Cingular UMTS

3G Technologies
Overview
Marconi Wireless
Multiple Access Systems
Multiple Access Methods
FDMA TDMA
CDMA
p
t Power
Code n
Code 3
Code 2
Code 1
f
Marconi Wireless
Depiction of GSM Technology
UNITED NATIONS COCKTAIL PARTY
TS3 TSn
TS2 ni
TS1 haw
F1> F2>
TS4
Moshi-
Moshi
Mabuti Kamusta?
F3> F4>
Marconi Wireless
Depiction of CDMA Technology
UNITED NATIONS COCKTAIL PARTY
SAM!
F1 OVER HERE!
Gud’
Day,
Mate
Wats
up?
Moshi-
Moshi
ni
haw
ENGLISH
EURO OK!
ASIAN
Mabuti Kamusta?
NOISE FLOOR
FILIPINO
Marconi Wireless
Cellular System Evolution
Technology Roadmap
1G 2G 2.5G 3G
UMTS
(W-CDMA)
Phase II+
Europe
NMT
GSM GPRS
TACS EDGE ? EDGE?
Asia/Pac
Cdma2000
Americas
CdmaOne IS-95B? (1xRTT,3xRTT)

AMPS EVDO/EVDV
NAMPS
D-AMPS IS-136+
IS-136 HS
(EDGE Compact)
Japan
JTACS
PDC W-CDMA
INODE
Marconi Internal
Marconi Use
Wireless
Only
3rd Generation Systems - Carrier
REVERSE LINK FORWARD LINK

CDMA 2000 Phase 1 1 2 3 1 2 3
1xRTT f
SR1
CDMA 2000 Phase 2 1 2 3

3xRTT f
SR3
UMTS
FDD f
Marconi Wireless
3rd Generation Systems
ITU – International Telecommunications Union
Program – IMT-2000 (International Mobile Telecommunications 2000)
Goals
Local (Stationary) rates > 2 Mbps
Limited Mobility rates > 384 Kbps
Full Mobility rates > 144 Kbps
Numerous proposals were submitted and led to two partnership projects

3GPP – 3rd Generation Partnership Project
UMTS (FDD, TDD)
rd
3GPP2 – 3 Generation Partnership Project 2
CDMA 2000 and related technologies
Air Interface Selected by ITU

UMTS FDD, UMTS TDD, CDMA 2000, EDGE/UWC-136
Fast Fact: 25 UMTS Networks Commercially launched

5M Subscribers
Marconi Wireless
3rd Generation Systems - CDMA Evolution 1G to 3G
1G 2G 2.5G 3G 3G
IS-2000 IS-2000
IS-95A IS-95B CDMA2000 CDMA2000
Technology AMPS CDMAOne HSPD 1XRTT 3XRTT
Multiple Access FDMA CDMA CDMA CDMA CDMA
HPSK/QPSK HPSK/QPSK
(Spreading (Spreading
Modulation FM QPSK QPSK Modulation) Modulation)
1.25MHz (grouped 1.25MHz x 3
by 1 on reverse (grouped by 3 on
Carrier 30KHz 1.25MHz 1.25MHz link) reverse link)
Variable - Freq. Variable - Freq.
Reuse = 1 appx. Reuse = 1 appx.
(34CH/Site- (34CH/Site-Carrier 80 Voice and Data 200 Voice ad Data
Users/Carrier 1 Carrier Typical) Typical) -Typical - Typical
153.6Kbps (RC3),
Packet Data None None 64Kbps 307.2Kbps (RC4) 1 Mbps (RC9)
Digital
Modulation,
Privacy, Soft Enhanced Coding,
Features Analog Handoff Packet Data QoS Enhanced QoS
14.4Kbps Ckt
Data, Increased
2.4K Data / Fax Capacity and 64K Packet Data
Services (requires modem) Quality WAP, Internet High Speed Data High Speed Data
Marconi Wireless
3rd Generation Systems - GSM Evolution to 3G
2G 2.5G 2.5G/3G ? 3G
Technology GSM GPRS EDGE UMTS FDD
Multiple Access TDMA TDMA TDMA DS CDMA
Frequency Range 450 Band 850 Band 900 Band IMT-2000 Band
450.4-486 (UL) 824-849 MHz (UL) 876-915 MHz (UL) 1920-1980 MHz (UE)
460.4-467.6 MHz (DL) 869-894 MHz (DL) 921-960 MHz (DL) 2110-2170 MHz (NB)
Standard 900 Band DCS 1800 Band PCS 1900 Band
890-915 (UL) 1710-1785 MHz (UL) 1850-1910 MHz (UE)
935-960 MHz (DL) 1805-1880 MHz (DL) 1930-1990 MHz (NB)
Extended 900 Band PCS 1900 PCS 1800 Band
880-915 MHz (UL) 1850-1910 MHz (UL) 1710-1785 MHz (UE)
925-960 MHz (UL) 1930-1990 MHz (DL) 1805-1880 MHz (NB)
Modulation GMSK GMSK 8-PSK/GMSK QPSK (Spreading)
Channel Spacing 200 KHz 200 KHz 200 KHz 5 MHz
Symbol/Chip Rate 270.833 Ksps 270.833 Ksps 270.833 Ksps 3.84 Mcps
Data Rate 9.6 Kbps 9.05 - 21.4 Kbps/ts 384 Kbps 384 Kbps / 2Mbps Static
Planning Frequency/TS Frequency/TS Frequency/TS Code
Adaptive Modulation Load Based / Packet

Features Digital Modulation Bandwidth on Demand and Coding Scheduler/ QOS
Marconi Wireless
3rd Generation Systems
3GPP 3GPP2
Technology UMTS FDD UMTS TDD CDMA2000(1X) CDMA2000(3X) EDGE
Multiple Access DS-CDMA FDD DS-CDMA TDD DS-CDMA / MC-CDMA DS-CDMA / MC-CDMA TDMA
200KHz
Carrier Spacing 5MHz (200KHz Raster) 5MHz (200KHz Raster) 1.25MHz 3.75MHz (600KHz,2.4MHz)
N*1.2288 Mcps
Chip Rate 3.84 Mcps 3.84 Mcps 1.2288 Mcps (N=1,3,6,9)
Modulation
UL: Dual Channel
Data QPSK / DL: QPSK QPSK UL: BPSK / DL: QPSK UL: BPSK / DL: QPSK 8-PSK/GMSK
Spreading QPSK QPSK UL: HPSK / DL: QPSK UL: HPSK / DL: QPSK
Frame
Structure (slots/frame) 15 15 16 16 8, 16, 64
Length (ms) 10 10 20 20 4.615
Chanelization Codes OVSF OVSF Walsh: 128 Walsh: 256
Quasi Orthogonal Quasi Orthogonal
Functions Functions
Synchronous No No Yes Yes Yes
Marconi Wireless
3rd Generation Systems - GSM to UMTS Transition UE
User Equipment
BSS BSS UTRAN

MS
BTS BTS
Base Mobile Base Node B Node B
Transceiver Station Transceiver
Station Station
2G
Base
2.5GBase Radio
3G Radio
GSM GSM UMTS

Station Station Network Network
Controller Controller Controller Controller
BSC BSC RNC RNC
NSS
VLR HLR
NSS + VLR HLR SGSN
Core Network
VLR HLR SGSN
MSC
AUC
MSC
GPRS AUC GGSN
MSC
AUC GGSN
Internet
PSTN
Marconi Wireless
UMTS Functional Description
Mixed 2G and 3G Network IP
GGSN
Gn
Gn
Gs Gn 3G 3G
2G 2G
SGSN MSC/VLR
MSC/VLR SGSN
Iu
A
Core Network Gb Iu
UTRAN
2G 3G
BSS RNC
Air Interface
UE
Marconi Wireless
UMTS Functional Description
Relationship of Physical Layer Functions by Specification
25.214
procedures
25.215 25.224 25.225
measurements procedures measurements
Physical layer procedures
control control
25.211
Physical channels and
mapping of transport channels
onto physical channels 25.221
25.213
Spreading and
modulation 25.223
25.212
traffic
Multiplexing and traffic
Channel Coding 25.222
FDD TDD
Marconi Wireless
Marketing Information
2.5/3G Data Rates Enable a Wide Range of Services
Broadcast
6XRTT Video Remote
Conference Medical
2M Service Database Access Services Distribution Services
(High quality)
(Medical
image)
3XRTT384K Video Video on Image
Conference Video
1XRTT (Lower quality) Catalog
Demand:
Sports, News
Weather, Traffic, News,
Sports, Stock updates
Mobile TV
Shopping
Weather
HSPD 64K
ISDN
Voice
Karaoke
Electronic Weather, Traffic, News,
32K Newspaper Sports, Stock updates
Internet
Transmission Speed
Mobile
Electronic
Pager Voice Radio
Publishing Data
16K Mail
Weather, Traffic, News,
2G Sports, Stock updates
9.6K E-Mail Fax

