Introduction To Criminal Justice Systems Diversity and Change 2nd Edition Rennison Test Bank

Introduction to Criminal Justice
Systems Diversity and Change 2nd

Edition Rennison Test Bank
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Instructor Resource
Rennison, Introduction to Criminal Justice, 2nd Edition
SAGE Publishing, 2018
Chapter 7: The Courts and Judiciary
Test Bank
Multiple Choice
1. Judicial ______ allows higher courts to review the decisions of the lower courts and the
actions of the executive and legislative branches of the government.
A. review
B. independence
C. activism
D. politicism
Ans: A
Learning Objective: 7.1: Identify the basic federal and state court structures and jurisdictions.
Cognitive Domain: Knowledge
Answer Location: Introduction: The Court Process
Difficulty Level: Easy
2. Which of the following cases overturned the separate but equal doctrine?
A. Plessy v. Ferguson
B. Brown v. Board of Education
C. Dred Scott v. Sandford
D. Berea College v. Kentucky
Ans: B
Cognitive Domain: Comprehension
Difficulty Level: Medium
3. In the United States, the supreme law of the land is/are the:
A. U.S. Code
B. Acts of Congress
C. State and federal law
D. U.S. Constitution
Ans: D
Answer Location: Federal Courts
4. Federal judges are:

A. appointed by the president
B. chosen by a legislative committee
C. elected by the citizens
D. promoted through a merit process
Ans: A
Instructor Resource
5. Each state has a separate court system comprised of ______ levels.

A. two
B. three
C. four
D. six
Ans: A
6. ______ are the courts of last resort for the majority of state laws.
A. District courts
B. State supreme courts
C. Courts of common pleas
D. State appellate courts
Ans: B
Answer Location: State Courts
7. In the United States, the dual court system means that:

A. the federal government has a court system distinct from the states
B. the courts have both a trial court and a court of appeals
C. states and the federal government have a separate civil and criminal court
D. unresolved cases can be automatically appealed to the Supreme Court
Ans: A
8. A case may be appealed to the U.S. Supreme Court by filing a writ of:
A. procedendo
B. mandamus
C. certiorari
D. quo warranto
Ans: C
Learning Objective: 7.2: Discuss the purpose and procedures of the U.S. Supreme Court.
Instructor Resource

9. The U.S. Supreme Court consists of one chief justice and ______ associate justices.
A. 4
B. 6
C. 8
D. 10
Ans: C
10. Supreme Court justices are:

A. up for reelection every 4 years
B. up for reelection every 6 years
C. appointed for a 5-year term
D. appointed for life
Ans: D
11. U.S. Supreme Court cases are heard by the full court. This is called:
A. pro se
B. en banc
C. propria persona
D. in camera
Ans: B
12. The majority of the cases that the Supreme Court hears involve:
A. unresolved civil lawsuits
B. disputes between states
C. constitutional issues
D. death sentence appeals
Ans: C
Instructor Resource
13. The first female Supreme Court justice was:

A. Sonia Sotomayor
B. Sandra Day O’Conner
C. Ruth Bader Ginsburg
D. Elena Kagan
Ans: B
14. Traffic court is an example of a:

A. court of limited jurisdiction
B. court of general jurisdiction
C. appellate court
D. court of last resort
Ans: A
Learning Objective: 7.3: Distinguish between limited and general jurisdiction courts.
15. A particular court’s power to make legal decisions and judgments is its:
A. de jure
B. corpus juris
C. jurisprudence
D. jurisdiction
Ans: D
16. The ______ has jurisdiction over U.S. Customs issues.

A. U.S. Court of Federal Claims
B. U.S. Court of International Trade
C. U.S. Supreme Court
D. D.C. Circuit Court
Ans: B
Instructor Resource
17. A pro se case is one that is:

A. filed using a public defender
B. filed after all appeals have been exhausted
C. presented in front of a judge rather than a jury
D. filed without the aid of legal representation
Ans: D
18. A(n) ______ is a formal charge against an individual typically presented by the prosecutor.
A. information
B. indictment
C. subpoena
D. warrant
Ans: A
Answer Location: Differences in Federal and State Courts
19. A formal accusation that an individual has committed a criminal act, typically presented by a
grand jury, is called a(n):
A. information
B. indictment
C. subpoena
D. warrant
Ans: B
20. The majority of cases in state courts are ______ cases.

