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o 1T:\OIlYO<; TOU 0PXOIOU VOUTIKOU

Me to ovouc «nepLTIAOU<;)} or 0PX010l xapaKTt'lpl~av TTl OUAAOYrl VaUnALQKWV OOTlYLWV nou XPTJOlIlOnOLouoav ot VaUTlKO( Ko6wc; «necmxecve» nc QKTtC;. Av oKE¢6oUIlE moe; 11 vcuoinxoto OUIV apxo(o ETIOXf} m:plopl~6Tav Of: la~(oLa oxeoDv novrore KOVTU 01"11 orspru, I1TIOPOUIl£ va ecvrcosouue noon a~(a e(xav YLa TOV apxo(o exetvo vcunxo Kat noaa nOAUTlI-IQ 80 enpsne va 8ewpouvlOl ~lj3A(a OUTDd TOU eLoouc; . .6.UOTUXWC;, arr' roue TlOAAOUC; «FleplnAoUC;n rtou ¢)Q(VEtOl va KUKAO¢!OpOUoav, nOAAol AlyaL oloow8TlKQV OAOKf..I1POl Kl one aAAouc; 1l6vD anOan60IlQTO, coxero OIlWC; yLQ va ucc owoouv pic KoBapT') ElKOVQ YLa nc VaUTlAlQKec; yVWOW:; TWV apxo(wv. MLO QKOlll1 ortoucctc npoooopo lWV «Fleptnxcov» etVal nwc; QV roue auvotooUIlE 11£ j3u~avTLVOUe; rtcpouoiouc Kat roue ueroveveoreoouc «Floproxovouc», pnopouue va OOUllg Ka8ap6 rnv odrocnoorn vcurucn nopeto TOU esvouc ucc ueoo OTOUe; nuovec Kat TTl OUVgxn gna¢ln TOU 'EMllva ~e TO 8aA6oOla epyo,

Av PW"O;OOUIlE tva OT]IlEplv6 'Iou .. TfAo TI xpEla~ETOl vrc va m1;llitljJEI TO Kapa131 TaU, So ucc ortovmcet moe; rtoerrer cncocrrrrrc va tXEI tva vcunxo xapTT1 vrc VO xapa1;EI TTlV rrooetc KOl va ~pel TIlV onemoOT], 1110 TIu1;ic>o YIO vo Kul3ep .. veer, Kat oorcuevc aAAa epyoAeia vm '10 npOOC>lopL~el TIl StOT] TaU KOpO~IOU OTT] C>lOPKEIO TOU m1;l- 0510U.. H At1;T] «rtoertei» TIpo05(05El n600 e1;OPTlllltvoe; etvcn a ouYXpovee vcurtxoc OTI' rc ecvcxetc nou tXEI cnillepa am xtpta TOU Kat et- 51K6Tepa aTI' TO vcuruco xapTTl. Flore 61lwe; npWTO$aVT]Ke TO j30- OlK6 aUT6 ~Ol;STllla TaU VOUTlAOU; cctvercr ruoc Ol OPXa(OI VOUTIKOl XPTlOlIlOTIOlOUOOV KaTImO eiiSoe; TIOPOKTIOU TOUAOXLOTOV XOPTTl .. To cuurreccouc oUT6 tPXOvTat va TO eVIO)(UOOUV Kat 01 VOUTlAlQKte; 05Tl" vtec nou neplow8TlKOV KOI TIOU q,o{vercn 6T1 OUV6C>EUOV TOUe; VOUTIKOUe; XGpTEe;, f) OK61l0, 80 unooouOO).lE vo nocue, TOUe; OUIlTIAi)oovcv.

To I3l~A(O cure, 01 ~TIep(TIAOI", 6TIwe; ovouczovrov, OKOTI6 eixov va ~OTlei)oouv TO VOUTlK6 vrc va To1;lc>euel «ovrc OTIC; cxrec Kat va unctver ce 5UOKOAO Al\laVlo. Fleprvocccve TIOl! j3p{CJKOVTOV or tepee KOI 01 \lndYKOI Kat TIOla f)TOV to xcPOKTT]plmtKd onuerc TIle; OKT!']e; 6TIOU 0 vcunxoc 60 unocouce va 0C>TlYTl6ei I-IE aO$GAEla trrcv npoo .. orcuc TOU. 0 xdpTIle; unooet va !']TOV tva ncpcpmpc TaU ~II3AiQU OUTOU, nou noonxee on6 TTlV cvcvsn YIO 1-110 neorccoreoo xure-

m,olapxo<; Epnopocou Nuunxou E.N.

VOTlTi) rrocccrccn HOV VOUTlALOKWV KIVC>UVWV KI OK6).l0 on6 rnv OVeTIapKEIO TTle; YAWOOOe; vo rtapt .. ypdljJet Tie; 5Io$opee; KOTQOTGOele; rtou unooouce 0 VoUt{AOe; va OUvovmcet Ko6we; OKtOTIAOOuoe .. 0 nccccnoc oUT6C; X6PTlle;, xomov, eo ntuv I-Ita ~wypa$tOlltVTl napr .. YPO$i) T'1e; OKTr']C; j3aOlO)1tVT] OLTlV rteipu nou eixov cnosrncer 01 vcuT[Am YIO Tie; rornsec «crccrccerc KOeWe; To1;(5euv an' TOV tva rorro crov cxxo.