Telephone
(Voice)
2.4K
Key:
Image
1.2K
Data Bi-
Bi-Directional Uni-
Uni-Directional Multi-
Multi-Cast
Voice Point-
Point-to-
to-Point Multi-
Multi-Point
Source: NTTNote: Data rates shown are maximums (e.g. fixed applications). Data rates decrease as mobility speed increases.
Marconi Wireless
Global Market Deployment Update
Europe, Middle East & Africa Italy 3 Mar-03 Service 3 website
Launched
Country Operator Date Status More Information Italy Vodafone Feb-04 Service Vodafone website
Austria 3 May-03 Service 3 website Launched
Launched Italy TIM May-04 Service TIM website
Austria mobilkom austria Apr-03 Service mobilkom austria website Launched
Launched Luxembourg P&T Jun-03 Trial P&T Luxembourg web
Austria T-Mobile Dec-03 Service T-Mobile website Luxembourg site
Launched Luxembourg Tango May-03 Trial Tango web site
Belguim Proximus May-04 Service Proximus website Monaco Monaco Jun-01 Trial Monaco Telecom website
Launched Telecom
Croatia VIPnet May-03 Trial Netherlands KPN Mobile Jul-04 Service KPN Mobile website
Czech Republic Eurotel Feb-03 Trial Eurotel website Launched
Denmark 3 Oct-03 Service 3 website Netherlands Vodafone Feb-04 Service Vodafone website
Launched Launched
Portugal Vodafone Feb-04 Service Vodafone website
Estonia EMT Sep-03 Trial EMT website
Launched
Finland TeliaSonera Dec-03 Trial TeliaSonera website
Portugal TMN Apr-04 Service TMN website
France Orange Feb-04 Trial Orange website
Launched
France SFR May-04 Service SFR website Slovenia Mobitel Dec-03 Service Mobitel website
Launched Launched
Germany O2 Apr-04 Service O2 website Spain Telefónica Feb-04 Service Telefónica Móviles
Launched Móviles España Launched España website
Germany Vodafone Feb-04 Service Vodafone website Spain Vodafone Feb-04 Service Vodafone website
Launched Launched
Germany T-Mobile Apr-04 Service T-Moblie website Sweden 3 May-03 Service 3 website
Launched Launched
Germany E-Plus Jun-04 Service E-Plus website Sweden Vodafone Feb-04 Service Vodafone website
Launched Launched
Greece Telestet Jan-04 Service Telstet website Sweden Tele2 Jun-04 Service Tele2 website
Launched Launched
UAE Etisalat Dec-03 Service Etisalat website
Greece COSMOTE May-04 Service COSMOTE website
Launched
Launched
UK 3 May-03 Service 3 website
Ireland 3 Oct-03 Trial 3 website
Launched
Ireland Vodafone Jul-04 Service Vodafone website UK Vodafone Feb-04 Service Vodafone website
Launched Launched
Ireland O2 Dec-03 Trial O2 website UK T-Mobile Feb-04 Trial T-Mobile website
Isle of Man Manx Telecom Dec-01 Trial Manx Telecom web site UK Orange Jul-04 Service Orange website
Launched
* Source: UMTS Forum www.umts-forum.org
Marconi Wireless
Global Market Deployment Update
Asia Pacific
Country Operator Date Status More Information
Australia 3 Apr-03 Service 3 website
Launched
Hong Kong 3 Jan-04 Service 3 website
Launched
Japan NTT DoCoMo Oct-01 Service NTT DoCoMo website
Launched
Japan Vodafone K.K. Dec-02 Service Vodafone K.K. website
Launched
Malaysia Telekom Jul-03 Trial Telekom Malaysia
Malaysia website
Malaysia Maxis Mar-04 Trial Maxis website
Singapore SingTel Sep-03 Trial SingTel website
South Korea KTF Dec-04 Service KTF website
Launched
South Korea SKT Dec-04 Service SKT website
Launched
* Source: UMTS Forum www.umts-forum.org
Marconi Wireless
Industry Bodies
Trade Associations
• UMTS Forum
– http://www.umts-forum.org/
• GSM Association
– http://www.gsmworld.com/index1.html
• CDMA Development Group
– http://www.cdg.org/
• GSM Suppliers Association
– http://www.gsacom.com/home.html
• Universal Wireless Communications Consortium
– http://www.uwcc.org/
Marconi Wireless
Industry Bodies
Standards Groups
• 3GPP
– UMTS FDD and TDD
– Standards Development
– http://www.3gpp.org/
• 3GPP2
– cdma2000
– Standards Development
– http://www.3gpp2.org/
• 3GIP
– promoting all-IP solution for
3GPP Release 2000
– Mobile Wireless internet Forum
– IP Core Network
– http://www.3gip.org/
Marconi Wireless
Industry Bodies
Radio Regulatory
• ERO (EU) European Radio Office
– http://www.ero.dk/
• FCC (USA) Federal Communications Commission
– http://www.fcc.gov/
• ITU International Telecommunications Union
– http://www.itu.int/
• RA (UK) Radiocommunications Agency
– http://www.radio.gov.uk/
Marconi Wireless
Industry Bodies
3GPP Member Organizations
• ARIB (Japan) Association of Radio Industries and Businesses
– http://www.arib.or.jp/arib/english/
• CWTS (China) China Communications Standards Association
– http://www.cwts.org/english/index.php
• ETSI (EU) European Telecommunications Standard Institute
– http://www.etsi.org/
• T1 (USA)
– Creates network interconnections and interoperability standards
– http://www.t1.org/
• TTA (Korea) Telecommunications Technology Association
– http://www.tta.or.kr/
• TTC (Japan) Telecommunications Technology Committee
– http://www.ttc.or.jp/e/
Marconi Wireless
UMTS
Systems Overview
SYSTEM OVERVIEW
General
Definition
UTRA Mode of Operation
Spectrum
Characteristics
Architecture
Interface
Channels
Spreading and Modulation
Codes
Frames
Handover
Power Control
UMTS Standards
General
UMTS – Universal Mobile Telecommunications System
3GPP Specifications and reports by themselves have no legal standing. It only
becomes official when published by the partner organizations.
ETSI – UMTS
ARIB/TTC - FOMA
UMTS (Universal Mobile Telecommunications System)

• Air Interface is W-CDMA (Wideband-CDMA)
– Chip Rate is 3.84 Mcps
– Channel Spacing is 5 MHz
– Channel Raster is 200 KHz
– UTRA Mode of Operation
FDD – Frequency Division Duplex
TDD – Time Division Duplex
– TX-RX Separation
FDD (25101-3b0 subclause 5.2a) is 190 MHz
FDD (25101-3b0 subclause 5.2b) is 80 MHz
Marconi Internal Use Only

General
UTRA Mode of Operation
FDD:
A duplex method whereby uplink and downlink transmissions use two separated
radio frequencies. In the FDD, each uplink and downlink uses the different
frequency band. A pair of frequency bands which have specified separation shall be
assigned for the system.
TDD:
A duplex method whereby uplink and downlink transmissions are carried over
same radio frequency by using synchronised time intervals. In the TDD, time slots
in a physical channel are divided into transmission and reception part. Information
on uplink and downlink are transmitted reciprocally.
* Source 25201-340

General
Spectrum - UE
1900 1920 1980 2010 2025 2110 2170 2200 MHz
Unpaired Paired uplink Unpaired Paired downlink

20 MHz 60 MHz 15MHz 60 MHz
• FDD (Frequency Division Duplex)

– Uplink: 1920 – 1980 MHz (60 MHz)
– Downlink: 2110 – 2170 MHz (60 MHz)
• FDD (Frequency Division Duplex) – Region 2 (USA)

– Uplink: 1850 – 1910 MHz (60 MHz)
– Downlink: 1930 – 1990 MHz (60 MHz)
* Node B frequency Band is just the reverse

General
Spectrum - UE
• TDD (Time Division Duplex)

– Uplink/Downlink: 1900 – 1920 MHz (20 MHz)
• TDD (Time Division Duplex) – Region 2

• TDD (Time Division Duplex) – Region 2

General
FDD - UE Characteristics
Transmitter
Power Class
1 + 33 dBm
2 + 27 dBm
3 + 24 dBm
4 + 21 dBm
Power Control
The UE shall have the capability to change the output power by 1, 2, or 3 dB step size
TPC Command 1dB step size 2dB step size 3dB step size
L U L U L U
+1 + 0 .5 + 1.5 +1 +3 + 1.5 + 4.5
0 - 0.5 + 0.5 - 0.5 + 0.5 - 0.5 + 0.5
-1 - 0 .5 - 1.5 - 1 -3 - 1.5 - 4.5
Receiver
Reference Sensitivity Level
The BER shall not exceed 0.001
Parameter Level
DPCH_Ec -117 dBm/3.84 MHz
Ior -106 dBm/3.84 MHz

General
FDD – Node B Characteristics
Transmitter
The Node B shall have the capability to change the output power by 1 dB mandatory and
0.5 dB optional
TPC Command 0.5 dB step size 1 dB step size
L U L U
1 + 0.25 + 0.75 + 0.5 + 1.5
0 - 0.25 - 0.75 - 0.5 - 1.5
Receiver
Reference Sensitivity Level
The BER shall not exceed 0.001
Channel Data Rate Level

12.2 Kbps -121 dBm

General
Q&A
• What are the two UTRA mode of operation?
• What is the UMTS uplink and downlink UE frequency

range and TX-RX separation for USA?
• What is the chip rate for UMTS?
• 3.84 Mcps
• UL: 1850-1910, DL: 1930-1990, 80MHz
• FDD, TDD

UMTS
ARCHITECHTURE

Architecture
General Architecture
IP PSTN
GGSN HLR IWF
Gn SGSN MSC/VLR
TC
Core Network
Iu
UTRAN
RNC RNC
Node B Node B Node B Node B Node B
cells
UE

Architecture
Non-Access Stratum (NAS) L3 Upper

GC Nt DC GC Nt DC
Access Stratum (AS) L3 Lower

end AS entity end AS entity
Relay
GC Nt DC Nt DC GC Nt DC
GC Nt DC GC
Uu
RRC Stratum RRC Iu
(UuS) Stratum
L2/L1 L2/L1
UE UTRAN Core Network

Radio
(Uu) Iu
* Source 25301-3b0

Architecture
The figure shown is a high level architecture of UMTS. The architecture is depicted in terms of its
entities. The three main entities are:
UE (User Equipment)
UTRAN (UMTS Terrestrial Radio Access Network)
CN (Core Network)
The high level functional groupings are:
AS (Access Stratum)
Pertains to the protocols specific to the access technique. Examples of which
are: coordination of radio resources, protocols for transferring radio
information, etc.
NAS (Non Access Stratum)
Refers to core network related signaling and services.

Architecture
Node B
Radio Network Mobile
Gateway
Controller Switching PSTN
MSC
Centre
RNC MSC/VLR GMSC
Node B
AIR INTERFACE
Terminal
UMTS SIM Home Location
Equipment
Register
USIM TE
HLR
UEs
Radio Network Gateway Packet
Serving GSN
Node B Controller GSN Network
RNC SGSN GGSN
Node B
UTRAN CN

Architecture
UE (User Equipment)
The user’s radio terminal used to access the UMTS system via the UMTS air interface
USIM (UMTS Subscriber Identity Module) – similar to GSM SIM that holds
subscriber specific information such as subscriber number, encryption keys, and
services (applications) available.
Terminal Equipment – User’s human interface to the radio network where high level
applications can be displayed and accessed.
UTRAN (Universal Terrestrial Radio Access Network)

UTRAN provides radio coverage, radio management, and access point to the core network
RNC (Radio Network Controller) – Similar to BSC in GSM and CDMAOne, it

provides radio management of radio resources and Node B management (ie. Alarms).
It serves as the access point to the Core Network
Node B – Radio Base Station. It provides radio coverage on the UMTS system

Architecture
CN (Core Network)
Provides switching functions of user traffic to other UTRANs, to the fixed circuit switched
network, or packet switched network (Internet). It holds all UMTS subscriber database
(HLR,VLR).
MSC (Mobile Switching Center) – Switch for circuit switched information and
services.
GMSC (Gateway Mobile Switching Center) - Switch and interface to the external
circuit switched network (ie POTS)
SGSN (Serving GPRS Support Node) – A router for packet switched information and
services
GGSN (Gateway GPRS Support Node) – Gateway to external packet switched
networks
HLR (Home Location Register) – A database that holds a master copy of the
subscriber’s profile.
VLR (Visitor Location Register) – A database that holds a copy of visitor subscriber’s
profile.

Architecture
OSI Protocol Layer Stack
L7
PRESENTATION PRESENTATION
L6
APPLICATION APPLICATION
SESSION L5 SESSION
L4
TRANSPORT TRANSPORT
L3
NETWORK NETWORK
L2
DATALINK DATALINK
L1
PHYSICAL PHYSICAL
A B

Architecture
Radio Interface Protocol Architecture
Control Plane Signalling User Plane Information
OSI
Radio
L3 Resource
Network Layer
Control (RRC)
Radio Link Control (RLC)
L2 Logical Channels
Data Link Layer
Medium Access Control (MAC)
Transport Channels
L1 Physical Layer
Physical Layer

Architecture
Radio Interface Protocol Architecture
end to end session Appli Appli

CN
Mobility
Management MM MM
L2 Radio Resource
Control RRC RRC UTRAN
L2 Radio Link
Control RLC RLC
Layer 1 L1 L1
Physical
Radio interface
UE Node B SRNC SGSN Destination

VLR

Architecture
Q&A
• What are the three main entities of UMTS and briefly

explain their functions ?
• When we speak of logical channels, where exactly are

these channels on the protocol architecture ?
Transport channels ?
• L2; between RLC and MAC, Between L2 and L1

• UE, UTRAN, CN

UMTS
INTERFACES

Interfaces
General - ATM (Asynchronous Transfer Mode)
ATM is commonly used as the transport network layer for UMTS. The
transport network layer can be IP or ATM but if IP is required, then it
will be IP v6 due to improved QoS.
ATM is the layer 2 (data link layer) connection across the network.
N Higher Layer
: Protocols
ATM Adaptation
Layer
2 Data Link Layer
ATM Layer
Physical Layer
1

Interfaces
General - ATM (Asynchronous Transfer Mode)
ATM Service Classes

ATM Adaptation Layer Bit Rate Connection Mode
AAL 1 Constant Connection Oriented
AAL 2 Variable Connection Oriented
AAL 3 Variable Connection Oriented
AAL 4 Variable Connectionless
AAL 5 Variable Connectionless
UMTS network uses AAL2 for synchronous connection based service and AAL5
for asynchronous connectionless service.

