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Introduction to Contemporary Geography (Rubenstein)
Chapter 7 Languages and Religion
7.1 Multiple Choice Questions
1) Which of the following is closer to the actual number of languages in the world today?
A) 500
B) 1000
C) 3000
D) 5000
E) Over 6000
Answer: E
Diff: 1
Section: 7.1
Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge
Geo Standard: 10
Glob Sci Outcome: 3. Read and Interpret Graphs and Data.
Learning Outcome: 7.1.1: Analyze the relationships among language families, branches, and
groups.
2) Which of the following is NOT true of languages?

A) Language is a system of communication through speech.
B) Language is a collection of sounds that a group of people understands to have the same
meaning
C) All languages have a literary tradition, or a system of written communication
D) Approximately 85 languages are spoken by at least 10 million people
E) About 304 languages are spoken by between 1 million and 10 million people
Answer: C
Diff: 2
Section: 7.1
Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension
Geo Standard: 10
groups.
1
Copyright © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.
3) This is a collection of languages related through a common ancestral language that existed
long before recorded history.
A) Language group
B) Language family
C) Language branch
D) Language sets
E) None of the answer choices are correct.
Answer: B
Diff: 2
Section: 7.1
Geo Standard: 10
groups.
4) ________ of a language are people for whom the language is their first language
A) Native speakers
B) Language speakers
C) Dialect speakers
D) Proficient speakers
E) Language family
Answer: A
Diff: 2
Section: 7.1
Geo Standard: 10
Learning Outcome: 7.1.2: Define native speakers.
5) Which of the following is true of a language group?

A) It is a collection of languages within a family related through a common ancestral language
that existed several thousand years ago
B) It is a collection of languages related through a common ancestral language that existed long
before recorded history
C) It is a group of people for whom the language is their first language.
D) It is a collection of languages within a branch that share a common origin in the relatively
recent past and display relatively few differences in grammar and vocabulary
E) No language group has fewer than 4 billion speakers
Answer: D
Diff: 2
Section: 7.1
Geo Standard: 10
groups.
2
6) Which of the following is predominantly found in East Asia?
A) Sino-Tibetan
B) Altaic
C) Dravidian
D) Afro-Asiatic
E) Austronesian
Answer: A
Diff: 2
Section: 7.2
Geo Standard: 10
Learning Outcome: 7.2.1: Identify and describe the distribution of two language families used
by two-thirds of the world.
7) Which of the following is not found in large numbers on the African continent?
A) Nilo-Sahelian
B) Altaic
C) Niger-Congo
D) Afro-Asiatic
E) Indo-European
Answer: B
Diff: 2
Section: 7.2
Geo Standard: 10
groups.
8) The primary language family found in most of Mexico, the U.S. and Southern Canada is
A) Dravidian
B) Altaic
C) Indo-European
D) Khoisan
E) Austronesian
Answer: C
Diff: 2
Section: 7.2
Geo Standard: 10
Learning Outcome: 7.2.1: Identify and describe the distribution of two language families used
by two-thirds of the world.
3
9) The Indo-European family is divided into eight branches. Which of these is the largest of the
eight branches?
A) Indo-Aryan
B) Germanic
C) Romance
D) Balto-Slavic
E) Celtic
Answer: A
Diff: 2
Section: 7.2
Geo Standard: 10
Learning Outcome: 7.2.2: List the eight branches of the Indo-European language family.
10) Which of the following is not a branch of the Indo-European family?

A) Indo-Iranian
B) Germanic
C) Balto-Slavic
D) Romance
E) Dravidian
Answer: E
Diff: 2
Section: 7.2
Geo Standard: 10
Learning Outcome: 7.2.2: List the eight branches of the Indo-European language family.
11) Two competing theories have been advanced to explain the origin and diffusion of
languages. These are
A) The Babylonian Thesis and the Russian Thesis
B) The War Thesis and the Peace Thesis
C) Mayan Thesis and Inca Thesis
D) The London Thesis and the Washington Thesis
E) The Eastern Thesis and the Western Thesis
Answer: B
Diff: 2
Section: 7.3
Geo Standard: 9
Learning Outcome: 7.3.1: Compare and contrast the "war" and "peace" theses of Indo-European
language diffusion.
4
12) A ________ is a regional variation of a language distinguished by distinctive vocabulary,
spelling, and pronunciation.
A) dialect
B) jargon
C) slang
D) street language
E) branch
Answer: A
Diff: 1
Section: 7.3
Geo Standard: 10
Learning Outcome: 7.3.3: Determine the causes of variations in dialects.
13) The world's leading lingua franca is

