Invitation to the Life Span 2nd Edition

Berger Test Bank

Visit to Download in Full: https://testbankdeal.com/download/invitation-to-the-life-span
-2nd-edition-berger-test-bank/
Multiple-Choice Questions

1. Children between the ages of 6 to 11 are within the developmental stage referred to as:
A) infancy.
B) early childhood.
C) middle childhood.
D) adolescence.

2. When comparing the rate of growth for children from ages 6 to 11, one notices that
children:
A) grow more slowly than they did in early childhood.
B) grow faster than they did in early childhood.
C) grow at the same rate from ages 2 to 12.
D) have a tremendous growth spurt during the school years.

3. For a class project, Casey is asked to identify why there has been a decrease in the
number of deaths among children in recent decades. His research discovered that all of
these factors were related to a lower death rate among children EXCEPT:
A) more physical activity.
B) fewer lethal accidents.
C) more effective immunizations.
D) fewer fatal illnesses.

4. Due to earlier diagnosis and treatment, chronic health conditions, such as hearing
impairments and anemia, are now _____ less frequent in middle childhood compared to
two decades ago.
A) 25 percent
B) 50 percent
C) 75 percent
D) 90 percent

5. Today, children who are in the middle childhood stage of development are experiencing
better physical health than they did decades ago. Which is NOT a factor in the improved
physical health of children?
A) earlier diagnosis and treatment of chronic health conditions
B) a reduction in the number of colds children catch
C) the reduced exposure to secondhand smoke
D) an increase in hand washing behavior

Page 1
 6. The health habits that children develop during the middle childhood years are:
A) unrelated to their health in adolescence and adulthood.
B) related to their health in adolescence, but unrelated to their health in adulthood.
C) unrelated to their health in adolescence, but related to their health in adulthood.
D) related to their health in adolescence and adulthood.

7. What is a benefit of physical activity for kids?

A) better oral health
B) better overall health
C) protection from bullying
D) decrease in emotional disturbance

8. Which factor contributes to the decline in neighborhood play among children?

A) people no longer want to know their neighbors
B) parental obesity
C) the high incidence of juvenile diabetes
D) a scarcity of vacant lots and empty fields

9. One problem about athletic sports leagues is that:

A) there is less and less space for these teams to play.
B) low SES children are unlikely to belong to these teams.
C) they limit children's opportunities to learn teamwork.
D) poor sportsmanship is rampant among parents.

10. The ratio between a person's height and weight is expressed as:
A) HWP.
B) BMW.
C) APGAR.
D) BMI.

11. Which problem is often seen in obese children?

A) low blood pressure
B) increased psychopathology
C) high levels of cholesterol
D) increased chance of becoming a bully

Page 2
12. Obesity has increased because it is common for:
A) preschoolers to attend preschool.
B) preschoolers to watch TV and drink soda.
C) babies to be breast-fed.
D) children to walk to school.

13. Madeline is 9 years old and considered obese. While her parents acknowledge that they
could adopt a healthier lifestyle, they blame genetics for her weight problem. How many
genes are estimated to influence Madeline's weight?
A) 25
B) 50
C) 100
D) 200

14. Asthma is a disorder caused by ______ the airways.

A) inflammation of
B) enlargement of
C) destruction of
D) holes in

15. Since 1980 the rate of childhood asthma in the United States has:
A) doubled.
B) tripled.
C) decreased.
D) stayed the same.

16. The belief that children's immune systems need to be exposed to microbes is called the:
A) sterile environment theory.
B) hygiene hypothesis.
C) spore theory.
D) immunity hypothesis.

17. Better ventilation in schools and homes, less pollution, fewer antibiotics, and better
medical diagnosis would be considered:
A) primary prevention
B) secondary prevention
C) quaternary prevention
D) tertiary prevention

Page 3
18. An asthmatic child gets shots in the doctor's office during an asthma attack. This is a
______ level of prevention.
A) primary
B) secondary
C) tertiary
D) quaternary

19. Mary, age 10, has asthma. Her parents bought a HEPA filter for her bedroom. This
represents which level of prevention?
A) primary
B) secondary
C) tertiary
D) quaternary

20. Which child is less likely to receive high-quality medical care for asthma? A child
whose parents:
A) have private insurance that covers preventative medical treatments.
B) are classified as middle-income SES.
C) qualify for public insurance such as Medicaid.
D) work in jobs that provide personal days so that the child can be taken to the doctor.

21. Borrelli et al. (2010) conducted an intervention study that focused on 100 caregivers of
children with asthma. The caregivers smoked and did not necessarily want to quit.
Over the course of the study the caregivers were shown the amount of smoke the
children were being exposed to and counseled on different approaches to quitting
smoking. After three months, the results of the study revealed that _____ of the
caregivers had quit smoking and the children's asthma attacks were _____ frequent.
A) 1 4 ; less
B) 1 4 ; more
C) 1 2 ; less
D) 1 2 ; more

22. According to Piaget, which ability do children gain during middle childhood?
A) conservation
B) abstract reasoning
C) logic
D) egocentrism

Page 4
23. According to Piaget, a child between the ages of 6 and 11 can apply logical principles
to:
A) abstractions, such as truth and liberty.
B) chemistry and physics.
C) concrete and visible examples.
D) questions of social justice.

24. In middle childhood, Piaget believed that children are in the period of _____ thought.
A) formal operational
B) preoperational
C) metacognitive
D) concrete operational

25. When capable of concrete operational thought, children:

A) are limited to intuitive, perceptual focusing.
B) can apply their reasoning to real, tangible situations.
C) can reason about abstractions.
D) are likely to be misled by appearances.

26. With concrete operational thought, children can:

A) think logically about visible, tangible things.
B) think logically about abstract ideas.
C) consistently make good decisions.
D) solve most problems on their own.

27. The logical principle that objects can be grouped according to some characteristic that
they share is called:
A) concrete thought.
B) transitive inference.
C) classification.
D) reversibility.