Interfaces
UMTS Network Interfaces
UE
Uu Air Interface Uu
Iub Interface between the RNC and the Node B. Node-
Iu Interface between the RNS and the Core Network B
Iub
Iucs
Iur
Iups RNC RNC
Iur Interface between RNCs. Iu
Core Network

Interfaces
Iu-cs (circuit)
•AAL5 Radio
Network
Control Plane User Plane
•ATM Layer
RANAP Iu UP Protocol
Layer
•Physical
Transport Transport Network Transport Network Transport Network
Network User Plane Control Plane User Plane
Layer
Q.2630.1
SCCP Q.2150.1
MTP3b MTP3b
SSCF-NNI SSCF-NNI
SSCOP SSCOP
AAL5 AAL5 AAL2
ATM
Physical Layer

Interfaces
Iu-ps (packet)
•AAL5 Radio Control Plane User Plane
•ATM
Network
Layer Iu UP Protocol
RANAP Layer
•Physical
Layer
SCCP
M3UA
MTP3-B
GTP-U
SCTP
SSCF-NNI
SSCF-NNI UDP
SSCOP IP IP
AAL5 AAL5
ATM ATM
Physical Layer Physical Layer

Interfaces
Iur
A point-to-point logical connection between any two RNCs within the UTRAN.
RNSAP (Radio Network Subsystem Application Part) – Signaling protocol used across the Iur
•AAL5 Radio
Network
Control Plane User Plane
•ATM Layer RNSAP Iur Data

Stream(s)
•Physical
Layer ALCAP(Q.2630.1)
SCCP STC (Q.2150.1)
MTP3-B M3UA MTP3-B M3UA
SSCF-NNI
SSCF-NNI SCTP SSCF-NNI
SSCF-NNI SCTP
SSCOP IP SSCOP IP
AAL5 AAL5 AAL2
ATM
Physical Layer

Interfaces
Iub
The logical interface between the RNC and Node B.
•AAL5 Radio Network Transport User Plane
•AAL2 Control Plane Network
Control Plane
•ATM
•Physical Node B
PCH FP
TFCI2 FP
RACH FP
USCH FP
FACH FP
DSCH FP
CPCH FP
Radio
DCH FP
Application Part
Network (NBAP)
Layer
ALCAP
Q.2630.1
Q.2150.2
Transport
SSCF-UNI SSCF-UNI
Layer
SSCOP SSCOP
AAL Type 5 AAL Type 5 AAL Type 2
ATM
Physical Layer

Interfaces
Q&A
• What are the two ATM service classes used by R99

version of UMTS ?
• What are the five main interfaces ?
• Uu, Iub, Iur, Iups, Iucs

• AAL2, AAL5

UMTS
CHANNELS

Channels
Control Channels Traffic Channels
Logical BCCH PCCH DCCH CCCH CTCH DTCH
Transport BCH PCH CPCH RACH FACH DSCH DCH
Physical P-CCPCH S-CCPCH PCPCH PRACH PDSCH DPDCH
DPCCH
SCH CPICH AICH PICH DPCH

Channels
Abbreviations
Logical Channels
BCCH – Broadcast Control Channel Physical Channels

PCCH – Paging Control Channel
DCCH – Dedicated Control Channel P – CCPCH – Primary Common Control Physical Channel
CCCH – Common Control Channel S – CCPCH – Secondary Common Control Physical Channel
CTCH – Common Traffic Channel PCPCH – Physical Common Packet Channel
DTCH – Dedicated Traffic Channel PRACH – Physical Random Access Channel
PDSCH – Physical Dedicated Shared Channel
DPDCH – Dedicated Physical Data Channel
Transport Channels
Common SCH – (Primary and Secondary) Synchronization Channel
BCH – Broadcast Channel CPICH – (Primary and Secondary) Common Pilot Channel
PCH – Paging Channel AICH – Acquisition Indication Channel
CPCH – Common Packet Channel PICH – Paging Indicator Channel
RACH – Random Access Channel DPCH – Dedicated Physical Channel
FACH – Forward Access Channel DPCCH – Dedicated Physical Control Channel
DSCH – Downlink Shared Channel
Dedicated
DCH – Dedicated Channel

Channels
Definitions*
Common Transport Channel types:
Random Access Channel (RACH)

A contention based uplink channel used for transmission of relatively small amounts of data,
e.g. for initial access or non-real-time dedicated control or traffic data.
Contains control information such as a request to setup an RRC connection.
Common Packet Channel (CPCH)
A contention based channel used for transmission of bursty data traffic. This channel only
exists in FDD mode and only in the uplink direction. The common packet channel is shared
by the UEs in a cell and therefore, it is a common resource. The CPCH is fast power
controlled.
Forward Access Channel (FACH)
Common downlink channel without closed-loop power control used for transmission of
relatively small amount of data.
Downlink channel than can carry control information to known terminals in a cell or used for
transmission of small amount downlink packet data. It may support slow power control.
Downlink Shared Channel (DSCH)
A downlink channel shared by several UEs carrying dedicated control or traffic data.
* Source 25301-3b0

Channels
Definitions
Uplink Shared Channel (USCH)
An uplink channel shared by several UEs carrying dedicated control or traffic data, used in
TDD mode only.
Broadcast Channel (BCH)
A downlink channel used for broadcast of system information specific to the UTRA or a cell.
Paging Channel (PCH)
A downlink channel used for broadcast of control information into an entire cell allowing
efficient UE sleep mode procedures. Currently identified information types are paging and
notification. Another use could be UTRAN notification of change of BCCH information.
Dedicated transport channel type:

Dedicated Channel (DCH)
A channel dedicated to one UE used in uplink or downlink.
An uplink or downlink channel dedicated to one UE. It carries all user information (speech,
data, etc.) and can support variable bit rate and service multiplexing with closed loop power
control and supports soft/er handoff.

Channels
Definitions
Logical Control Channels
Control channels are used for transfer of control plane information only.
Broadcast Control Channel (BCCH)

A downlink channel for broadcasting system control information.
Paging Control Channel (PCCH)
A downlink channel that transfers paging information. This channel is used when the network
does not know the location cell of the UE, or, the UE is in the cell connected state (utilising UE
sleep mode procedures).
Common Control Channel (CCCH)
Bi-directional channel for transmitting control information between network and UEs. This
channel is commonly used by the UEs having no RRC connection with the network and by the
UEs using common transport channels when accessing a new cell after cell reselection.
Dedicated Control Channel (DCCH)
A point-to-point bi-directional channel that transmits dedicated control information between a UE
and the network. This channel is established through RRC connection setup procedure.
Shared Channel Control Channel (SHCCH)
Bi-directional channel that transmits control information for uplink and downlink shared channels
between network and UEs. This channel is for TDD mode only.

Channels
Definitions
Logical Traffic Channels
Traffic channels are used for the transfer of user plane information only.
Dedicated Traffic Channel (DTCH)

A Dedicated Traffic Channel (DTCH) is a point-to-point channel, dedicated to one UE,
for the transfer of user information. A DTCH can exist in both uplink and downlink.
Common Traffic Channel (CTCH)
A point-to-multipoint unidirectional channel for transfer of dedicated user information
for all or a group of specified UEs.

Channels
Definitions
Downlink Physical Channels
Channels Spreading Factor Channelization Scrambled ?? Function Other information

CPICH (Common Pilot Channel 256 Phase Reference
Primary 256 C,256,0 Primary Scrambling Code
Secondary 256 Arbitrary Primary or Secondary Scrambling Code
CCPCH (Common Control Physical Channel) 256
Primary 256 C,256,1 Carries the BCH Pure Data Channel
Secondary 256 - 4 Carries the FACH and PCH
SCH (Synchronization Channel) Used in Cell Search Pure Physical Channel
Primary 256 Downlink Slot Synch
Secondary 256 Downlink Frame Synch
AICH (Acquisition Indicator Channel) 256 reception of PRACH preambles
PICH (Paging Indicator Channel) 256 Carries Paging indicators Always associated with S-CCPCH

Channels
Q&A
• What are the three different classifications of channels

in the access stratum?
• Through which physical channel do you get system

control information ?
• P-CCPCH
• Logical, Transport, Physical

UMTS
SPREADING
and
MODULATION

General
The UTRA modulation scheme is QPSK. Pulse shaping is specified in the TS 25.100 series.
With CDMA nature the spreading (& scrambling) process is closely associated with modulation. In
UTRA different families of spreading codes are used to spread the signal:
- For separating channels from same source, channelisation codes derived with the code
tree structure as given in TS 25.213 and 25.223 are used.
- For separating different cells the following solutions are supported.
* FDD mode: Gold codes with 10 ms period (38400 chips at 3.84 Mcps) used, with the
actual code itself of length 218-1 chips, as defined in TS 25.213.
* TDD mode: Scrambling codes with the length 16 used as defined in TS 25.223.
- For separating different UEs the following code families are defined.
* FDD mode: Gold codes with 10 ms period, or alternatively S(2) codes 256 chip period.
* TDD mode: codes with period of 16 chips and midamble sequences of different length
depending on the environment.

General

Channelization and Scrambling
Symbol Chip Chip Symbol

Rate Rate Rate Rate
Source
X X Modulator
RF
RF
Demodulator X X Out
(OVSF) (PN (Gold)) (PN (Gold)) (OVSF)

Spreading Scrambling Scrambling Spreading
Code Code Code Code
• Transmitter
- The symbols (user information) are applied to a spreading code
- The spread signal are then applied to a scrambling code
- The resulting chip-rate signal modulates the transmitter
• Receiver
- RF and demodulator recovers the signal
- the same scrambling code de-scrambles the received signal
- the spreading code de-spreads the signal, recovering the original symbol-rate
source information

Uplink
cd,1 βd
DPDCH1
cd,3 βd
Σ
DPDCH3 I
cd,5 βd
cos(ωt)
DPDCH5
Sdpch,n
Re{S} Pulse-
Complex-valued Split shaping
I+jQ chip sequence S real &
cd,2 βd from spreading imag.
S parts Im{S} Pulse-
operations
DPDCH2 shaping
cd,4 βd -sin(ωt)
DPDCH4
Σ
cd,6 βd Q
DPDCH6
One DPCCH and up to six parallel DPDCHs can be transmitted simultaneously
j
cc βc
DPCCH
* Based on 25213-380

Uplink
Each physical channel is separated into its so called “I” and “Q” branches. The real-valued
symbol data on each physical channel is spread using OVSF codes, Cd,n. For DPDCCH and
DPCCH, the binary value "0" is mapped to the real value +1, while the binary value "1" is
mapped to the real value –1. The spreading process results in two things. First, it increases the
bandwidth of the input data symbol by the chip rate. The number of chips per data symbol is
called the spreading factor (SF). Second it makes each channel unique from a single source
(UE). After channelization, the spread signals are weighted by gain factors βc . The stream of
real-valued chips from both the I and Q branches are then combined (summed) t form a complex-
valued stream of chips, I + jQ. The complex-valued signal is then scrambled by a complex-
valued scrambling code Sch,n. The scrambling process is necessary to uniquely define the UE
from the system. After spreading, it goes to the modulator and its corresponding RF sub section
for transmission.