A) French
B) German
C) Chinese
D) English
E) Spanish
Answer: D
Diff: 1
Section: 7.4
Geo Standard: 9
Learning Outcome: 7.4.1: Describe the global distribution of English.
14) English is an official language in ________, more than any other language, and is the
predominant language in Australia, the United Kingdom, and the United States.
A) 21 countries
B) 36 countries
C) 54 countries
D) 76 countries
E) 88 countries
Answer: C
Diff: 1
Section: 7.4
Geo Standard: 10
5
15) A language of international communication, such as Swahili in East Africa, Hindi in South
Asia and Russian in the former Soviet Union is known as the ________.
A) dialect
B) slang
C) official language
D) lingua franca
E) branch
Answer: D
Diff: 1
Section: 7.4
Geo Standard: 10
Learning Outcome: 7.4.2: Explain the lingua franca concept.
16) A(n) ________ such as Basque in Europe, is a language unrelated to any other and therefore
not attached to any language family.
A) isolated language
B) dead language
C) confining language
D) diffusing language
E) lingua franca
Answer: A
Diff: 2
Section: 7.4
Geo Standard: 10
Learning Outcome: 7.4.4: Define isolated and extinct languages.
17) Thousands of languages are ________. These were once in use, even in the recent past but
are no longer spoken or read in daily activities by anyone in the world.
A) endangered
B) extinct
C) lingua franca
D) dialects
E) none of the above
Answer: B
Diff: 1
Section: 7.4
Geo Standard: 10
6
18) Which of the following is an example of a revived language?
A) Hebrew
B) Basque
C) Swahili
D) Arabic
E) Dravidian
Answer: A
Diff: 2
Section: 7.4
Geo Standard: 10
7
Figure 7.4, English-Speaking Countries
19) Looking at Figure 7.4, in which of the following countries is English neither the official
language nor the de facto language?
A) India
B) Canada
C) South Africa
D) Kenya
E) Chad
Answer: E
Diff: 3
Section: 7.4
Geo Standard: 10
8
20) Looking at Figure 7.4, in which of the following countries is English NOT the official
language?
A) The USA
B) Canada
C) South Africa
D) Nigeria
E) Ethiopia
Answer: A
Diff: 3
Section: 7.4
Geo Standard: 10
21) In which of the following countries are French and English the official languages?
A) Canada
B) Mexico
C) Australia
D) France
E) Ivory Coast
Answer: A
Diff: 1
Section: 7.4
Geo Standard: 10
22) Which of the following languages is becoming increasingly important in the United State as
a result of large-scale immigration from Latin America?
A) Portuguese
B) English
C) Spanish
D) French
E) Chinese
Answer: C
Diff: 2
Section: 7.5
Geo Standard: 10
9
23) A(n) ________ is defined as a language that results from the mixing of the colonizer's
language with the indigenous language of the people being dominated
A) lingua franca
B) vernacular
C) creole
D) universal language
E) esperanto
Answer: C
Diff: 2
Section: 7.5
Geo Standard: 10
Learning Outcome: 7.5.2: Define creolized language.
24) Which of the following is NOT one of the four official languages of Switzerland?
A) German
B) French
C) Italian
D) Romansh
E) English
Answer: E
Diff: 2
Section: 7.6
Geo Standard: 10
Learning Outcome: 7.6.2. Predict problems that can arise when language diversity occurs within
a small region.
25) Belgium's language boundary sharply divides the country into two regions. What are the two
languages spoken in these two regions?
A) French and Walloons
B) French and Flemish
C) Italian and German
D) Dutch and German
E) Italian and Dutch
Answer: B
Diff: 2
Section: 7.6
Geo Standard: 10
a small region.
10
26) Which of the following religions is NOT considered a universalizing religion?
A) Buddhism
B) Islam
C) Christianity
D) Judaism
E) Sikhism
Answer: D
Diff: 1
Section: 7.7
Geo Standard: 10
Learning Outcome: 7.7.1: Compare and contrast universalizing and ethnic religions.
27) Which of the following is an ethnic religion?

