The Subject and Tasks of Psychiartry

The subject and
tasks of
psychiartry
Psychiatry is a medical
specialty concerned with
the study, diagnostics,
treatment and
prevention of mental
disorders.
Objectives of psychiatry
- to study etiology and
pathogenesis of mental
disorders
- to carry out their
classification
- to investigate the
epidemiology of mental
disorders
- to develop a network of
mental health services
for the population
- to study symptoms,
syndromes and clinical
course of different mental
disorders
- to develop and apply
effective methods of their
diagnostics and treatment
- to develop a system for
prevention of mental
disorders
Historical Trends in Psychiatry
1) The pre-
scientific period
– mental
disorders were
explained with
the influence of
spirits and
were treated by
shamans.
2) The period of ancient antique

medicine
In Ancient Greece some of diseases
were considered “sacred” (such
as epilepsy) or caused by evil
powers. A ritual called
“Incubation” was used as a
therapy.
Hippocrates (4-th cent.
B.C.) described 4
temperaments
(sanguinic, choleric,
melancholic and
phlegmatic),
determined by
prevalence of 1 of 4
body humours (blood,
yellow bile, black bile
and phlegm).
In Ancient Rome the
legal aspects of
mental illnesses were
worked out. Insanity
and drunkenness
could decrease the
criminal’s
responsibility for his
actions.
Soranus (1-2 cent. A.D.) –
humanitarian principles,
rooms free from disturbing
stimuli, sympathetic
personnel. In lucid intervals
patients read and participated
in dramatic performances and
spoke at group meetings.
3) The Middle Ages and
Renaissance
In Europe mentally ill patients
were considered to be possessed
by the devil and to be witches.
Some of them were imprisoned
by their relatives, others were
simply abandoned.
Johann Weyer (1515-
1588) was the first
psychiatrist, he
described symptoms
of toxic psychoses,
epilepsy, senile
psychoses,
nightmares, hysteria,
delusions, paranoia
and depressions.
4) From the beginning of XVIII

to the beginning of XIX
century
The mentally ill patients were
kept in asylums together with
criminals, many of them were
put into chains.
Philip Pinel
(1745-1826)
freed mentally ill from
their chains,
attempted to analyze
and categorize
symptoms and
applied a moral
treatment.
5) The XIX century –

scientific ground of
psychiatry,
development of
neurology and
psychology.
Adolf Meyer (1866-

1950)
is the founder of
psychobiology,
attempted to present
an integrated
biological and social
view on the
personality.
Emil Kraepelin (1855-
1926) – differentiated
between manic-
depressive disorders and
dementia praecox. He
believed that certain
types of body
constitution were
associated with certain
types of personalities.
Eugene Bleuler
(1857-1939)
published a
comprehensive
study of
schizophrenia.
Sigmund Freud
(1856-1939)
was the founder
of
psychoanalysis
Russian and Ukrainian Psychiatry
In Russia since XI century
mentally ill were taken
care of in monasteries
and convents. In XVIII
century Peter-the-Great
issued a law about
special institutions for
maintenance of people
with mental disorders.
In 1776 the St. Katherina’s

hospital had a department for
psychiatric patients, and in 1832
a psychiatric hospital was
opened in St. Petersburg. The
personnel of these hospitals
were headed by medical doctors.
The neuro-physiological schools
of A.A. Ukhtomsky, I.V.
Sechenov and later I.P. Pavlov
created the preconditions of
the development of the
biological and physiological
schools of psychiatry in
Russia.
V.Kh. Kandinsky
– developed the
theory on
pseudohallucina-
tions.
S.S. Korsakov is the

founder of modern
psychiatry in this area,
he worked on mental
health service
organization, he
researched mental
disorders with organic
brain damage.
V.M. Bekhterev was an
outstanding investigator
of brain morphology
and psysiology, he
developed experimental
psychology in Russia,
he was the first one
who registered EEG
without damaging the
skull.
History of Psychiatry in Odessa
In 1833 a special department

for patients with mental
disorders was organized in
Odessa hospital.
In 1892 a new psychiatric
hospital was opened in
Odessa suburb Slobodka.
History of Psychiatry in Odessa
The Chair of Nervous and

Mental Diseases was
opened at the Odessa
University in 1995. The
first head of the Chair was
professor N. Popov.
Main fields of investigation
- modelling of psychoses in order to
reveal their pathogenetic
mechanisms;
- research of the micro-elements’
influence on the human organism,
especially on the nervous system;
- comprehensive research in the field
of alcoholism and drug addiction.
Organization of mental health
service in Ukraine
I stage – medical doctors of
non-psychiatric specialties
II stage – district psychiatrists
of psycho-neurological
hospitals
III stage – hospital psychiatrists
Principles of classification
1)Endogenous disorders
2) Exogenous disorders
3) Psychogenous disorders
Psychosis is a term for
mental disorders in which
hallucinations and
delusions may occur.
Neurosis refers to mental
disorders in which there
are no hallucinations or
delusions and no loss of
insight.
Basic classification
- Mental retardation
- Personality disorders
- Adjustment disorders
- Mental disorders
- Disorders of childhood
The International Classification of
Diseases (ICD-10) – 1992.
• F00-F99 - Mental and
behavioural disorders
• (F00-F09) Organic, including
symptomatic, mental disorders
• (F10-F19) Mental and
behavioural disorders due to
psychoactive substance use
The International Classification
of Diseases
• (F20-F29) Schizophrenia, schizotypal
and delusional disorders
• (F30-F39) Mood (affective) disorders
• (F40-F48) Neurotic, stress-related
and somatoform disorders
• (F50-F59) Behavioural syndromes
associated with physiological
disturbances and physical factors
of Diseases
• (F60-F69) Disorders of adult
personality and behaviour
• (F70-F79) Mental retardation
• (F80-F89) Disorders of
psychological development
of Diseases
• (F90-F98) Behavioural and
emotional disorders with
onset usually occurring in
childhood and adolescence
• (F99) Unspecified mental
disorder
Epidemiology
Incidence – the number of

new cases that appear
during a specified time
period, such as number of
first admissions to mental
hospitals during one year.
Epidemiology
Prevalence – the number

of cases of any mental
disorder that exist
currently within the
population.

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The Subject and Tasks of Psychiartry

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The subject and

2) The period of ancient antique

4) From the beginning of XVIII

5) The XIX century –

Adolf Meyer (1866-

In 1776 the St. Katherina’s

S.S. Korsakov is the

In 1833 a special department

The Chair of Nervous and

Incidence – the number of

Prevalence – the number

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