28. Seven-year-old Hannah can arrange 10 buttons in order from smallest to largest. Her
understanding of _____ allows her to accomplish this.
A) conservation
B) transitive inference
C) seriation
D) abstract reasoning

Page 5
29. Which statement about the difference between a 4-year-old and a 9-year-old is true?
A) The 4-year-old can separate the relevant from the irrelevant.
B) The 9-year-old can apply abstract thought to the classification process.
C) The 4-year-old will be able to distinguish between relevance and flexibility.
D) The 9-year-old can be flexible in classification.

30. Which statement is true?

A) School-age children are able to understand complex, abstract concepts.
B) School-age children are as rigid in their thinking as preschoolers.
C) School-age children are slightly more advanced thinkers than preschoolers.
D) There is no sudden shift between preoperational and concrete operational thought.

31. Children from the Varanasi region in India learn what specific ability from their culture?
A) observational learning
B) fractions
C) spatial orientation
D) individual discovery

32. Vygotsky viewed _____ as being crucial to children's development of skills and
knowledge.
A) instruction
B) independence
C) exploration
D) passive learning

33. In one study (Crosnoe et al., 2010) of reading and math ability in third- and fifth-grade
children, it was found that high-scoring children usually had three sources of cognitive
stimulation. Which was NOT a source of cognitive stimulation?
A) having parents who read to preschool children daily
B) attending a preschool program
C) having a first grade teacher who emphasized literacy
D) learning from media sources about reading and math

34. The information-processing theory was inspired by the knowledge of how _____
function.
A) animals' brains
B) high-level businesses
C) computers
D) athletic teams

Page 6
35. Professor Schuyler believes that people's brains work very much like a computer in
terms of input, processing, and output. The professor believes in _____ theory.
A) Piaget's
B) Vygotsky's
C) the information processing
D) the biocognitive

36. Which brain feature is responsible for the ability to read?

A) the prefrontal cortex
B) the hippocampus
C) myelination
D) multiple interconnections

37. The time it takes for someone to respond to a particular stimulus is called _____ time.
A) reaction
B) response
C) reflex
D) relational

38. Growth in brain sophistication during middle childhood allows the child to focus on
certain stimuli and exclude others. This ability is known as:
A) automatization.
B) decentration.
C) transduction.
D) selective attention.

39. Sonja is studying for an exam while her roommate is talking to her boyfriend on the
phone. Sonja cannot concentrate on her books because she is unable to use:
A) metacognition.
B) divided attention.
C) selective attention.
D) common sense.

40. _____ is one of the leading theorists of the information-processing perspective.

A) Vygotsky
B) Piaget
C) Siegler
D) Silva

Page 7
41. The memory system in which signals are held for a split second is called _____
memory.
A) short-term
B) working
C) sensory
D) holding

42. Which information is most likely to be in your current working memory?

A) everything you see on this page
B) the answer to this question
C) where you saw the term working memory in the text
D) the musical theme of your favorite television show

43. Tony came to walk with José to school. When José saw Tony's notebook in his
backpack, José rushed back into his house to retrieve his own notebook, which
contained his homework. José's sensation upon seeing Tony's notebook became a
perception, which triggered José's:
A) sensory memory.
B) working memory.
C) long-term memory.
D) knowledge base.

44. By the end of middle childhood, the capacity of long-term memory is:
A) limited to facts and knowledge gained through repetition.
B) limited to highly emotional experiences and objective information.
C) unlimited regarding information but limited about emotional experiences.
D) extremely large.

45. Which factor is MOST likely to cause a child's knowledge base to increase?
A) scoring high on an IQ test
B) past opportunities to learn
C) personal motivation
D) well-developed fine motor skills

46. New concepts are best learned when they are connected to:
A) personal and emotional experiences.
B) current events.
C) a teacher-directed curriculum.
D) a child-centered curriculum.

Page 8
47. Children can focus without becoming distracted, persist at tasks, and exhibit quick,
efficient memory due the development of:
A) preoperational thought.
B) reciprocity.
C) the limbic system.
D) control processes.

48. Metacognition is:

A) the process of putting information into long-term memory.
B) the process of recalling information.
C) thinking about thinking.
D) the ability to process multiple stimuli.

49. Evaluating a cognitive task to determine how best to accomplish and monitor one's
performance is called:
A) automatization.
B) decentration.
C) metacognition.
D) social standards.

50. Metacognition refers to:

A) improving one's problem-solving strategies.
B) memorizing detailed information.
C) thinking about one's thinking processes.
D) considering multiple alternatives.

51. What ability is required for children to be aware of what they already know and what
they still need to learn?
A) metacognition
B) automatization
C) control processes
D) abstract reasoning

52. During middle childhood, children understand all of these aspects of language EXCEPT
for:
A) prefixes.
B) compound words.
C) phrases.
D) sarcasm.

Page 9
53. Nine-year-old child Devon writes, “My brother eats like a hungry pig.” This statement
demonstrates his understanding of:
A) syntax.
B) a second language.
C) simile.
D) logic.

54. Abbreviations (such as LOL, BTW, and RU) in text messages and e-mails are examples
of:
A) metaphors.
B) similes.
C) grammar.
D) informal code.

55. When Kitana wants her teacher to repeat a question, she asks, “Would you please repeat
the question?” but when she needs a classmate to repeat himself, she says, “Huh?” This
example shows that Kitana understands:
A) the pragmatics of language.
B) metaphors and similes.
C) metacognitive processes.
D) the control processes in speech.

56. John has the ability to talk informally with his friends and more formally to his teachers
during class. Clearly John understands the:
A) metacognitive aspects of intellect.
B) pragmatics of his language.
C) automatized view of social interaction.
D) control processes of regulation.

57. Eduardo is in the fourth grade. Part of the instruction in his classroom is conducted in
English and part is conducted in Spanish. His classroom uses:
A) immersion.
B) heritage language education.
C) bilingual schooling.
D) mainstreaming.

Page 10
58. Jared, who speaks only English, has moved to Spain with his family. He attends a public
school. All of his school subjects are taught in Spanish. Jared is learning Spanish
through:
A) Spanish-as-a-second-language program.
B) an ESL program.
C) bilingual schooling.
D) immersion.