A) Judaism
B) Islam
C) Christianity
D) Buddhism
E) Sikhism
Answer: A
Diff: 2
Section: 7.7
Geo Standard: 10
28) Which of the following are adherents to the two main branches of Islam?
A) Bahá'ís and Sikhism
B) Sunnis and Shi'ites
C) Muslims and Mohammedans
D) Arabs and Ahmediyans
E) Caliphs and Sufis
Answer: B
Diff: 3
Section: 7.7
Geo Standard: 10
Learning Outcome: 7.8.2: Compare and contrast the two branches of Islam.
11
29) This religion has nearly 400 million adherents, mainly in China and Southeast Asia.
A) Hinduism
B) Buddhism
C) Bahá'í
D) Shintoism
E) Taosm
Answer: B
Diff: 3
Section: 7.7
Geo Standard: 10
Learning Outcome: 7.10.1: Compare and contrast the diffusions of Christianity, Buddhism, and
Islam.
Figure 7.7.1, Distribution of Religions
30) Looking at Figure 7.7.1, which of the following is not prominent in East Asia?
A) Chinese ethnic
B) nonreligious
C) Buddhism
D) Sunni Islam
E) Hinduism
Answer: E
Diff: 3
Section: 7.7
Geo Standard: 10
Islam.
12
31) Looking at Figure 7.7.1, which of the following is the predominant branch of Christianity
found in the southeastern US?
A) Catholicism
B) Protestantism
C) Eastern Orthodoxy
D) Bahá'í
E) None of the above
Answer: B
Diff: 3
Section: 7.7
Geo Standard: 10
Islam.
32) Which of the following is NOT one of East and South Asia's ethnic religions?
A) Bahá'í
B) Shintoism
C) Daoism
D) Confucianism
E) Hinduism
Answer: A
Diff: 3
Section: 7.7
Geo Standard: 10
Learning Outcome: 7.9.2: Explain why the Bahá'í faith is considered universalizing.
33) Which of the following is an accurate definition of a sect?

A) A large and fundamental division within a religion
B) A division of a branch that unites a number of local congregations in a single legal and
administrative body
C) A relatively small group that has broken away from an established denomination
D) A group of people who owe their allegiance to no one
E) Men who dress up in funny clothes and like to sing songs to an open flame with no set
ideology
Answer: C
Diff: 2
Section: 7.8
Geo Standard: 9
Learning Outcome: 7.8.1: Explain how universalizing religions are subdivided.
13
34) The founder of Buddhism is ________ who was born about 563 B.C. in Lumbinī, in present-
day Nepal.
A) Sidhartha Gautama
B) Mahatma Gandhi
C) Ahmed Ghulam
D) Muhammad ibn Abdallah
E) Guru Namak
Answer: A
Diff: 2
Section: 7.9
Geo Standard: 9
Learning Outcome: 7.9.1: Explain the origins of Buddhism, Christianity, and Islam.
35) Which of the following is NOT associated with Islam?

A) The prophet Muhammad was a descendent of Ishmael, who was the son of Abraham and
Hagar
B) The Quran is a record of God's words, as revealed to the Prophet Muhammad through Gabriel
C) The prophet Muhammad was born in Makkah (Mecca) in 570 AD
D) At age 11, while engaged in a meditative retreat, Muhammad received his first revelation
from God
E) When he died in 632, Muhammad was buried in Madinah
Answer: D
Diff: 3
Section: 7.9
Geo Standard: 9
36) Christianity first diffused from its hearth in Southwest Asia through:
A) war
B) migration
C) revelation
D) the crusades
Answer: B
Diff: 2
Section: 7.10
Geo Standard: 9
Islam.
14
37) In the first 100 years of its existence, the main way of expansion and spread of Islam was:
A) war
B) migration
C) revelation
D) the crusades
Answer: A
Diff: 2
Section: 7.10
Geo Standard: 9
Islam.
38) This region of South Asia is considered the home and origin of Sikhism.
A) Afghanistan
B) Kashmir
C) Punjab
D) Jammu
E) Jallalabad
Answer: C
Diff: 2
Section: 7.10
Geo Standard: 9
Learning Outcome: 7.11.1: Give examples of the characteristics of universalizing religions' holy
places.
39) Which of the following is NOT true of the mosque?