Twpo rtoto an' TO 05uo npcrroec .. vruce aTTlV 10TOpio, 01 xdpTee; n 01 nxonvot, etvcr eEIlO aVOlXT6 vrc OU~TiTTlOT]. To TIlO TIOAl6 ouvypO).lIlO TaU e{c>oue; curou, nou rtepIOWeTlKE KI E$TOOe we; epee, srvcn Eva IlE TOV TlTAO: "IKuAaKoe; Ko .. puovotwe; rteotnxouc nie; eaMoOT]e; Tfie; OIKOUIlEV'1e; EupWTTIle; Kat 'Aoloe; KO! I\I~UTle;, Kat 000 Kat ortoto eeVT] £Komo, t1;fie; KOl XWpat KOl AI).lEVEe; KOl rrorcuot, Kal occ IlrlKTl TWV rrAWV Kalal vnccr ol erne ol O{KOU\lEVOl, KaS' £KGOLTl «slrcn tne; nnetoou». To epvo ano6f5eTOl rrrov IKUi'lOKO TOV Kooucvzeo TOV veoreoo KOl q,a(vETOl vo ypd$TIlKe ere IlEOO TOU TETOPTOU npo XPIcrou OlWVO. AUT6 npOKUTITel aTI6 TO YEyov6e; 6T1 ervoi mo naAI6 on6 Tie; KOTOKTrlOEIe; TaU M .. AAE1;ov- 6pou, jno KOl zev uvoceoet KO).lIO n6i'1Tl crro xervec nou i6puoe 0 MaKE66voe; OLPatT']AOTTle;.

E1;oA,\ou cvceeoer vic TIlV OeTlva'iKT') cnoecrc TTle; Necnoxecc (Kol3aAo), nou l6pu8fjKe TO 360 n.X; KOt TTlV "OAuv80, nou KOTOOTPO-

$TlKE TO 347 n.x, TIWe; UTlT'lPXov. Zuvenec rl OUYYPO$i) TOU «rteotTIAOU» OUTOU ntq:.Tel OlO uecc TaU 40u OIWVO n.X.

CllOlVETOI 6j.lwe; va uni)PXE Kat 6).. .. AOe; IKUi'lo1;, rno rtuxroc, nou tKOVE tva e1;epeUVT]TlK6 To1;(i51 yupw ore 500 n.X. vrc AOYOPlOOll6 TOU 60- oetou, vro TOV onoio 0 Hp6i5oTOe; yp6.$EI: "Tlle; AOloe; TO neorccotepa IltpTl TO OVOK6)..UljJE 0 60- oeroc, rtou Ti8eAe va !ld6el nou xuVeTQl 0 Iv56e; nOT0).l6e;, nou ervcr 0 oeureooc rrorcucc nou tXEt KPOKO- 6eiA_oue;, YI' oUT6 tUTeLAe ue KOPOj3l0 Kt aAAoue; cvaoortouc, nou rtfOTEUe nee 80 TaU nouv TTlV aArlaero, KI uvcuecc 0' OUTOUe; TOV IKuAaKO TOV Kcoucvaeo» (6' 44). To tpyo TaU IKUAOKO TaU VE6TEpou cev ervcr nnore oi'li'lo an6 evcc nxonvoc TIle; Mecovetou, rtupOIlOIOe; Ile TOUe; ouvycovouc TIe .. PlypO$IKOUe; nxonvouc nou KUMO$OPOUV vrc XPrlOTJ TWV VOUTlKWV 6AOU TOU K601l0U. H yi'lwooa TaU EIVOI OTIi'lTi KOI Ot rreplypoq:.te; TaU, 0'1 KOI OUVTOj.lEe;, xwp[<; OWtll130AiO 80 nTOV noxu 5taq:.wTtOlIKte; vtn Ko8e rroxurtceo vcunxo TWV cpxa(wv XP6vwv, nou 130ot~OTav OTT] i5to[08Tlcni TOU Ylo va To1;lotljJel. 6ev OiVOVTOl OlOTITEUOEle; rtcoc (10- vaxo crroctucerc cvcueoc ere AIucvrc, KI curse ere ueoec To1;totou. 'Evcc Seu'repoc nxonvoc TWV coXo!wv XP6vwv, nou Xpovoi'loYrl- 8TlKe TOV TpiTO ILK cuovc, txet TOV T(TAO: "ITai5l00I1Ce; Tne; MEy6.ATl~ 60MoOT]e;», c>nAooTi TTle; Mecovetou Kat TTle; MauPTle; 86.)..00-

coc. An' TO VTOKOUIlEVTO aUTO TlEPlOWST]KOV ~ov6.xo cnoortocucrc vru tva IlEPO~ one nc OKTt~ rnc A¢lPlKl'J~ KQL OL neptnxot TT]~ Kpn' T'l~ KOl me Kurtpou. Etvtn cvcc xo Bopci. aKTOTlAOTKO~ nxonvoc, YPOIl' uevocvtc vaXP'lOlIlOnOl'lBE1 I-Ia~{ IlE X6.PT'l, KOl unocet va Ol0130OTel OKOI-IO KOl On~EpO TOOO KOAo., 600 KL evcc ouYxpovo~.