59. The approach to teaching a second language in which children spend the entire day
instructed in the second language is referred to as the _____ approach.
A) bilingual schooling
B) immersion
C) heritage language
D) additive bilingual

60. When non-English-speaking children are taught exclusively in English to prepare them
for regular classes is, the class is called:
A) English as a second language.
B) immersion.
C) bilingual schooling.
D) monolingual education.

61. Approximately what percent of the world's 7-year-olds are in school?

A) 45
B) 60
C) 75
D) 95

62. Jefferson High School has a student council to guarantee student representation in
school affairs. Jakob, a senior, has learned that the administration of this high school
wants obedience. Obedience at Jakob's school is an example of a hidden:
A) agenda.
B) curriculum.
C) value.
D) assumption.

Page 11
63. The unspoken and often unrecognized lessons that children learn in school, which are
the unofficial, unstated, or implicit rules and priorities that influence the academic
curriculum and every other aspect of learning in school, are called the:
A) territorial imperative.
B) whole language theory.
C) socioeconomic divide.
D) hidden curriculum.

64. What is the main international test of reading given to students?

A) TIMSS
B) PIRLS
C) WJ III
D) Stanford-Binet

65. What is the primary international test of science and math given to students?
A) PIRLS
B) IATS
C) TIMSS
D) SATs

66. In recent years, Finland has gained a great deal of attention for its very successful
educational system. Which statement about Finland's educational reform is false?
A) Students are given a series of high-stakes tests at each level.
B) Only the top 3 percent of high school students gain admittance to teachers'
colleges.
C) School buildings are designed to foster collaboration.
D) Teachers are encouraged to work collaboratively.

67. When TIMSS experts recorded math teachers in the U.S., Germany, and Japan, what did
they find?
A) U.S. teachers presented material at a higher level than their German and Japanese
counterparts.
B) Japanese teachers were excited about math instruction and developed collaborative
and individual assignments that engaged students on multiple levels.
C) Germany students were most engaged in math lessons when learning terms and
definitions.
D) There is really only one way to teach math, regardless of culture, so little variation
was noted.

Page 12
68. Which statement is true?
A) Across all cultures, boys are better at math and girls are better at reading.
B) In Asian countries, girls score consistently higher in math than boys.
C) Academic differences between nations are much greater than differences between
genders.
D) In Scotland, boys average several points higher in reading than girls.

69. Which statement describes the gender-similarities hypothesis accurately?

A) Around the world, girls are better at reading and boys are better at math.
B) Girls are more verbal than boys, but boys catch up during adolescence.
C) Boys and girls are similar in most test measures, with trivial exceptions.
D) Teachers have the same expectations for girls as they do for boys.

70. A federally sponsored test in the United States is the:

A) TIMSS.
B) NAEP.
C) NCLB.
D) PIRLS.

71. The Common Core is a(n) _____ that was developed with backing from all 50 states in
response to doubts about state-level assessments.
A) graduation exam
B) law that requires frequent testing to monitor student achievement
C) set of specific standards by subject and grade level
D) amount of money awarded by the government for an individual child's education

72. In most nations other than the United States _____ make(s) decisions regarding public
education.
A) the central government
B) parents
C) local jurisdictions
D) religious institutions

73. In the United States, public schools that set their own standards, are licensed by the
state, and receive funding from private money and sponsors are _____ schools.
A) voucher
B) private
C) religious
D) charter

Page 13
74. Traditionally in the United States, most private schools were operated by:
A) the central government.
B) independent educators.
C) Evangelical Christians.
D) the Catholic Church.

75. Approximately 1 in _______ children in the United States is home schooled.

A) 10
B) 25
C) 35
D) 55

76. One problem with smaller school class sizes is that:

A) politicians won't support them.
B) they are too costly.
C) the research supporting their advantages is mixed.
D) evidence supporting their benefits is correlational.

77. Critics say that _____ weaken public schools, but advocates argue that they increase
competition between public and private schools and lead to a better education for all.
A) standardized tests
B) vouchers
C) parents
D) Common Core standards

78. Aptitude tests are designed to measure one's:

A) potential for learning.
B) achievement in a particular subject.
C) capacity for divergent thinking.
D) verbal abilities only.

79. A person's mental age and chronological age are factors used to determine his or her:
A) achievement on the WAIS.
B) intelligence quotient.
C) multiple intelligences.
D) achievement on the WPPSI.

Page 14
80. One's mental age divided by one's chronological age and multiplied by 100 results in
one's:
A) measure of mastery.
B) proficiency score.
C) achievement quotient.
D) intelligence quotient.

81. April is tested on her mastery of college chemistry. She is taking a(n):
A) achievement test.
B) IQ test.
C) field test.
D) aptitude test.

82. Achievement tests are designed to measure one's:

A) knowledge about a subject.
B) potential for accomplishment.
C) capacity for divergent thinking.
D) verbal abilities.

83. Achievement tests are to aptitude tests as ______ is to ______.

A) long; short
B) intelligence; creativity
C) knowledge; potential
D) fruit; apple

84. Most nations have exhibited substantial increases in IQ scores during the past century.
This phenomenon is called the:
A) Stanford Swell.
B) Brain Leap.
C) Intelligence Surge.
D) Flynn Effect.

85. Howard Gardner proposed that:

A) there are 12 distinct intelligences.
B) everyone is equal in all types of intelligence.
C) IQ tests are the best way to measure intelligence.
D) musical ability is one type of intelligence.

Page 15
86. IQ tests:
A) reflect multicultural understanding.
B) reflect the culture of the people who created the test.
C) do not accurately reflect aptitude.
D) accurately reflect achievement.

87. When a symptom could have multiple causes, it is known as:

A) psychopathology.
B) comorbidity.
C) multifinality.
D) equifinality.

88. Jennica experienced neglect as an infant while her mother suffered from severe
depression and her father was addicted to painkillers. The outcome on Jennica's
development could manifest itself in many different ways. This reflects the
developmental principle of:
A) psychopathology.
B) comorbidity
C) multifinality.
D) equifinality.

89. Approximately what percentage of young children have attention-deficit/hyperactivity

disorder?
A) 10 percent
B) 20 percent
C) 30 percent
D) 40 percent

90. Children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder:

A) are always impulsive.
B) are always objective.
C) can concentrate momentarily.
D) struggle to pay attention.