Downlink
I
Sdl,n
Any downlink
S
S
→
physical channel I+jQ
Cch,SF,m
except SCH
P Q
Different downlink
j
Physical channels G1
G2 Σ
P-SCH
Σ (point T in
GP Figure 11)
S-SCH
cos(ωt)
Re{T} Pulse- GS
Complex-valued Split shaping
chip sequence T real &
from summing imag.
parts Im{T} Pulse-
operations
shaping
-sin(ωt)
* Based on 25213-380

Downlink
A serial to parallel operation is performed for each input pair of two consecutive real-valued
symbol. The even numbered symbols are mapped to the “I” branch while the odd numbered
symbol goes to the “Q” branch. The I and Q branches are then spread using real-valued OVSF
codes. The spread I and Q branches are then combined and treated as a single complex-valued
sequence. After spreading, the complex-valued sequence is scrambled by a complex-valued
scrambling code. Each complex-valued spread and scrambled channel is weighted by a weight
factor Gi . All downlink physical channels are combined using complex addition and is
modulated using QPSK.
The spreading process uniquely defines each channel in a cell while scrambling identifies the cell
from other cells.

Q&A
• What is Dual Channel QPSK ?
• What is the channelization code (spreading process) of

the synchronization channel ?
• None. SCH is a pure physical channel. It does not go through the channelization process
• In the uplink, the “I” and “Q” branches carry separate data channels

UMTS
CODES

Codes
Synchronization Code
The Synchronization Channel (SCH) is used in cell search procedure. It allows the UE to
initially synchronize to the Node B. Synchronization is done in two steps, slot synchronization
and frame synchronization.
Primary SCH
The primary synchronization code (PSC) allows downlink slot synchronization in the cell.
PSC is common to all cells and is transmitted on every slot at the start of a timeslot.
length = 256 chips
duration = 66.67uS
Secondary SCH
The Secondary SCH consists of a modulated code known as Secondary Synchronization
Codes (SSC). SSC allows the UE to acquire frame synchronization and provides information
on which code group the cell is using as its downlink primary scrambling code.
Cs i,k where i = 0..63 (scrambling code group number) and k = 0..14 (slot number)
length = 256 chips
duration = 66.67uS

Codes
Synchronization Code
P-SCH Cp
Cp Cp
256 chips
66.67µs
S-SCH Cs i,0 Cs i,1 Cs i,14
2560 chips
666.7µs
slot # 0 slot # 1 slot # 14
SCH frame
10 mS

Codes
Spreading - Channelization Codes
Channelization Codes
• Channelization codes have orthogonal properties of variable length used for
Uplink - Used to separate the physical channels from one UE. It allows the UE to
simultaneously transmit multiple physical channels.
Downlink -Used to separate the channel set of a cell
• OVSF – Orthogonal Variable Spreading Factor

The code length is directly related to the the spreading factor (SF) and depends on
the channel and the bit rate required by the service
FDD TDD
Uplink : 256 – 4 Uplink: 16 - 1
Downlink: 512 – 4 Downlink: 16 - 1

Codes
Spreading - Code Tree Generation for OVSF
Cch , 2, 0  Cch,1, 0 Cch,1, 0  1 1 

 = =
C ch , 2 ,1  Cch,1, 0 − Cch,1, 0  1 − 1
 C ch , 2 ( n+1), 0   C ch , 2n , 0 C ch , 2n , 0 
 C  C − C ch , 2n , 0 
 ch , 2 ( n +1 ),1
  ch , 2n , 0
 C ch , 2 ( n+1), 2   C ch , 2n ,1 C ch , 2n ,1 
   
 C ch , 2 ( n+1), 3  =  C ch , 2n ,1 − C ch , 2n ,1 
 :   : : 
   
C ch , 2 ( n+1), 2 ( n+1)−2  C ch , 2n , 2n −1 C ch , 2n , 2n −1 
 C ( n+1) ( n+1)  C n n − C ch , 2n , 2n −1 
 ch , 2 , 2 −1   ch , 2 , 2 −1 
• The OVSF matrix can be built by replicating and inverting

• Faster symbol rates require shorter OVSF codes

Codes
Spreading - Code Tree Generation for OVSF
Cch512,1
Cch8,1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
Cch512,2
Cch4,1 1 1 1 1
Cch8,2 1 1 1 1 -1 -1 -1 -1
Cch2,1 1 1
Cch8,3 1 1 -1 -1 1 1 -1 -1
Cch4,2 1 1 -1 -1
Cch8,4 1 1 -1 -1 -1 -1 1 1
Cch1,1 1
Cch8,5 1 -1 1 -1 1 -1 1 -1
Cch4,3 1 -1 1 -1
Cch8,6 1 -1 1 -1 -1 1 -1 1
Cch2,2 1 -1
Cch8,7 1 -1 -1 1 1 -1 -1 1
Cch4,4 1 -1 -1 1
Cch512,511
Cch8,8 1 -1 -1 1 -1 1 1 -1
Cch512,512
Cch2,1
spreading factor number code tree branch number
Higher rates Lower rates

Codes
Spreading - OVSF Code Usage
If a short OVSF code is used such as in 384K data channel, the branches (descendants) after the
chosen code cannot be used. This greatly reduces the number of physical channels available on a
cell
U S E
C ch ,4 ,0 = (1 ,1 ,1 ,1 ) x
I N
x
√
C ch ,2 ,0 = (1 ,1 )
√
C ch ,4 ,1 = (1 ,1 ,-1 ,-1 )
C ch,1,0 = (1 )
√
√
C ch ,4 ,2 = (1 ,-1 ,1 ,-1 )
√
√
C ch ,2 ,1 = (1 ,-1 )
√
C ch ,4 ,3 = (1 ,-1 ,-1 ,1 )
SF = 1 SF = 2 SF = 4 √

Codes
Scrambling
Uplink
• All uplink physical channels are scrambled using a complex-valued scrambling code.
• The DPCCH/DPDCH may be scrambled by either long or short scrambling codes
• There are 224 long and 224 short scrambling codes
Long codes - complex-valued Gold codes from a long sequence 224 of 38400 chip segments
codes available: 16,777,216
code length: 38,400 chips
Short codes - a sequence from the family of periodically extended S(2) codes.
codes available: 16,777,216
code length: 256 chips
Downlink
• A total of 218-1 = 262,143 scrambling codes, numbered 0…262,142 can be generated but not
all are used. Only 512*16 = 8191 codes are used.
• There are 512 (0..511) sets. Each set consists of primary codes and 15 (1..15) secondary codes
associated with each primary code
• The primary CCPCH, primary CPICH, PICH, AICH, AP-AICH, CD/CA-ICH, CSICH and
S-CCPCH carrying PCH are always transmitted using the primary scrambling code

Codes
Scrambling Code - Downlink

Q&A
• How is the channelization code differ in the uplink

and downlink ?
• How do you generate the OVSF code tree ?
• For higher data rate, what should be the size of the

channelization code ?
• How many primary scrambling codes in the downlink ?

• 512
• small
•
• Uplink: separate channels from one UE; Downlink: separate channels from a cell

Frame
Uplink / Downlink
Superframe (72 frames)

Tframe = 720ms
Tslot = 666.7µs = 2560 chips
Slot 0 Slot 1 Slot 2 Slot 3 Slot 4 Slot 14

10 ms frame
Radio Frame: A radio frame consists of 15 slots with a frame length of 38400 chips.
Slot: The length of a slot is 2560 chips.
Power control: 1500 per second

Frame
Timing Relationship - Physical Channels
Primary SCH
The SCH has two sub channels and are
transmitted in parallel Secondary SCH
The SCH, CPICH, CCPCH, and PDSCH have P-CPICH

identical frame timing
S-CPICH
The S-CCPCH timing offset is always a multiple
of 256 chips from P-CCPCH
P-CCPCH P-CCPCH
The DPCH timing offset is always a multiple of
n*256chips
256chips from P-CCPCH S-CCPCH
7680 chips
The PICH timing is always 7680 chips prior to S-
CCPCH PICH
PDSCH
n*256chips
DPCH

Frame
DPDCH Data
DPDCH Ndata bits
I/Q code multiplexed
Tslot = 2560 chips, Ndata = 10*2k bits (k=0..6) with complex
Uplink Structure Pilot TFCI FBI TPC
scrambling code
DPCCH Npilot bits NFBI bits NTPC bits
NTFCI bits
Tslot = 2560 chips, 10 bits
Slot #0 Slot #1 Slot #i Slot #14
1 radio frame: Tf = 10 ms
Time multiplexed with complex scrambling
DPDCH DPCCH DPDCH DPCCH

Data1 TPC TFCI Data2 Pilot
Ndata1 bits NTPC bits NTFCI bits Ndata2 bits Npilot bits
Tslot = 2560 chips, 10*2k bits (k=0..7)
Downlink Structure
Slot #0 Slot #1 Slot #i Slot #14
One radio frame, Tf = 10 ms

Frame
DPDCH - Symbol Rates and Services
DOWNLINK
UPLINK User bit rate Multplexed
User bit rate Multiplexed SF (Kbps) Services Transport Format
SF (Kbps) Services Transport Format
512
256 DPCCH Always
Convolution coding
256
64 12.2 AMR speech
128 12.2 AMR speech Convolutional coding
3.4 DCCH
CS data / Turbo coding /
32 28.8 28.8 Modem 40ms TTI 3.4 DCCH
3.4 DCCH 64 28.8 Modem 40ms TTI
16 12.2 AMR speech Turbo Coding / 20ms TTI 3.4 DCCH
64 Packet Data 32 12.2 AMR speech Turbo Coding / 20ms TTI
3.4 DCCH 64 Packet Data
16 57.6 Fax 40ms TTI
3.4 DCCH
3.4 DCCH
32 57.6 Fax 40ms TTI
8 12.2 AMR speech Turbo Coding / 20ms TTI
3.4 DCCH
144 Packet Data
3.4 DCCH 16 12.2 AMR speech Turbo Coding / 20ms TTI
4 12.2 AMR speech Turbo Coding / 20ms TTI 144 Packet Data
384 Packet Data 3.4 DCCH
3.4 DCCH 8 12.2 AMR speech Turbo Coding / 20ms TTI
384 Packet Data
3.4 DCCH

Frame
Q&A
• How many power control groups in one frame ?
• Name the physical channels that have identical frame

timing ?
• To achieve 384Kbps downlink data rate, what should

be the size of the spreading factor ? For 144Kbps ?
AMR speech?
• How many primary scrambling codes in the downlink ?
512 •
8, 16, 128* •
P-SCH, S-SCH, CPICH, P-CCPCH, S-CCPCH, PDSCH •
15 •

UMTS
HANDOVER

Handover
Introduction
UE tracks cells/sectors in two main cell sets:

Active Set All UTRAN cells involved in soft or softer connection on a UE.
Monitored Set / Neighbor Set contains all cells that the UE is monitoring which are not
in the active set but have potential for handover (soft, softer or hard handover)
Two measurement Reporting Modes
Event Triggered - measurement report sent by the UE when measurement reporting criteria
are met
Periodical – Periodic measurement report sent by the UE
Event Triggered Periodical
Node B Node B

Handover
Handover Causes
Uplink/Downlink Signal Measurements
This is the standard cause for the soft handover algorithm.
It is also a valid handover method for hard handover.
Distance
Distance between UE and the Cell
Location
Actual location of the UE
Quality
BER, BLER 1%
Cell Topology Cause

This cause will be used for hard handover between two frequencies (FDD to FDD or UMTS to GSM)
UMTS - f1 UMTS
CITY
UMTS - f2
GSM SUBURBS