nOpOUOLo.~EL inc oof3oPTi f3EATiwOT) w~ npoc EK&IVOV TOU rKUJ-..OKO· 01 onocrccerc E6w dtvovroi oe OTO 6lo (on' orrou KOl 0 TiTAO~ TOU) Kat OXl OE uecec TO~l6LoU. rTT]V ElOO' ywyTi TOU 0 OVWVUI-IO~ cuvvpceeoc. cvcuecc OT' QJ-..J-..o, MEL ruoc B06woel noxxec onocrcosrc, TlOU xoop(~ouv TT]V EupwllT] OIlO T'lV Acre. on ec rrcoouctccer crtocrdOEl~ cvcuecc OTO KUPlOTCPO VT]OLo. KOL nc OXtOEl~ TOU~ I-IE rtc l-IeyoAEt; OTEPltc;, n600 ervcr, Kl OKOI-IQ TO ueYESOC; TOU~. eo llEPltYPO¢lE nee qlQ(VOVTOV OlOV VOUnAA0I-ICVO KOl IlE IlOtOU~ «npouc 80 I-IllOPOUOC vc TO nxnotocer KOVf:VO~ I-IE orvouprc. Ot rteprvoooec OTOU~ "rwl5lQ' cuouc» efVOL OUvtOIlEe; Kl eooroxec Kat OXEi56v no.VTOTC unapXEl urn nxnoocoptc av urtdp ys t Ti 0Xl VEpO.

r' tvav 6Mo Tuna TlAOT]YOU ¢l0(VETat vu OVnKEl 0 "nepirtAOue; Tne; 'EpuSpa.~ eoA6.00T]~", nou vee$T'lKe ana tvov 'E,\AT]Va TTl~ AlYUTlTOU vurxo OTO 60-90 I-I.X. txev ~t· POUIlE T' OVOIlO TaU oYYYPO$to, ruOTEueTm OI-lW~ OTl 80 TiTOV «moroc eunoooc an' tn BEpeV(K'l, TO OlYU' nnOKO ALI.lOVl omv Epu8pa 86.· AOOOO, Kat nou &fXE ta~IMl.jJel crov lvouco vrc nOAM XPOVlO. 0 TlAO'ly6~ OUTOe; cotveror va rtpoocrzoTOV OXl vto TOV KUI3EPVTit'l 1') TOV nAO'lYO TOU «coca.oo, aM6 vrc TOV eunooc-rtxorocrrrrn, IlOU OUVr')· ewe; Ta~(oeue OOV nAo(apxoc; (vcuKAT]pO~) OTO eunocuco nxoto. noooxo rtou 0' aUTOV cvruce T] OVW' TOtTl esouotc TOU cxceouc, oev TitOV ovovxcrc n ouvTi8w~ ertcvvexucrtcc vcunxoc, KOl 0 KWOIKO~ TTl~ VOUnKn~ vouoaectcc TTl~ erroxTi~ TOU Ko8opt~E ruoc, crcv enoene va nccer coacoee crroeccere vic TO Ta~ial, 0 vaUKATlPOe; encene vo OUIl13ouAeu8ei roue O~lWI-IOnKOU~ TOU nxorou Ti KL OAOKAllPO to nAnpWl-la Kat 01 crtoeccare nctovovrcv I-Ie 130.011 rnv nAelm.J1T]¢lio: ,,5,Ll M ecv vevrrror

I.jJri<t>CfJ ncujtcmnv-, opl~e 0 vounKOe; vOI-IO~ tWV Pootcov.

'HTOV, xomov, crtcpcttnr o a nAOtOKTnTT]C; vc txet Ilia yevlKri yvwoll TWV vounAlOKWV KaTOOTOceciv nou ernxpcroucov, tWV aVEI-IWV, tOU KQLPOU, TWV cnocrccetcv, Kat va ~tpeL vro TOUC; KIV15UVOU~ nou eTlLKpOTOUOOV UTO Ta~ii5l rrou E:.Ixe vc KaVEt.

'HLOV OKOIlT] Ov6YKT] va ~tpel «en vro TOUe; vroruouc AOOU~ Kat TI~ noAlTlKtC; «croctcoctc rtou ertucocTOUOOV eKe!, 1'1 TO eurtoceuucro TlOU ~'lLOUOOV or VTOntOl Kat T' oy080 nou crcaercve VlO c~oywyn ere AlllOVIO rtou 80 nnYOlVE.

