CHAPTER 2

Computer Systems

2.1 © Prentice Hall 2002

COMPUTER GENERATIONS
1. VACUUM TUBES: 1946-1959

2.2 © Prentice Hall 2002

COMPUTER GENERATIONS
1. VACUUM TUBES: 1946-1959
2. TRANSISTORS: 1957-1963

2.3 © Prentice Hall 2002

COMPUTER GENERATIONS
1. VACUUM TUBES: 1946-1959
2. TRANSISTORS: 1957-1963
3. INTEGRATED CIRCUITS: 1964-1979

2.4 © Prentice Hall 2002

COMPUTER GENERATIONS
1. VACUUM TUBES: 1946-1959
2. TRANSISTORS: 1957-1963
3. INTEGRATED CIRCUITS: 1964-1979
4. VERY LARGE-SCALE INTEGRATED
(VLSI) CIRCUITS: 1980- PRESENT
*

2.5 © Prentice Hall 2002

 SUPERCOMPUTER
TERAFLOP: TRILLION
CALCULATIONS/SECOND

• HIGHLY SOPHISTICATED
• COMPLEX COMPUTATIONS
• FASTEST CPUs
• LARGE SIMULATIONS
• STATE-OF-THE-ART COMPONENTS
• EXPENSIVE
2.6
*
© Prentice Hall 2002
 MAINFRAME
MIPS: Millions of Instructions per second
• LARGEST ENTERPRISE COMPUTER
• 5O MEGABYTES TO OVER ONE
GIGABYTE RAM
• COMMERCIAL, SCIENTIFIC, MILITARY
APPLICATIONS
• MASSIVE DATA
• COMPLICATED COMPUTATIONS
*
2.7 © Prentice Hall 2002
 MINICOMPUTER
• MIDDLE-RANGE
• 10 MEGABYTES TO OVER ONE
GIGABYTE RAM
• UNIVERSITIES, FACTORIES, LABS
• USED AS FRONT-END PROCESSOR FOR
MAINFRAME
*

2.8 © Prentice Hall 2002

 MICROCOMPUTER
• DESKTOP OR PORTABLE
• 64 KILOBYTES TO OVER 128
MEGABYTES RAM
• PERSONAL OR BUSINESS COMPUTERS
• AFFORDABLE
• MANY AVAILABLE COMPONENTS
• CAN BE NETWORKED
*

2.9 © Prentice Hall 2002

 LAPTOPS & SMALLER
• LAPTOP (OR NOTEBOOK): Briefcase
type package, very portable, can be
inexpensive, can connect to other
computers or networks
• HAND-HELD (OR PALMTOP): Sub-
miniature, wireless computer. Growing in
sophistication and connectivity
*
2.10 © Prentice Hall 2002
 BASIC COMPONENTS OF
COMPUTER SYSTEMS
• UNDERLYING STRUCTURE
• INPUT/OUTPUT
• BITS & CODING SCHEMES
• ARITHMETIC LOGIC UNIT
*

2.11 © Prentice Hall 2002

 CENTRAL PROCESSING UNIT
(CPU)

ARITHMETIC/LOGIC
CONTROL UNIT
UNIT

CLOCK
ROM
RAM

PRIMARY (MAIN) MEMORY

2.12 © Prentice Hall 2002

 BUSES
PRIMARY
CPU
STORAGE

DATA BUS
ADDRESS BUS
CONTROL BUS

INPUT OUTPUT SECONDARY

DEVICES DEVICES STORAGE
2.13 © Prentice Hall 2002
 TYPES OF MEMORY
• RAM : Random Access Memory
– Dynamic: Changes thru processing
– Static: Remains constant (power on)
• ROM : Read Only Memory (preprogrammed)
– PROM: Program can be changed once
– EPROM: Erasable thru ultraviolet light
– EEPROM: Electrically erasable
*

2.14 © Prentice Hall 2002

 INPUT/OUTPUT
• TERMINAL
• POINT-OF-SALES TERMINALS
• AUTOMATIC TELLER MACHINES
• PUNCHED CARDS
• MAGNETIC INK CHARACTER
RECOGNITION (MICR): Used by banks to
process checks
*

2.15 © Prentice Hall 2002

 INPUT/OUTPUT
• OPTICAL CHARACTER RECOGNITION:
Scanned material translated into computer
characters
• IMAGING: Forms, documents, photos digitized
for computer use
• BAR CODE LABEL: Product label information
read into computer. Can be used to track
inventory
*
2.16 © Prentice Hall 2002
 INPUT/OUTPUT
• COMPUTER OUTPUT MICROFILM (COM):
Computer rapidly generates microfilm
documents for archive copies in small space
• VOICE RESPONSE UNITS: Computer
recognizes, generates verbal messages
• MULTIMEDIA: Combines text, graphics,
sound still images, animations, video
*

