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Solution
Assignment # 7
Q 1. Let V be the region bounded by the surface x 2 + y 2 = 4 and the planes
z = 0 and z = 3 in three dimensional space and let S denote the surface
→ ^ ^ ^ → ^
of V . If F = x3 i + y 3 j + z 3 k , use Divergence Theorem to find ∫ F • n dS
S
^
where n denote the unit outer normal to S.
Solution:
ts
Divergence Theorem or Gauss’s Theorem states that
en
ud
Let V be a region in three dimensional space which is bounded by a closed
St
surface S (In three dimensional space such region V is a volume of the solid
el m
VU
H .co
^
whose surface is S). Also suppose that n denote the unit outer normal to S at any
p
To ing
→
point (x, y, z). If F is a vector function that has continuous partial derivatives on
te .n
→
⎛ →
⎞
si at
V then the volume integral of the divergence of F i-e ⎜ ∇ • F ⎟ over V and the
eb nn
⎝ ⎠
W ja
→
st //vu
→ ^ →
∫ F • n dS = ∫ ∇ • F dV
ht
S V
Or
→ ^ →
∫ F • n dS = ∫ div F dV
S V
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→ ^ ^ ^
F = x3 i + y 3 j + z 3 k
→ ⎛ ∂ ^ ∂ ^ ∂ ^⎞ ⎛ 3^ 3 ^ 3 ^⎞
∇ • F = ⎜ i+ j+ k ⎟ • ⎜ x i+ y j+ z k ⎟
⎝ ∂x ∂y ∂z ⎠ ⎝ ⎠
∂x ∂y ∂z
3 3 3
= + +
∂x ∂y ∂z
= 3x 2 + 3 y 2 + 3z 2
= 3( x 2 + y 2 + z 2 )
So by Divergence Theorem
→ ^ →
∫ F • n dS = ∫ ∇ • F dV
S V
= 3∫ ( x 2 + y 2 + z 2 ) dV
ts
en
V
Use cylindrical co-ordinates to evaluate the volume integral at right hand side.
ud
x = r cos θ
St
el m
y = r sin θ VU
H .co
z=z
p
To ing
x 2 + y 2 + z 2 = r 2 cos 2 θ + r 2 sin 2 θ + z 2
te .n
= r2 + z2
si at
dV = r dz dr dθ
eb nn
W ja
st //vu
Limits for
z is 0 to 3
Be tp:
r is 0 to 2
ht
θ is 0 to 2π
http://www.math.montana.edu/frankw/ccp/multiworld/multipleIVP/cylindrical/bo
dy.htm
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→ ^ →
∫ F • n dS = ∫ ∇ • F dV = 3∫ ( x + y + z ) dV
2 2 2
S V V
2π 2 3
= 3∫ ∫ ∫ (r 2 cos 2 θ + r 2 sin 2 θ + z 2 ) r dz dr dθ
0 0 0
2π 2 3
= 3∫ ∫ ∫ (r (cos 2 θ + sin 2 θ ) + z 2 ) r dz dr dθ
2
0 0 0
2π 2 3
= 3∫ ∫ ∫ (r 3 + rz 2 ) dz dr dθ
0 0 0
2π 2 3
rz 3
= 3∫ ∫ r z+
3
dr dθ
0 0
3 0
2π 2
= 3∫ ∫ ( 3r + 9r ) dr dθ
3
ts
0 0
en
2π 2
3r 4 9r 2
= 3∫ + dθ
ud
0
4 2
St
el m 0
2π
= 90 ∫ VU dθ
H .co
0
p
To ing
2π
= 90 θ 0
te .n
= 180π
si at
Thus
eb nn
→
W ja
∫ F • n dS = 180π
st //vu
S
Be tp:
ht
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Before doing calculation for Fourier co-efficients, its better to find whether the
given function is even or odd. As then, you know we can apply some known
results and reduce our work. If the function is odd, all the Fourier co-effiients an
for n = 0, 1, 2… are zero. If the function is even, all the Fourier co-efficients bn
for n = 0, 1, 2… are zero.
ts
en
Here, even by looking at the figure we can easily say that the given function is
ud
neither even nor odd as it is not symmetric about y-axis or origin.