. Evuc 6.Moe; nxonvoc nou neo.ce- 8TlKe arwliioE:.TOl OTOV APPlOVO, rtou. w~ LOn6PXT]C; TT]~ Kcrmcoo«toe (131-1371-1.X.), cnevetcnce vrc crpcncrrucouc xovouc TOV neotnxou TOU Eu~elvou nOVTOU (131- '32 I-I.X.) KOl evocure TIC; oonvtec tOU TO~l610U oe 1-I0PqJn emcroxnc OLOV curoxoorooo A15plavo. 'Exet tOY rttxo «'Avwvu!loU ('APPlovoO roc ¢ltpeTat) Fleptrtxouc Eu~e(vou n6VTOU. <EKOTEPWVTWV 'Hnetpev TWV TC nope mv 'Actov TWV t e napa L1lV Eupcbrmv mrttov, ounce Bleuvio<;TnC;n:pOC;T{!.I nOVTCfJ tteptnxouc. rtccxcvovtcc neptnxooc nOVTWVTWV 15uonepinJ-..ouc;· TWV tv Tfj Eupwnfj ueptov TOO n6VTOU rtep{nAOUe;".

o PWjJOtOe;yepOUOlGOLne; Poucoc ClltOLOC; APl'lv6e; (40C; OLWVOC; I-I.X.), EKT6~ an6 rn ucrccpccn LOU tHOVUO(OU lOU rtepmvnrou. evpcnpece AOT1VtKOU~ OTtXOU~TO Pll3Mo «Ora maritima" (eoxocctvn onn). To ow~6l-1evo runuc TOU tpyou (neotnou 700 oTiXOl) necrvoccet LIlV oKTTj ana TT] Mccccxto w~ TO Feceroc (K66l~)

tnv enOXn exervn or pWl-lalKtc; cuvcuerc Kat 01 'EMnVEC; Kat Ol Peepeter 81lnOPOl eixav enexrervet TI~ coccrnorornrec TOUe; ce cvvcocrsc rtprv rrecroxec. 0 MapKtOVOe; ana TTlV Hcoxxcto TOU n6VLOU (nee. 400 u.x.j typOljJe eH'lVIKO TOV «rlcomxou Tne; "E~w ecxcoone» OE 6uo I3lpAia. H neptypacjln YlO I-ICplKte; neproxec etvcr crtoonuouunxn Ti XOIlEVIl· H «'E~w 86.AOOOO" EtVQlO,LL rno rtcxrc ortoecAOUOOV "OKEOv6e;" Kat TO eovo TOU MOPKlOVOU lloc;l5[vel necrccoreoc ana I-ItO anJ-..Ti nEPlYPO¢ln. AVO¢ltPEl cvcuecc cue nnvec LOU

TT] «r'erovocctc TOU 8£lOTaTOU KOl cocornrou riroxeuotou» Ka8we; Kat TOU -rt ocrcvcoc TWV orccnov cvcuetcnceccc»

To nocro !3lpMoKaAUTlLEl TT]v AvoTOA!'], eve TO ceureoo LIl eucn. a ouvvocoeoc eliw aivEl neprccoreprj erncrnpovucn I3CtOn one I-ICTpnOEI~ all' O,Tl OlCtAAOI necrnxor. Or cnocrccerc OiVOVLat oe crcorc. Ftc LT]V EupWTlT] OVOq,tPOVTOII5UO aplBlloi nou liivOUVLIll-ltYlOtll KOl T'lV eM,Xlot'l OnOOTaOTj. Or noonvouuevor cuvvoccetc, cvceeoet, eococov vevlKa evov cpreuo, ccv or cnoctncerc nou oicvuovror OT'l acxcccc va I-InopOUV vc uerpneouv I-Ie OXOlV[ (wanEPoxolv(CfJ OlO' ueuetonuevnc rnc SOAQOOT]e;, nap. 2).

a MOpKlOv6e; rtpoerconoret TOU~ ovovvccrec TOU YlO nc xcaeuevec BoMoOlCC; uetonceic Kat ypa¢lE:.l: «ructeue cn Sev ervcr eusoxo va «caootcer «cvevcc ue oKpipelo TOV corauo LWV crcotev oe KO.8E nePlOXTi T'le: euxccccc. Av 'l OKTn etVQL eueeto Kat 6EV txel KOAnOUe; KOl OKpWtTipla, acv unapxel rtpoI3AT]1l0 OTOV unoxovrouo LWV ottoorooeov, av opcoc etvot yEJ..lOTT] 6puovc Kat npoe~oxtt;, ervcr OOUVOTO vc etvcr KOvtVOC;OKPIPriC;. kcvevoc cev npoxcccetom BOAOOOO I-IE TOV I15l0 rporto nou TO~loeuel OE:.OTPO· TlWTlKO 6p01-l0.

