Introduction To Psychological Science Canadian 2nd Edition Krause Test Bank

Introduction To Psychological Science
Canadian 2nd Edition Krause Test Bank

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1) __________ is a change in an organism's behaviour or knowledge brought about by
experience.
a. Learning
b. Generalization
c. Spontaneous recovery
d. Accommodation
Answer: a
Page Reference: 229
Skill: Factual
Objective: Know the key terminology involved in classical conditioning.
2) Which of the following is true of learning?

a. Learning is the process that allows a species to slowly adapt over generations.
b. All learning involves the acquisition of new knowledge and information.
c. Learning involves a change in behaviour or knowledge as a result of experience.
d. Humans are the only species known to be capable of true learning.
Answer: c
Page Reference: 229
Skill: Factual
3) Typically, studying for a test would be an example of ______________ learning.

a. cognitive
b. observational
c. classical
d. associative
Answer: a
Page Reference: 229
Skill: Conceptual
4) For Kyle, the smell of freshly baked cookies will always be connected to the memory
of his grandmother. This is an example of which type of learning?
a. cognitive
b. observational
c. latent
d. associative
Answer: d
Page Reference: 229
Skill: Applied
5) __________ was the first scientist to describe learning as acquired through classical
conditioning.
a. John Watson
b. Ivan Pavlov
c. B. F. Skinner
d. Albert Bandura
Answer: b
Page Reference: 229
Skill: Factual
6) Pavlov received a Nobel Prize for his research on

a. classical conditioning.
b. operant conditioning.
c. digestive processes.
d. latent learning.
Answer: c
Page Reference: 229
Skill: Factual
7) In the field of learning, Ivan Pavlov is known for the discovery of

a. observational learning.
b. latent learning.
c. operant conditioning.
d. classical conditioning.
Answer: d
Page Reference: 229
Skill: Factual
8) When a neutral stimulus elicits the same response that was originally elicited by
another stimulus, it is known as
a. cognitive learning.
b. classical conditioning.
d. observational learning.
Answer: b
Page Reference: 229
Skill: Factual
9) In classical conditioning, the term <i style='mso-bidi-font-style:normal'>neutral

</i>is used to indicate that a stimulus
a. will never be suitable to elicit a response.
b. is a primary reinforcer.
c. does not initially elicit a response.
d. cannot be detected by the subject.
Answer: c
Page Reference: 229
Skill: Conceptual
10) Which of the following is considered to be a stimulus?

a. blinking
b. pain
c. salivation
d. fear
Answer: b
Page Reference: 229–230
Skill: Conceptual
11) In classical conditioning, the unconditioned stimulus is

a. the stimulus that triggers a response after being paired with a conditioned stimulus.
b. the stimulus that triggers a conditioned response.
c. the stimulus that triggers a response after being paired with another stimulus.
d. the stimulus that triggers a response without prior learning.
Answer: d
Page Reference: 230
Skill: Conceptual
12) Each time Amelia feeds her pet parrot Pete, she walks into the room and says, "Good
morning, Pete!" She now notices that as soon as Pete hears her say "Good morning!" he
starts fluttering around his cage in excitement. In this example, the food is the
a. conditioned stimulus.
b. unconditioned response.
c. conditioned response.
d. unconditioned stimulus.
Answer: d
Page Reference: 230
Skill: Applied
13) Every week, Jade spends her allowance on sour lemon gummy candies, even though
they always make her mouth water. One day, as she is walking down the street, Jade sees
a girl carrying a little white bag that looks like a candy shop bag! Jade notices that her
mouth starts to salivate. In this example, the unconditioned stimulus is the
a. little white bag.
b. walk to the store.
c. salivation.
d. sour lemon gummy candy.
Answer: d
Page Reference: 230
Skill: Applied
Objective: Apply the concepts and terms of classical conditioning to new examples.
14) Which of the following illustrates an unconditioned stimulus (US)?

