COUNSELING

UNIT 4,5
 CONTENTS
• Meaning of counseling
• Terms involved in counseling
• Definition
• Factors contributing to the emergence of counseling
• Growth of counseling
• Approaches to the counseling
• Counseling process
• Evaluation of counseling
 COUNSELLING
In general the counseling is to help
individuals to overcome many of their
problems. It involves two factors.
TERMS INVOLVED IN
COUNSELING

1. Counselor

2. counselee
 DEFINITION
• Acc.to Smith(1955): A process in which the
counselor assists the counselee to make the

interpretations of facts related to choice, plan or

adjustments which he need to make.

• Acc.to Perez(1965): The counseling is an

interactive process conjoining the counselor who needs

assistance and the counselor who is trained and

educated to give the assistance.

FACTORS CONTRIBUTING TO THE
EMERGENCE OF COUNSELING

1. Technological factors
2. Psychological factors
3. Educational factors
4. Human factors
TECHNOLOGICAL FACTORS

Technological changes have

made a major impact upon
the people’s lives and work.
Because of the rapid change
in the technology the need of
counseling arises and it
comes into existence.
 PSYCHOLOGICAL FACTORS

The growth of counseling is

also because of Psychological
factors. As a part of broader
field of psychology the
counseling is being introduced
for the development into it.
 EDUCATIONAL FACTORS
Modern counseling is a product
of education system especially
American education system. It
has deep roots in the concern
for an individual’s freedom,
rights, and dignity. The
development of counseling can best
be appreciated by analyzing the
various issues that affected and
influence its development.
 HUMAN FACTORS
There are several mutually
opposed conceptions of
the basic human nature. Is
human nature either evil, or
good, or neutral? This factor
of human nature also helps
in the emergence of the
counseling.
GROWTH OF COUNSELING

The growth of counseling is divided into four phases.

They are:

1. 1850-1900
2. 1900-1930

3. 1930-1940
4. Second world war and after
 1850-1900
Under this period the innovations in the field of

psychology were made. under this period the

the first psychological laboratory was founded at

Leipzig by Wilhelm Wundt in 1879. However, it

was Jesse b. Davis who first used the term

“counseling” in this period.

 1900-1930
During the first few years of the twentieth century several
significant events took place. These movements boosted
efforts to develop knowledge and services in order to

assist the individuals. Unfortunately there is a wrong

impression that counseling is a poor man’s psychotherapy.
All these factors helps in the emergence of the counseling.
 1930-1940
Under this era the workers needs the guidance for
suitable tools and techniques to understand the
concept of counseling. There were very few
Psychological tests available and few persons were
trained to use them at that time.
 SECOND WORLD WAR
AND AFTER
In this era a book was published as “counseling and
psychotherapy” by “Carl Rogers” in 1942. Before this

there was a hesitation regarding the acceptability of

counseling as a form of psychotherapy. In this era counseling
obtained the recognition by the American Psychological

association(APA). The APA accepted the recommendation of

meeting and designated counseling psychology as its

seventeenth division.
 LASTLY
Over the past five decades counselors have
gained overwhelming acceptance from society.
A large number of sub-specialities have

developed to serve in setting such as schools,

mental health clinics, rehabilitation centers,
colleges.
 APPROACHES OF
COUNSELING

1. Psychoanalytic approach
2. Bahaviouristic approach
3. Humanistic approach
 PSYCHOANALYTIC APPROACH

Psychoanalysis was originated by SIGMUND

FREUD, who developed his theory from his
past experiences as a therapist and wrote
about his work. In this the client is ignorant
And unaware of the reasons for his difficulties
or suffering which are deeply embedded in
the unconscious. The client is therefore
helpless and it is the therapist who has to play
the role of interpreting the material. This
SIGMUND FREUD
principle is known as psychological
founder of the
determinism. psychodynamic approach
 BEHAVIOURISTIC
APPROACH
Counseling and psychotherapy are
concerned with behavior change.
learning here is understood as changes
in the behavior which are relatively
long-lasting and which are not due to
the psychological factors like fatigue
etc. one such application is in the form
of Bahaviouristic approach. Its purpose
is to change the ineffective and self
defeating behavior into the effective
and self winning behavior.
 HUMANISTIC APPROACH
The practical application of the humanistic
Psychology made a great impact on the
academic scene. According to ROGERS in
any kind of psychotherapy the basic theme
is the helping relationship. In all human
Interactions such as mother-child,
teacher-pupil, therapist-client The helping
relationship is fundamental. This
relationship is one in which the counselor
seeks to bring about a better expression of
the client’s inner resources. Thus the
helping relationship helps in the growth of
person.
COUNSELING PROCESS
EVALUATION OF
COUNSELING