Ac ncoouue vtc ncocoetvuo evov KOAno TTOU 11 KUKAlK!'] aKIn l-IE:.tPLt· Tal oe 100 m06lo. EKeivo~ nou m~1i5EUEl «ovru DTT]V OKTn Bo KOAUI.jJEI xrvotepc OT0610 one exetvov nou neoncrcer cmv ';T]PO, xwpi~ I3tl3ata I-IEYOA'l I5la¢lop6, oMd 11 1510$Opa 80 ou~oVelat 000 nMel ce uucoorcpc T6~0 TOU KUKAOU" ("ooaKl~ QV j3paxuTepov neorcvor TOO neptnxoc rev KUKAOV", nco. 2). o iOloe; evocipe TOV neotnxou ue TOVTiLAO: ,,'EnlTOllnTOO TnC;tVtO~ acxcconc nepmxou ov evocurev ev tprol !31!3MOle; MtVLTlllO~ rtepvcI-I'lVOC;". Ka8we;KOl to !31I3A{0 ,,"Ev· i5EKO Tft~ 'ApLElllOWPOU TOO 'Ecectou rewypo<t>io~ Pll3Aiwv ernroun«. Fru TT] XPoVOA6Yll0'l TaU rteotnxou « Tftc; tVTOC; 80ACI.OOTl~" TOU Mevtnrrou TOU rtepvcunvou EXOUIlE tva vpcuuc TOU KPlVOvoce CK MUTlJ-..nVllC;, TlOU erncxe¢l8T]KC rn PWj.l'l TO 25 rt.X. KOl nou cvcoeoer: "ETOll-l6.~OI-lOI YlO tva BOAOOOlVO TO~[151 OTT]v rroxto, va

10

oW TQUe; ¢liAOUC; nau oev "'[QUe; emOKt¢l8T]KQ vic noxu KQlP6. xoerc~OilQl Evav "rtecrrtxou'' va ue OO'lvl'jael OTO V'lOlC TWV KUKAQOWV Kat TTJV apxo(o Lxepia. Ayarmre Mevmrte, au ~tPElC; 6i\'l Til yewypaqJio KQl tXEI<; yp6.ljiEI tva TOl;iot veucro YVWOTJ, nopOKOAW pOnanOE IlE ue 10 13113AlO OOU»" L""[OUC; «neotnxouc. j.lITOpOUIlE va KOTOTOl;OUIlE KQl TO eovc lOU Aya- 8oPXf6a, nou eznce yupw ow 160 n.x. Arto rc 10 [31[3hia nepr Actoc, TO 49 neot Bupennc Kat TO 5 nect EpuSpdC; acxcccnc OW~OVTQlIlOVUXD TI .. rr'lI.JOTQ lOU n;i\WTQ[OU. Errtcnc TOU ll.IOVUO(OU lOU nepLT1Yl1TOU 0 ,,'AvanAOUC; TOO 9POKlKOO Bocnooou» Il£ eAAllVlKT] EloaywyT') KOl honVIKO KeiI-lEVO. TE}..OC; al;(~el va cvccecouue TOV ce EMTlVIKl] Ilt:TQ¢lPOOT] rteptnxou rtou rtcorcoanxe ue TOV TiTAO: "wAvvwvoC; KapXIloov(WV BaolMwe; rtecutxouc rev urtcp Tel<; 'Hpn«xerouc OTr']AO<; ALi3UKWV ,f)<; iii<; ueoev»

'Evuc 1"plTlpapxo<; TOU Mey6Aou AAei;o.vopou, 0 Avoooceevnc 0 000\0<;, typatIJe «rteomxouv» TOU rtecoucou Koxnou, nou oev OlOOWBT)Ke. ° aeococcroc 1-10<; oivel YI' ocrov nohMq nA'1Po!pop(ee; nou oeooocv TTl XAwp(oa Kat ,'1V ncvt- 00 rnc neplOXTl<; Kat 0 LCPOi3WV Myel moe unoxovrce TT)v OP013LKTl OKl'Tl oe 10.0000,0.010 KOl moe t«uve TO 1"Ui;(Ol KOl uovoc ,OU Kat I-Ie TOV NtopXO ,0 325 n.X.

'Evuc oMoe; XO!Jtvo<; neotnxouc etvcr exetvoc rou nuaec rou MoeOnAlW,'1, rtou TO 340-330 n.X. tKo· ve TO ,0i;(Ol an' TT] MooooAlo 0,'1 Bopero Eupwn'l KOI ececce w<; rnv "AnWTo1TJ 00liA'l" Kat ro TOU ,0~lOlOU TOU TO nepltypOtIJe ce 13l- 13A(O I-Ie rev TiTAO «if]q neotoooc n TO. nect 'Oxecvoo», TOU ortotou ouoc eAo.Xlo"[O anoOnOOI-iOTO exovv oLaow8e1 one rov :E"[p613wvo, TOV nAIVIO Kat lOY 'trmcozo. Xccoemororuco etvcr nwe; vrc roue opxctouc ,600 or «neomxor- 000 KOl at «crccrcouot» eev cnotcxouocv yewypO(jlLKo. cuvvocu- 1-10,0, once ccjvercr cno pro coccn TOU Mnpxtuvou 1"OU HocKAelw"[T] vro TOV Aoreutoeoo TOV EcjlEatO, nou evocue evov «necrnxou» T11e; «K08' fll-lo.<; TUYXuvou- 0T)e; 80MooT]<;", O'lAoOTl '11<; Mecovetou. «n nou KOTo. TOV Map-