Handover
Handover Reporting Events
Intra-Frequency Events (MEHO)
Handoff between cells in the same WCDMA carrier
Event 1a: Cell (P-CPICH) enters the Reporting Range
10*log10MNew =< W*10*log10(∑Mi) + (1-W)*10*log10MBest – (Rla – Hla/2)
Event 1b: Cell (P-CPICH) leaves the Reporting Range
10*log10MOld =< W*10*log10(∑Mi) + (1-W)*10*log10MBest – (Rlb – Hlb/2)
Event 1c: A Non-active cell (P-CPICH) becomes better than an active cell (P-CPICH)
When a non-active cell becomes better than the worst active cell in a full active set.
It is used to replace the worst cell.
Event 1d: Change of best cell

Event 1e: A cell (P-CPICH) becomes better than an absolute threshold + Hysteresis (optional)
Event 1f: A cell (P-CPICH) becomes worse than an absolute threshold – Hysteresis (optional)

Handover
∆T ∆T ∆T
Measurement
Quantity CPICH 1
As_Th + As_Th_Hyst
AS_Th – AS_Th_Hyst
As_Rep_Hyst
CPICH 2
CPICH 3
Time
Event 1A Event 1C ⇒ Event 1B ⇒

Cell 1 Connected ⇒ Add Cell 2 Replace Cell 1 with Cell 3 Remove Cell 3
1 2 UE HEADING >>
>>>
3 * Based on 25922-370

Handover
Measurement
quantity
P CPICH 1
P CPICH 2
P CPICH 3
P CPICH 4
Reporting Reporting Time
event 1C event 1C
A primary CPICH that is not included in the active set becomes better than a primary CPICH that is in the active set
Measurement
quantity
P CPICH 1
P CPICH 2
P CPICH3
Reporting Time
event 1D
A primary CPICH becomes better than the previously best primary CPICH
* Based on 25331-3c0

Handover
Measurement
quantity
P CPICH 1
P CPICH 2
Absolute
threshold
P CPICH 3
Reporting Time
event 1E
Event-triggered report when a Primary CPICH becomes better than an absolute threshold
Measurement
quantity
P CPICH 1
P CPICH 2
Absolute
threshold
P CPICH 3
Reporting Time
event 1F
Event-triggered report when a Primary CPICH becomes worse than an absolute threshold

Handover
Handover Modes - Intra-frequency Handover
• Mode CBA - Advanced mode of operation, with UE cell dominance functionality
• Mode CFE - Basic mode of operation using threshold levels. This has no UE cell
dominance functionality
• Mode BA - Variation of Mode CBA
• Mode CB - For non-mobile operation such as WLL
• Mode CF - For non-mobile operation such as WLL

Handover
Inter-Frequency Events (NEHO)
Handoff between cells on different WCDMA carrier
Event 2a: Change of best frequency
Event 2b: Estimated quality of the currently used frequency is below a certain
threshold AND estimated quality of the non-used frequency is above a certain
threshold
Event 2c: Estimated quality of the non-used frequency is above a certain threshold
Event 2d: Estimated quality of the currently used frequency is below a certain
threshold
Event 2e: Estimated quality of a non-used frequency is below a certain threshold
Event 2f: Estimated quality of the currently used frequency is above a certain
threshold

Handover
Inter-System Events (NEHO)
Handoff between different radio access technologies such as for WCDMA and GSM or between
different radio access modes such as between FDD and TDD
Event 3a: Estimated quality of the currently used UTRAN frequency is below a certain
threshold AND the estimated quality of the other system is above a certain
threshold
Event 3b: Estimated quality of other system is below a certain threshold
Event 3c: Estimated quality of other system is above a certain threshold
Event 3d: Change of best cell in other system

Handover
Handover Types
Softer Handover
Softer (intra-cell site) handover entails data splitting/combining operations inside the Node
B. The Node B supports the splitting function in the downlink and Maximal Ratio
Combining in the uplink
Radio Network
Controller
Soft Handover
Soft (inter-cell site) handover is mainly transparent to the Node B
Radio Network
Controller

Handover
Handover Algorithm - Soft Handover
Begin
Meas_Sign > Best_Ss

– As_Th –
as_Th_Hyst No
for a period of ∆T (Event 1B)
Remove Worst_Bs in
Yes the Active Set
Meas_Sign > Best_Ss – As_Th

+ as_Th_Hyst
for a period of ∆T Yes
(Event 1A)
No
Active Set Full
Yes
No
Best_Cand_Ss > Worst_Old_Ss +

As_Rep_Hyst Add Best_Bs in the Active
for a period of ∆T Set
No
Yes
(Event 1C)
Add Best BS in Active
Set and Remove Worst
Bs from th Active Set
flow-chart of a Soft Handover algorithm

* Based on 25922-370

Neighbour Cell
Neighbour list
Intra frequency
The UE must be able to monitor at least 32 cells within the same WCDMA carrier
Inter frequency
The UE must be able to monitor at least 32 cells total on two WCDMA carrier
Intersystem
A maximum of 32 inter frequency neighbours must be supported

Handover
Q&A
• What are the two measurement reporting modes ?
• Name at least two that causes a handover ?
• What intra-frequency handover mode that has cell

dominance functionality ?
• What handover type done at the Node B level ?
Softer •
CBA •
Quality (BER/BLER), Distance •
Event, Periodic •

UMTS
POWER CONTROL

Power Control
General
Power control ensures that all users (BSS and UEs) in the system transmits and receives just
enough power to send/receive data. This is very important as it minimizes the interference in
the system. Without precise power control, CDMA technology will not work.
Power Control
Open Loop
The uplink open loop power control involves both the UE and the UTRAN. It requires
parameters being broadcast by the cell.
Closed loop
The closed loop power control is for losses due to Raleigh/Rician (fast) fading, interference
level variation (e.g. loading, VAF, etc.), and other losses. It aims to maintain a minimum
transmit power from the UE for a desired quality of service.
Inner - fast power control for UL and DL

- once every power control group = 1500 times per second
- addresses the near-far problem
Outer - The outer loop takes into account changing requirements in SIR with respect to
long term QoS or average erasure rates

Power Control
Open
Neighbour
Loop(PRACH)
ACCESS list
Power Control - Uplink
Preamble Initial Power
PRACH_Initial_Power = CPICH_Tx_Power – CPICH_RSCP + UL_interference + UL_required_CI + open_loop_constant
Preamble
∆Pp-m
∆Po
∆Po
Message
time
4096 chips 4096 chips 4096 chips 10 ms
∆Po (deltaPo) – Power Step (UE)

∆Pp-m (deltaPpm) - Power offset between the preamble and
the message part
PreambleMaxRetrans - max PreambleTransmissions in one
ramping cycle
NbOfRampingCyclesMax – max number of ramping cycles

Power Control
Open Loop Power Control - Uplink
1. UE determines RACH from the BCH

2. UE selects a sub-channel and one of the signatures
3. UE measures downlink power and sets the initial power level
4. UE sends up the 1ms preamble
5. UE waits for the AICH with the correct response – preamble is sent in next slot if no
response is received
6. UE sends the 10-20ms message part of the RACH
DPCCH Initial Power
DPCCH_Initial_Power = CPICH_Tx_Power – CPICH_RSCP + UL_interference + SIRDPCCH - 10*log10(SFDPCCH)
Parameter Source Source Parameter Unit

CPICH_Tx_Power System Information Cpich Power dBm
CPICH_RSCP UE Layer 1 measured at UE dBm
UL_interference System Information measured at node B dBm
UL_required_CI System Information ul initial target per service dB
type per SF

Uplink closed loop power control operation UE-UTRAN
RNC
Oute rloop QE, CRCI me tric
PC Of Node s B in the active s et
inne r loop NODEB UE

S IRta rge t ±P s te p
+ Pt
cl
TP C TP C Pt
RX De code Accum.
- Encode r TX & Voting
Info Bits
ol
P r=NoW Ope n Loop Pt
Estimator Othe r
Compute K-NoW
S IR RX
S IR Me tric Info Bits
pilot
me tric s ymbols
TX Encode r
da ta
De code r s ymbols MAP
FQI, BER me tric
QE - Quality Estimate
BER - Physical Channel Bit Error Rate of the
decoded frame
CRCI - Cyclic Redundancy Check Indicator
Pt - total received power
Pt - closed loop power estimate component
cl
Ptol - open loop power estimate component.

Power Control
Close Loop Power Control
Uplink inner loop power control
The inner loop compares the estimated SIR on the pilot symbol on every DPCCH slot vs. the
target SIR and provides feedback to the UE via the TPC command:
SIR ≥ SIR_target
the Node B should set the TPC bits in the next transmitted
downlink slot period such that the UE will lower its transmit power,
SIR < SIR_target
the Node B should set the TPC bits in the next transmitted
downlink slot period such that the UE will increase its transmit power.

Power Control
Uplink outer loop power control
The outer loop power control attempts to meet a bit error rate (BER) or BLER for each type
service (real time, non-real time) by producing adequate target SIR for each individual inner
loop PC. The BER is mapped into a block error rate (BLER), which is implemented in a
lookup table in the SRNC.
The core network (CN) provides SRNC the SDU error rate in RAB Assignment Request.
This is converted to BER or BLER. The service type is used to choose the type of outer loop
power control algorithm to implement. Outer power control loop adjusts the SIR_target for
the inner loop comparison down in the node B. An algorithm based on CRC of the data
stream is used as a measure of the quality.

Power Control
Downlink outer loop power control
The downlink outer loop power control function is done in the UE. The value of the quality
target in the UE is controlled by the admission control. The target SIR for the downlink inner
loop PC s adjusted by the UE. If the CPCH used, the SRNC will provide the UE with the BLER
target for the downlink outer loop power control.
The UTRAN controls the forward link gains and controls the range of power available. It is set
per real time or non-real time service and for each spreading factor for each soft handoff state.

Power Control
Downlink Common Channels
DL Channel Typical Power Level (dBm) Remarks

P-CPICH 27-33 RF Design/Optimization
SCH
Primary -3 relative to P-CPICH
Secondary -3 relative to P-CPICH (SF=256)
CCPCH
Primary -5 relative to P-CPICH
Secondary -5 relative to P-CPICH
PICH -8 relative to P-CPICH (Np = 72)
AICH -8 relative to P-CPICH

Power Control
Q&A
• Which power control loop provides the target SIR for the
inner-loop power control ?
• How fast is the closed loop inner power control ?
• Is fast power control implemented only on the uplink or

downlink or both ?
• How does the mobile know how much power to transmit

during initial access?
• PRACH_Initial_Power = CPICH_Tx_Power – CPICH_RSCP + UL_interference + UL_required_CI

• Both
• 1500 Hz
• Outer loop power control

UMTS
TERMINALS

UMTS
STANDARDS

5 Document structure of physical layer specification
5.1 Overview
The physical layer specification consists of a general document (TS 25.201), five FDD mode documents (TS 25.211 through
25.215), five TDD mode documents (TS 25.221 through 25.225). In addition, there are two technical reports (TR 25.833 and
25.944).
5.2 TS 25.201: Physical layer – General description

The scope is to describe:
- the contents of the Layer 1documents (TS 25.200 series);
- where to find information;
- a general description of Layer 1.
5.3 TS 25.211: Physical channels and mapping of transport channels onto physical channels (FDD)
The scope is to establish the characteristics of the Layer-1 transport channels and physical channels in the FDD mode, and to
specify:
- the different transport channels that exist;
- which physical channels exist;
- what is the structure of each physical channel, slot format etc.;
- relative timing between different physical channels in the same link, and relative timing between uplink and
downlink;
- mapping of transport channels onto the physical channels.

