Introduction To Criminology Why Do They Do It 2nd Edition Schram Test Bank

Introduction to Criminology Why Do
They Do It 2nd Edition Schram Test

Bank
Visit to Download in Full: https://testbankdeal.com/download/introduction-to-criminolo
gy-why-do-they-do-it-2nd-edition-schram-test-bank/
Instructor Resource
Schram, Introduction to Criminology, 2e
Sage Publishing, 2018
Chapter 6: Modern Biosocial Perspectives of Criminal

Behavior
Test Bank
Multiple Choice
1. ______ studied a family, the Kallikaks, to determine if there is a link between

heredity and criminality.
a. H. H. Goddard
b. Richard L. Dugdale
c. Sarnoff Mednick
d. Patricia A. Jacobs
Ans: A
Learning Objective: Evaluate the role of nature and nurture in exploring risk
factors for offending.
Cognitive Domain: Knowledge
Answer Location: Family Studies
Difficulty Level: Easy
2. Children who were studied in the adoption studies were given up for adoption
prior to ______ of age, which is important when understanding the parental
impact.
a. 6 months
b. 1 year
c. 5 years
d. 10 years
Ans: A
Answer Location: Adoption Studies
3. Although adoption studies have been criticized concerning selective

placement, the ultimate findings of these studies are still ______.
a. completely valid
b. somewhat valid
c. completely invalid
d. unknown
Ans: B
Instructor Resource

4. The environments in which the “twins separated at birth” individuals were

raised in were often ______.
a. extremely similar
b. similar
c. unknown
d. extremely different
Ans: D
Answer Location: Twins Separated at Birth
5. The findings of “twins separated at birth” studies have shown that ______
have(has) a significant impact on human behavior, especially regarding criminal
behavior.
a. genetics
b. environment
c. social bonds
d. stigmata
Ans: A
6. Individuals with this type of chromosomal abnormality are often very tall but
slow in terms of social and intelligence skills.
a. XYY
b. XXY
c. XXX
d. XO
Ans: A
Learning Objective: Describe the various types of cytogenetic disorders and
which type(s) puts a person at highest risk for criminality.
Answer Location: Cytogenetic Studies: The XYY Factor
Instructor Resource
7. In one study, the more the chromosomal mutation produced ______

hormones, the less likely individuals were to commit criminal acts.
a. feminine
b. masculine
c. both A and B are correct
Ans: A
8. After the twin studies of the mid-1900s were heavily criticized, researchers
moved on to which other methodological approach to examine the nature versus
nurture debate?
a. twin studies
b. family studies
c. adoption studies
d. twins separated at birth studies
e. cytogenetic studies
Ans: C
9. Adoption studies have found that the adopted children for whom ______ were
the least likely to become criminal.
a. both sets of parents were criminal
b. their biological parents were not criminal while the adoptive parents were
criminal
c. their biological parents were criminal while the adoptive parents were not
criminal
d. neither set of parents were criminal
Ans: D
10. The first major study concerning chromosomal abnormalities found that the
genetic mutation of XYY occurs in about 1 of every ______ males.
a. 100
Instructor Resource
b. 1,000
c. 100,000
d. 1,000,000
Ans: B
11. ______ examined male children born in Copenhagen and adopted early in
life to determine the influence of nature versus nurture.
a. H. H. Goddard
b. Richard L. Dugdale
c. Sarnoff Mednick
d. Patricia A. Jacobs
Ans: C
12. Virtually all individuals perform better on ______ tasks in the afternoon or
evening, when they have relatively high levels of estrogen or other female
hormones in their system, which can be important for policy development.
a. spatial
b. verbal
c. mathematical
d. analytical
Ans: B
Learning Objective: Explain how neurotransmitters differ from hormones, and
note which of the former are the most often implicated in criminality at either high
or low levels.
Answer Location: Hormones and Neurotransmitters: Chemicals That Determine
Criminal Behavior
13. The process of differential levels of hormones begins early in life, specifically
in about the ______ week after conception.
a. first
b. second
c. fifth
d. ninth
Instructor Resource
Ans: C
or low levels.
Criminal Behavior
14. Most illicit drug use brings forth pleasurable sensations through enhancing
the levels of ______ in an individual’s system.
a. serotonin
b. estrogen
c. testosterone
d. dopamine
Ans: D
or low levels.
Criminal Behavior
15. Most of the executive functions of the brain, such as problem solving, take
place in the ______.
a. occipital lobe
b. frontal lobe
c. temporal lobe
d. parietal lobe
Ans: B
Learning Objective: Identify the regions of the brain that criminological studies
implicate for both structural trauma and functioning disorders.
Answer Location: Brain Injuries
16. Typically, the chromosomal mutations that occur in individuals are largely due
to _______.
a. environmental factors
b. random mutations
c. heredity
d. toxins
Ans: B
Instructor Resource