«tcvo "Tf]e; QKPl130uq veccvccctcc hdneTOl», O'lAoO!,) «ucrecet oe veWYPO!PlKIl oKpi13elQ", nccoxo nou tOY OtXe,Ol «we; cocecrorov Kat oKpli3tmaTOv rteptrtxouv Tf]e; KoB' 1']I-IOe; QVOypOtIJOl acxcconc». Oil' AOori «evpcure oa¢1t(H010 KOl cKPl13tOTOTO necmxou T11<; OlKrie; I-Iae; acxcoooc».

ccrverm nee cmv enoXIl TOU MoPKlQVOU ,OU HpaKAelWT11, nou cvcoeccue rtnpnrtuvco (450·500 I-I.X.), KUKAO¢1opouoov !loMof rtepinAol, onec nooxurrter ana TO rtcooxcrco onocncouc TDU rtooor!Jiou rou I3l13AfOU TOU ue TOV ntxo: «MOPKloVOU 'HpaKAetWTOu TWV "EVO£Ko ,Tie; 'AprelllOWPOU TOU 'Eeectou iewypo¢1LO<; i3li3Aiwv eru- 1"01-I1l", nou cvoceooue ncocncve: «ip6.!pw oe aUTO, ccou olo.13aoa uev !lOAAOUe; nepinAOUe; KOl KaTO' Vo.AWOO noxu xoovo YlO va roue 1l6Bw. EivOL OVo.YKT], xomov, vc OUYKp(VOU!J£ ,0 600 ypo.qlTIlKav an' roue uooecuevouc, erot nou OUT£ npoXelpo vc T1lOTeUOUl-ie 600 xeve OUTE va allcjlli3Q..\A.oUl-le vic m YVWI-I'l eervcv nou Kmti3oAov Ko.nOLO ooovrtcc. Aurouc TOUe; teAWTO(OU<; Bo ncocetouue neorccorepo.

"EKe{VOl nou ecrvero. va £i;ETooave ncocecnsc TO noovucro elvm a TlI-I008tv'le; 0 POOlOe;, nou rrrcv apXlKu13epvriTT)e; (vouopxoe;) 'tou rtroxeuctoo TOU B', KOl uctepo crto «etvov a Eocrooeevnc, nou at oleu8uvTte; TOU Mouoelou OTIlv AAe~6vop£to TOV ovouocov BIlTO, Kl oxouc 0 rlueecc 0 MOOOOAlW' rrtc, 0 lo(owpoe; a Xoooxnvoc KOI o LWOOVOpo<;, 0 «onercvioc nou rteorevocnpe T'lV IVOlKri, 0 Lll-lio<;, nou evocure TOV neotnxou TT]<; OL«ouuevnc. KOl OKOI-IO 0 AneMoq 0 KUP11voioC;, a Eu8ulltv11e; 0 MooOOALWTT)e;, 0 Cl>lMoC; 0 Aanvctoc, 0 Avococeevnc 0 000l0e;, 0 KMwv o LlK£AlWTIle;, 0 Euoo~oe; 0 POOLOe; KOI 0 'Avvwv 0 KOPX'lOOVlOe;, !lOU eYPOljJOv OAAOl vtn ootcpevec nePLOXE<;, o.AAOI vrc T'lV eown:plKTl acxccoc (Mecovero) KOl 6AAOl vtn T'lV t~w adxooco (OKeavo), »AKOIlO 0 LKUAO~ 0 Kcpucvoeuc KOl 0 BWT8a(0c;, nou «caevcc ~eXWPlOTO EyPOI.jJOV nc cnocrccerc oe ruepnciouc op6l-1ou<; KOl OXl os O,OOlO. Etvot i3t13Ola Kt 6.AAOl noxAoi, nou 8ewpw neorrro VO 1"Du<; 0- va<t>tpw.

»Merc, xoutov, an' ourooc tPXETOl 0 ApTelllOWP0<; 0 E!peOlOC;, 0 veccvcccoc, Kat 0 LTpo13wv, rtcu Kl OL zoe ouvrcscve veovpcetc KQt neptrrxou, Ila~l KOl a Mevmrtoc and mv neovouo. !lOU typol.jJe

o r c n x o u c, «cn cutvercr vc e(vQt Ot oKpL13tarepOl an' ocoee o. voceccpe rtoponcvc» (nap. 2). Eow ai;(~el va ncpcrnonoouue ruoc 01 «ol6nAol>l TOU Mevrrmou c. OCPOAWC; cnorexouv TOV nocvovo rou "Ocean Passages for the World», nou 1'600 nOAu XPllolllonorerroi ana TOUe; cnueorvouc vcuTlKOUC;.

I, Brown LA., The slory 01 maps, 1944. 2_ Crone G.R., Maps and Mapsmakers, london 1953

3, Dilke OAN" Greek and Roman Maps, 1985.