5.4 TS 25.212: Multiplexing and channel coding (FDD)
The scope is to describe multiplexing, channel coding and interleaving in the FDD mode, and to specify:
- coding and multiplexing of transport channels into CCTrCHs;
- channel coding alternatives;
- coding for Layer 1 control information, such as TFCI;
- the different interleavers;
- how is rate matching done;
- physical channel segmentation and mapping.
5.5 TS 25.213: Spreading and modulation (FDD)

The scope is to establish the characteristics of the spreading and modulation in the FDD mode, and to specify:
- the spreading (channelisation plus scrambling);
- generation of channelisation and scrambling codes;
- generation of RACH and CPCH preamble codes;
- generation of SCH synchronisation codes;
- modulation.
RF channel arrangements and Pulse shaping are specified in TS 25.101 for UE and in TS 25.104 for Node-B.

5.6 TS 25.214: Physical layer procedures (FDD)
The scope is to establish the characteristics of the physical layer procedures in the FDD mode, and to specify:
- cell search procedures;
- power control procedures;
- random access procedure.
5.7 TS 25.215: Physical layer – Measurements (FDD)

The scope is to establish the characteristics of the physical layer measurements in the FDD mode, and to specify:
- the measurements that Layer 1 is to perform;
- reporting of measurements to higher layers and network;
- handover measurements, idle-mode measurements etc.
5.8 TS 25.221: Physical channels and mapping of transport channels onto physical channels (TDD)
The scope is to establish the characteristics of the Layer-1 transport channels and physical channels in the TDD mode, and to
specify:
- transport channels;
- physical channels, structure and contents;
- mapping of transport channels onto the physical channels.

5.9 TS 25.222: Multiplexing and channel coding (TDD)
The scope is to describe multiplexing, channel coding and interleaving in the TDD mode, and to specify:
- channel coding and multiplexing of transport channels into CCTrCHs;
- channel coding alternatives;
- coding for Layer 1 control information, such as TFCI;
- interleaving;
- rate matching;
- physical channel segmentation and mapping.
5.10 TS 25.223: Spreading and modulation (TDD)

The scope is to establish the characteristics of the spreading and modulation in the TDD mode, and to specify:
- data modulation;
- spreading;
- generation of synchronisation codes.
RF channel arrangements and Pulse shaping are specified in TS 25.102 for UE and in TS 25.105 for Node-B.

5.11 TS 25.224: Physical layer procedures (TDD)
The scope is to establish the characteristics of the physical layer procedures in the TDD mode, and to specify:
- cell synchronisation;
- timing advance;
- power control procedures;
- idle mode tasks.
5.12 TS 25.225: Physical layer – Measurements (TDD)

The scope is to establish the characteristics of the physical layer measurements in the TDD mode, and to specify:
- the measurements that Layer 1 is to perform;
- reporting of measurements to higher layers and network;
- handover measurements, idle-mode measurements etc.

5.13 TR 25.833: Physical layer items not for inclusion in Release ‘99
The scope is to collect materials on UTRA physical layer items not included in the Release ’99 specification documents,
such as DSCH control channel, FAUSCH, Hybrid ARQ, 4-state SCCC turbo coding and ODMA.
5.14 TR 25.944: Channel coding and multiplexing examples

The scope is to describe examples of channel coding and multiplexing for transport channels of various types and cases.

Q&A
In IS95A/B, the duration of one spreading chip is 1/1.2288MHz = 814 ns, or 244 meters.
Multipath differences less than this will lead to flat fading; greater will lead to resolved
multipath, which will be diversity combined by the receiver. What is the minimum distance
in UMTS for the rake receiver to be able to decode ?

UMTS
CALL PROCESSING
MODULE 2
CALL PROCESSING
General
Idle Mode
Cell Search Procedure
UE Initiated Call Flow
RRC Connection Management Procedures
Radio Bearer Control Procedure
RRC Connection Mobility Procedure
Measurement Procedures
Sample Call Flows
Timers and Counters

Call Flow
General Information
UE switch-on
UE Idle UE GSM GPRS

3GPP TS connected connected Packet Transfer
25.304 3GPP TS 25.331 GSM TS 04.18 GSM TS 04.60
GSM idle UE idle CELL_DCH CELL_FACH CELL_PCH URA_PCH

GSM TS 3GPP TS 25.304 3GPP TS 3GPP TS 25.331 3GPP TS 25.331 3GPP TS 25.331
05.08 3GPP TS 25.331 25.331 3GPP TS 25.304 3GPP TS 25.304 3GPP TS 25.304
Mapping of UE state to 3GPP Specifications

Call Flow
Idle Mode
When the UE camps on a cell in idle mode,
• Allows the UE to receive system information from the camped PLMN and cell broadcast services.
• If the UE is registered, the PLMN knows where to forward a call as it knows where the UE is currently camped on.
Similar to other systems, if the UE is unable to find a suitable cell due to either the USIM is not inserted or the
registration was a failure, the UE tries to camp to any PLMN and enters to a “limited service” state on which only
emergency calls can be made.

Call Flow
Idle Mode
Three processes in Idle Mode
PLMN Selection/Reselection
The first time a UE is switched “ON”, the UE selects a public land mobile network (PLMN) and searches for a
suitable cell to camp on. The NAS shall provide a list of equivalent PLMNs contained on the USIM, if available, that
the AS shall use for cell selection and cell reselection.
Cell Selection/Reselection
After choosing the PLMN, the UE camps on a cell belonging to the chosen PLMN. It does this by searching and
choosing a suitable cell that can provide services that the UE may require, and tunes to its control channel and camps
in. The UE may reselect to another cell if it finds another suitable one.
Location Registration
The UE may then register its presence, by means of a NAS registration procedure, in the registration area of the
chosen cell.
The UE may do PLMN reselection at regular time intervals and searches for more suitable cells. Likewise, if the UE
loses coverage to any cell belonging to the current PLMN, either a new PLMN is selected manually through a list of
available PLMNs or automatically.

Call Flow
Idle Mode go here whenever a
new PLMN is
selected
cell information no cell information

stored for the PLMN 1 stored for the PLMN
Stored Initial
information no suitable cell found Cell Selection
Cell Selection
no suitable
cell found suitable cell found 2 suitable cell found
no suitable
cell found
Cell Selection NAS indicates that
when leaving suitable Camped registration on selected
connected cell found normally PLMN is rejected
mode (except with cause #14
or #15 [5][16] )
return to leave trigger

idle mode idle mode suitable
cell found
Connected Cell
mode Reselection no suitable
Evaluation cell found
Process
go here
when no
USIM in
the UE
Any Cell
no acceptable cell found Selection
USIM inserted
acceptable
cell found
1
Cell Selection
acceptable
when leaving Camped on suitable
cell found
connected any cell cell found 2
mode
return to leave trigger

idle mode idle mode acceptable
cell found
Connected
mode Cell
(Emergency Reselection no acceptable
calls only) Evaluation cell found
Process
Idle Mode Cell Selection and Reselection * Based on 25304-3b0

Call Flow
Cell Search Procedure Primary SCH
Secondary SCH
P/S-CPICH
3 steps in Cell Search Procedure

P-CCPCH P-CCPCH
• Slot Synchronization
UE listens to any cell’s P-SCH to acquire slot synchronization. This is done through the UEs matched filter,
detecting the peaks on the output.
Matched Filter
• Frame Synchronization (code group identification)

After acquiring slot synchronization, the UE listens to the S-SCH. The S-SCH consists of a sequence of repeated
modulated codes. By correlating the repeated modulated code received with all known secondary
synchronization code sequences, the UE can then determine which code group (downlink primary scrambling
code group) the cell belongs. By this time the UE now has acquired frame synchronization.
• Scrambling Code Identification

As the UE is now frame synchronized, it now tries to determine the exact primary scrambling code that identifies
the cell through which the UE is trying to camp on to. It does this through symbol-by-symbol correlation over
the P-CPICH with all the codes that belong to the code group determined during frame synchronization. After
the determining the primary scrambling code, the UE can now listen to P-CCPCH for BCH information (system
and cell specific information).

Call Flow
Cell Search Procedure

Call Flow
UE Initiated Normal Call Flow
Notes Message Type Downlink Uplink Remarks
Call Attempt RRCU CCCH "RRC_CONNECTION_REQUEST"
RRCD CCCH "RRC_CONNECTION_SETUP" Call Setup Failure
RRCU DCCH "DCCH_RRC_CONNECTION_SETUP_COMPLETE"
RRCU DCCH "INITIAL_DIRECT_TRANSFER"
L3U DCCH "CM_SERVICE_REQUEST"
RRCD DCCH "DOWNLINK_DIRECT_TRANSFER"
L3D DCCH "AUTHENTICATION_REQUEST"
RRCU DCCH "UPLINK_DIRECT_TRANSFER"
L3U DCCH "AUTHENTICATION_RESPONSE"
RRCD DCCH "SECURITY_MODE_COMMAND"
RRCU DCCH "SECURITY_MODE_COMPLETE"
L3U DCCH "SETUP"
L3D DCCH "CALL_PROCEEDING"
L3D DCCH "FACILITY"
RRCD DCCH "RADIO_BEARER_SETUP" Call Setup Failure
Call Setup Complete RRCU DCCH "RADIO_BEARER_SETUP_COMPLETE"
RRCD DCCH "DOWNLINK_DIRECT_TRANSFER" Dropped Call
L3D DCCH "ALERTING"
L3D DCCH "CONNECT"
L3U DCCH "CONNECT_ACKNOWLEDGE"
RRCU DCCH "MEASUREMENT_REPORT"
RRCD DCCH "ACTIVE_SET_UPDATE"
RRCU DCCH "ACTIVE_SET_UPDATE_COMPLETE"
RRCD DCCH "MEASUREMENT_CONTROL"
RRCU DCCH "MEASUREMENT_REPORT"
RRCD DCCH "ACTIVE_SET_UPDATE"
RRCU DCCH "ACTIVE_SET_UPDATE_COMPLETE"
RRCD DCCH "MEASUREMENT_CONTROL"
:
:
:
RRCU DCCH "UPLINK_DIRECT_TRANSFER" Dropped Call
Call Completed L3U DCCH "DISCONNECT"
L3D DCCH "RELEASE"
L3U DCCH "RELEASE_COMPLETE"

Call Flow
UE Initiated Call - Actual Messaging
*** NEMO PRIME #.##.## ff ver #.## MM.DD.YYYY HH:MM:SS

#ID Id tag for simultaneous measurement files : {HEX NUMBER}
#AG External antenna gain (dBi) : 0.00
#BF BTS filename :
#CF Call list filename : C:\Nemo Tools\….
#CL External cable loss : 0.00
#CM Call mode : Originate
#HV Handler version : #.##.##
#MF Map filename :
#MT Mobile type : XXX-#
#NN Network name :
#NT Network type : GSM 900/GSM 1800/UMTS 2100 FDD
#PN Test call phone number : ###
#SW Device software version : NTM ##.#.####, MM-DD-YYYY, XXX-#, V ##.##
#HW Device hardware version :
RRCD LONG LAT 27 2107 3 0 20 12:49:06.901 BCCH_BCH "SYSTEM_INFORMATION_BCH" HEX MESSAGES

RRCD LONG LAT 27 2107 3 0 20 12:49:06.931 BCCH "SCHEDULING_BLOCK_1" HEX MESSAGES
RRCD LONG LAT 27 2107 3 0 20 12:49:06.961 BCCH "MASTER_INFORMATION_BLOCK" HEX MESSAGES
RRCD LONG LAT 27 2107 3 0 20 12:49:06.961 BCCH "SYSTEM_INFORMATION_BLOCK_TYPE_2" HEX MESSAGES