a. blinking when air is blown into your eye
b. blinking when you hear your favourite song
c. your favourite song
d. a puff of air to your eye
Answer: d
Page Reference: 230
Skill: Conceptual
15) When Asha kissed Laura, her heart rate increased. Asha always wore vanilla-scented
perfume. Whenever Laura smelled vanilla, her heart raced. Asha's kiss, in this example,
was the
a. unconditioned stimulus.
c. conditioned stimulus.
d. conditioned response.
Answer: a
Page Reference: 230
Skill: Applied
16) Alan always turns the aquarium light on before putting fish food into the tank. After a
while he notices that the fish swim to the top to look for the food as soon as he turns on
the light. In this example, __________ is the unconditioned stimulus (US).
a. Alan
b. the opening of the tank
c. the fish food
d. the aquarium light
Answer: c
Page Reference: 230
Skill: Applied
17) Because dogs do not need to learn to salivate to food, salivation to food is a(n)
a. conditioned response.
b. conditioned reflex.
c. unconditioned response.
d. neutral response.
Answer: c
Page Reference: 230
Skill: Conceptual
18) Salivation in response to food being placed in the mouth and an eye blink response to
a puff of air are both examples of
a. unconditioned stimuli.
b. conditioned responses.
c. conditioned stimuli.
d. unconditioned responses.
Answer: d
Page Reference: 230
Skill: Conceptual
19) An experimenter finds that a male chimpanzee always has an increased heartbeat
when he sees a picture of a female chimpanzee. The experimenter starts to present a
buzzer just before presenting the picture of the female chimp. The experimenter repeats
this procedure until the male chimp responds with an increased heartbeat to the sound of
the buzzer alone. In this situation, the unconditioned response (UR) is the
a. increased heartbeat.
b. female's picture.
c. sound of the buzzer.
d. experimenter.
Answer: a
Page Reference: 230
Skill: Applied
20) The association between the___________ is, by definition, unlearned (i.e., doesn't
require prior learning).
a. CS and CR
b. US and CR
c. CS and UR
d. US and UR
Answer: d
Page Reference: 230
Skill: Conceptual
21) Five-year-old Samantha is watching a storm from her window. A huge bolt of
lightning is followed by a tremendous thunderclap. Startled, Samantha jumps at the noise.
This happens several times. As the storm moves farther away, Samantha jumps at the
sight of a lightning bolt but doesn't hear the thunder until after she jumps! In this
example, the unconditioned stimulus is the _______________ and the conditioned
stimulus is the _______________.
a. thunder; lightning
b. jumping; lightning
c. lightning; thunder
d. thunder; jumping
Answer: a
Skill: Applied
22) Of the four basic elements of classical conditioning, the _____ is the one the
organism learns to respond to.
a. US
b. UR
c. CS
d. CR
Answer: c
Page Reference: 231
Skill: Conceptual
23) In Pavlov's "salivating dogs" studies, the CR was

a. salivation.
b. food.
c. sound.
d. biting.
Answer: a
Page Reference: 231
Skill: Factual
24) Each time Tamara's cat jumps on the kitchen counter, she sprays him with a water
gun. Eventually, Tamara only has to grab the water gun and her cat will jump down from
the counter. In this example, jumping off the counter is the
a. conditioned stimulus.
d. unconditioned stimulus.
Answer: c
Page Reference: 231
Skill: Factual
25) Which of the following statements pertaining to the conditioned response is accurate?
a. The conditioned response is elicited by the unconditioned stimulus.
b. The conditioned response is an instinctual behaviour.
c. The conditioned response is elicited by the conditioned stimulus.
d. The conditioned response in classical conditioning is always salivation.
Answer: c
Page Reference: 231
Skill: Conceptual
Objective: Understand how responses learned through classical conditioning can be
acquired and lost.
26) For several weeks, Matt had to clean the men's restroom at the restaurant where he
worked. The task always made him nauseated. He has since gone on to better things, but
still cannot walk by the door to a men's restroom without becoming slightly queasy. For
Matt, the door to the men's room has become a(n)
a. unconditioned stimulus.
d. conditioned stimulus.
Answer: d
Page Reference: 231
Skill: Applied
27) How would you know if your attempts at classical conditioning have been
successful?
a. The presentation of the unconditioned stimulus alone, elicits the unconditioned
response.
b. The presentation of the unconditioned stimulus alone, elicits the conditioned response.
c. The presentation of the conditioned stimulus alone, elicits the conditioned response.
d. The presentation of the unconditioned response alone, elicits the conditioned response.
Answer: c
Skill: Conceptual
28) The initial phase of learning in which a response is first established is known as
a. generalization.
b. acquisition.
c. spontaneous recovery.
d. extinction.
Answer: b
Page Reference: 233
Skill: Factual
29) ________________is the loss or weakening of a conditioned response when a

conditioned stimulus and unconditioned stimulus no longer occur together.
a. Generalization
b. Forgetting
c. Reverse conditioning
d. Extinction
Answer: d
Page Reference: 233
Skill: Factual
30) Extinction occurs in classical conditioning when the ________ no longer produces
the ________.
a. CS; US
b. CS; CR
c. US; CR
d. US; UR
Answer: b
Page Reference: 233
Skill: Conceptual
acquired and lost.
31) Tarik trained his pet turtle to snap his mouth in response to the command "snap!" by
saying the word just before giving his turtle a treat. However, after saying "snap!"
multiple times while showing off his turtle's new trick to all his friends and not giving
him a treat, Tarik has noticed the turtle has stopped snapping. This change in behaviour is
likely explained by
a. extinction.
b. spontaneous recovery.
c. discrimination.
d. generalization.
Answer: a
Page Reference: 233
Skill: Conceptual
acquired and lost.
32) Extinction is believed to be a form of