2.17 © Prentice Hall 2002

HOW CHARACTERS ARE STORED
IN COMPUTER MEMORY

• BIT: Binary Digit. On/Off, 0/1, Magnetic/Not

• BYTE: Group of bits for one character
– EBCDIC- Extended Binary Coded Decimal
Interchange Code (8 bits per byte)
– ASCII- American Standard Code for
Information Exchange (7 or 8 bits per byte)
• PARITY BIT: extra bit added to each byte to
help detect errors
*
2.18 © Prentice Hall 2002
 EXAMPLES OF BYTES

EBCDIC ASCII

(assume
C: 1100 0011 0even-parity
100 0011system)
1
A: 1100 0001 1 100 0001 0
T: 1110 0011 1 101 0100 1
Note how sum for each byte is an EVEN number
*

2.19 © Prentice Hall 2002

 ALU & CONTROL UNIT
• ARITHMETIC- LOGIC UNIT: CPU
component performs logic and arithmetic
operations
• CONTROL UNIT: CPU component
controls, coordinates other parts of
computer system
*

2.20 © Prentice Hall 2002

 COMPUTER FILES
• RECORD: Data about a transaction
arranged in a set of FIELDS, each holding a
datum
• FILE: A group of similar records, such as
accounts receivable or payroll
• DATABASE: The files of an organization,
an electronic library
*
2.21 © Prentice Hall 2002
 COMPUTER FILES
• SEQUENTIAL ACCESS: A sequence of
files arranged in order, say alphabetically.
Usually stored on magnetic tape or
cartridge
• DIRECT ACCESS: Records stored on a
DIRECT ACCESS STORAGE DEVICE
(DASD). Can move directly to any record
*
2.22 © Prentice Hall 2002
 DIRECT ACCESS STORAGE DEVICE

• HARD DISK: Steel platter array for

large computer systems
• RAID: Redundant array of Inexpensive
Disks
• FLOPPY DISK: Removable disk for PC
*

2.23 © Prentice Hall 2002

 DISK PACK STORAGE
• LARGE SYSTEMS
• RELIABLE STORAGE
• LARGE AMOUNTS OF DATA
• QUICK ACCESS & RETRIEVABLE
• TYPICAL: 11 2-SIDED DISKS
• CYLINDER: SAME TRACK ALL SURFACES
DISK 1
DISK 2
READ/WRITE
DISK 3
HEADS
DISK 4
DISK 5

CYLINDER 10: TRACK 10 (TOP AND BOTTOM OF EACH DISK)

2.24 © Prentice Hall 2002
 THE STORED PROGRAM CONCEPT

• COMPUTER IS A BINARY SYSTEM

• PROGRAM: A set of instructions telling the
computer what to do
• INSTRUCTION: Individual step or operation in
a program
• MACHINE LANGUAGE: Translated instruction
understood by particular model of computer
*

2.25 © Prentice Hall 2002

 CONTROLLER
• LINK FOR INPUT/OUTPUT OR FILE
DEVICES: To CPU and memory of large
computer systems
• HIGHLY SPECIALIZED PROCESSOR:
Manages the operation of attached
devices to free the CPU from these tasks
*

2.26 © Prentice Hall 2002

 DATA CHANNEL
• SPECIALIZED INPUT/OUTPUT
PROCESSOR (A COMPUTER): Takes
over function of device communication
from the CPU
• CORRECTS FOR SPEED MISMATCH
BETWEEN SLOW PERIPHERAL
DEVICES AND VERY FAST CPU
*
2.27 © Prentice Hall 2002
 SYMMETRIC MULTIPROCESSOR

• PROCESSORS (CPUs) ARE

IDENTICAL, WITH EACH
PROCESSOR OPERATING
INDEPENDENTLY OF THE OTHERS
• USED IN MOST MAINFRAMES AND
SOME MIDRANGE MACHINES
*

2.28 © Prentice Hall 2002

 PARALLEL PROCESSOR
(PP)
• MULTIPLE CPUs INSTALLED AS
PART OF A SINGLE COMPUTER
SYSTEM: Gives separate piece of
program to each of the processors so that
work on the program can proceed in
parallel on the separate pieces
*

2.29 © Prentice Hall 2002

 MASSIVELY PARALLEL
PROCESSOR (MPP)
PARALLEL PROCESSING COMPUTER
WITH MANY PARALLEL PROCESSORS:
• 32 OR MORE: Different CPUs capable of
performing different instructions at the same
time
• 1000 OR MORE: CPUs must all carry out the
same instruction at the same time
*

2.30 © Prentice Hall 2002

CHAPTER 2

Computer Systems

2.31 © Prentice Hall 2002