Call Flow
RRCU LONG LAT 27 2107 3 0 20 12:49:07.061 CCCH "RRC_CONNECTION_REQUEST" HEX MESSAGES

RXPC LONG LAT 27 2107 3 0 20 12:49:07.361 12 -87 -87 -32.0 255.0 0 0 0
RACHI LONG LAT 27 2107 3 0 20 12:49:07.361 12 5 2 1 11 8 -102
ECN0 LONG LAT 27 2107 3 0 20 12:49:07.361 12 1 10762 -93 4 1 10762 208 -3 1 1 10762 216 -16 0 0 0
RRCD LONG LAT 27 2107 3 0 20 12:49:07.391 CCCH "RRC_CONNECTION_SETUP" HEX MESSAGES
RRCU LONG LAT 27 2107 3 0 20 12:49:07.662 DCCH "DCCH_RRC_CONNECTION_SETUP_COMPLETE" HEX MESSAGES
RRCU LONG LAT 27 2107 3 0 20 12:49:07.662 DCCH "INITIAL_DIRECT_TRANSFER" HEX MESSAGES
L3U LONG LAT 27 2107 3 0 20 12:49:07.662 DCCH "CM_SERVICE_REQUEST" HEX MESSAGES
CHI LONG LAT 27 2107 3 0 20 12:49:07.762 12 5 10762 -1 -1 2.5 100 4.0 640 1.0 100
RRCD LONG LAT 27 2113 3 0 22 12:49:08.263 DCCH "DOWNLINK_DIRECT_TRANSFER" HEX MESSAGES
L3D LONG LAT 27 2113 3 0 22 12:49:08.263 DCCH "AUTHENTICATION_REQUEST" HEX MESSAGES
RXPC LONG LAT 27 2113 3 0 22 12:49:08.403 12 -90 -89 4.8 255.0 0 621 597
TXPC LONG LAT 27 2113 3 0 22 12:49:08.403 12 -4 0 1 0 602 615
PHDAS LONG LAT 27 2113 3 0 22 12:49:08.403 12 3700
ECN0 LONG LAT 27 2113 3 0 22 12:49:08.403 12 1 10762 -93 4 1 10762 208 -3 0 1 10762 216 -16 0 0 0
BER LONG LAT 27 2113 3 0 22 12:49:08.403 12 6.7 3.1
RRCU LONG LAT 27 2113 3 0 22 12:49:08.523 DCCH "UPLINK_DIRECT_TRANSFER" HEX MESSAGES

Call Flow
L3U LONG LAT 27 2113 3 0 22 12:49:08.523 DCCH "AUTHENTICATION_RESPONSE" HEX MESSAGES

RRCD LONG LAT 27 2113 3 0 22 12:49:08.773 DCCH "SECURITY_MODE_COMMAND" HEX MESSAGES
RRCU LONG LAT 27 2113 3 0 22 12:49:08.773 DCCH "SECURITY_MODE_COMPLETE" HEX MESSAGES
L3U LONG LAT 27 2113 3 0 22 12:49:08.773 DCCH "SETUP" HEX MESSAGES
L3D LONG LAT 27 2120 3 0 22 12:49:09.104 DCCH "IDENTITY_REQUEST" HEX MESSAGES
L3U LONG LAT 27 2120 3 0 22 12:49:09.104 DCCH "IDENTITY_RESPONSE" HEX MESSAGES
L3D LONG LAT 27 2120 3 0 22 12:49:09.374 DCCH "CALL_PROCEEDING" HEX MESSAGES
RXPC LONG LAT 27 2120 3 0 22 12:49:09.404 12 -94 -95 4.2 255.0 0 600 900
TXPC LONG LAT 27 2120 3 0 22 12:49:09.404 12 -11 0 1 0 747 754
PHDAS LONG LAT 27 2120 3 0 22 12:49:09.404 12 6000
ECN0 LONG LAT 27 2120 3 0 22 12:49:09.404 12 1 10762 -89 4 1 10762 208 -3 0 1 10762 216 -18 0 0 0
BER LONG LAT 27 2120 3 0 22 12:49:09.404 12 4.5 3.1

Call Flow
RRCD LONG LAT 27 2125 3 0 22 12:49:09.905 DCCH "RADIO_BEARER_SETUP" HEX MESSAGES

RXPC LONG LAT 27 2125 3 0 22 12:49:10.406 12 -87 -87 3.3 255.0 0 612 887
TXPC LONG LAT 27 2125 3 0 22 12:49:10.406 12 -4 0 1 0 753 746
PHDAS LONG LAT 27 2125 3 0 22 12:49:10.406 12 1200
ECN0 LONG LAT 27 2125 3 0 22 12:49:10.406 12 1 10762 -90 4 1 10762 208 -3 0 1 10762 216 -17 0 0 0
BER LONG LAT 27 2125 3 0 22 12:49:10.406 12 9.1 3.1
RRCU LONG LAT 27 2125 3 0 22 12:49:10.626 DCCH "RADIO_BEARER_SETUP_COMPLETE" HEX MESSAGES
CAC LONG LAT 27 2125 3 0 22 12:49:10.626 1 4 -1
BLER LONG LAT 27 2125 3 0 22 12:49:10.766 0.0
BER LONG LAT 27 2125 3 0 22 12:49:10.766 12 9.1 3.1
L3D LONG LAT 27 2130 3 0 20 12:49:10.896 DCCH "ALERTING" HEX MESSAGES
CAC LONG LAT 27 2130 3 0 20 12:49:10.896 2 4 -1
RRCD LONG LAT 27 2130 3 0 20 12:49:10.977 DCCH "MEASUREMENT_CONTROL" HEX MESSAGES
L3D LONG LAT 27 2130 3 0 20 12:49:11.027 DCCH "CONNECT" HEX MESSAGES
L3U LONG LAT 27 2130 3 0 20 12:49:11.027 DCCH "CONNECT_ACKNOWLEDGE" HEX MESSAGES

Call Flow

L3U LONG LAT 27 2157 1 6 0 12:49:56.422 DCCH "DISCONNECT" HEX MESSAGES
L3D LONG LAT 27 2157 1 6 0 12:49:56.672 DCCH "RELEASE" HEX MESSAGES
L3U LONG LAT 27 2157 1 6 0 12:49:56.672 DCCH "RELEASE_COMPLETE" HEX MESSAGES
RRCD LONG LAT 27 2157 1 6 0 12:49:57.013 DCCH "RRC_CONNECTION_RELEASE" HEX MESSAGES
RRCU LONG LAT 27 2157 1 6 0 12:49:57.013 DCCH "RRC_CONNECTION_RELEASE_COMPLETE" HEX MESSAGES
RXPC LONG LAT 27 2157 1 5 0 12:49:57.403 12 -77 -76 3.9 255.0 0 447 1052
TXPC LONG LAT 27 2157 1 5 0 12:49:57.403 12 -20 0 1 0 749 751
PHDAS LONG LAT 27 2157 1 5 0 12:49:57.403 12 19000
ECN0 LONG LAT 27 2157 1 5 0 12:49:57.403 12 1 10762 -77 4 1 10762 208 -3 0 0 0 0
BER LONG LAT 27 2157 1 5 0 12:49:57.403 12 0.9 0.0

UMTS
Planning and
Optimization

PLANNING
Multilayer Networks
Microcell Only Network >>>
<<< MultiLayer Network
* Radio Planning of Third Generation Nwtworks in Urban Areas

by P R Gould

GENERAL INFORMATION
UMTS Commercial Deployment
Initial System Design A
(Link Budget & Simulations)
PLANET
Network Coverage Survey
Noise Floor Test Clustering Prepare Master RF Database
System Rollout / Update Master RF Database
Optimize
Site Integration Network
Coverage Design Issues Y
?
Single Cell Functional Test
N
Drive Routes
Update Systems Design
Y PLANET
Cell / Node B Issues
?
Network Metric Drive Test
N
Initial Cluster Coverage Survey Update Master RF Database
Optimize
Network
Metric Drive Issues Y
Update Master RF Database
Optimize ?
Cluster
Coverage Design Issues Y
N
?
KPI
N
Update Systems Design/Retune Model Network Coverage Test

PLANET Forward Link loaded Conditions
Cluster Metric Drive Test Friendly User

Performance Test
Optimize Update Master RF Database

Cluster Y
Metric Drive Issues Y
User Issues
? ? Trouble Tickets
N N
A Commercial Service

UE
STATES

UE STATES
Service States
• The UE operates in one of three basic states
– Detached
•Not registered to the network
– Idle Detached
•Registered to the network and
performing both LA and RA updates
– Connected CS-Connected PS-Connected

•CS-Connected
– Does not perform LA updates
– CS Signalling/Traffic Link
Established
•PS-Connected Idle
– PS Signalling/Traffic Link
Established
– RA updates for boundary
crossings

UE STATES
Idle Mode
¾ Idle mode is when the UE has:

– Selected a PLMN
– Selected a cell
– Carried out Location Registration
¾ Once in Idle mode the UE continually reassess its serving cell

– Monitoring the serving cell’s and neighboring cells radio performance
• The UE should be served by the most reliable cell
– Monitoring signaling information
• P-CCPCH for cell and system parameters which could provoke cell reselection
• S-CCPCH for paging or notification resulting in connection establishment

UE STATES
Synchronization
¾ In order to select a PLMN or cell the UE must first be synchronized to the network
¾ As discussed in Module 2, the procedure for this is:

– Derive slot synchronization from P-SCH
– Derive frame synchronization and scrambling code group from S-SCH
– Derive scrambling code from CPICH
¾ Once the UE acquires the information above, it can now decode the P-CCPCH

MEASUREMENTS

MEASUREMENTS
UE
• UTRA carrier RSSI
– Received Signal Strength Indicator, wideband received power within the channel bandwidth
• CPICH RSCP
– CPICH Received Signal Code Power, received power on CPICH after despreading
• CPICH Ec/No
– CPICH Energy/chip to Noise power spectral density,
• (CPICH Ec/Io) = (CPICH RSCP) / RSSI
• CPICH ISCP
– CPICH Interference on Signal Code Power, interference on received signal after despreading
• CPICH SIR
– CPICH Signal to Interference Ratio,
• (CPICH SIR) = (CPICH RSCP) / (CPICH ISCP)
* Based on 25302-3e0

MEASUREMENTS
UE
• SIR
– Signal to Interference Ratio,
• SIR = (DPCCH RSCP) / (DPCCH ISCP)
• Transport channel BLER

– Estimation of transport channel block error rate
• UE transmitted power
– Total transmitted power of the UE measured at the antenna connector/indication of TX power
reaching threshold

MEASUREMENTS
UTRAN
• Transport channel BLER
– Estimation of transport channel block error rate
• Physical channel BER

– Physical channel BER measured on control part after RL combining
• Transport channel BER

– Transport channel BER measured on data part after RL combining
• RSSI
– Received Signal Strength Indicator, the wideband received power within the UL channel
• Transmitted carrier power

– The transmitter carrier power is the ratio between the total transmitted power on one DL
carrier and the maximum power to use on that carrier
• Transmitted code power

– The transmitted power on one carrier, scrambling and channelisation code combination

OPTIMIZATION
TECHNIQUES

Optimization Techniques
Coverage - Downlink and Uplink U
Check Downlink Check Uplink

Coverage Coverage
(Scanner Data) (DM Data)
site parameters set correctly High UE Tx

CPICH ?
?
Y Y
Y N N Y Adjust Antenna Parameters

Low RSSI / RSCP Blocked Sector DM / UE Failure Blocked Sector Relocate Antenna
? ? ? ? Relocate Site
N
N Y Y
Adjust Antenna Parameters Fix/Calibrate DM