a. learning.
b. forgetting.
d. generalization.
Answer: a
Page Reference: 233
Skill: Conceptual
acquired and lost.
33) Which phenomenon supports the theory that extinction is not a form of forgetting?
a. conditioned emotional responding
b. spontaneous recovery
c. discrimination
d. generalization
Answer: b
Skill: Conceptual
acquired and lost.
34) The reappearance of a learned response after its apparent extinction is called
a. generalization.
b. reacquisition.
d. discrimination.
Answer: c
Skill: Factual
35) Alyssa is participating in an experiment. The researcher plays a sound and then
applies a puff of air to Alyssa's eye. Eventually, Alyssa blinks when she hears the sound,
before the puff of air is delivered. After a number of trials of the researcher presenting
just the sound, Alyssa stops blinking. However, when Alyssa visits the lab the following
week, the researcher plays the sound and Alyssa blinks. Alyssa's blinking in response to
the sound on her return visit, is an example of
a. extinction.
b. discrimination.
c. generalization.
d. spontaneous recovery.
Answer: d
Page Reference: 233
Skill: Conceptual
acquired and lost.
36) As a child, Blaine was attacked by a goose and subsequently developed a severe fear
of waterfowl. As he got older, the fear gradually faded until it was all but forgotten.
Blaine is now in his early twenties and recently went strolling through a park by the river
where he came across a flock of geese. The geese stared at him and he felt slightly
fearful, though not as afraid as he had been as a child. Blaine's fear response to the geese
in the park is an example of
a. stimulus discrimination.
b. stimulus generalization.
c. extinction.
Answer: d
Page Reference: 233
Skill: Applied
acquired and lost.
37) You train your dog Milo to salivate to the sound of a bell. Then you ring the bell
every five minutes and don't follow the ringing with food for Milo. He salivates less and
less and finally stops salivating at all when the bell rings. But the next morning, when
you ring the bell, Milo salivates! What term is used to explain the reappearance of this
response?
a. latent learning
b. spontaneous recovery
c. extinction
d. stimulus generalization
Answer: b
Page Reference: 233
Skill: Applied
acquired and lost.
38) The tendency to respond to a stimulus that is similar to the original conditioned
stimulus is called
a. generalization.
b. adaptation.
c. discrimination.
d. acquisition.
Answer: a
Page Reference: 234
Skill: Factual
39) Ken's mouth waters every time he hears the ice-cream truck's familiar song in the
distance. One day, a slightly different song is heard in the distance and Ken's mouth
waters. Ken's behaviour illustrates
a. generalization.
b. assimilation.
c. recovery.
d. discrimination.
Answer: a
Page Reference: 234
Skill: Applied
40) Little Albert's fear of white rabbits and a Santa Claus mask is an example of
a. discrimination.
b. extinction.
d. generalization.
Answer: d
Page Reference: 234
Skill: Conceptual
41) You classically condition your dog Nancy to salivate when middle C is played on the
piano, but you find that she also salivates when a high G is played. You make a point of
playing high G and not giving Nancy any food afterward, whereas you do give her food
after you play middle C. After a few days, Nancy stops salivating when high G is played
but continues to salivate to middle C. This phenomenon is known as
a. generalization.
b. discrimination.
c. acquisition.
Answer: b
Page Reference: 234
Skill: Applied
42) As an infant, Stephanie received many penicillin injections from the doctor. When
she later saw a pharmacist in a white coat that was similar to the doctor's coat, she started
to cry. This is an example of
a. latent learning.
b. observational learning.
c. a conditioned emotional response.
d. discrimination.
Answer: c
Page Reference: 235
Skill: Applied
43) Which of the following concepts was established through the experiment with Little
Albert?
a. For successful conditioning to occur, the presentation of the CS must precede the
presentation of the US.
b. Shaping is a useful technique for training animals to complete complex tricks.
c. Humans are predisposed to fear some stimuli (e.g., snakes) more than other stimuli
(e.g., guns), regardless of the level of threat they pose.
d. Phobias may be learned responses to previous experiences.
Answer: d
Page Reference: 235
Skill: Factual
44) Little Albert was initially not afraid of rats, but when a white rat and a loud noise
were presented together, Albert learned to fear rats. In this famous example, the rat was
the
a. CS.
b. US.
c. CR.
d. UR.
Answer: a
Page Reference: 231 and 235
Skill: Applied
45) Temi has developed a fear of bridges due to a recent, graphic news story about people
falling from a collapsed bridge. Which of the following is the CS in this example?
a. bridges
b. graphic news coverage
c. people falling
d. collapsed bridges
Answer: a
Page Reference: 231 and 235
Skill: Applied
46) The results of Watson and Rayner's famous experiment with Little Albert provide a
possible explanation for the development of
a. depression.
b. anxiety.
c. phobias.
d. psychopathy.
Answer: c
Page Reference: 235
Skill: Factual
47) People diagnosed with psychopathy show an impaired ability to learn to

a. associate fear with faces when the faces are paired with a shock.
b. extinguish responding after the removal of the US.
c. associate tastes with illness.
d. blink to a tone which precedes a puff of air to the eye.
Answer: a
Page Reference: 236
Skill: Factual
48) Which of the following terms refers to the fact that animals and human beings may be
evolutionarily predisposed to learn to fear certain stimuli that threaten their survival?
a. instinctive drift
b. conditioned emotional response
c. emotional aversions
d. preparedness
Answer: d
Page Reference: 237
Skill: Conceptual
Objective: Understand the role of biological and evolutionary factors in classical
conditioning.
49) According to the concept of preparedness, which stimulus would make the most
effective CS in a fear conditioning experiment?
a. gun
b. spider
c. flower
d. airplane
Answer: b
Page Reference: 237
Skill: Conceptual
conditioning.
50) Last month, Walter became sick after eating two chili dogs, and he now finds the
very thought of chili dogs to be repulsive. Walter has experienced
a. discrimination.
b. conditioned taste aversion.
c. generalization.
d. negative reinforcement.
Answer: b
Skill: Applied
51) Taste aversions seem to be specific examples of what type of learning?

