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CMMB Wk11 Mapping
CMMB Wk11 Mapping
November 8, 2001
Todd Scheetz
Introduction
What is mapping?
determining the location of elements within a genome,
with respect to identifiable landmarks.
Types of mapping…
• genetic mapping
• physical mapping
• restriction mapping
• cytogenetic mapping
• somatic cell mapping
• radiation hybrid mapping
• comparative mapping
Introduction
Genetic mapping
A2 A2 A2 A1 A1 A1 A2 A1
B2 B2 B2 B1 B2 B1 B1 B1
A2 A1 A1 A1
B2 B1 B1 B1
A2 A1 A1 A1 A1 A1 A2 A1 A1A1 A2 A1 A2 A1
B2 B 1 B1 B1 B2 B1 B2 B 1 B1 B1 B1 B1 B2 B 1
NR NR R NR NR R NR
bn det+ bn det
bn+ det x bn det
PstII BamHI
HindIII BamHI PstII
Restriction Mapping
BglII BglII BamHI
BglII BamHI PstI
+BamHI +PstI +PstI
5.2
4.2
3.6 3.5
3.3
2.6
1.7 1.7
1.4 1.4
1.2 1.2 1.2
1.0 0.9 1.0
0.7
0.5
0.3 0.3 0.3
A = {1,3,3,12} B = {1,2,3,3,4,6}
A^B = {1,1,1,1,2,2,2,3,6}
1 3 12 3
A 4320 map
2 4 6 3 3 1
B configurations,
11 2 2 6 3 1 2 1
A^B but only 208
distinct solutions.
1 3 12 3
A’
3 3 6 1 2 4
B’
1 2 1 2 6 1 2 1 3
A^B’
Cytogenetic Mapping
Cytogenetic mapping refers to
observing a map location in
reference to a chromosomal
banding pattern.
Cytogenetic
Mapping
These methods allow a rough
determination of location, but to not
yield a direct measure of distance.
Cytogenetic Mapping
Somatic Hybrid Mapping
Somatic cell mapping can be used to map an element to a portion
of a genome.
typically with chromosome resolution
Cells from the target genome are fused with hamster cells. The
resulting cells are then screened for cells (hybrids) that have
retained one or more of the chromosomes from the target genome.
EXP 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 X
WIL1 - - - - - - - - + - - - - - + - - + - - - + - +
WIL6 - - + - + + + + + - + + - - + - - + - + + + -
WIL7 - - + + - + + - + - + + - + + - - + + - - + - +
wil14 + + - + - - - + + - + - + - + + - + - - - - - +
SIR3 + + + + + + + + - + + + + + - - + + + + + + + +
…
% discord 0 32 17 24 31 21 21 31 21 24 30 21 21 28 14 24 21 28 17 34 41 21 27
A subset of the data used to map the Blood Coagulating Factor III
to human chromosome 1.
Somatic Hybrid Mapping
Finer mapping (higher resolution) can be obtained if hybrids
are present in the panel that contain partial chromosomes.
(E.g., translocations)
Ex.
RN_ALB 0100110102010001100100100000102210010..
RN_HEM 0101110102000100101100200010100110010..
Radiation Hybrid Mapping
Analytical methods --
Many ranging from minimizing the number of obligate
breaks to sophisticated methods relying on maximum
likelihood or maximum posterior probability methods.
= A+B- + A-B+
TH(RA + RB - 2RARB)
d = - ln (1 - )
NOTE: [0,1]
Summary of Mapping Strategies
Mapping Requires Resolution How to Software
Strategy increase
resolution
Genetic Polymorphic Medium to Increase GeneHunter
Markers, and High number of
Pedigrees markers or
people
Restriction Restriction High Increase
Enzymes number of
enzymes.
Somatic Somatic Low to Increase
Cell Hybrid Hybrid Panel, Medium number of
and STSs deletion hybrids
Radiation Radiation High Use additional RHMap,
Hybrid Hybrid Panel, hybrids, or MultiMap,
and STSs make a new RHMAPPER
panel.
Comparative Mapping
Can be very useful in utilizing animal models of human
disease, and also in exploring the causes of complex diseases.
potential
orthologs
colocalization
GeneMap 99 (human)
• 42,000 ESTS
• 12,500 genes
RNO4 HSA7
0 RNO12 {
400
} {
}
{
100 RNO12 { 500
} HSA11
} {
200 { 600
} RNO5 {
300 } HSA7p
} HSA4
700
Resources
Genome browsers
http://genome.ucsc.edu/goldenPath/hgTracks.html
http://www.ensembl.org
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/cgi-bin/Entrez/map_search
GeneMap99
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/genemap99