91. Todd runs around the classroom, can't seem to sit still or concentrate, and is easily
excited. With which disorder might Todd be diagnosed?
A) bipolar disorder
B) a sensory deficit
C) attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder
D) childhood schizophrenia

Page 16
92. David is excitable, impulsive, and very active. He also has great difficulty
concentrating. He MOST likely has:
A) bipolar disorder.
B) ADDA.
C) ADHD.
D) a learning disability.

93. Ten-year-old Wilson experiences extreme mood swings that do not seem to be
influenced by life circumstances. At times he has told his parents that his teachers are
idiots and he is smarter than all of them, and at other times he has so little energy he
cannot get out of bed. Wilson may be diagnosed with:
A) autism spectrum disorder.
B) bipolar disorder.
C) childhood schizophrenia.
D) attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder.

94. Seven-year-old Henry has been diagnosed with both ADHD and bipolar disorder.
Which term applies to Henry having both conditions?
A) conflicting diagnoses
B) complex diagnosis
C) comorbidity
D) coexistence

95. Distinguishing between a diagnosis of ADHD and bipolar disorder in children is

challenging. _______ is a new diagnosis, added in the DSM-5, that helps to resolve
this confusion.
A) Disruptive mood dysregulation disorder
B) Comorbidity
C) Autism spectrum disorder
D) Specific learning disorder

96. Research has found that appropriately medicated children with ADHD are:
A) more likely to abuse drugs in adolescence than their nonmedicated peers with
ADHD.
B) less likely to abuse drugs in adolescence than their nonmedicated peers with
ADHD.
C) more likely to suffer from stunted growth than their nonmedicated peers with
ADHD.
D) actually suffering from bipolar disorder.

Page 17
 97. Many psychoactive drugs are prescribed to children to treat depression without being
thoroughly tested on children. Therefore, the use of these drugs for children is referred
to as:
A) psychotherapy.
B) psychostimulating.
C) off-label.
D) inappropriate.

98. Which learning disability is characterized by unusual difficulty with reading?

A) dyslexia
B) ADHD
C) autism
D) bipolar disorder

99. What is the term for a specific learning disability related to math?
A) dyslexia
B) dyscalculia
C) ADHD
D) autism spectrum disorder

100. Children with any form of autism spectrum disorder have:

A) difficulty speaking.
B) a lack of eye contact.
C) difficulty understanding others' speech.
D) difficulty understanding emotions.

101. Seamus is very talented at drawing and obsessive about details when drawing pictures.
His speech is close to normal, but he tends to shy away from other children and is
awkward when trying to relate to others. Which diagnosis would BEST fit Seamus's
behavior?
A) compulsive disorder
B) autism spectrum disorder
C) dyslexia
D) ADHD

102. About 1 out of every 100 children in the United States have this developmental disorder.
A) dyscalculia
B) mental retardation
C) autism spectrum disorder
D) disruptive mood dysregulation disorder

Page 18
103. Which of the following is a sign of autistic spectrum disorder?
A) impaired social responses
B) cooperative play
C) low intelligence
D) early proficiency in language

104. Which statement about treatment for autism spectrum disorder is TRUE?
A) Hyperbaric treatments have been found to be harmful to children with autism
spectrum disorder.
B) Risperidone has been found to cure autism spectrum disorder.
C) Some vaccinations can cause autism spectrum disorder.
D) No biochemical treatment has been found to be completely successful for treating
autism spectrum disorder.

105. In 1975 the Education of All Handicapped Children Act stipulated that children with
special needs must be educated in the:
A) resource room.
B) least restrictive environment.
C) inclusion classroom.
D) mainstreamed classroom.

106. Mariangela has dyslexia. Mariangela is taught in the regular classroom, where she has
her own reading tutor for part of the day. This is an example of:
A) autism spectrum disorder.
B) a resource room.
C) inclusion.
D) indoctrination.

107. What is the latest educational strategy in the United States for children who are below
average in achievement to receive special help?
A) mainstreaming
B) inclusion
C) resource rooms
D) response to intervention

Page 19
 108. A document for children with special needs that specifies their educational goals is
known as a(n):
A) IEP.
B) IFSP.
C) LRE.
D) RTI.

109. Which teaching strategy has been found to be the most effective with gifted children?
A) intense parental tutoring
B) mainstreaming
C) homeschooling
D) teach all such children together

110. The practice of providing special educational opportunities to children with special
needs or those who are academically gifted:
A) occurs in every country.
B) occurs in every country, but not until high school.
C) occurs only in the wealthiest countries.
D) is not considered appropriate by every country.

True-False Questions

111. From age 6 to 11 fewer fatal diseases or accidents occur than at any other period in the
lifespan.
A) True
B) False

112. Recess breaks that include exercise during the school day may increase academic
achievement.
A) True
B) False

113. Children are overweight if their body mass index (BMI) is at the top 15th percentile or
higher on the growth chart.
A) True
B) False

Page 20
114. The percentage of overweight children has only increased slightly in the past 20 years in
North America.
A) True
B) False

115. The high rate of obesity in the United States is primarily due to heredity.
A) True
B) False

116. Parents should not be concerned about the weight of an obese child because the child
will usually outgrow the problem by adolescence.
A) True
B) False

117. Obesity is most common among children who were not breast-fed.
A) True
B) False

118. A country's rate of childhood obesity correlates with the frequency of children's
exposure to food commercials on television.
A) True
B) False

119. In the United States, the percentage of children with asthma has been stable for about
the last two decades.
A) True
B) False

120. Birthplace seems to be a factor in whether a child develops asthma or not.

A) True
B) False

121. Asthma is associated with environmental conditions.

A) True
B) False

Page 21
122. The hygiene hypothesis states that modern children are overprotected from viruses and
bacteria.
A) True
B) False

123. Piaget called the cognition of middle childhood preconcrete operational thought.
A) True
B) False

124. Aaron made two lines of toys with trucks in one line and cars in another. Aaron was
exhibiting classification.
A) True
B) False

125. The logical principle by which things are organized into groupings or categories is
known as identity.
A) True
B) False

