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1. Give the ground-state electron configuration for carbon (atomic number 6).
2. Give the ground-state electron configuration for fluorine (atomic number 9).
3. Give the ground-state electron configuration for magnesium (atomic number 12).
Answer: li2i2p63i
Answer: four
Write valid Lewis (electron-dot) structures for each formula below. Show all electrons as dots and show all
non-bonding electrons.
..
:CI:
5. C2Cl4 tetrachloroethylene Answer: :Cl:C::C.:C.l:
~.:Ql: ..
0
" NH2
H2N- C-
:0:
Answer: .. II ..
H2N- C- NH2
9. The structure of urea is shown below. The carbon atom in urea is:
0
" NH2
H2N- C-
a. sp3 hybridized
b. sp2 hybridized
c. sp hybridized
d. not hybridized
a. 109.50
b. 1200
c. 1800
d. not predictable
Answer: b. 1200
Determine the hybridization for the indicated atoms in each structure below.
11.~ 13. 14.
CH3- CH2- c-
:0:
II ..JI.
2-
/12.
H
\CH3-\c= N:
11. The hybridization ofthis oxygen atom is - .
Answer: Sp2
Answer: Sp3
Answer: Sp3
Answer: Sp
15. The molecular formula C2H4O can be converted into three-line bond (Kekule) structures that are
consistent with valence rules. Which one of the following Kekule structures is not consistent with valence
rules?
H 0 H H 0 H H
I II \ / / \ \ I
a. H-C-C-H b. C=C c. H-C-C-H d. C-C=O
/ \ I I / I
I H O-H H H H H
H
Answer: d
16. Explain why the structure you chose in question 15 is not consistent with valence rules.
Answer: The carbon bonded to the oxygen atom in structure d is pentavalent; it has 10 valence electrons.
Carbon can only have eight valence electrons. In addition, the other carbon has only six valence
electrons when it would prefer to have eight.
H Br
,/
H, C
/\/ 'C-H
H C-C II
\
H''''''\ ' H
H
3-bromo-l-cyclopentene
Answer:
Br
0
Molecular fonnula: CsH7Br
18. Draw an orbital picture for acetylene, CzHz. Clearly label each bond type and indicate the type of orbitals
involved in each bond.
Answer:
pi bonds
Propose possible structures for a molecule that meets each ofthe following descriptions:
19. Contains two Sp3 hybridized carbons and two sp hybridized carbons.
Answer:
H-C=C-CH2CH3
H3C-C=C-CH3
20. Contains one Sp3 hybridized carbon and two spz hybridized carbons.
Answer:
H3C- C== CH2
I
H