a. classical conditioning
b. insight learning
c. vicarious learning
d. operant conditioning
Answer: a
Skill: Factual
52) People appear to have a biological predisposition to associate nausea with what type
of stimuli?
a. lights
b. tastes
c. sights
d. sounds
Answer: b
Skill: Factual
conditioning.
53) Which of the following is one of the ways in which conditioned taste aversions are
NOT like other forms of classical conditioning?
a. Conditioned taste aversions do not require a CS.
b. Conditioned taste aversions only last one or two days.
c. The CS and US can be separated by several hours.
d. The subject does not have to respond to develop a taste aversion.
Answer: c
Skill: Factual
conditioning.
54) Which form of classical conditioning is most likely to occur with only a single CS-
US pairing?
a. stimulus discrimination
b. conditioned emotional response
c. conditioned taste aversion
d. stimulus generalization
Answer: c
Skill: Factual
conditioning.
55) Grayson eats the same bologna sandwich every day for lunch. One day, Grayson gets
very ill just after eating the bologna sandwich. Surprisingly, following the recovery from
the illness, Grayson is still happy eating bologna sandwiches and continues to have them
every day for lunch. Grayson's continued enjoyment of bologna is likely due to
a. latent learning.
b. latent inhibition.
c. conditioned taste aversion.
d. stimulus discrimination.
Answer: b
Skill: Applied
conditioning.
56) Which of the following would be an example of advertisers applying classical

conditioning to the marketing of a product?
a. The product is shown with stimuli that viewers already view positively, such as
attractive people.
b. A commercial shows individuals modelling the correct use of the product.
c. Customers are rewarded with a free product for every five they purchase.
d. Advertisers include the name of the product multiple times throughout the ad.
Answer: a
Skill: Conceptual
57) During campaigning, a Conservative candidate airs ads that show her Liberal
opponent making a "smug" facial expression. It is her hope that voters will see these ads
and associate the negative feeling of being judged with her Liberal opponent (and thus,
vote for the Conservative). In this example, the unconditioned response would be
a. the "smug" image of the Liberal candidate.
b. the viewer's negative emotional response to an unflattering photograph.
c. the viewer's decision not to vote for the Liberal candidate.
d. the Conservative candidate's decision to air the ad.
Answer: b
Skill: Conceptual
Objective: Analyze the use of negative political advertising to conditioned emotional
responses to candidates.
58) Why are heroin users more likely to overdose when they inject heroin at a place other
than their usual location?
a. Heroin users tend to inject a larger dose in new locations because they get excited.
b. Heroin users tend to employ 'safer' practices when using in their usual location.
c. Heroin users find drug use more thrilling and, thus, more rewarding in new locations.
d. Cues that normally trigger a conditioned response are missing in a new location.
Answer: d
Page Reference: 241
Skill: Conceptual
59) Larry has been using heroin for several years and knows the exact amount needed for
his desired 'high.' Normally, Larry injects the heroin in his basement, but while on
vacation he injects the drug in a hotel. Although Larry used the same amount of heroin
that he always does, he overdoses and dies. What phenomenon is likely responsible for
this outcome?
a. spontaneous recovery
b. stimulus discrimination
c. conditioned emotional response
d. conditioned drug tolerance
Answer: d
Page Reference: 241
Skill: Applied
60) In which type of learning is an organism's behaviour influenced by the consequences

of that behaviour?
a. classical conditioning
b. latent learning
c. operant conditioning
d. consequential learning
Answer: c
Page Reference: 245
Skill: Factual
Objective: Know the key terminology associated with operant conditioning.
61) The term <i style='mso-bidi-font-style:normal'>operant</i> refers to the fact

that, in operant conditioning,
a. the organism must operate on the environment before consequences can occur.
b. reinforcers and punishers operate on the organism to change its behaviour.
c. the US operates on the CS to change its association with the CR.
d. the experimenter operates on the organism to change its behaviour.
Answer: a
Page Reference: 245
Skill: Factual
62) In classical conditioning, the responses involved tend to be __________________,

but in operant conditioning, they are __________________.
a. punished; reinforced
b. reinforced; punished
c. reflexive; voluntary
d. voluntary; reflexive
Answer: c
Page Reference: 245
Skill: Conceptual
63) In operant conditioning, reinforcement is

a. never presented (only punishment is involved).
b. always presented, regardless of the organism's behaviour.
c. presented as a consequence of the organism's behaviour.
d. presented in order to elicit an organism's behaviour.
Answer: c
Skill: Conceptual
64) The process by which a stimulus strengthens or increases the probability of a

response is called
a. punishment
b. latent learning
c. acquisition
d. reinforcement
Answer: d
Skill: Factual
65) The concept of contingency refers to the idea that

a. a response will increase if followed by a reward.
b. a consequence depends on an action.
c. punishment is more effective at shaping behaviour than reinforcement.
d. reinforcement is more effective at shaping behaviour than punishment.
Answer: b
Page Reference: 245
Skill: Factual
66) Thorndike was known for his work with

a. puzzle boxes.
c. salivation in dogs.
d. Skinner boxes.
Answer: a
Page Reference: 246
Skill: Factual
67) Thorndike was a pioneer in the field of ___________research.