4, $Wl~lVOU N.r" NOUTlKU. AS",VOl 1955 5. Hapgood C.H" Maps of the Ancient Sea Kings, N_ York 1974

6. Hundinglord a.w.a. The penprua 01 the Erythrean Sea, toncoe 1960.

7. Hyde WW_, Ancient Greek Mariners, N. York 1947.

8. Kester A., nee AntikeSeewesen, Berlin 1923 9./luKoui5'lL,EnLOpXClIO,a,ouTlv6<:Ol6.p ;;0,0<;. NOUTlKn En .• 1, XXXV,lCUXoc; 163, Anp. 1938, 00. 207-222

10. Mullerus c., Geographi Graecl Minores, Paris 1882. II,MurphiS,J"RufusFestusAvienus,Ora Maritima. Chicago 1977,

12. Nordenskibld A.E.: Periplus.Stockholm 1897.

13. Olkonorrndes A.N .. Henne: The Car theglnlan Periplus.Chlcago 1988

14. Taylor E.G.A., The Haven Finding Art, tonocotsse

15. rU)"1I0YnlwvtvtnlTO;;ijTO"i<:nMOJ YEWYPOlllnetvrwv Mn.,.T61l. 0', aewn AnZ.

«Fleplrtaouc», the Navigator of Antiquity

A. Tzamtzis

The compilation of navigation tnstruclions, was called by the ancient Greeks -ncornxouc- (= ctrcurn-navrqauonj and was used by sensmen while they were sailing along the coast Unfortunately, only a few from these navigation guides have been preserved. The «m:p(n)"ou~" books, combined with simllar·Byzantine guides and the later -ncproxcvc- prove the continuous nautical tradition of our nation throughout the centuries.

nAnyrCtHO L'KAqoQr:

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14

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E(VOI KQTQ¢lWPT] T] rnecn Xpovou vic TOU~ KwnT]A<'lTe~, nou noener oAm va elver mete OTl~ OOuAelt~ TOU~ TT] aeuteoo TO npwi. Ano¢laoil;eTOt va neprocroeet TO To~i6ella OTO neoccuc rnc uevcAn~ cnocroonc one Kcucosc Ii<pYOU, OTO AKpWTnpI Kti5po~ rnc KIIlWAOU. ·Exou).Ie urc cnocrcon 11 v. Illr..iwv ue ~tneollo 6.A.AO 1,5 V. lliAI, oUvor..o 12,5 v. Il[AIO, nou V1VOVTOI oe 7 ,5 eoec cuveyouc KWn'lAOoio~ ana 5 Kwn'lM.Te~. ITO npWIVO ~eKlvrllla EXOUlle 1l0· AI~ 2·3 unocco nau covoteoc ViVOVTOI 4-5 (20 KOl1l3ol), ue lOXUPOTOTO 1-10 eLNOIKO PEUIlO. To l3p6liu tOU I0i3i30TOU, 22 OKTW' j3PIOU, TO neovocv, n «noTluptMo» KOI TO rtxoto cuvozetcc, ooovpeva OTO OTEVO OVcllJ.800 KillWAO Kat MrlAo. OUOlOOTIKcl TO "':aJ;llit EXel MI~eI27. H «ncnupexxc» emcee OTO VTlO[ TaU otpllilOVOU, Mever n etcozoc OTOV KOAno rue Mrlr..ou, VIa vc ceooouv OTOV AlicijlO. 'AAho 2 v, jllAta, rtou yiVOVTQl oc 2 w· pee uno 6 KwnnA6.Te~ ue ljJlAi]

I3Poxl'J oAM unouvcroc.

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H OT1IlePlvT') cvcxorvccn OnOtEACi tva ncerc Kat OXI OAOMI')pwlltvo onoAoYIOIlO. MtvEt OKOIlO nOAA!') l'iouAEtO, oc tOY Auvoucro tOU 1989, OlOV, OtO r" blESvtq zuuno- 010 ApXoiaq NaUTlTJytK!')C:;, So nopoumcoc to noovocuuc OE tva ErtlOnWOVIKc EE;Ctl'itKCulltvo OKpOot!')PIO. eo OKOAouBTiOEI tva l'i'1110- OIEUIlO, orrou So ncocaerovrcr IlE KOSE xenroueoeio OAEC:; 01 ncocmP!,)OElq, aAO 10 OlOIXEfo Kat cuunep601l0tO.

00 XPE100tEf vc VfVEI KOI Q,Uo 10- E;161 0l1C:; KUKMl'iEq 010 Ilt,\,\ov. bEV onoKAEiEtOL va VOUrtTW'1Sc( «orvouovro «ncrnroexxc» VIa to toE;161 auto. Evw rtI0tEUW on tva vee, IlEYClAUtEPO toE;i6l, nou So Vi-

VEl IlE IlEYaAUTEpn OVEOTl Xpovou, E(VOI ErtlI3E~AlllltvO.