St
el m
VU
H .co
Fourier co-efficients
p
To ing
π
1
a0 =
π ∫π f ( x) dx
te .n
−
si at
Put values
eb nn
π π
1⎛ ⎞
0
W ja
1
a0 =
π ∫ f ( x) dx = ⎜ ∫ f ( x) dx + ∫ f ( x) dx ⎟
π ⎝ −π
st //vu
−π 0 ⎠
π
1⎛ ⎞
0
Be tp:
= ⎜ ∫ π dx + ∫ x dx ⎟
π ⎝ −π ⎠
ht
0
π
1 1 x2
= π x −π +
0
π π 2 0
π 3π
=π + =
2 2
π
1
an =
π ∫π
−
f ( x) cos nx dx
π π
1⎛ ⎞
0
1
an =
π ∫
−π
f ( x) cos nx dx = ⎜∫
π ⎝ −π
f ( x ) cos nx dx + ∫
0
f ( x) cos nx dx ⎟
⎠
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π
1⎛ ⎞
0
= ⎜∫ π cos nx dx + ∫ x cos nx dx ⎟
π ⎝ −π 0 ⎠
π
1 sin nx ( − cos nx )
0
1
sin nx
= π + x −
π n −π π n n2 0
1 ⎛ (−1) n 1 ⎞
= (0 − 0) + ⎜ 0 + 2 − 0 − 2 ⎟
π ⎝ n n ⎠
(−1) n − 1
=
π n2
π
1
bn =
π ∫
−π
f ( x) sin nx dx
π π
1⎛ ⎞
0
1
∫ f ( x) sin nx dx = ⎜ ∫ f ( x) sin nx dx + ∫ f ( x) sin nx dx ⎟
ts
bn =
π π ⎝ −π ⎠
en
−π 0
π
1⎛ ⎞
ud
0
= ⎜ ∫ π sin nx dx + ∫ x sin nx dx ⎟
π ⎝ −π
St
⎠
el m 0
−π 0
1 ⎛ −π −π (−1) n ⎞ 1 ⎛ π (−1) n +1 ⎞
te .n
= ⎜ − ⎟+ ⎜ − 0 + 0 − 0⎟
π⎝ n n ⎠ π⎝ n ⎠
si at
eb nn
1 ⎛ −π + π (−1) n ⎞ 1 ⎛ π (−1) n +1 ⎞
= ⎜ ⎟+ ⎜ ⎟
π⎝ ⎠ π⎝
W ja
n n ⎠
st //vu
n +1
−1 + (−1) (−1)
n
−1 + (−1) n + (−1) n (−1)
= + =
Be tp:
n n n
−1 + (−1) − (−1)
n n
−1
ht
= =
n n
Hence
a0 ∞
f ( x) = + ∑ {an cos nx + bn sin nx}
2 n =1
∞ ∞
a
f ( x) = 0 + ∑ an cos nx + ∑ bn sin nx
2 n =1 n =1
3π ∞ (−1) n − 1 ∞
sin nx
f ( x) = +∑ cos nx − ∑
4 n =1 πn 2
n =1 n
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Now if n is odd
(−1) n − 1 −2
= 2
π n2 πn
and if n is even
(−1) n − 1
=0
π n2
So
3π ⎛ 2 2 2 ⎞
f ( x) = + ⎜ − cos x + (0) cos 2 x − 2 cos 3x + (0) cos 4 x − 2 cos 5 x − − − − ⎟ +
4 ⎝ π 3π 5π ⎠
⎛ sin 2 x sin 3 x ⎞
⎜ − sin x − − − − − −⎟
ts
⎝ 2 3 ⎠
en
3π 2 ⎛ cos 3 x cos 5 x ⎞ ⎛ sin 2 x sin 3 x ⎞
= − ⎜ cos x + + + − − − − − − − ⎟ − ⎜ sin x + + + − − − − −⎟
ud
4 π⎝ 32
5 2
⎠ ⎝ 2 3 ⎠
St
el m
VU
H .co
or
p
To ing
3π 2 ∞ cos(2n − 1) x ∞ sin nx
f ( x) = − ∑ −∑
te .n
4 π n =1 (2n − 1) 2 n =1 n
si at
eb nn
W ja
st //vu
Be tp:
ht
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