A. criminal
B. civil
C. small claims
D. probate
Ans: A
Learning Objective: 7.4: Identify the problems associated with court congestion.
Answer Location: Court Congestion and the Consequences
21. The ______ guarantees the right to a speedy trial.

Instructor Resource
A. fourth
B. fifth
C. sixth
D. eighth
Ans: C
22. Judges prefer that cases:

A. go to trial by jury
B. go to a bench trial
C. be dismissed outright
D. be settled by plea bargain
Ans: D
23. The goal of problem-solving court is:

A. to punish the offender
B. to provide treatment and reduce recidivism
C. to incapacitate the offender
D. to deter criminal activity in general
Ans: B
Learning Objective: 7.5: Describe the types and objectives of problem-solving courts.
Answer Location: Specialized and Problem-Solving Courts
24. ______ is a type of alternative dispute resolution that ends in a binding agreement.
A. Mediation
B. Arbitration
C. Negotiation
D. Small claims court
Ans: B
Answer Location: Alternative Dispute Resolution
25. ______ is an informal proceeding with a neutral third party that encourages parties to settle
disputes, however, the parties may or may not come to a solution.
A. Mediation
Instructor Resource
B. Arbitration
C. Negotiation
D. Small claims court
Ans: A
26. The merit selection plan for selecting judges is also called the ______ plan.
A. Ohio
B. Pennsylvania
C. Mississippi
D. Missouri
Ans: D
Learning Objective: 7.6: Summarize the selection and role of judges.
Answer Location: Selection of Judges
27. In a ______ trial, the judge hears the evidence without a jury present and makes a ruling.
A. in camera
B. bench
C. show
D. state
Ans: B
Answer Location: The Role of Judges
28. The first black U.S. Supreme Court justice was:

A. Thurgood Marshall
B. John Rock
C. Clarence Thomas
D. James Parsons
Ans: A
Learning Objective: 7.7: Discuss the history and importance of diversity in the judiciary
Answer Location: Race in the Judiciary
29. How many U.S. Supreme Court justices have been women?
A. Zero
B. Two
C. Four
Instructor Resource
D. Six
Ans: C
Answer Location: Women in the Judiciary
30. The first Hispanic U.S. Supreme Court justice was:

A. Miriam Naveria de Rodon
B. Sonia Sotomayor
C. Alberto Gonzalez
D. Pedro Capo-Rodriquez
Ans: B
Answer Location: Hispanics in the Judiciary
True/False
1. Strict interpretation of the Constitution focuses on the literal meaning of the language
contained in the document.
Ans: T
2. Obergefell v. Hodges held that same-sex couples have a constitutional right to marry.
Ans: T
3. The United States has a combined federal and state court system.
Ans: F
4. Federal courts will not hear cases involving state law unless the laws are in conflict or the
issue is appealed as a constitutional matter.
Ans: T
Instructor Resource

5. A Supreme Court justice can be impeached and removed from the bench for serious
misbehavior.
Ans: T
6. The Supreme Court is required to hear all cases that it receives from a lower court.
Ans: F
7. A majority of Supreme Court cases are decided without oral arguments.

Ans: T
8. State supreme courts select certain cases to decide.

Ans: T
9. In federal court, all felony prosecutions must be initiated by indictment.

Ans: T
10. Trial courts are courts of limited jurisdiction.

Ans: F
Instructor Resource
11. Courts of limited jurisdiction hear cases involving felonies.

Ans: F
12. The Sixth Amendment defines a speedy trial as occurring within three months of arrest.
Ans: F
13. Court congestion is the result of a lack of practicing attorneys.

Ans: F
Difficulty Level: Medium:
14. Problem-solving courts typically focus on first-time nonviolent offenders.

Ans: T
15. Over half of all drug courts target juvenile offenders.

Ans: F
16. Veterans courts are designed to treat the underlying causes of behaviors that have resulted in
criminal offenses.
Ans: T
17. Judges are commonly ranked as one of the most respected professions.
Instructor Resource
Ans: T
18. A municipal judge may not have a law degree.

