtikuli mniSvneloba qondes sociologiuri kvlevebisaTvis:
rogorc zemoT mocemuli aRwera miuTiTebs, rac ufro meti agentis roli

56
imitom, rom iyo sruliad gaurkveveli, ratom hqondaT policielebs da
kriminaluri samyaros warmomadgenlebs (maTi nawili revoluciur davalebebsac
asrulebda) urTierToba. Tanac es urTierToba iyo saqmiani, partnioruli da
xSir SemTxvevebSi sargeblis momtani. es kidev ufro Zabavda saxelmwifoSi
viTarebas, da biZgs aZlevda met xalxs gawevrianebuliyvnen, an Tavi egrZnoT
saidumlo organizaciebis wevrebad. Semdeg isini xdebodnen ormagi, sammagi,
oTxmagi agentebi da a.S.

97
aqvs erT pirovnul sistemas, miT ufro totalitarulia saxelmwifo.
Sesabamisad, rac ufro metia am rolebis matareblebis raodenoba, miT ufro
revoluciur mdgomareobaSia saxelmwifo.
Sesabamisad, aseve, SeiZleba vivaraudoT, rom demokratiuli da Ria
saxelmwifo unda iyos mimarTuli erTi adamiani/ramdenime agenti mimarTebis
Semcirebisaken, da sabolood, stabilurobis da demokratiis ideali unda
iyos erTi pirovnuli sistema_erTi agenti57. es dResac met-naklebad
xorcieldeba dasavleTis ganviTarebul qveynebSi. amis sapirispirod,
ganviTarebad da yofil sabWoTa kavSiris qveynebSi multiagenturi sistemebi
jer kidev arsebobs, rac bunebrivia, garegnuli anturaJis miuxedavad,
saxelmwifosTvis potenciur safrTxes warmoadgens. magram amave dros,
mniSvnelovani isaa, rom am safrTxis daZleva mxolod realuri
demokratizaciiT da ekonomikis liberalizaciiT aris SesaZlebeli, da ara im
simulaciuri formebiT, romlebiTac dRes umetes postsabWoTa qveynebSi
iaraRdebian.
erTi pirovnuli sistema_erTi agenti amave dros qveynis
keTildReobasac miuTiTebs: es sistema aCvenebs imas, rom SesaZlebelia erTi
agentis rolis SesrulebiT srulyofili cxovreba, rac dRes ganviTarebad
qveynebSi warmoudgenelia.
is, Tu ra sistemebi da moqmedebebi uzrunvelyofs am mdgomareobas da,
Sesabamisad, ganviTarebadi qveynebisaTvis arsebuli safrTxis daZlevas, aris
Tanamedrove samyaroSi makro da mezo doneebis urTierTmimarTebis sakiTxi.

makro-mezo da mezo-mikro institucionaluri kompleqsebi Tanamedrove (gvian-,

winwasul- anda, gnebavT post- modernul) socialur sistemebSi

57
aseTi sistema iwvevs agentebis rolebis met-nakleb Tanabar gadanawilebas, da
albaT, momavalSi, aseT sistemebSi SeuZlebeli iqneba naxo adamiani, romelsac
saerTod, arc erT instituciur formaSi ar hqondes agentis roli.

