Introduction

The hull is one part of the ship that requires extra concern during design and construction. In
the history of naval architecture, hull designs has evolved over a period of time, from
cylindrical wooden shanks to steel columns. Engineers have been continuously innovating
hull designs to provide greater structural strength. As hull is continuously in contact with
water, it is under the effect of different types of forces acting at the same time. Not only that,
a hull requires high durability and resistance to prevent structural damage in case of collision
or grounding.

Naval architects use different methods for hull construction keeping in mind the purpose and
type of ship. In this article we will have a look at the basic ship hull designs which are
commonly used.

Terms in ship hull design

For understanding a hull structure, it is important to know the basic terms. We will quickly go
through the basic terms that are required to understand a design.

Frame- It is a steel plate that runs longitudinally or transversely throughout the hull structure.
Frames are welded to the sides of the hull as shown in the figure. They form the basis of any
design and all hull designs consist of frames.

Plate Floor or Floor plate - A steel plate which is welded to the floor of the hull. Plate floors
run longitudinally throughout the hull floor as shown in the figure.

Flanged Bracket -Triangular shaped Iron brackets that are welded where the two frames
meet. They are attached to the margin plates to resist excessive bending stress.

Side Girders - Inter coastal plates that are used to join two floor plates.

Keel plate - They are used to join floor plates to the keel of the ship.

The two main methods that are used for hull construction are :

 Transverse framing
 Longitudinal framing.

Transversally Stiffened
 Though this hull design is outdated, it is still used for smaller ships of
length less than 120 meters. In this design there is a plate floor every 3.05 meters and a frame
every 1 meter. The frames run tranversally to the hull structure. The frames are joined
together with the help of floor angle iron transverse. In this design every floor plate will have
3 frames. The frames are attached to the margin plates with the help of flanged bracket as
shown in the figure.

Iron transverse is attached between two floor plates to provide additional support and
increase structural strength. Refer the diagram for a better understanding of the design.

Longitudinally framed hull- For Tankers

In longitudinal framing the frames are attached longitudinally to the

floor plates instead of transverse. This helps to resist the bucking force in a much effective
way. Frames( Vertical and horizontal frames) are joined at the intersection of two sides is the
same way as in transverse design but with the help of web as shown in figure. Sealing plates
are used wherever the floors are to be made water tight(Generally in tankers). They are
welded to the longitudinal frames as shown in the figure.
Longitudinally framed hull-For Dry cargo
In Longitudinal framed hull for dry cargo, brackets are used to provide strength to the frame.
The size of the brackets keeps on increasing as the height of the deck increases. Brackets are
used to provide additional structural strength to the bulkhead as there are high number of
inter-decks in ships used for dry cargo.

References

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http://www.brighthub.com/engineering/marine/articles/32007.aspx#ixzz16CIhCble