A) It is a place for community assembly
B) It usually includes one or more minarets or towers
C) It is usually organized around a central courtyard
D) The pulpit is placed at the end of the courtyard facing Makkah
E) A minaret or tower is where a man known as an Imam leads the worshippers in prayer
Answer: E
Diff: 2
Section: 7.11
Geo Standard: 9
places.
15
40) This faith has built houses of worship or temples in every continent to specifically dramatize
that their faith is a universalizing religion with adherents all over the world.
A) Bahá'í
B) Islam
C) Buddhism
D) Sikhism
E) Hinduism
Answer: A
Diff: 2
Section: 7.11
Geo Standard: 9
41) ________ was created by the United Nations in 1947 as the only country in the world with a
majority Jewish population.
A) Israel
B) Jordan
C) Kuwait
D) Lebanon
E) Luxumbourg
Answer: A
Diff: 2
Section: 7.13
Geo Standard: 9
42) The major events in the development of ________ as an ethnic religion took place in
Palestine/Israel, and the religion's customs and rituals acquire meaning from the agricultural life
of the ancient Hebrew tribe.
A) Islam
B) Judaism
C) Bahá'í
D) Sikhism
E) Eastern Orthodoxy
Answer: B
Diff: 2
Section: 7.13
Geo Standard: 9
Learning Outcome: 7.12.2: Explain the Jewish calendar.
16
7.2 True/False
1) The world's 6,000-plus languages can be classified into families, branches, and groups.
Answer: TRUE
Diff: 1
Section: 7.1
Geo Standard: 9
groups.
2) Native speakers are people for whom the language is their first, second or third language.
Answer: FALSE
Diff: 1
Section: 7.1
Geo Standard: 10
Learning Outcome: 7.1.2: Define native speakers.
3) A language branch is a collection of languages related through a common ancestral language

that existed long before recorded history.
Answer: FALSE
Diff: 2
Section: 7.1
Geo Standard: 10
groups.
4) Globally, two language families are used by two-thirds of the world.

Answer: TRUE
Diff: 1
Section: 7.2
Geo Standard: 10
groups.
17
5) Indo-Iranian is the largest of the the Indo-European family of languages.
Answer: TRUE
Diff: 1
Section: 7.2
Geo Standard: 10
groups.
6) Spoken across an 8,000-kilometer (5,000-mile) band of Asia between Turkey and China, the
Altaic language family is spoke by the largest number of people in the world.
Answer: FALSE
Diff: 2
Section: 7.2
Geo Standard: 10
groups.
7) Russian is an example of an isolated language and it is unrelated to other language families.

Answer: FALSE
Diff: 2
Section: 7.2
Geo Standard: 9
8) The origin and early diffusion of language families predate recorded history.
Answer: TRUE
Diff: 2
Section: 7.3
Geo Standard: 9
groups.
18
9) The "peace" thesis on the origin of the Indo-European language family postulates that the first
Indo-European speakers may have been the Kurgan people, who lived near the border of present-
day Russia and Kazakhstan.
Answer: FALSE
Diff: 2
Section: 7.3
Geo Standard: 13
Learning Outcome: 7.3.1: Compare and contrast the "war" and "peace" theses of Indo-European
language diffusion.
10) A dialect is a regional variation of a language distinguished by distinctive vocabulary,

spelling, and pronunciation.
Answer: TRUE
Diff: 2
Section: 7.3
Geo Standard: 9
Learning Outcome: 7.3.3: Determine the causes of variations in dialects.
11) Swahili in East Africa and Hindi in South Asia are two examples of lingua francas.
Answer: TRUE
Diff: 1
Section: 7.4
Geo Standard: 9
12) A language of international communication, such as English, is known as a lingua franca.

Answer: TRUE
Diff: 1
Section: 7.4
Geo Standard: 9
19
13) Currently, language experts consider about 516 languages as endangered of becoming
extinct, although some are being preserved.
Answer: TRUE
Diff: 1
Section: 7.4
Geo Standard: 9
Learning Outcome: 7.4.3: Give examples of endangered languages and describe their
distribution.
14) In Canada, French is spoken mainly in Ontario.