126. Vygotsky believed instruction was crucial for cognitive development.

A) True
B) False

127. There is a specific area of the human brain dedicated to reading.

A) True
B) False

128. A child's reaction time is determined by his or her level of muscular development.
A) True
B) False

129. Amani's baby sister cried the entire time he was studying for his spelling test yet he
scored 100 percent on the test due to his selective attention.
A) True
B) False

Page 22
130. The part of the memory-processing system in which current, conscious mental activity
occurs is known as long-term memory.
A) True
B) False

131. Long-term memory is large by the end of middle childhood.

A) True
B) False

132. Control processes include emotional regulation, selective attention, and metacognition.
A) True
B) False

133. During the school years, children learn up to 20 new words each day.
A) True
B) False

134. The ability to understand and use metaphors results from a level of cognitive
development that is typically attained during middle childhood.
A) True
B) False

135. Shelby spoke to her best friend using slang; when she turned to speak to her teacher, she
used formal English. Shelby was demonstrating metacognition.
A) True
B) False

136. The process of switching codes is limited to sentence and grammar usage.
A) True
B) False

137. The process by which children change from informal speech to proper speech when
talking with teachers and most adults is known as changing codes.
A) True
B) False

Page 23
138. In the total immersion approach to bilingual education, social communication in both
languages is encouraged.
A) True
B) False

139. Justino, a student from Brazil, is enrolled in an immersion class in the United States.
This means that all instruction is conducted in English.
A) True
B) False

140. School-age children are able to use logic about concrete things.
A) True
B) False

141. School-age children can reason logically about abstract concepts.

A) True
B) False

142. Ninety-five percent of the world's 7-year-olds now spend at least some time in school.
A) True
B) False

143. The hidden curriculum includes explicitly stated rules that influence aspects of learning.
A) True
B) False

144. According to the Progress in International Reading Literacy Study (PIRLS),

internationally girls' verbal skills are at a more advanced level than boys.
A) True
B) False

145. It is common for boys to get higher grades than girls in middle childhood.
A) True
B) False

Page 24
146. A federally-sponsored test in the United States is called the National Assessment of
Educational Progress.
A) True
B) False

147. An intelligence test is an example of an achievement test.

A) True
B) False

148. An intelligence test is an example of an aptitude test.

A) True
B) False

149. The Flynn effect has revealed that the average IQ of entire nations has decreased
substantially over the past century.
A) True
B) False

150. Sternberg's three types of intelligence are academic, creative, and practical.
A) True
B) False

151. Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder and bipolar disorder are often confused with one
another.
A) True
B) False

152. Using medication in childhood to treat ADHD increases the risk of drug use in
adolescence.
A) True
B) False

153. Children with any form of specific learning disorder will face insurmountable obstacles.
A) True
B) False

Page 25
154. Children with dyscalculia have trouble reading.
A) True
B) False

155. About 1 out of every 500 children shows signs of autism spectrum disorder.
A) True
B) False

156. Some children with autism spectrum disorder are extremely talented in a specialized
area, like math or musical performance.
A) True
B) False

157. There is a clear treatment protocol for autistic spectrum disorders.

A) True
B) False

158. In the response to intervention strategy, all children who perform below-average receive
extra assistance.
A) True
B) False

159. Children with special needs are usually educated in self-contained classrooms apart
from other children so that they may receive specialized assistance.
A) True
B) False

160. Once a child has been identified as having special needs, education and other
professionals consult with the child's parents to devise an individual education plan for
the child.
A) True
B) False

161. In general in the United States, more boys than girls are in gifted classes.
A) True
B) False

Page 26
Fill-In-The-Blank Questions

162. Genetics and environmental factors safeguard _____.

163. Active play in school hours has _____ in the past two decades.

164. Having a body mass index (BMI) above the 85th percentile for one's age is the
definition of ______.

165. Having a body mass index (BMI) above the 95th percentile for one's age is the
definition of ______.

166. In addition to _____ and poor parenting practices, social policies such as a lack of parks
and subsidies for sugar are other factors described in the text as a cause of childhood
obesity.

167. The chronic inflammatory disorder of the airways that makes breathing difficult is
called _____.

168. According to some psychologists, modern children are overprotected from bacteria and
viruses, so they often do not get the childhood diseases that strengthen their immune
systems. Experts call this idea as the _____.

169. Better ventilation, less pollution, and more outdoor play are all examples of _____
prevention for asthma.

170. The cognition of middle childhood described by Piaget as the ability to reason logically
about tangible things is called _____ operational thought.

171. Piaget's concrete operational thought is characterized by concepts that enable children to
use ______ regarding tangible things.

172. Kirby is sorting through his mother's cup of change. As he makes piles of pennies,
nickels, and dimes, he utilizes the cognitive skill called ______.

Page 27
173. Vygotsky regarded _____ as crucial in human cognitive development.

174. The cognitive theory that most closely approximates the operation of a computer is
______ theory.

175. By 8 years of age, increasing brain _____ results in development of massive

interconnections that are crucial for the complex tasks that children must master.

176. The length of time it takes a person to respond to a particular stimulus is called ______
time.

177. Alexandra is able to concentrate on her homework even though her house is very noisy.
Her ability to focus on her studying is an example of ______.

178. Current, conscious mental activity occurs in ______ memory.

179. The capacity of a person's ______ memory is very large.

180. When Sharona recalls plans she has made for this weekend, she retrieves them from her
long-term memory and brings them into her ______ memory.

181. The two crucial components of long-term memory are storage and ______.

182. The analysis and flow of information within the information-processing system is
regulated by ______ processes in the brain.

183. _____ is one's ability to evaluate a task to determine what to do and in what order and
also to monitor one's progress while working on the task.

184. The practical use of language is called _____.

Page 28
185. In _____ education, teachers instruct children in their native language as well as in
English.

186. An approach to learning a new language in which instruction occurs exclusively in the
new language is called ______.

187. Based on results from the TIMMS, children in _____ nations are the most advanced in
math and science.

188. The idea that males and females are similar on most measures of school performance
has been called the _____ hypothesis.

189. The federal legislation that mandates standardized tests to measure school achievement
is called the ______ Act.

190. A federally sponsored test given in the United States to measure achievement in reading,
math, and other subjects is called the ______.