17. Studies that examine the relative concordance rates for monozygotic and
dizygotic twins.
a. twin studies
b. family studies
c. adoption studies
d. twins separated at birth studies
e. cytogenetic studies
Ans: A
Answer Location: Twin Studies
18. All of the following are possible consequences of high levels of testosterone
EXCEPT:
a. increased sensitivity to pain
b. enhanced seeking of sensory stimulation
c. higher levels of spatial aptitude
d. lower levels of verbal reasoning and empathy
Ans: A
or low levels.
Criminal Behavior
19. Studies of behavioral genetics regarding criminality or antisocial behaviors

consistently show that heritability/genetic factors explain about ______ of the
variance in antisocial behavior.
a. 25%
b. 50%
c. 75%
d. 100%
Ans: B
Instructor Resource
Learning Objective: Compare and contrast the central nervous system and the
autonomic nervous system and identify the ways both systems play an important
part in individuals’ decisions to engage in criminal activity.
Answer Location: Behavioral Genetics Studies
Multiple Response
1. SELECT ALL THAT APPLY. Members of the same family share ______.
a. neurotransmitters
b. hormones
c. genetics
d. environment
Ans: C, D
True/False
1. Criminality tends to cluster in certain families, as the first wave of nature
versus nurture studies showed. However, this tendency cannot be shown to be a
product of heredity or genetics.
Ans: T
2. The family studies showed that criminality in the mother (or head female
caretaker) had a much stronger influence on future criminality of the children than
did the father’s criminality.
Ans: T
Instructor Resource
3. Concordance is a count based on whether two people (or a twin pair) share a
certain trait (or lack of a certain trait); for our purposes, the trait is criminal
offending.
Ans: T
4. The highest predictability for future criminality by far was for adopted youths
whose biological parents and adoptive parents were not convicted criminals.
Ans: F
5. Selective placement is when adoptees are placed with their biological families
so they are taken out of the home.
Ans: F
6. The Kallikak and Jukes family studies did not have similar findings concerning
criminality and heredity.
Ans: F
7. Investigations into Goddard’s research found that he altered many

photographs to make the family members appear more evil and fit into the
definition of stigmata.
Ans: T
Instructor Resource

8. Although the Kallikak family study provides proof that criminality is more
common in some families, subsequent studies have proven otherwise.
Ans: F
9. Dopamine is the neurotransmitter largely responsible for good feelings in the

brain.
Ans: T
or low levels.
Criminal Behavior
10. Otherwise known as Klinefelter’s syndrome, the XYY mutation results in

higher likelihood for homosexuality and other behaviors but is not typically linked
to criminality.
Ans: F
11. A high proportion of females in prison for committing violent crimes did so
while on their premenstrual cycle when they experience an influx of testosterone.
Ans: T
or low levels.
Cognitive Domain: Comprehension
Criminal Behavior
Difficulty Level: Medium
Instructor Resource
12. Doctors typically prescribe individuals diagnosed with ADHD a stimulant