98
 viTareba, romelic mezodominantur mimarTulebas Seesabameba,
migviTiTebs, rom instituciuri cvlileba midis socialur sistemebis or
ZiriTad institucionalur kompleqsad Camoyalibebamde: makro-mezo da mezo-
mikro:
miuxedavad imisa, rom kanonebi iqmneba da miiReba makro doneze,
mikroinstitutebamde es kanonebi (anu axali akrZalvebi da/an axali qcevis
wesebi) sul ufro da ufro xSirad aRwevs mezo donis gavliT: anu,
magaliTad, axali kanoni ojaxis Sesaxeb Tanamedrove yofaSi xdeba cnobili a)
mediis, b) mcire sazogadoebis g) advokatebis gavliT. TandaTan mivdivarT
iseT viTarebamde, rom sxva gza makrodan mikromde ubralod aRar arsebobs.
yvela SemTxvevaSi xdeba makro informaciis Targmna mezo doneze da
Targmnilis gadacema. sxva saqmea, rom mikro dones Semcirebis tendencia aqvs
da sul ufro da ufro cota raodenobis xalxis momcveli xdeba.
policia, romelic TiTqos makro donis pirdapiri warmomadgenelia,
TandaTan, arCeviTobis, municipalur doneze mibmis da sxva faqtorebis gamo
kargavs absoluturi makro donis Tvisebebs da xdeba mezo-makro
institucionaluri kompleqsis warmomadgeneli.
institucionaluri kompleqsis cneba me ganvsazRvre, rogorc
institucionaluri Tanaoba, anu rodesac erTi donis institutis arseboba
aucileblad miuTiTebs sxva donis institutis arsebobaze. am SemTxvevaSi
mniSvnelovani isaa, rom erTi instituti, romelic istoriulad da amocanebis
mixedviT ar aris SeWiduli meore donis institutTan xdeba misi aucilebeli
mokavSire instituciur kompleqsSi. imis gamo, rom instituciuri kompleqsi
asrulebs da axorcielebs im amocanas, romlis gadaWrac cal-calke arc erT
institucionalur tips ar SeuZlia.

es axali amocana, upirveles yovlisa, dakavSirebulia balansTan,

wonasworobasTan mezo doneze: mezo done miiswrafis totalizaciisaken. mezo
done aris TviTregulirebadi da TviTkonstruirebadi: anu, ara aqvs aranairi

99
Sinagani sazRvrebi. Sinagani sazRvrebis ar qona niSnavs, rom is mxolod
agentebis survilzea damyarebuli. amiT isazRvreba mezo donis principuli
mravalferovneba da dausrulebloba, magram amiTve iqmneba safrTxe, rom mezo
done daiwyebs iseTi jgufebis warmoebas, romlis agentebic Zalauflebis
mopovebaze iqnebian orientiebulebi58, da sazRvris arqonis gamo, kvlav
totalitarul sistemaSi moxdeba Cavardna. amitom, imisaTvis rom sistema
msgavs uwonobis mdgomareobaSi ar moeqces, arsebobs institucionalur-
kompleqsuri meqanizmebis mTeli rigi, romelic apirobes mezo donis TviT-
kontrols.
TviTkontrolis yvelaze ufro cnobili formaa arCevnebi: arCevnebi
TavisTavad aris mezo movlena da mezo doneze miRebuli gadawyvetileba.
magram arCevnebis Sedegad miRebuli konkretuli Zalaufleba makro donisaa da
Tavis operirebaSi rCeba makro doneze. es cxadi magaliTia imisa, Tu rogor
moqmedebs Tanamedrove samyaroSi makro-mezo kompleqsi. arCevnebis institutis
gavrceleba da gadaWimva Zalauflebis yvela Tanamdebobaze, policiis CaTvliT,
uzrunvelyofs mezo-donis TviTkontrols, rac ar SeuZlia calke makro
dones59. makro-mezo instituciuri kompleqsis arsebobis magaliTi, arCevnebis
garda, kidev bevri SeiZleba iyos. erT-erTi aseTi konkretuli magaliTia did
britaneTSi iseTi saxelmwifo latareis arseboba, romlis Semosavali
mTlianad xmardeba samoqalaqo sazogadoebis seqtoris ganviTarebas.
amitom, rogorc zemoT motanili analizidan Cans, makro donis gaqroba
aramc Tu ar aris mosalodneli, aramed arc SeiZleba socialuri sistemebis
usafrTxoebis TvalsazrisiT. is, rom Zalaufleba nel-nela gadadis mezo
doneze (beki), anda saxelmwifo xdeba Zalian patara arsebuli problemebis
dasaZlevad (gidensi) ar auqmebs im faqts, rom mezo dones TviTkontrolis

58
amis saukeTeso magaliTia Tanamedrove antiglobalistebis moZraoba.
59
amis mcdeloba iyo revoluciis wina periodebSi saidumlo policiis Seqmna,
romlis warmomadgenlebic iyvnen erTsa da imave dros makro da mezo donis
agentebi.