a. operant conditioning
b. classical conditioning
c. shaping
d. higher-order conditioning
Answer: a
Skill: Factual
68) ___________ is responsible for much of our understanding of the relationship

between reinforcement and behaviour.
a. John Watson
b. Ivan Pavlov
c. B. F. Skinner
d. John Garcia
Answer: c
Page Reference: 246
Skill: Factual
69) A Skinner box is most likely to be used in research involving

b. operant conditioning.
c. latent learning.
d. observational learning.
Answer: b
Page Reference: 246
Skill: Factual
70) A reinforcer is a consequence that ______________ the likelihood of a behaviour,

whereas a punisher is a consequence that ____________ the likelihood of a behaviour.
a. increases; increases
b. decreases; decreases
c. decreases; increases
d. increases; decreases
Answer: d
Skill: Factual
Objective: Understand the role that consequences play in increasing or decreasing
behaviour.
71) A punisher is any outcome presented ___________ a behaviour that ___________

the likelihood of the behaviour reoccurring.
a. before; decreases
b. before; increases
c. after; decreases
d. after; increases
Answer: c
Page Reference: 247
Skill: Factual
72) Negative reinforcement is a stimulus that is__________ and thus __________the

probability of a response.
a. removed; increases
b. removed; decreases
c. presented; increases
d. presented; decreases
Answer: a
Page Reference: 247
Skill: Factual
behaviour.
73) Which of the following is an example of positive reinforcement?

a. Giving children candy for completing their homework.
b. Removing a child's chores when they complete their homework.
c. Ending class 10 minutes early if students work hard during class.
d. Taking away privileges if a child does not follow classroom rules.
Answer: a
Page Reference: 247
Skill: Conceptual
74) Bill hates to clean up after dinner. One night, he volunteers to bathe the dog before
cleaning up. When he finishes with the dog and returns to the kitchen, his wife has
cleaned everything up for him. Which of the following statements is most likely true?
a. Bill will start cleaning up the kitchen before he bathes the dog.
b. Bill's wife has positively reinforced him for bathing the dog.
c. Bill's wife has negatively reinforced him for bathing the dog.
d. Bill's wife has established bathing the dog as a secondary reinforcer.
Answer: c
Page Reference: 247
Skill: Applied
Objective: Apply your knowledge of operant conditioning to examples.
75) Which of the following is an example of negative reinforcement?

a. A student is sent to detention for fighting.
b. A student is exempted from a weekly quiz for exemplary homework.
c. A student loses earned free time for playing with lab equipment.
d. A student turns in neater homework when the teacher praises neatness.
Answer: b
Page Reference: 247
Skill: Conceptual
76) Nicky tends to bite his nails when he becomes nervous because it calms him down.
Nicky's behaviour is an example of
a. negative reinforcement.
b. negative punishment.
c. positive reinforcement.
d. positive punishment.
Answer: a
Page Reference: 247
Skill: Applied
77) Checking the outside temperature and putting on a warm coat before leaving the
house is an example of
a. negative punishment.
b. avoidance learning.
c. escape learning.
Answer: b
Page Reference: 247
Skill: Applied
78) Leaving the market on Saturday morning because you don't like how overcrowded it
is this weekend is an example of
a. negative punishment.
b. avoidance learning.
c. escape learning.
Answer: c
Skill: Applied
79) Kathy takes her 2-year-old son to the supermarket every Saturday. Each week, the
same sequence of events unfolds: Her son screams, demanding that Kathy buy him treats.
Although she refuses to give in to his demands, he continues to scream. Finally, Kathy
yells at the top of her lungs, "QUIET!" He stops screaming instantly. What operant
conditioning concepts are illustrated in this story?
a. Kathy is using negative reinforcement to increase her son's screaming.
b. Kathy is using punishment to suppress the screaming; her use of punishment is
negatively reinforced by the cessation of screaming.
c. Kathy's son probably learned how to scream by observing his parents at home, and
now he is reinforced on a variable-interval schedule of reinforcement.
d. Kathy's son probably learned how to scream by observing his parents at home, and
now he is reinforced on a fixed-ratio schedule of reinforcement.
Answer: b
Page Reference: 248
Skill: Applied
80) Presenting a stimulus to a person or animal that decreases the probability of a

particular response is known as
a. positive punishment.
c. negative reinforcement.
d. vicarious punishment.
Answer: a
Page Reference: 248
Skill: Factual
81) Which of the following will decrease the likelihood of behaviour reoccurring?
a. negative punishment
b. negative reinforcement
c. positive reinforcement
d. continuous reinforcement
Answer: a
Page Reference: 248
Skill: Factual
behaviour.
82) When a stimulus is removed from a person or animal resulting in a decrease in the
probability of a response, it is known as
Answer: b
Page Reference: 248
Skill: Factual
83) Swatting a dog with a newspaper when it urinates on the floor, in an attempt to teach
the dog not to urinate on the floor, is an example of
b. negative punishment
Answer: a
Page Reference: 248
Skill: Factual
84) An animal trainer is trying to teach a lion to perform tricks for the circus. First, the
lion is given food if he sits quietly on a chair. Next, the lion is given food if he raises one
paw. Finally, the lion is given food if he gives the trainer a "high-five." In this example,
the lion is being trained by
b. generalization.
c. punishment.
d. shaping.
Answer: d
Page Reference: 248
Skill: Applied
85) ______________ is an operant conditioning procedure in which successive