Ans: T
19. The first female lawyer successfully sued to practice law based upon the 14th Amendment’s
Privileges and Immunities Clause.
Ans: False
Learning Objective: 7.7: Discuss the history and importance of diversity in the judiciary.
Answer Location: Women in the Judiciary
20. The first African American judge in the United States was not considered a citizen under the
Constitution.
Ans: T
Learning Objective: 7.7: Discuss the history and importance of diversity in the judiciary.
Answer Location: Race in the Judiciary
Short Answer
1. Explain what is meant by judicial activism.

Ans: Answers will vary. Answers should indicate that judicial activism occurs when judicial
decisions are based upon a broad, rather than strict, interpretation of the text of the Constitution.
This is considered to be negative when it is used for political purposes.
Cognitive Domain: Application
2. Explain how a case comes before the U.S. Supreme Court.

Ans: Answers will vary. Answers should indicate that cases typically come before the Supreme
Court after an attorney or litigant files a writ of certiorari. The Court has the discretion to grant
or deny cert. Cert is granted by the rule of four (four justices agree to hear the case). The Court
then reviews the written argument and may hear oral arguments on the case.
Instructor Resource
3. Describe the structure and jurisdiction of the U.S. Court of Appeals.

Ans: Answers will vary. Answers should indicate that there are 12 federal appellate courts (one
for each of the 12 circuits) and U.S. Court of Appeals for the Federal Circuit with nationwide
jurisdiction. These courts have appellate jurisdiction over cases from the lower courts.
Answer Location: Federal Court
4. Explain the difference between general and limited jurisdiction.

Ans: Answers will vary. Answers should indicate that courts with general jurisdiction can hear
any type of case—criminal, civil, and administrative. Courts of limited jurisdiction can only hear
certain types of cases, these are typically minor civil cases such as small claims court and minor
criminal cases such as misdemeanor crimes and traffic offenses.
5. Describe how federal courts differ from state courts.

Ans: Answers will vary. Answers should indicate that federal courts represent the judicial branch
and are established by the U.S. Constitution. The jurisdiction of the courts varies by the types of
cases that they hear. In the federal system, serious crimes must be initiated by an indictment
presented by a grand jury, while in state court, a case may begin with an information prepared by
the prosecutor.
6. Explain how the Sixth Amendment right to a speedy trial has been interpreted.
Ans: Answers will vary. Answers may include that, at the federal level, the Federal Speedy Trial
Act passed in 1974 requires that those charged with a crime be indicted within 30 days of arrest
and that trial occur within 70 days after the indictment. Some states have followed this model,
while in other states, a trial must occur within 6 months if the defendant is in jail and 12 months
if the accused has been released on bail.
Cognitive Domain: Analysis
Difficulty Level: Hard
Instructor Resource
7. Compare the positive and negative aspects of delayed trials.

Ans: Answers will vary. Answers may include that it is often in the best interest of the defendant
to delay trial, as it may weaken the prosecutor’s case. The longer it takes to go to trial, the more
likely the victim and witnesses will forget details and emotions will be less charged. Prosecutors
may also gain an advantage in plea bargaining. Delays may be problematic for several reasons—
victims and families who have to wait for justice, wasted resources in the criminal justice
system, those without means are stuck in jail without bail, and those on bail may commit
additional crimes.
Learning Objective: 7.8: Name the positive and negative aspects of delayed trials.
8. Explain how problem-solving courts differ from traditional courts.

Ans: Answers may vary but should include (1) judges play a major supervisory role in problem-
solving courts, (2) the goal is treatment rather than incarceration, (3) the focus is generally on
nonviolent offenders, (4) the goal is reduced recidivism and rehabilitation, and (5) it is a non-
adversarial process.
9. Identify the five elements of drug court.

Ans: (1) Offender assessment, (2) judicial interaction, (3) monitoring and supervision, (4)
graduated sanctions and incentives, and (5) treatment services.
Answer Location: Drug Courts
10. Explain the purpose of domestic violence courts.

