Brain Computer Interface

by- AMBIKA K V
BE 8th Sem.
VCET,PUTTUR
 Overview
• Introduction
• What is BCI
• History
• Neuroimaging in BCIs
• Architecture
• Output device
• Advantages and Disadvantages
• Applications
• Current projects
• Conclusion
• References
 Introduction
• It is the study of brain functions
• BCI are system that provide translation of the
electrical activity of the human brain into
command which can control device in real time.
• An Electroencephalogram based Brain-
Computer-Interface (BCI) provides a new
communication channel between the human
brain and a computer.
 What is BCI
• Brain-Computer Interfaces (BCI)
– Interaction between the human neural system and
machines
– It often aimed at assisting, augmenting or repairing
human cognitive or sensory-motor functions.
– Goal
• Enabling people (especially disabled) to
communicate and control devices by mere
thinking.
– BCI is a control system
 History- Discovering the Basics
• 1924: Hans Berger discovers the EEG
Analyses the interrelation of EEG and brain
diseases.
• 1970: First developments to use brain waves as
input
• ARPA has vision of enhanced human
First step in the right direction
 History-Monkey first
• 1990: First successful experiments with
monkeys
• Implanting electrode arrays into monkey
brains
• Recording of monkeys‘ brain waves
• 2000: Monkeys control robots by thoughts
 History - … Humans follow
• More non-invasive than invasive approaches
• Brain reading by eg. EEG, MEG or fMRI
• 2004: First human benefits from research
• Matt Nagle is able to control a computer and
move a prosthetic hand
 Neuroimaging in BCIs
Direct Neural Electroencephalogy
Contact (EEG)

- Measures electical activity in brain

- Most accurate method
- Non-invasive
- Highly invasive
- Susceptible to noise
- Not possible with current
- Easy to use + low cost + portable
technologies
- Perhaps possible in future with e.g. - Most commonly used device in BCIs
nanobots - It proposes 10-20 electrode
placement system

Reading the brain

 …Neuroimaging in BCIs
Functional Magnetic
Magnetoencephalogy Resonance Imaging
(MEG) (fMRI)

- Measures magnetic fields produced - Measures blood flow in brain using

by electrical activity in brain MRI (haemodynamics)
- Non-invasive - Blood flow correlates to neural
- Very accurate activity

- High equiment requirements and - Studies the brain‘s function

maintenance costs - Very accurate
- Very high costs due to MRI

Reading the brain

Architecture
 Elements of a BCI
• 1) Signal Acquisition: the EEG signals are obtained from the brain
through invasive or non-invasive methods (for example, electrodes).
After, the signal is amplified and sampled.
• 2) Signal processing: the signals are cleaned, they will be processed
and classified to find out which kind of mental task the subject is
performing.
1) Signal Pre-Processing: once the signals are acquired, it is necessary
to clean them.
2)feature extraction: emotions is one form of feature. They are 4
approaches.
3)pattern recognition: They are two basic reaction patterns
-Approach(love and joy): positive emotions.
-Avoidance(sorrow, fear): negative emotions.
• 3) Computer Interaction(output): once the signals are classified,&
converted into commands, they will be used by an appropriate device
for the development of a certain application.
 Ouput Device
Answering yes/no questions Wheel Chair
 Output device
Virtual Reality

U. S. Navy personnel using a virtual

reality parachute trainer
 BCI Pros/cons
 Advantages:
- Increased the possibilities in treating disabilities related to
Nervous system.
- Used for Physically disabled.
- Techniques like EEG and MEG came in to existence by the
development of BCI concept
 Disadvantages:
- Invasive BCI results in Scar tissues.
- Extensive training is required for user before using EEG and
other BCI components.
- BCI systems are complex and expensive
 BCI Applications
• Medical applications : possibly only communication
channel for people suffering from eg paraplegia,
amyotrophia.
• Human enchancement: any attempt to overcome the
current limitations of human cognitive and physical
abilities.
• Human manipulation: a two way communication
between human and computer.
• Neuroprosthetics : surgically implanted devices used
as replacement for damaged neurons.
 Current Projects
• Berlin Brain-Computer-Interface
– Joint Venture of several German research
organisations
– Supported by the Ministry of Education and
Research
• Graz Brain-Computer-Interface
– Wide range of research topics
– Impressive combination of BCI and FES (Functional
Electrical Stimulation)
 Conclusions
• Brain Computer Interface(BCI) is a method of communication
based on voluntary neural activity generated by the brain and
independent of its normal output pathways of peripheral
nervous and muscles.
• The neural activity used in BCI can be recorded using invasive
or noninvasive techniques.
• We can say as detection techniques and experimental designs
improve ,the BCI will improve as well and would provide
wealth alternatives for individuals to interact with their
environment.
 REFERENCES

 
• [1] Wikipedia -  internet encyclopedia
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brain-computer_interface

• [2]
http://www.seminarprojects.com/Thread-brain-computer-in
terface-- 5412#ixzz1EbgIzsox

• [3] IEEE Xplorer Digital Library website

http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/Xplore
 
Any Questions..…?
Thank You……