approximations of a desired response are reinforced.
a. Shaping
b. Positive punishment
c. Primary reinforcement
d. Discrimination
Answer: a
Page Reference: 248
Skill: Factual
86) A _____________ reinforcer is any reward that satisfies a basic motivational need to
survive (e.g., hunger, thirst).
a. primary
b. negative
c. token
d. secondary
Answer: a
Page Reference: 249
Skill: Factual
87) __________ is an example of a primary reinforcer, whereas __________ is an

example of a secondary reinforcer.
a. A cupcake; a certificate of achievement
b. Money; receiving an A+
c. Water; pain
d. Pain; cupcake
Answer: a
Page Reference: 249
Skill: Conceptual
88) Which of the following is a secondary reinforcer?

a. water
b. food
c. pain
d. money
Answer: d
Page Reference: 249
Skill: Conceptual
89) The rewarding property of reinforcing stimuli like food and sex is believed to be
related to the activity of which brain structure?
a. hippocampus
b. nucleus accumbens
c. amygdala
d. thalamus
Answer: b
Page Reference: 249
Skill: Factual
90) A rat learns that pressing the lever in the operant chamber will only deliver food if a
red light above the lever is on. In this scenario, the red light is acting as a
a. discriminative stimulus.
b. reinforce.
c. conditioned stimulus (CS).
d. punisher.
Answer: a
Page Reference: 250
Skill: Applied
91) A pigeon learns to peck only at a red disc. It will not peck at another disc that is
identical in shape and size but a different colour. This illustrates the concept of
a. extinction.
b. discrimination.
c. avoidance training.
d. desensitization.
Answer: b
Page Reference: 250
Skill: Applied
92) Your dog, Zeus, learns to roll over every time you blow a whistle. One day, you take
Zeus to a soccer match and he rolls over every time the referee blows the whistle. This
illustrates the concept of
a. spontaneous recovery.
b. discrimination.
c. generalization.
d. desensitization.
Answer: c
Page Reference: 250
Skill: Applied
93) Lim has learned that he can usually get what he wants from his parents if he keeps
whining for something. One day, Lim starts whining in the toy store because he wants an
action figure. His father refuses to give it to him and ignores his whining. What process is
likely to happen as a result?
a. generalization
b. extinction
c. spontaneous recovery
d. negative reinforcement
Answer: b
Page Reference: 251
Skill: Applied
94) Extinction in operant conditioning involves

b. positive reinforcement.
c. punishment.
d. withholding reinforcement.
Answer: d
Page Reference: 251
Skill: Conceptual
95) A child receives one homework pass—a coupon that allows her to skip a homework
assignment—for every 10 word problems she completes during class. This is an example
of both ___________ reinforcement and a ___________ schedule of reinforcement.
a. negative; fixed-ratio
b. positive; variable-ratio
c. negative; variable-ratio
d. positive; fixed-interval
Answer: a
Page Reference: 247, 253
Skill: Applied
96) Julie is expected to cut the lawn weekly. Her parents only give her money once in a
while after she cuts the lawn. Julie is being reinforced using a _____________ schedule
of reinforcement.
a. continuous
b. partial
c. fixed-ratio
d. fixed-interval
Answer: b
Skill: Applied
97) What kind of reinforcement is used if Munirah's parents give her $10 every time she
receives six A's on her report card?
a. fixed-interval
b. variable-ratio
c. continuous reinforcement
d. fixed-ratio
Answer: d
Page Reference: 254
Skill: Applied
98) A fixed-ratio schedule of reinforcement involves giving reinforcement

a. on the first response after a varied amount of time has elapsed.
b. on the first response after a specific amount of time has elapsed.
c. after a specific number of responses have been completed.
d. after a varied number of responses have been completed.
Answer: c
Page Reference: 254
Skill: Factual
99) When the number of responses is important to a schedule of reinforcement, that

schedule is called a _____________ schedule.
a. ratio
b. interval
c. conditioned
d. primary
Answer: a
Page Reference: 253
Skill: Conceptual
100) The broken vending machine in Cathy's office dispenses sodas inconsistently.
Sometimes Cathy gets a soda after putting in two quarters, but sometimes she only gets a
soda after putting in five or six quarters. In operant conditioning terms, Cathy is being
reinforced on a ________________ schedule.
a. fixed-ratio
b. fixed-interval
c. variable-ratio
d. variable-interval
Answer: c
Page Reference: 254
Skill: Applied
101) Kwan checks her email for new messages several times during the day. She realizes
that because emails are sent on a ________________ schedule, checking her email more
frequently will not increase the number of new emails she receives in a day. Furthermore,
she knows that she cannot predict when people will email her, but if an email has been
sent to her, she will receive it the next time she checks.
a. fixed-ratio
b. fixed-interval
c. variable-ratio
d. variable-interval
Answer: d
Page Reference: 255
Skill: Applied
102) Learned behaviour is less prone to extinction if it is conditioned by ____________