191. The majority of children in the United States go to _____ schools.

192. _____ schools are licensed and funded by states or local districts. They may also
receive private money from sponsors.

193. A test designed to see how well a child is reading in the third grade is called a(n)
______ test.

194. A person uses a(n) ______ test to measure how much a student knows about a particular
subject.

195. The kind of test designed to measure intellectual capability, or one's ability to learn in
school, is called a(n) ____ test.

196. To say that disorders are _____ means that two or more different disorders are present
in the same person.

Page 29
197. The acronym ADHD stands for a diagnosis of ______.

198. The disorder involving extreme mood swings that can range from euphoria to deep
depression and that cannot be attributed to outside circumstances is called _____
disorder.

199. The most commonly prescribed drug for ADHD is ____.

200. A child's failure to master a particular skill that most people acquire easily may be an
indication that the child has a(n) ______.

201. The most commonly diagnosed specific learning disorder is _____, which involves
unusual difficulty with reading.

202. The term given to a specific learning disorder in the area of math is _____.

203. The disorder marked by difficulty with social communication and interaction and
restricted, repetitive patterns of behavior is called ______ disorder.

204. Though some parents believe that the thimerosal once used in _____ was the cause of
autism spectrum disorder, extensive research has disproven this hypothesis.

205. The legal requirement that children with special needs be assigned to the best
educational context in which they can be expected to learn is called the _____
environment.

206. A document that specifies educational goals and plans for a child with special needs is
called a(n) _____, often called an IEP.

207. A special needs child often spends part of the day with a specially trained teacher in a
designated place called a _____ room.

Page 30
Essay Questions

208. Tyler's mother is trying to decide whether or not to sign up her 7-year-old son for Little
League. Offer two reasons why she should encourage this activity.

209. List and explain two of the causes of increased childhood obesity in the United States
today.

210. Discuss the “hygiene hypothesis” as it relates to childhood illness. What data supports
this hypothesis?

211. Describe the three levels of prevention that apply to health problems such as asthma and
obesity.

212. Describe three advances in children's brain functioning during the school years.

213. Using concepts from the information-processing approach to learning, list and explain
the three components of memory.

214. Discuss your metacognition in preparing for this exam. How did you prepare? What
strategies did you employ? What did you think would be on the exam? How effective do
you consider your metacognition to be?

215. Examine the process of switching codes in speech. Define the two codes and offer a
real-life example of each code. Under what circumstances would each code be typically
used?

216. Briefly describe the immersion, English as a second language, and bilingual education
approaches to teaching a second language.

217. Seven-year-old Brian has been diagnosed as having attention-deficit/hyperactivity

disorder. What can his parents and teachers do to help him cope with this disability?

Page 31
 218. Differentiate between mainstreaming and inclusion in educating children with special
needs.

219. Assume that you are a teacher in a public elementary school and you have a child with
special needs in your class. Identify the opportunities and environment that you would
provide for this child to succeed, including those that are mandated by the government.

220. List and describe the symptoms of dyslexia.

Text-Based Questions

221. Whose fault is it if a child is obese?

222. Why are math concepts difficult at age 4 but much easier at age 8?

223. What is the best way to teach a child a new language?

224. Are schools in the United States similar to schools in other nations?

225. How does the physical growth of the school-age child compare with that of the younger
child? What abilities emerge as a result of these changes?

226. How have children's medical care and health habits changed over the past few decades?

227. What are the main advantages of physical play during middle childhood?

228. What are the short-term and long-term effects of childhood obesity?

229. What roles do nature and nurture play in childhood asthma?

230. Why did Piaget call cognition in middle childhood concrete operational thought?

Page 32
231. According to Vygotsky, where and how does cognitive development occur?

232. Why does quicker reaction time improve the ability to learn?

233. How might a lack of selective attention affect a child's ability to learn?

234. What aspects of memory improve markedly during middle childhood?

235. Why might having an extensive knowledge base make it easier for children to learn
new, related information?

236. How might metacognitive skills help a student?

237. How is the understanding of vocabulary and metaphors affected by a child's age?

238. Why would a child's linguistic code be criticized by teachers but admired by friends?

239. How might a hidden curriculum affect how well a child learns in school?

240. What are the two most common international tests of achievement? Why are these
tests given?

241. What gender differences are found in educational tests and school grades?

242. What are the main goals and criticisms of No Child Left Behind?

243. What are the differences among charter schools, private schools, and home schooling?

244. What is the difference between aptitude and achievement? Why might this difference be
in theory only?

Page 33
245. Why might it be important for teachers to know about the theory of multiple
intelligences?

246. In what ways might a child's culture affect the results of an IQ test?

247. Why might a child with ADHD have difficulty learning?

248. What are the signs of bipolar disorder?

249. What are dyslexia and dyscalculia?

250. What are the signs of autism spectrum disorder?

251. Describe LRE and RTI. How might each of these strategies help students with special
needs?

252. How and why might SES and ethnic group affect a child being designated as gifted?

253. Why might boards or governments choose not to separate gifted or disabled children
from other students?

Page 34
Answer Key
1. C
2. A
3. A
4. B
5. B
6. D
7. B
8. D
9. B
10. D
11. C
12. B
13. D
14. A
15. B
16. B
17. A
18. C
19. C
20. C
21. A
22. C
23. C
24. D
25. B
26. A
27. C
28. C
29. D
30. D
31. C
32. A
33. D
34. C
35. C
36. D
37. A
38. D
39. C
40. C
41. C
42. B
43. B
44. D

Page 35
45. C
46. A
47. D
48. C
49. C
50. C
51. A
52. D
53. C
54. D
55. A
56. B
57. C
58. D
59. B
60. A
61. D
62. B
63. D
64. B
65. C
66. A
67. B
68. C
69. C
70. B
71. C
72. A
73. D
74. D
75. C
76. C
77. B
78. A
79. B
80. D
81. A
82. A
83. C
84. D
85. D
86. B
87. D
88. C
89. A
90. D