100
Camosayalibeblad makro donea aucilebeli. marTalia, zogi didi korporacia
usazRvro ZalauflebiT sargeblobs, magram masze kontrolis ufleba da
saSualeba makro donezea.
amrigad, xdeba ara makro donis gaqroba da nivelireba, aramed makro da
mezo doneebis, mezo da mikro doneebis instituciuri Serwyma. dRes kidev
aris SesaZlebeli mikro, mezo da makro doneebis gamoyofa, Tundac imis gamo,
rom sxvadasxva qveynebSi (gansakuTrebiT ganviTarebad saxelmwifoebSi)
instituciuri sistema sxvadasxvanairia60. magram imdenad, ramdenadac
instituciuri formebi da instituciuri tipebi saerToa da ar aris romelime
gansakuTrebuli kulutruli garemos privilegia, mimarTuleba mezo-mikro da
mezo-makro instituciuri kompleqsebisaken aseve SesaZlebelia saerTo iyos.
magram, meore mxriv, ramdenad aris realurad SesaZlebeli momavlis
istoriuli mdgomareoba, rodesac es ori kompleqsi iqneba socialuri
sistemis erTaderTi daxasiaTeba, problematuri sakiTxia da masze pasuxi
arasodes ar iqneba Semowmebadi.
maSasadame, aq cxadi gaxda gansxvaveba e.w. “ganviTarebul” da
“ganviTarebad” socialur institutebs da saerTod socialur sistemebs
Soris:
1. “ganviTarebuli” socialuri sistemebi miiswrafis „erTi individi_erTi
agenti‟ gawyobisaken. oRond, xSirad es „erTi agenti‟ aris
organzomilebiani, anu, Seesabameba institucionalur kompleqss (aris an
makro-mezo, an mezo-mikro).
2. “ganviTarebadi” socialuri sistemebi xasiaTdeba „erTi pirovneba_saagento‟
gawyobiT. „saagento‟ niSnavs im agentis rolebs, romlis Sesrulebac uwevs
individs da romlebic sxvadasxva instituciur tips da formas
miekuTvneba.
GAgansxvaveba am or sxvadasxva sistemas Soris naTelia, magram garkveuli
igiveoba xSirad aZlevs saSualebas ganviTarebadi qveynebis mmarTvelebs
60
rac damokidebulia ekonomikur, politikur da bevr sxva faqtorebze.

101
maxdinon ganviTarebuli socialuri sistemis simulacia: im SemTxvevaSi, Tu
maT eqnebaT warmateba damalon „saagentos‟ sxva rolebi da dasavleTs mxolod
ori maTgani daanaxon61.

i
Maciver, R.M., Page Charles H. Society. An Introductionary Analysis. London, Macmillan &
Co. 1964.
ii
Giddens Antony, Introduction to Sociology. 1991. New York, Norton
iii
Giddens Antony, The consequences of Modernity. 1990. Cambridge, Polity Press
iv
Kumar, Krisham, The Rise of Modern Society. 1988. Oxford, Basil Blackwell
v
Collins, Randall, Theoretical Sociology. 1988. San Diego, Harcourt Brace Jovanovich
vi
Sztompka Piotr, The Sociology of Social Changes. 1994. Oxford &Cambrige, Blackwell.
vii
Foucault, Michel, The Order of Things. 1970, London, travistock
viii
Bourdieu, Pierre. Distinction. 1986. Cambridge, MA. Harvard University Press.
ix
Lyotard, Jaen-francois. The Postmodern Conditions. Minneapolis. University od Minnesota
Press.
x
Baudrillard, Jean. Selected Writings. University Chicago Press. 1985.
xi
Luhmann, Niklas. Social Sysems. 1995. Stanford, California.
xii
Bell, Daniel. The Coming of Post-Industreal Society. 1974. Lindon, Heinemann
xiii
Touraine, Alane. The Post-industreal Society. 1974. London, Wildwood
xiv
Giddens, Antony. The Consequences of Modernity. 1990. Cambridge, Polity Press.
xv
Beck, Urlich. Risk Society. Towards a New Modernity. 1992. London. Sage Publications.
xvi
Ritzer, George. Postmodern Social Theory. 1997. New York. McGrew-Hill.
xvii
Habermas, Jurgen. Theory and Practice. 1973. Boston, Beacon Press
Habermas, Jurgen. Legitimation Crisis. 1975. Boston, Bacon Press.
xviii
Habermas, Jurgen. Theory of Communicative Action. 1984. Boston, Beacon Press.
xix
Turner, Bryan S. Classical Sociology. 1999. New Dehli. Sage Publications.
xx
Hennis, W. Max Weber. Essays in Reconstruction. 1988. London. Allen & Unwin.
xxi
Spencer, Herbert. On Social Evolution. 1972. Chicago University press
xxii
Smelzer, Neil (editor). Handbook of Sociology. 1988. New Dehli, Sage publications.
xxiii
Morgan, Lewis. On the Origins of Family, Private property and the State. 1884.