reinforcement.
a. partial
b. negative
c. delayed
d. continuous
Answer: a
Page Reference: 255
Skill: Factual
Objective: Understand how schedules of reinforcement affect behaviour.
103) Which of the following statements is true about continuous reinforcement and
partial reinforcement?
a. Both partial and continuous reinforcement lead to behaviours that tend to extinguish
quickly.
b. Continuous reinforcement leads to behaviours that will persist longer than behaviour
learned through partial reinforcement.
c. Partial reinforcement leads to behaviours that will persist longer than behaviour
learned through continuous reinforcement.
d. Both continuous reinforcement and partial reinforcement lead to behaviours that persist
for extremely long periods of time.
Answer: c
Page Reference: 255
Skill: Factual
104) Which of the following is true concerning partial schedules of reinforcement?

a. Interval schedules tend to yield higher rates of responding as compared to ratio
schedules.
b. Ratio schedules tend to yield higher rates of responding as compared to interval
schedules.
c. Fixed schedules tend to yield higher rates of responding as compared to variable
schedules.
d. All combinations of intermittent schedules tend to yield similar rates of responding.
Answer: b
Page Reference: 255
Skill: Factual
105) B.F. Skinner rigged the cages of pigeons so that food was delivered every 15
seconds. Within a short time, most of the pigeons were practising some sort of consistent
behaviour, even though the behaviour did not have any effect on the delivery of the
reinforcer. The birds were
a. demonstrating spontaneous recovery.
b. developing phobias.
c. demonstrating the partial reinforcement effect.
d. behaving superstitiously.
Answer: d
Skill: Factual
106) Which of the following statements is true regarding corporal punishment?

a. Spanking is generally a very effective punisher when it is used for immediately
stopping a behaviour.
b. There is no evidence that spanking can lead to poor mental health and it can be used
frequently.
c. Corporal punishment teaches appropriate behaviours.
d. Corporal punishment is illegal in Canada.
Answer: a
Page Reference: 257
Skill: Factual
Objective: Analyze the effectiveness of punishment on changing behaviour.
107) The concept of latent learning was developed by

a. Watson.
b. Skinner.
c. Tolman.
d. Thorndike.
Answer: c
Page Reference: 261
Skill: Factual
Objective: Understand the concept of latent learning and its relevance to cognitive
aspects of learning.
108) Learning that is not directly observable is called

a. latent inhibition.
b. innate learning.
c. social learning.
d. latent learning.
Answer: d
Page Reference: 261
Skill: Factual
109) Studies of latent learning emphasize the importance of ______________ on

learning.
a. reinforcement
b. associations
c. cognitive processes
d. punishment
Answer: c
Skill: Conceptual
110) Which of the following is true concerning Tolman and Honzik's classic study of
latent learning?
a. Rats still learned to navigate a maze without receiving any reinforcement.
b. Rats learned when receiving punishment but not when receiving reinforcement.
c. Rats were not able to learn if reinforcement was withheld for long periods of time.
d. Rats learned only when reinforcement was presented immediately following the
desired behaviour.
Answer: a
Skill: Factual
111) Sarah has just received her driver's licence and is now ready to drive to school.
Although she's never driven to her school before, Sarah knows the way. The fact that
Sarah can drive herself to school suggests that _________ has occurred.
a. latent learning
c. operant conditioning
d. classical and operant conditioning
Answer: a
Skill: Applied
112) You spend days wandering aimlessly around a park with many different paths that
end at different parts of the park. One day when you arrive at the park, you get a call on
your cell phone from your cousin whom you haven't seen for years, and she says she is
waiting for you in a particular section of the park. Even though the paths are complicated
and twisted, you quickly find and use the shortest route to your cousin. Tolman would
explain your efficient passage through the park as an example of
a. stimulus-response theory.
b. the formation of a cognitive map.
c. observational learning.
d. social reinforcement.
Answer: b
Page Reference: 262
Skill: Applied
Objective: Know the key terminology associated with cognitive and observational
learning.
113) Which type of learning occurs when we observe other people's behaviours?
a. operant conditioning
c. latent learning
d. observational learning
Answer: d
Skill: Conceptual
learning.
114) After watching her teenage sister put on lipstick, Julie applies some to her own lips.
Julie acquired this behaviour through
d. stimulus generalization.
Answer: b
Skill: Applied
Objective: Apply principles of observational learning outside of the laboratory.
115) Which of the following is the best example of observational learning?