Page 36
 91. C
92. C
93. B
94. C
95. A
96. B
97. C
98. A
99. B
100. D
101. B
102. C
103. A
104. D
105. B
106. C
107. D
108. A
109. D
110. D
111. A
112. A
113. A
114. B
115. B
116. B
117. A
118. A
119. B
120. A
121. A
122. A
123. B
124. A
125. B
126. A
127. B
128. B
129. A
130. B
131. A
132. A
133. A
134. A
135. B
136. B

Page 37
137. A
138. B
139. A
140. A
141. B
142. A
143. B
144. A
145. B
146. A
147. B
148. A
149. B
150. A
151. A
152. B
153. B
154. B
155. B
156. A
157. B
158. A
159. B
160. A
161. B
162. middle childhood (children ages 6-11)
163. declined (decreased)
164. overweight
165. obesity
166. genetics
167. asthma
168. hygiene hypothesis
169. primary
170. concrete
171. logic
172. classification
173. instruction (teaching) (mentoring) (social learning)
174. information-processing
175. maturation
176. reaction
177. selective attention
178. working (short-term)
179. long-term
180. working (short-term)
181. retrieval (recall)
182. control

Page 38
183. Metacognition
184. pragmatics
185. bilingual
186. immersion
187. East Asian
188. gender-similarities
189. No Child Left Behind
190. National Assessment of Educational Progress (NAEP)
191. public
192. Charter
193. achievement
194. achievement
195. IQ (aptitude)
196. comorbid
197. attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder
198. bipolar
199. Ritalin
200. specific learning disorder
201. dyslexia
202. dyscalculia
203. autism spectrum
204. immunizations
205. least restrictive
206. Individual Education Plan
207. resource
208. Answers will vary. Reasons for signing up may include better health, less obesity, and
the development of social skills as well as an appreciation for cooperation and respect
for teammates.
209. Answers will vary, but should not include genetics, as genes change little from
generation to the next and thus cannot explain the sudden increase in obesity cases.
Instead, answers should highlight other factors including a lack of exercise, more time
watching TV or playing video games, pester power (bugging parents until they allow the
child to have junk food), and commercials targeted to children that advertise
sugary/high fat foods.
210. The hygiene hypothesis states that modern children are overprotected from dirt and
bacteria, and thus are prevented from experiencing infections and childhood diseases
that could strengthen their immune systems. Support for this hypothesis comes from
data indicating that first-born children are more likely to develop asthma, farm children
are less likely to develop asthma, and that children born by C-section (a very sterile
procedure) have more asthma.
211. Primary prevention requires a societal change: better ventilation, less pollution, more
time and space for outdoor play. Secondary prevention is done at the family level and
could include things like breast-feeding for the first year, regular sleep and exercise, and
healthy diets. Tertiary prevention treats the problems once they appear and includes
inhalers for asthma and a low-fat diet and exercise plan for obesity.
212. The maturing corpus callosum connects the hemispheres of the brain enabling balance

Page 39
 and two-handed coordination. Myelination speeds up thoughts processes. The prefrontal
cortex develops an increased ability to plan, monitor, and evaluate. Increasing
maturation results in a massively interconnected brain, and these connections are crucial
for the complex tasks that children must master in the classroom, including improved
social skills.
213. One of the three components is sensory memory, also called the sensory register. This
component stores incoming stimuli for less than a second. Very little of this information
will become part of working memory or long-term memory. Working memory, or
short-term memory, is the component in which current, conscious mental activity
occurs. Information moves back and forth from this component as it is needed.
Long-term memory, the third component, stores large amounts of information for
minutes, hours, days, months, or years.
214. Responses will vary and should clearly outline a preparation strategy and thoughts about
what the exam would cover. Although students may respond that effectiveness can only
be determined by the grade earned, more thoughtful responses will critically examine
their preparation and effort.
215. Switching codes refers to the process of changing from proper, formal, speech to a
colloquial or more informal form of the same language. Children use the formal code in
the classroom and with most adults; they use the informal code with friends and on the
street. The codes used are dependent upon the social context. Examples of code usage
will vary and should clearly differentiate between formal and informal speech.
216. With immersion, the child's instruction occurs entirely in the second language. With
English as a second language (ESL), non-English speakers are grouped together in
language classes to be taught intensively and exclusively in English, with the goal of
preparing them for regular classes in English. With bilingual education, students are
instructed part of the day in their native language and part of the day in English.
217. Answers should point out that the effects of ADHD can be abated through medication
(drug therapy), psychological therapy, and restructuring the home and school
environment. Students should discuss the possibilities of mainstreaming, inclusion, and
resource rooms.
218. Mainstreaming and inclusion both involve educating children with special needs within
the general classroom. Appropriate aids and services are not a required part of
mainstreaming. The difference is that with inclusion, special education delivered by a
specialist is incorporated into the general classroom for the children with special needs.
219. Most children with special needs can be mainstreamed or included in regular classrooms
as long as they are provided some additional support. The federal government requires
that special needs children be placed in the least restrictive environment, i.e., that they
are “mainstreamed” to the greatest extent possible. Teachers are required to formulate
an individual education plan (IEP), outlining the goals, activities, and expected
outcomes for the child. These activities are often provided through accommodations
such as additional testing time, alternate testing location, use of a calculator, etc. and
often additional tutoring in a resource room.
220. Dyslexia involves unusual difficulty with reading, often thought to be the result of some
neurological underdevelopment. No single test can accurately diagnose dyslexia, and
symptoms can range in nature and severity. The most common symptom is a decoding
problem that involves the reversal of letters (such as d for p, etc.) that inhibit decoding,