Answer: FALSE
Diff: 1
Section: 7.5
Geo Standard: 9
15) French has become an increasingly important language in the United States because of large-
scale immigration from Latin America.
Answer: FALSE
Diff: 1
Section: 7.5
Geo Standard: 9
16) A dialect is defined as a language that results from the mixing of the colonizer's language
with the indigenous language of the people being dominated.
Answer: FALSE
Diff: 1
Section: 7.5
Geo Standard: 9
20
17) A creolized language forms when the colonized group adopts the language of the dominant
group but makes some changes, such as simplifying the grammar and adding words from their
former language.
Answer: TRUE
Diff: 1
Section: 7.5
Geo Standard: 9
18) Switzerland has four official languages: German, French, Italian and Romansh.
Answer: TRUE
Diff: 2
Section: 7.6
Geo Standard: 9
Learning Outcome: 7.6.1: Give examples of multilingual states within Europe.
19) In Belgium, language boundary sharply divides the country into two regions: Southern
Belgians speak French and northern Belgians speak Flemish.
Answer: TRUE
Diff: 2
Section: 7.6
Geo Standard: 9
Learning Outcome: 7.6.1: Give examples of multilingual states within Europe.
20) In Nigeria, Hausa,Yoruba, and Igbo are spoken by approximately 30 percent each, and the
remaining 10 percent of the population use one of the other 490 languages.
Answer: FALSE
Diff: 2
Section: 7.6
Geo Standard: 9
a small region.
21
21) The three universalizing religions with the largest number of adherents are Christianity,
Islam, and Hinduism.
Answer: FALSE
Diff: 2
Section: 7.7
Geo Standard: 9
22) Most people in Central and South America are Roman Catholics.
Answer: TRUE
Diff: 2
Section: 7.7
Geo Standard: 9
23) With 1.3 billion followers, Islam is the world largest religion.
Answer: FALSE
Diff: 2
Section: 7.7
Geo Standard: 9
24) With nearly 400 million adherents, Hinduism is mainly in China and Southeast Asia.
Answer: FALSE
Diff: 2
Section: 7.7
Geo Standard: 9
Glob Sci Outcome: 2. Demonstrate the ability to think critically and employ critical thinking
skills.
25) Hindus account for more than 80 percent of the population of India and Nepal.
Answer: TRUE
Diff: 1
Section: 7.7
Geo Standard: 9
22
26) In Africa, about 12 per cent of the people practice Animism, another name for traditional
ethnic religions.
Answer: TRUE
Diff: 1
Section: 7.7
Geo Standard: 9
Learning Outcome: 7.7.2: Define animism.
27) A branch of religion is a large and fundamental division within a religion.

Answer: TRUE
Diff: 1
Section: 7.8
Geo Standard: 9
28) Hinduism does not have a central authority or a single holy book, so each adherent selects
suitable rituals.
Answer: TRUE
Diff: 1
Section: 7.8
Geo Standard: 9
29) Muhammad's successors organized followers into armies that extended the region of Muslim
control over an extensive area of Africa, Asia, and Europe.
Answer: TRUE
Diff: 1
Section: 7.10
Geo Standard: 9
Islam.
23
30) Christianity first diffused from its hearth in North Africa through migration.
Answer: FALSE
Diff: 2
Section: 7.10
Geo Standard: 9
Islam.
31) Bahá'í diffused to other regions during the late nineteenth century, under the leadership of
'Abdu'l-Baha, son of the prophet Baha' u' llah.
Answer: TRUE
Diff: 1
Section: 7.10
Geo Standard: 9
32) The holiest places in Islam are in cities associated with the life of the Prophet Muhammad.
Answer: TRUE
Diff: 1
Section: 7.11
Geo Standard: 9
33) The cosmogony underlying Chinese ethnic religions, such as Confucianism and Daoism, is
that the universe is made up of two forces, yin and yang, which exist in everything.
Answer: TRUE
Diff: 1
Section: 7.12
Geo Standard: 10
Learning Outcome: 7.12.1: Describe th importance of the physical environment of ethnic
religions.
24
34) Unlike universalizing religions, Hindus generally practice cremation rather than burial.
Answer: TRUE
Diff: 1
Section: 7.12
Geo Standard: 10
Learning Outcome: 7.12.4: Explain why Hindus practice cremation rather than burial.
35) Christians consider Saudi Arabia the Holy Land and Jerusalem the Holy City because the
major events in Jesus' life, death, and Resurrection were concentrated there.
Answer: FALSE
Diff: 1
Section: 7.13
Geo Standard: 10
36) Jerusalem is especially holy to Jews as the location of the Temple, their center of worship in
ancient times.
Answer: TRUE
Diff: 1
Section: 7.13
Geo Standard: 10
37) The challenge facing Jews and Muslims is that al-Aqsa was built on the site of the ruins of
the Jewish Second Temple.
Answer: TRUE
Diff: 1
Section: 7.13
Geo Standard: 10
Learning Outcome: 7.13.1: Compare and contrast Jewish and Palestinian perspectives regarding
conflict in the Middle East.
25
38) Muslims regard Jerusalem as one of their holy cities, because it is the place from which
Muhammad is thought to have ascended to heaven.
Answer: TRUE
Diff: 1
Section: 7.13
Geo Standard: 10
places.
39) Judaism is traced to the patriarch Abraham and offered a sharp contrast to the polytheism
practiced by neighboring people, who worshipped a collection of gods.
Answer: TRUE
Diff: 1
Section: 7.12
Geo Standard: 9
26
7.3 Essay Questions
1) What is a language and how does a language family differ from a language branch and
language group?
Answer: Language: A language is a system of communication through speech. It is a collection
of sounds that a group of people understands to have the same meaning. Not all languages have a
written tradition, but many languages have a literary tradition, or a system of written
communication. Approximately 85 languages are spoken by at least 10 million people, and 304
languages by between 1 million and 10 million people. There are over 6,000 languages in the
world today, which can be classified into families, branches, and groups. It is estimated that only
around 100 of these languages are used by more than 5 million people.
A language Family: A language family is a collection of languages related through a common