a. Greg hears on the radio that a huge storm is approaching, so he cancels his trip.
b. After several hours of staring at the computer screen, Marley suddenly realizes the
solution to the puzzle he is trying to solve.
c. Carey figures out if she doesn't give her boss a hard time, he's a lot nicer to be around.
d. Ingrid swam poorly until she noticed the efficient stroke of the man in the next lane;
now her swimming is greatly improved.
Answer: d
Skill: Applied
116) John sees others being praised for using good penmanship and now he attempts to
use good penmanship. This behaviour is reflective of ________ learning.
a. observational
b. conditional
c. operant
d. conformist
Answer: a
Skill: Applied
117) In a demonstration of observational learning, rats can identify food that is safe to eat
by
a. observing where humans place poison rat traps.
b. feeding small pieces of the food to other rats and observing the result.
c. smelling the breath of other rats.
d. associating certain tastes with illness.
Answer: c
Page Reference: 263
Skill: Factual
learning.
118) Which of the following is NOT one of the processes Albert Bandura identified as
supporting observational learning?
a. memory
b. attention
c. motivation
d. threat of danger
Answer: d
Page Reference: 263
Skill: Factual
learning.
119) According to your textbook, which of the following is true about animals teaching
other members of their species?
a. Researchers have observed members of several different species transmitting new
behaviours to others through imitation.
b. Humans are the only species known to transmit information through demonstration and
imitation.
c. Several animals can imitate behaviours demonstrated by humans, but they cannot learn
new behaviours from members of their own species.
d. Only primates, the closest relative to humans, are capable of teaching.
Answer: a
Page Reference: 265
Skill: Factual
learning.
120) Which of the following is true concerning Bandura's classic "Bobo"" doll study?
a. Exposure to aggressive models led to increased aggression in children.
b. Exposure to aggressive models did not influence levels of aggression in children.
c. Exposure to aggressive models led to decreased levels of aggression in children.
d. Exposure to nonaggressive models led to increased levels of aggression in children.
Answer: a
Skill: Factual
Objective: Analyze the claim that viewing violent media increases violent behaviour.
121) According to research presented in the textbook, which of the following statements
is TRUE?
a. Playing violent video games increases a person's sensitivity to others' suffering.
b. Gamers who play violent video games are less likely to behave aggressively if they can
personalize their game character.
c. Gamers from Eastern cultures are less likely than gamers from Western cultures to
display game-induced aggression.
d. Male and female gamers have an equal likelihood of developing aggression by playing
video games.
Answer: d
Page Reference: 266
Skill: Factual
122) Which of the following is true about the relationship between media violence and
aggression?
a. Watching media violence definitely causes children to become more aggressive.
b. Watching media violence is positively correlated with aggression, but it is difficult to
establish a cause-and-effect relationship.
c. Media violence and aggression are unrelated.
d. Having an aggressive temperament actually causes children to watch more violent
media.
Answer: b
Skill: Factual

Introduction To Psychological Science Canadian 2nd Edition Krause Test Bank

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Introduction To Psychological Science Canadian 2nd Edition Krause Test Bank

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Introduction To Psychological Science

Canadian 2nd Edition Krause Test Bank

2) Which of the following is true of learning?

3) Typically, studying for a test would be an example of ______________ learning.

6) Pavlov received a Nobel Prize for his research on

7) In the field of learning, Ivan Pavlov is known for the discovery of

9) In classical conditioning, the term &lt;i style='mso-bidi-font-style:normal'>neutral

10) Which of the following is considered to be a stimulus?

11) In classical conditioning, the unconditioned stimulus is

14) Which of the following illustrates an unconditioned stimulus (US)?

23) In Pavlov's "salivating dogs" studies, the CR was

29) ________________is the loss or weakening of a conditioned response when a

32) Extinction is believed to be a form of

47) People diagnosed with psychopathy show an impaired ability to learn to

51) Taste aversions seem to be specific examples of what type of learning?

56) Which of the following would be an example of advertisers applying classical

60) In which type of learning is an organism's behaviour influenced by the consequences

61) The term &lt;i style='mso-bidi-font-style:normal'>operant&lt;/i> refers to the fact

62) In classical conditioning, the responses involved tend to be __________________,

63) In operant conditioning, reinforcement is

64) The process by which a stimulus strengthens or increases the probability of a

65) The concept of contingency refers to the idea that

66) Thorndike was known for his work with

67) Thorndike was a pioneer in the field of ___________research.

68) ___________ is responsible for much of our understanding of the relationship

69) A Skinner box is most likely to be used in research involving

70) A reinforcer is a consequence that ______________ the likelihood of a behaviour,

71) A punisher is any outcome presented ___________ a behaviour that ___________

72) Negative reinforcement is a stimulus that is__________ and thus __________the

73) Which of the following is an example of positive reinforcement?

75) Which of the following is an example of negative reinforcement?

80) Presenting a stimulus to a person or animal that decreases the probability of a

85) ______________ is an operant conditioning procedure in which successive

87) __________ is an example of a primary reinforcer, whereas __________ is an

88) Which of the following is a secondary reinforcer?

94) Extinction in operant conditioning involves

98) A fixed-ratio schedule of reinforcement involves giving reinforcement

99) When the number of responses is important to a schedule of reinforcement, that

102) Learned behaviour is less prone to extinction if it is conditioned by ____________

104) Which of the following is true concerning partial schedules of reinforcement?

106) Which of the following statements is true regarding corporal punishment?

107) The concept of latent learning was developed by

108) Learning that is not directly observable is called

109) Studies of latent learning emphasize the importance of ______________ on

115) Which of the following is the best example of observational learning?

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9) In classical conditioning, the term <i style='mso-bidi-font-style:normal'>neutral

61) The term <i style='mso-bidi-font-style:normal'>operant</i> refers to the fact

71) A punisher is any outcome presented _ a behaviour that _

72) Negative reinforcement is a stimulus that is and thus the

87) is an example of a primary reinforcer, whereas is an