Page 40
 but it can include any type of reading disability.
221. Obesity has many causes. Family practices contribute more than genes contribute.
Obesity is common in children who are not breast-fed as infants, who watch TV and
drink soda in early childhood, and who are less active, eat junk food, and do not get
enough sleep. But parents do not bear all the blame. Social policies and
practices–including the widespread availability of junk food in vending machines and
the decreasing open spaces for play–contribute as well. In addition, marketing and
advertising play a role in creating desire for junk food and eating habits.
222. Children who are 4 years old have not yet developed a sense of seriation, which is the
understanding that things can be arranged in logical sequences. This develops by age 8
along with other developments of concrete operational thinking.
223. Research is not clear if immersion or bilingual schooling is better at teaching a second
language. What is clear is that this is the ideal time in life for a child to learn a second
language.
224. There are marked differences between schools in the United States and schools in other
nations, as schools reflect the culture and values of the country that creates them. For
example, students in France have far more physical education and art courses than
students in the United States, and schools in Finland are designed to foster teacher and
student collaboration, unlike the typical school model in the United States.
225. Growth in childhood is slow and steady, compared to the more rapid growth seen in
younger childhood. School-age children become much more capable of self-care, can
concentrate and sit still in school, and develop better motor skills as their bodies grow.
226. Children today are more likely to have illnesses diagnosed and treated, and therefore are
less likely to develop chronic conditions. They are less likely to be exposed to toxins,
such as second-hand smoke. In addition, children today are more likely to engage in
healthy behaviors such as covering their coughs and washing their hands.
227. Play contributes to good health and weight maintenance, as well as cognitive skills and
social skills.
228. There are short-term health effects (e.g. asthma, high blood pressure, and elevated
cholesterol) as well as social effects (e.g. low self-esteem and loneliness). Long-term,
obesity is related to lower likelihood of marriage, college attendance, or satisfying work.
229. Ethnicity and birthplace both play a role. A few alleles may contribute to vulnerability,
as well as environmental factors such as carpets, pollution, parental smoking, and even
overly clean environments.
230. Children can apply logic to concrete (tangible) things. They cannot deal with
abstractions or hypothetical situations.
231. Education occurs everywhere, not just in classrooms. Children's understanding develops
from mentoring relationships with peers, older children and adults (including parents
and teachers).
232. With quicker reaction time, children can read and write faster, retrieve information more
quickly, and make decisions more quickly. This allows for more information to be
processed, leading to better understanding.
233. If children cannot ignore irrelevant information and distractions, they cannot fully
process the information that they are intending to learn.
234. Working memory –the processing of current, conscious material–improves markedly in
childhood. By the end of childhood, long-term memory is extensive.

Page 41
235. Having a broad body of knowledge in a particular subject makes it more likely that new
information can be related to something that the child already knows. That makes the
new information more easily remembered.
236. Metacognition allows students to assess cognitive tasks and determine the best strategies
for accomplishing them. Control processes like metacognition help with selective
attention and emotion regulation.
237. Children's vocabularies have grown to tens of thousands of words by the age of six. The
ability to understand metaphors increases with age, so that older children are capable of
describing their experiences by using metaphors.
238. The informal code used with friends often includes curses, slang, gestures and
intentionally incorrect grammar. Peers approve of such violations, whereas adults wish
to teach children the formal code, which includes standard speech and grammar rules.
239. When the school facilities are run down, the teachers are not from the same ethnic or
economic group, or students are placed in “remedial” classes, the hidden message may
be that learning is really not expected from those students. If the facilities are
well-maintained, the teachers are similar to the students in demographic characteristics,
and the students are challenged to excel, the hidden curriculum may be that learning is
expected.
240. The TIMSS assesses math and science, and the PIRLS assesses reading. These tests
measure achievement across cultures. The results provide information for the nations'
decisions about instruction in these topics.
241. In every nation, girls outscore boys on the PIRLS. In the United States, girls are
catching up to boys on the TIMSS, and the difference between the genders among all
countries is very small. Until puberty, girls have higher grades than boys in all subjects.
242. The main goals are to promote high standards for public schools, making each one
accountable for student achievement on tests. The main criticisms are that the states
have developed tests that allow their students to appear to have reached the NCLB
goals, and that half of the states had to be granted waivers to avoid massive school
closures.
243. Charter schools are public schools with additional funding from private sources. They
control over student admission and expulsion and often have some exemptions from
state regulations. Private schools are funded by tuition from families as well as private
sources, and can be religious or secular in nature. Home schooling is when parents
educate their own children at home.
244. Aptitude is the potential to master a specific skill or learn a body of knowledge.
Achievement is learning that has already occurred. Aptitude and achievement scores are
strongly correlated. In fact, aptitude may truly reflect achievement.
245. Students might be able to reveal their understanding of academic topics better when
teachers allow them to express themselves in ways that suit their unique intelligences. In
addition, teachers could use teaching techniques that fit the different types of
intelligences that the students possess.
246. When children come from cultures that value teamwork, they might not score well on an
individually-administered IQ test. Children who have been raised to be quiet and
respectful toward adults may be uncertain when responding to a professional test
administrator.
247. Because ADHD symptoms involve difficulty paying attention and sitting still, it may be

Page 42
 difficult for a student to encode course material. In addition, it may be difficult for
students with ADHD to perform well on tests due to their distractibility.
248. The signs of bipolar disorder include extreme mood swings, from euphoria (including
grandiosity) to deep depression (including a complete loss of interest in things normally
enjoyed).
249. Dyslexia and dyscalculia are both learning disabilities. Dyslexia is unusual difficulty
with reading, whereas dyscalculia is unusual difficulty with math.
250. Austism spectrum disorder is marked by difficulty with social communication and
interaction, and restricted, repetitive patterns of behavior, interests, or activities.
251. LRE refers to the Least Restrictive Environment. It may include educating children with
special needs in a regular class, or it may include the use of a resource room with
tutoring, or it may include the use of an inclusion class, which integrates children with
special needs into a regular classroom with special aids and services. This strategy
allows students with special needs to interact with their peers. RTI refers to “response
to intervention.” In this strategy, students who are below average are given an
intervention. If it doesn't help them to improve, another intervention is tried. Testing for
the presence of special needs is held as a last resort. This strategy avoids labeling
children who might have only needed a little intervention to bring them into the average
range of achievement.
252. The designation of gifted frequently occurs at age 5. This means that children of
lower-SES families or less-privileged ethnic groups may be excluded since they may not
have had access to high-quality preschool programs and thus start kindergarten without
the experiences of more advantaged classmates.
253. Some argue that schools should abandon labels and categories in favor of accepting
difference as the rule. For example, in China, students are expected to mentor each
other, so segregating based on skill level would not make sense.

Page 43