because these individuals have significantly low levels of ANS arousal.
Ans: T
Answer Location: Central and Autonomic Nervous System Activity
13. Some children do not feel anxiety when being physically punished (e.g.,
spanked) and are likely to have lower-than-average levels of ANS functioning
and are also likely to become chronic offenders if this disorder is not addressed.
Ans: T
Answer Location: Central and Autonomic Nervous System Activity
14. Research has consistently found both genetics and environment influence
behavior, particularly the interaction between the two.
Ans: T
Answer Location: Biosocial Approaches to Explaining Criminal Behavior
15. For every dollar spent on maternal/infant health care, studies show that not
only will many dollars in criminal justice processing and prison time be saved but
also many lives, due to the reduction in violence.
Ans: T
Answer Location: Policy Implications
Instructor Resource
Essay
1. What are neurotransmitters and what do they do? How are neurotransmitters
different from hormones? How can the neurotransmitter serotonin be related to
criminality?
Ans: Chemicals released when a neuron wants to send an electric message to a
neighboring neuron. Neurotransmitters are the way messages are passed
through the body. They regulate mood and behavior. Hormones carry a signal
that is not electric, but neurotransmitters are electric. Low levels of serotonin are
linked to criminality. Serotonin is important in all information processing and is
vital in interactions with the environment. Low levels of serotonin may make
individuals have problems communicating.
or low levels.
Criminal Behavior
2. Explain the nature versus nurture debate. Design a hypothetical study to test
these competing ideas.
Ans: Nature versus nurture is the debate between the influences of heredity
versus the environment an individual grows up in. This debate aims at
determining which influence has the strongest effect on predicting criminality in
people. This debate discusses how much criminality is inherited from our parents
and other ancestors versus how much is due to cultural norms, such as family,
community, and so forth. Students should give original answers on how to test
these ideas.
Answer Location: Nature Versus Nurture: Studies Examining the Influence of
Genetics and Environment
3. Explain findings on diet and nutrition connections to criminality.

Ans: Studies have shown that when incarcerated juveniles were assigned to
diets with limited levels of simple carbohydrates (e.g., sugars), their reported
violations during incarceration declined by almost half (45%). Such recent
reviews of the existing studies on nutrition and criminal offending concluded that
dietary deficiencies in iron, zinc, protein, riboflavin, and omega-3 are significantly
related to criminality. Furthermore, other studies have reported that various food
additives and dyes, such as those commonly found in processed foods, can also
have a significant effect on criminal behavior. Thus, the old saying “You are what
Instructor Resource
you eat” appears to have some scientific weight behind it, at least regarding
criminal behavior.
Answer Location: Diet/Nutrition
4. Explain findings on toxins and connections to criminality.

Ans: Additional studies have found that high levels of certain toxins, particularly
lead, cadmium, and manganese, can have a profound effect on behavior,
including criminality. Recent studies have found a consistent, strong connection
between criminal behavior and exposure to high levels of lead. The populations
(e.g., poor, urban, etc.) most susceptible to biosocial interactions are also the
most likely to be exposed to high levels of lead, largely due to old paint in their
homes and other household products that contain dangerous toxins.
Answer Location: Toxins
5. Of the parents, who is more likely to be a stronger influence concerning the

criminality of the children? Explain the two (2) reasons presented in the text.
Make a case for or against this finding.
Ans: The mother is more likely to be the stronger influence on criminality of the
children. First, the father is often absent while the children are being raised. More
important, it takes much more time for a woman to transgress social norms and
become a convicted offender, which indicates that the mother is highly antisocial
and gives some credence to the argument that criminality is inherited.
Cognitive Domain: Application
Difficulty Level: Hard
6. What were the overall findings of the twin studies conducted in the mid-1900s?
Why were these findings strongly criticized?
Ans: MZ twins were far more similar in the trait of criminality than were DZ
(fraternal) twins. Identical twins are typically dressed the same by their parents,
as well as treated the same by the public and are generally expected to behave
the same. This is not true for fraternal twins, namely those of different genders.
Also, the identification of twins as fraternal or identical was flawed because it was
Instructor Resource
determined by sight (not a scientific measure).