Ans: Answers will vary. Domestic violence courts were established to process cases of intimate
partner violence more efficiently. These courts focus on rehabilitation and deterrence with the
primary goals of victim safety and offender accountability. Domestic violence courts partner
with judges, health care workers, police, prosecutors, and treatment providers and focus on the
victim and provide advocacy services, assistance with obtaining orders of protection, and some
assurance of physical safety in the courtroom.
Answer Location: Domestic Violence Courts
11. Explain the purpose of veterans’ treatment courts.

Instructor Resource
Ans: Answers will vary. Answers should indicate that these are problem-solving courts geared
toward veterans who experience symptoms associated with post-traumatic stress disorder and
who have problems with drugs and alcohol. These courts seek to treat the underlying problems in
criminally involved veterans.
Answer Location: Veterans Treatment Courts
12. Compare alternative dispute resolution to traditional courts.

Ans: Answers will vary. Answers may indicate that alternative dispute resolution includes
negotiation, mediation, and arbitration. These processes are less costly than traditional courts
because disputing parties work toward solutions outside of the formal court procedures. The
resolution may be simply an agreement between parties (negotiation) or a binding ruling
(arbitration).
13. Explain the duties and responsibilities of judges.

Ans: Answers will vary. Answer should include working with probation personnel, public
defenders, prosecutors, and law enforcement on items related to bail, sentencing, and treatment
recommendations. They determine appropriate conduct, what evidence may be introduced, and
correct procedure. In a jury trial, they read the jury instructions and may oversee sentencing.
They also conduct bench trials.
14. Explain the controversy and debate surrounding the selection of judges.
Ans: Answers may vary. Answers should indicate that in some states judges are elected, while in
others they are appointed. Those in favor of elections believe that this promotes accountability to
the citizens, while proponents of the selection process believe that elections affect judgment and
may result in pandering for votes.
15. Describe how technology has been used to improve the judiciary.
Ans: Answers may vary. Answers may include electronic filings, electronic documents, online
dockets, electronic evidence, and electronic case management systems—all of which improve
efficiency, effectiveness, and timeliness.
Learning Objective: 7.8: Name the positive and negative aspects of delayed trials.
Instructor Resource

Answer Location: Technology and the Judiciary

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Introduction to Criminal Justice

Systems Diversity and Change 2nd

Chapter 7: The Courts and Judiciary

4. Federal judges are:

5. Each state has a separate court system comprised of ______ levels.

7. In the United States, the dual court system means that:

Answer Location: Federal Courts

10. Supreme Court justices are:

13. The first female Supreme Court justice was:

14. Traffic court is an example of a:

16. The ______ has jurisdiction over U.S. Customs issues.

17. A pro se case is one that is:

20. The majority of cases in state courts are ______ cases.

21. The ______ guarantees the right to a speedy trial.

22. Judges prefer that cases:

23. The goal of problem-solving court is:

28. The first black U.S. Supreme Court justice was:

30. The first Hispanic U.S. Supreme Court justice was:

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

7. A majority of Supreme Court cases are decided without oral arguments.

8. State supreme courts select certain cases to decide.

9. In federal court, all felony prosecutions must be initiated by indictment.

10. Trial courts are courts of limited jurisdiction.

11. Courts of limited jurisdiction hear cases involving felonies.

13. Court congestion is the result of a lack of practicing attorneys.

14. Problem-solving courts typically focus on first-time nonviolent offenders.

15. Over half of all drug courts target juvenile offenders.

18. A municipal judge may not have a law degree.

1. Explain what is meant by judicial activism.

2. Explain how a case comes before the U.S. Supreme Court.

3. Describe the structure and jurisdiction of the U.S. Court of Appeals.

4. Explain the difference between general and limited jurisdiction.

5. Describe how federal courts differ from state courts.

7. Compare the positive and negative aspects of delayed trials.

8. Explain how problem-solving courts differ from traditional courts.

9. Identify the five elements of drug court.

10. Explain the purpose of domestic violence courts.

11. Explain the purpose of veterans’ treatment courts.

12. Compare alternative dispute resolution to traditional courts.

13. Explain the duties and responsibilities of judges.

Cognitive Domain: Application

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