61
rac, zedapiruli gacnobis SemTxvevaSi, advilad SeiZleba didi da xangrZlivi
Secdomebis wyaro aRmoCndes.

102
xxiv
Durkheim, Emile. The Division of Labor in the Society. New York. Free Press.
xxv
Tonnies, Ferdinand. Gemainschaft und Gesselschaft. 1887.
xxvi
Ward, Lester. Dynamic Sociology. 1883.
xxvii
Lenski, gerhard E., and Lenski J. Human Societies: An Introduction to Macrosociology.
1976. New York. McGraw Hill.
xxviii
Parsons, Talcott. Societies: Evolutionary and Comparative Perspectives. 1966. Englewood
Cliffs. Prentice Hall
The System of Modern Societies. 1971. Englewood Cliffs. Prentice Hall.
xxix
Toynbee, Arnold. Study of History. 12 vol. 1934-1961. Oxford UNiversity Press.
xxx
Pareto, Vilfredo. Tractato di Sociologia generale. 1916.
xxxi
Sorokin, Pitirim. Social and Cultural Dynamics. 1937.
xxxii
Weber, Max. Economy and Society. 1968. New York. bedminster Press.
The Methodology of Social Sciences. 1969. New York. Free Press.
xxxiii
Blumer, Herbert. Symblic Interactionism: Prespective and Method. 1969. Englewood Cliffs.
NJ. Prentice-Hall.
xxxiv
Garfinkel, Erving. Studies in Ethnomethodology. 1967. Englewood Cliffs. NJ. Prentice-Hall.
xxxv
Durkheim, Emil. Der Selbmord. Fr. am Main. Suhrkamp. 1973
xxxvi
Merton, Robert. Social Structure and Anomie. in Americal Sociological review. 1959
xxxvii
Andorka, Rudolf. Einfurung in die soziologische Gesellschaftanalyse. Opladen.
Leske+Budrich. 2001.
xxxviii
Parsons, Talkott. The Structure of Social Action. 1937. New York. McGraw Hill.
The Social System. 1951. Glencoe. IL. Free Press.
xxxix
Lemmert, Edwin. Social Problems and the Sociology of Deviance. In: Karl Marx on Sociaty
and Social Change. 1973. Chicago University Press.
xl
Goffman, Erving. Asylums: Essays on the Social Situation of Mental patients and Other
Inmates. 1961. New York. Doubleday/Anchor.
xli
Becker, Howard. Outsiders. 1963. New York. Free press.
xlii
Berger, Peter and Thomas Luckmann. The Social Construction of Reality. 1967. Garden City.
NY. Doubleday.
xliii
Gehlen, Arnold. Urmensch und Spatkultur.
xliv
Summner. Folkways. 1907.
xlv
Cooley, C.H. Social organization. 1909.
xlvi
Malinowski. Culture. 1931.. In: Enzyclopaedia of the Social Sciences. 4 bd.

103
xlvii
Douglas, Mary. How Institutions Think? 1986. Syracuse University Press.

104