ancestral language that existed long before recorded history.
A language branch: A language branch is a collection of languages within a family related

through
a common ancestral language that existed several thousand years ago. Differences between
language branches are not as extensive or as old as between language families, and
archaeological evidence can confirm that the branches derived from the same family.
A language group: A Language group is a collection of languages within a branch that share a
common origin in the relatively recent past and display relatively few differences in grammar
and vocabulary.
Diff: 3
Section: 7.1
Geo Standard: 9
Glob Sci Outcome: 8. Communicate effectively in writing.
groups.
27
2) What is an isolated language?
Answer: An isolated language is a language unrelated to any other and therefore not attached to
any language family. The best example in Europe is Basque, apparently the only language
currently spoken in Europe that survives from the period before the arrival of Indo-European
speakers. Basque may have once been spoken over a wider area but was abandoned where its
speakers came in contact with Indo-European languages.
Another example of an isolated language is Japanese which is unrelated to other language

families. Today, Japanese is written primarily with Chinese characters.
Diff: 3
Section: 7.4
Geo Standard: 9
Glob Sci Outcome: 2. Demonstrate the ability to think critically and employ critical thinking
skills.
3) Briefly discuss the global distribution of English.

Answer: English has become the de facto international language of communication. It is an
official language in over 50 countries, which is more than any other language. Additionally,
English is the predominant language in Australia, the United Kingdom, and the United States.
Globally, two billion people live in a country where English is an official language, although in
some of these countries, some of the people cannot speak it.
The contemporary distribution of English speakers around the world exists because the people of
England migrated with their language when they established colonies during the past four
centuries. English first diffused west from England to North American colonies in the
seventeenth century. More recently, the United States has been responsible for diffusing English
to several places.
English has been the leading language of the Internet since its inception. During the 1990s, three
out of every four people online and three out of every four websites used English. However, in
recent years, other languages, especially Chinese have been catching up to English.
English has also spread through integration of vocabulary with other languages. The widespread
mixing of English with French is called franglais, with Spanish Spanglish, and with German
Denglish.
Diff: 3
Section: 7.4
Geo Standard: 9
28
4) What is a lingua franca?
Answer: A lingua franca is a language of international communication. The commonest lingua
franca is English. In the past, a lingua franca achieved widespread distribution through relocation
diffusion. This is mainly through migration and conquest.
The recent dominance of English is a result of expansion diffusion, the spread of a trait through
the snowballing effect of an idea rather than through the relocation of people. The diffusion of
English language popular culture, as well as global communications such as TV and the Internet,
has made English increasingly familiar to speakers of other languages.
Other contemporary lingua franca languages include Swahili in East Africa, Hindi in South Asia,
Indonesian in Southeast Asia, and Russian in the former Soviet Union.
Diff: 3
Section: 7.4
Geo Standard: 9
5) What is a creolized language?