Cognitive Domain: Analysis
7. What were the findings of the “twins separated at birth” studies? How was the
phenomenon found in these studies explained by researchers? What are the
criticisms presented in relation to these studies?
Ans: Twin pairs often showed extremely similar tendencies for criminality,
sometimes more than those seen in concordance rates for identical twins raised
together. Researchers stated that generally, identical twins that are raised
together go out of their way to deviate from their natural tendencies in an effort to
form their own identity. No significant criticism has been presented.
Cognitive Domain: Analysis
8. Cytogenetic studies focus specifically on what?

Ans: Abnormalities in chromosomal makeup that randomly occur in the
population.
9. The effect of the XYY chromosome abnormality on criminality is more linked

with what type of crime?
Ans: Property crime.
10. If genetics play a major role in determining the criminality of individuals, then
what will twin studies find?
Ans: MZ twins will be expected to have a significantly higher concordance rate
for criminal offending than will DZ twins.
Instructor Resource

11. Explain the first major study that examined the influence of XYY factor.
Ans: The first major study that examined the influence of XYY sampled about
200 men in the mental hospital, which would have predicted (assuming general
population occurrences) about 1 occurrence. However, the study found 13
individuals who were XYY, which suggested that individuals who have mental
disorders are more likely to have XYY chromosomes than those who do not have
mental disorders. In other words, males who have XYY are at least 13 times (or
1,300%) as likely to have behavioral disorders as are those without this
chromosomal abnormality.
12. What is the primary job of dopamine on the brain?

Ans: Dopamine is the neurotransmitter most commonly linked to feeling good.
For example, dopamine is the chemical that tells us when we are experiencing
good sensations, such as delicious food, sex, and other pleasurable activities.
or low levels.
Criminal Behavior
13. What do hormones do in the body?

Ans: Carry chemical signals to the body as they are released from certain glands
and structures.
or low levels.
Criminal Behavior
14. How could the findings of cytogenetic studies be applied to criminal justice
policies?
Instructor Resource
Ans: Students must provide original answers. The text does not state policy
implications.
Cognitive Domain: Application
Answer Location: Policy Implications
Difficulty Level: Hard
15. Name the four (4) waves of research developed from the testing of the nature
versus nurture debate.
Ans: Family studies, twin studies, adoption studies, and identical twins separated
at birth studies.
Answer Location: Nature Versus Nurture: Studies Examining the Influence of
Genetics and Environment

Introduction To Criminology Why Do They Do It 2nd Edition Schram Test Bank

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Title

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Introduction To Criminology Why Do They Do It 2nd Edition Schram Test Bank

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

Introduction to Criminology Why Do

They Do It 2nd Edition Schram Test

Chapter 6: Modern Biosocial Perspectives of Criminal

1. ______ studied a family, the Kallikaks, to determine if there is a link between

3. Although adoption studies have been criticized concerning selective

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

4. The environments in which the “twins separated at birth” individuals were

7. In one study, the more the chromosomal mutation produced ______

Learning Objective: Describe the various types of cytogenetic disorders and

19. Studies of behavioral genetics regarding criminality or antisocial behaviors

Difficulty Level: Easy

7. Investigations into Goddard’s research found that he altered many

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

9. Dopamine is the neurotransmitter largely responsible for good feelings in the

10. Otherwise known as Klinefelter’s syndrome, the XYY mutation results in

12. Doctors typically prescribe individuals diagnosed with ADHD a stimulant

3. Explain findings on diet and nutrition connections to criminality.

4. Explain findings on toxins and connections to criminality.

5. Of the parents, who is more likely to be a stronger influence concerning the

determined by sight (not a scientific measure).

8. Cytogenetic studies focus specifically on what?

9. The effect of the XYY chromosome abnormality on criminality is more linked

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

12. What is the primary job of dopamine on the brain?

13. What do hormones do in the body?

You might also like