N Relocate Antenna Redo Metric Drive Y N High N
Overshooting Coverage High FER / BER / Io Interference
? Relocate Site ? Multi Pilot
? ?
Y Y Y
Check w/ Network Check Noise Floor
Adjust Antenna Parameters
Related Problems M Data
Adjust CPICH Power
(Node B issues ?)
N
Check w/ Network
Related Problems
(Node B issues ?)
DM / UE Failure Y
U ?
Fix/Calibrate DM
N Redo Metric Drive
M

General Process - Goals
· RSSI and RSCP
. Pilot Quality (Ec/Io)
· Uplink Interference
· UE transmit power
· Neighbor List
. BLER
· call set-up success and failure rates
· session establishment success rates
· drop call rates
· SHO failure rates
· SHO regions
· Throughput

Multi Pilot Reduction - Interference, Ec /Io
Interference
Multi Pilot
low Ec/Io
CFE
Absolute Thresh
# of SCs > 3
Handoff Mode Above Threshold
? ?
CBA
Multi Dominance Y
# of SCs > 3
w/in Tcomp of Best Server
?
Y
Reduce overshooting SCs
Reduce overshooting SCs Coverage
Coverage - SCs with highest hit count
- 4th,5th , 6th, etc. Best Server above threshold
•Change Antenna Parameters •Change Antenna Parameters
•CPICH Power •CPICH Power

Neighbor List Generation
UMTS can have up to 32 Neighbors defined per cell. Improper Neighbor List can cause access failures and
drop calls.
Initial Phase
• Based on simulation or visual inspection from maps.
• Distance of nearby cell (Proximity)
• Direction of nearby cell (Orientation)
• Line of Site (Visibility, no natural or man-mad blockage)
• Drive Route
Optimization Phase
As above with the following considerations
• Actual drive test data showing cells visible to the UE during drive
- re-prioritize or eliminate cells initially defined but was not visible during drive test
• missing neighbor information from drive test data
- include missing neighbors in the neighbor list with corresponding priority based on Ec/Io and RSCP
• call failure messaging
- either include or exclude cells in the neighbor list that resulted to the call failure
- check active set and best candidate before and after the call failure

Access Failures
• Missing Neighbors
- UE attempts to handoff during access attempt to a strong cell not in neighbor list
- call fails due to high interference caused by cell not in neighbor list
• Origination on a far cell

- overshooting cells
Drop Calls
• Missing Neighbors
- UE cannot handoff to strong nearby cells
• UE handoffs to a far cell and cannot handoff back

- overshooting cells
- combined neighbor list is filled up by neighbors coming from far cells; no room for new
cells within the area where the UE is in.

Neighbor List Generation N
Create Neighbor List
Create initial list based on

simulation and visual
inspection
• Obtain Metric Drive Data

• Check the best server
and cells on the active set
• Re prioritize the original list based

on the metric drive.
• Obtain the 2nd, 3rd, 4th, etc best servers
and put them on the top of the list.
Demote cells on the list that do

not appear in the active set
often
Eliminate the cells in the

neighbor list that do not appear
on the active or candidate list
Maintain the size of the neighbor

list of a cell between 10-15
neighbors, unless otherwise

Composite Neighbor List
When in soft/er handoff, the system combines the neighbor list of all cells on the active list. The
maximum combined neighbor list is 32. Implementation of the combined neighbor list is not
standardized and is vendor specific. It is therefore recommended to consult the vendor’s documentation.
General Rule:
1. The first ten (10) defined neighbors for each cell should be the most important ones and must be based
on actual drive test data. They have to be keyed-in in order of importance at the RNC. This will allow
all important neighbors to be included in a full 3-way handoff.
2. Typically, three scenarios are implemented

a.) All the defined and visible neighbor list of the best server is included and arranged based on how it
was arranged at the RNC database. If it is less than 32 neighbors, then the 2nd best server’s list is
appended. If it is still less than 32, then the 3rd best server’s list is appended.
b.) The combined neighbor list is generated by allocating equal number of neighbor list from all cells in
the active set. The priority will still be based on how the neighbor list was arranged at the RNC. The
combined list starts with the best server then the 2nd best server and lastly the 3rd best server.
c.) The system automatically arranges the neighbor list based on measured Ec/Io values.

A B C
First two is always the 1 A1 B1 C1 1 A1 1 A1 1 A1
adjacent cells 2 A2 B2 C2 2 A2 2 A2 2 A2
3 A3 B3 C3 3 A3 3 A3 3 C1
4 A4 B4 C4 4 A4 4 A4 4 B2
5 A5 B5 C5 5 A5 5 A5 5 A5
6 A6 B6 C6 6 A6 6 A6 6 C4
7 A7 B7 C7 7 A7 7 A7 7 B1
8 A8 B8 C8 8 A8 8 A8 8 C2
9 A9 B9 C9 9 A9 9 A9 9 B9
10 A10 B10 C10 Combined 10 A10 Combined 10 A10 Combined 10 C9
Neighbor List
11 A11 B11 C11 Neighbor List 11 A11 Neighbor List 11 A11 Neighbor List 11 A7
Scenario a 12 A12 Scenario b 12 A12 Scenario c 12 C3
12 A12 B12 C12
13 A13 B13 C13 13 A13 13 B1 13 A3
14 A14 B14 C14 14 A14 14 B2 14 :
15 A15 B15 C15 15 A15 15 B3 15 :
16 A16 C16 16 A16 16 B4 16 :
17 A17 C17 17 A17 17 B5 17 :
18 A18 C18 18 A18 18 B6 18 B12
19 A19 C19 19 A19 19 B7 19 A10
20 A20 C20 20 A20 20 B8 20 :
21 C21 21 B1 21 B9 21 :
22 C22 22 B2 22 B10 22
23 C23 23 B3 23 C1 23
24 C24 24 B4 24 C2 24
25 C25 25 B5 25 C3 25
26 26 B6 26 C4 26
27 27 B7 27 C5 27
28 Danger: Neighbor
28 B8 28 C6 28
29 list of site C will 29 B9 29 C7 29
30 never appear >>> 30 B10 30 C8 30
31 31 B11 31 C9 31
32 32 B12 32 C10 32

Antenna Configuration
Type
Different types of antennas are used for different purposes. If an option, choose the correct antenna type during
the initial design phase.
Antenna Parameters that are important during optimization phase are
1. Operational Bandwidth
UMTS, MultiBand
2. Polarization
Vertical, Horizontal, Cross Polar
3. Beamwidth
Vertical Beamwidth, Horizontal Beamwidth
4. Tilt
Electrical (with remote capability?), Mechanical
5. Gain
Installation
How the antennas are installed also play a major role in minimizing interference.
Two major considerations are
1. Antenna Height
2. Antenna Mount
Tower Mount, Rooftop, and Flush Mount
Tilt
Electrical or Mechanical
Downtilt or Uptilt

Antenna Configuration - Antenna Mounting
The document “THE INFLUENCE OF REFLECTIONS ON RADIATION PATTERNS”

by KATHREIN ANTENNAS” is a good reference on the effects of different mounting configurations of antennas
and its radiation patterns
Main Lobe must not hit

the rooftop with the
desired tilt.
Weak coverage area

Weak coverage area
Roof Mount Flush Mount Tower Mount

Antenna Configuration - Antenna Tilts
0 Etilt and 0 Mtilt n° EDTilt n° MDTilt n° EDtilt and n° MDtilt n° EDtilt and n° MUtilt
Good
Low Antenna Height High Antenna Height High Antenna Height High Antenna Height High Antenna Height
Requires Narrow H Beamwidth Requires wide H Beamwidth Medium H Beamwidth Medium H Beamwidth
Decrease Backlobe Radius Increase Backlobe Radius Increased Downtilt Minimum Backlobe radius
Medium Backlobe Strength
Bad
High Antenna Height Low Antenna Height Low Antenna Height Requires Narrow H Beamwidth Aesthetics
Requires Wide H Beamwidth Requires Narrow Beamwidth Requires Wide H Beamwidth
Typical Applications
Highway Coverage only sites High Site Density Area – CBD Low Site Density Area – Suburb Medium Site Density Area Very High Sites – Hills
Backlobe creates handoff
problems

CPICH Power Optimization
Most of the other channel’s power is based on the Common Pilot Channel’s (CPICH) power.
General Optimization Rule,
1. For overshooting cells, adjust CPICH power only when changing antenna parameters is not an option,
ie, the antenna is shared by other technology or carrier.
2. Adjust CPICH in +/- 1dB steps.
3. Adjusting CPICH is not an effective way of decreasing the coverage radius of the cell in line of sight
situations. It is best to adjust antenna parameters than CPICH power.
4. Adjusting CPICH may increase or decrease in-building penetration.
5. Adjusting CPICH may increase or decrease coverage due to reflection/refraction from nearby
obstructions.
6. Too high CPICH values will increase system noise (Io) and may lead to increased access failures.
7. Typical network starting values for CPICH
Typical value: 30dBm (1W)
Typical adjustment range: 27dBm – 33dBm or (500mW to 2W)

Understanding Layer 3
and Layer 2 Messaging

Understanding Layer 3 and Layer 2 Messaging
Example of Handoff Scenario : EVENT 1b
Previous Handoff Message: >> measurement control

: :
: :
Current Handoff Messages: << measurement report
>> active set update
<< active set update complete
>> measurement control
Link
Handoff Call Flow Analysis

Cingular UMTS

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3G Technologies

CdmaOne IS-95B? (1xRTT,3xRTT)

REVERSE LINK FORWARD LINK

CDMA 2000 Phase 2 1 2 3

Numerous proposals were submitted and led to two partnership projects

Air Interface Selected by ITU

Fast Fact: 25 UMTS Networks Commercially launched

Adaptive Modulation Load Based / Packet

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* Source: UMTS Forum www.umts-forum.org

* Source: UMTS Forum www.umts-forum.org

UMTS (Universal Mobile Telecommunications System)

Marconi Internal Use Only

Marconi Internal Use Only

1900 1920 1980 2010 2025 2110 2170 2200 MHz

Unpaired Paired uplink Unpaired Paired downlink

• FDD (Frequency Division Duplex)

• FDD (Frequency Division Duplex) – Region 2 (USA)

* Node B frequency Band is just the reverse

Marconi Internal Use Only

• TDD (Time Division Duplex)

• TDD (Time Division Duplex) – Region 2

Marconi Internal Use Only

Marconi Internal Use Only

Channel Data Rate Level

Marconi Internal Use Only

• What are the two UTRA mode of operation?

• What is the UMTS uplink and downlink UE frequency

• What is the chip rate for UMTS?

Marconi Internal Use Only

Marconi Internal Use Only

GGSN HLR IWF

Node B Node B Node B Node B Node B

Marconi Internal Use Only

Non-Access Stratum (NAS) L3 Upper

Access Stratum (AS) L3 Lower

UE UTRAN Core Network

Marconi Internal Use Only

The high level functional groupings are:

Marconi Internal Use Only

Marconi Internal Use Only

UTRAN (Universal Terrestrial Radio Access Network)

RNC (Radio Network Controller) – Similar to BSC in GSM and CDMAOne, it

Marconi Internal Use Only

Marconi Internal Use Only

Marconi Internal Use Only

Radio Link Control (RLC)

Medium Access Control (MAC)

Marconi Internal Use Only

end to end session Appli Appli

UE Node B SRNC SGSN Destination

Marconi Internal Use Only

• What are the three main entities of UMTS and briefly

• When we speak of logical channels, where exactly are

• L2; between RLC and MAC, Between L2 and L1

Marconi Internal Use Only

Marconi Internal Use Only

Marconi Internal Use Only

ATM Service Classes

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Marconi Internal Use Only