Answer: A creole or creolized language is defined as a language that results from the mixing of
the language of the colonizer with the indigenous language of the people being dominated. The
word creole derives from a word in several Romance languages for a slave who is born in the
master's house. A creolized language forms when the colonized group adopts the language of the
dominant group but makes some changes, such as simplifying the grammar and adding words
from their former language. Creolized language examples include French Creole in Haiti,
Papiamento (creolized Spanish) in Netherlands Antilles (West Indies), and Portuguese Creole in
the Cape Verde Islands off the African coast.
Diff: 3
Section: 7.1
Geo Standard: 9
29
6) What is a universalizing religion and what are the major and some minor universalizing
religions in the world?
Answer: A universalizing religion is any religion that attempts to be global, to appeal to all
people wherever they may live in the world. Experts recognize three universalizing religions
with the largest number of adherents. These are Christianity, Islam, and Buddhism, each with a
different distribution.
Christianity has over 2 billion adherents, and is the predominant religion in North America,
South America, Europe, and Australia. Within Europe, Roman Catholicism is the dominant
Christian branch in the southwest and east, Protestants dominate in the northwest, and Eastern
Orthodoxy is in the east and southeast. In the Western Hemisphere, Roman Catholicism
predominates in Latin America and Protestantism in North America.
Islam is a religion with about 1.3 billion people. It is the predominant religion of the Middle East
from North Africa to Central Asia. The adherents of the faith are called Muslims. It is estimated
that one out of every two muslims live outside the Middle East, mainly in Indonesia, Pakistan,
Bangladesh, and India. The Sunni branch of the religion comprises 83 percent of Muslims and is
the largest branch in most Muslim countries. The Shiite branch is clustered in Iran, Pakistan, and
Iraq.
Buddhism has nearly 400 million adherents, who live mainly in China and Southeast Asia.
About 56 percent of Buddhists practice Mahayana Buddhism, primarily in China, Japan, and
Korea. About 38 percent of Buddhists practice Theraveda Buddhism, especially in Cambodia,
Laos, Myanmar, Sri Lanka, and Thailand. The remaining 6 percent are Tantrayanists, found
primarily in Tibet and Mongolia.
Other minor universalizing religions in terms of size are Sikhism and Baha'i. All but 3 million of
the world's 25 million Sikhs are clustered in the Punjab region of India. The 8 million Baha'is are
dispersed among many countries, primarily in Africa and Asia.
Diff: 3
Section: 7.7
Geo Standard: 13
30
7) What are ethnic religions and discuss some of them.
Answer: An ethnic religion is a religion that appeals primarily to one group of people living in
one place. Ethnic religions differ from universalizing religions in their understanding of
relationships between human beings and nature. A variety of events in the physical environment
are more likely to be incorporated into the principles of an ethnic religion.
Of all the ethnic religions, Hinduism is the largest. Hindus account for more than 80 percent of
the population of India and Nepal. All but 3 percent of the world's Hindus are concentrated in
India, and most of the remainder in India's neighbor, Nepal.
Judaism is classified as an ethnic, rather than a universalizing, religion in part because its major
holidays are based on events in the agricultural calendar of the religion's homeland in present day
Israel.
Other well-known ethnic religions include Confucianism, Daoism and Shintoism. Several
hundred million people practice ethnic religions in East Asia, especially Confucianism and
Daoism in China and Shintoism in Japan. Approximately 100 million Africans 12 percent of the
continent's population, follow traditional ethnic religions, sometimes called animism. Judaism
has about 6 million adherents in the United States, 5 million in Israel, 2 million in Europe, and 1
million each in Asia and Latin America
Diff: 3
Section: 7.7
Geo Standard: 13
31
8) What are the main branches of Christianity?
Answer: There are three main branches in Christianity. These are Roman Catholicism, Eastern
Orthodoxy and Protestantism.
The Roman Catholic Church is headed by the Pope, who is also the Bishop of Rome. Bishops are
considered the successors to Jesus Christ's twelve original Apostles. Roman Catholics believe
that the Pope possesses a universal primacy or authority. Currently, Roman Catholics are
predominant in Southern Europe, Southern North America and the whole of South America.
Eastern Orthodoxy is found mainly in Eastern Europe. These are a collection of 14 self-
governing churches who derive from the faith and practices in the Eastern part of the erstwhile
Roman Empire. The split between the Roman and Eastern churches dates to the fifth century and
became final in 1054. Of the Eastern Orthodox churches, the Russian Orthodox Church is the
largest, with more than 40 percent of all Eastern Orthodox Christians. The Romanian Church has
20 percent, the Bulgarian, Greek, and Serbian Orthodox churches approximately 10 percent each,
and nine others the remaining 10 percent.
Protestants account for the largest religious populations in northwest Europe, in North America
and in pockets around the world. In the United States, roughly one-third each of the population
are Roman Catholics and Protestants. The other one-third comprise other Christians, other
religions, and nonreligious.
The Protestant Reformation movement began when Martin Luther posted his 95 theses on the
door of the church at Wittenberg on October 31, 1517. According to Luther, individuals had
primary responsibility for achieving personal salvation through direct communication with God.
He believed that Grace is achieved through faith rather than through sacraments performed by
the Church.
Diff: 3
Section: 7.8
Geo Standard: 17
32
9) What is Islam and what are the main branches of Islam?
Answer: The word Islam in Arabic means submission to the will of God. It also has a similar
root to the Arabic word for peace (salaam). An adherent of the religion of Islam is known as a
Muslim, which in Arabic means one who submits to the will of God or Allah. Globally, the
religion has over 1.3 billion people. It is the predominant religion from North Africa to Central
Asia. Half of the world's Muslims live outside the Middle East, mainly in Indonesia, Pakistan,
Bangladesh, and India.
There are two main branches in Islam: sunni and shi'ite. Differences between the two main
branches go back to the earliest days of Islam and reflect disagreement over the line of
succession in Islamic leadership after the Prophet Muhammad, who had no surviving son, nor a
follower of comparable leadership ability.
The Sunni branch comprises 83 percent of Muslims and is the largest branch in most Muslim
countries. The word sunni is from the Arabic word for orthodox.
The Shi'ite branch is clustered in Iran, Pakistan, and Iraq. The word shi'ite is from the Arabic
word for sectarian, Shi'ites (sometimes written Shia), comprise nearly 90 percent of the
population in Iran and a substantial share in neighboring countries.
Diff: 3
Section: 7.8
Geo Standard: 9
33
10) What are some of the differences between the Christian church (building) and the Muslim
mosque?
Answer: In Christianity, a church plays a more critical role than buildings in other religions,
because the structure is an expression of religious principles, an environment in the image of
God. The word church derives from a Greek term meaning lord, master, and power. In many
communities, the church is the largest and tallest building and has been placed at a prominent
location.
Early churches were rectangular in shape, modeled after Roman buildings for public assembly,
known as basilicas. A raised altar, where the priest conducted the service, symbolized the hill of
Calvary, where Jesus was crucified. Since Christianity split into many denominations, no single
style of church construction has dominated. Eastern Orthodox churches follow an ornate
architectural style that developed in the Byzantine Empire during the fifth century. Many
Protestant churches in North America are austere, with little ornamentation, a reflection of the
Protestant conception of a church as an assembly hall for the congregation.
Muslims, on the other hand, consider the mosque as a space for community assembly. The
mosque is organized around a central courtyard. The pulpit is placed at the end of the courtyard
facing Makkah, the direction toward which all Muslims pray. A minaret or tower is where a man
known as a muzzan summons people to worship.
The holiest object in the Islamic landscape, al-Ka'ba, a cubelike structure encased in silk, stands
at the center of Makkah's Great Mosque, al-Haram al-Sharif. The second most holy geographic
location is Madinah, where Muhammad received his first support and where he is buried in a
mosque, considered the second holiest site after the al-Haram al-Sharrif.
Diff: 3
Section: 7.8
Geo Standard: 9
places.
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Introduction to Contemporary

Geography 1st Edition Rubenstein Test

7.1 Multiple Choice Questions

2) Which of the following is NOT true of languages?

5) Which of the following is true of a language group?

10) Which of the following is not a branch of the Indo-European family?

13) The world's leading lingua franca is

27) Which of the following is an ethnic religion?

Figure 7.7.1, Distribution of Religions

33) Which of the following is an accurate definition of a sect?

35) Which of the following is NOT associated with Islam?

39) Which of the following is NOT true of the mosque?

3) A language branch is a collection of languages related through a common ancestral language

4) Globally, two language families are used by two-thirds of the world.

7) Russian is an example of an isolated language and it is unrelated to other language families.

10) A dialect is a regional variation of a language distinguished by distinctive vocabulary,

12) A language of international communication, such as English, is known as a lingua franca.

14) In Canada, French is spoken mainly in Ontario.

27) A branch of religion is a large and fundamental division within a religion.

A language Family: A language family is a collection of languages related through a common

A language branch: A language branch is a collection of languages within a family related

Another example of an isolated language is Japanese which is unrelated to other language

3) Briefly discuss the global distribution of English.

5) What is a creolized language?

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