Mnopw oucic va l'iwow ana tWPO ocrcuevc OtOlXE(O Kat oprcuevc cuurteoccucrc. eo EnovaAo~w YIO 1110 oxopc $OPO, on l'iEV onol'idE;oIlE on 10.000 XPOVIO ana enIlEPO at cvapcnor nou KOtOIKOUocv 010 xwpo auto, nou onuecc AtYETOl Arvcto, IlETt¢lEPOV TOV 0- ljJtl'iIOVO on6 TTl MTiAO IlE nonuptvro nADlOplo. l::.c So t:nll3eI3Olw9E! nora on eroi Toal'iEuov Ot TOTE ncovovor 1l0C:;. AUTO rtou nooceeepe TO ToE;(61 EiVOl '1 I3EI30l0TT]TO on IlE tva ncrtuoevro MOIOPIO, ocv TTl l'itnAr'] «nonuptAAo", tva To~[61 OTIC:; KUKAOl'iEC:; E(VOI E$U<TO. nOAAOf 80 l'iIEpwtllSouv: Mo ue TO- 00 IlIKPO OKO$'l To~il'iEUOV 01 cvBpconct exetvc TO XPOVla; rrcn l'iEV «crccseuozcv IlEYaAUTEPO; npWTO nptnEl vc nw 011600 uevcAWVEI TO OKO¢lOC:; TOOO rue l'iUOKO· AO vcunnvetrcr aAAO 6EV noener vc ucc l'iIO$EUYEI on cure nou «oSOpi~EI TO ueveeoc evoc nAWTOU peoov IlE1O$OpOC:; c(VQL 01 OV6YKEq nou emsocrouccv TnV EnoXr'] EKE1- vn. To 9.000-8.000 n.X. !')TOV noxu Aiyo rc nporovrc nou urtocer va 0-

nOlEAOuOOv OvnKE[IlEVO OVToA.,\OvTic:; OE 1110 xorvcvtc nou cev tXEl OKO\lO E~I')IlEPWoEt ~wo KOI 6EV e. XEI ecnc KOI unonmccn oyponKi) oucovourc.

It So urtooouccv vc uerceepouv IlE TO IltKPO nAOlaplO; eeopcrc ~wwv, ljJ6ptO KOI 00lpOKoeI6!,), M· SIva eovcxetc KOI rtuorrcxtao Kat OljJt610v6, KOXUAIO KOI OAAO liIOKOOIll')TtKO IllKp6 OVltKEillEVO KOI AIY0010Uq Eml3oTEq'9. ALYEC:; XLAIETiEC:; covoreoc. XPEIOOlTlKOV IlEVOAUTEPO OK041n Via vc IlET041tpouv KcpolllKa, OVPOTlKa nootoVTO, ~wo.

Kat «en elMo nou StAW vc rovtoco, ErtEllii) tXE\ ~Exwptoni crurcotcc To 1O~ilil nou nocvucronomenxe oev TilOV «OPIOKO" (Ol')Aooi) OEV tYIVE KclTW one 160VIKtc:; KOlPIKtq covenKCC;), 01 KWrtTIMTEq l'iEv c~aVTAr']SI')xnv YIO vc eaccouv OTO OPIO TIlC:; OVTOXTiq tOU~, OEV EiVOl «cnoro KOTOpSWIlO, nou TO KQVEIC:; 1110 $0- pa Myw EUTUXWV OUYKUP1WV Kat AEC:;: atOS!')KOIlE tUXEpoi, «en reTala ocv ~avay(vcTat. 'tee-tee liE OTOSrjKQIlE OloAOU tUXEpoi IlE TOV KOlpO. Kat vrc va YIVW ruo oa$i)c:;: noener va ~Exwpi~oUIlE 10 «oroo-

17

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9w~aTQ, TO ,OAj..1I'U1QTO uno T1]V m:lpOIlD1:IKll coxcnoxovtc.

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To TQ~(OI nou sxcvcv or Kwnnha· Tee; 1l0c;:" tX£1 IU:yohT] ETllOTT)IlOV1K!') OT]l.10010, MAo. Sev etvcr tva crtouccto KQ16p8wl1Q IH: TIlV EVvote rnc 110VQ01KQ1T]TOC;. Av ~avQliOKtl_uioouv TOU XP6vou, unooet va TO saVQKclVOUV nOAU E:UKO'\O· teoc ue «cxuteoouc KOlpOUC;. Kat QAAOI 6v8pw1101 eo unooecouv 1110: 11\0 «TlOTlUPEAAO» vo TQ1;IOt~OUV am; KUKACtOec;, 4>86V£1 vu txouv nc; QWI1QTlKE<; uccvornrec, nc yvw· cere KOl "'(0 rtetouc nou dxov 01151' Kof uoc KwnnM"'(ee;.

Terotc To~il5la 01:0 Arvcfo, ue Ill' KPO ortxo nxomorc, noener va Vi· VOV"'(QV "'(QKnKa crtc opxte; rnc Me- 00A181KTlC; enomc. Llya·OLYo 1:0 nxorcprc [3eAH6.J911KoV «m ro ro~[1510 rruxvoccv, VI' cure Kat 600 ncovccoouv 01 XIAle"'(iec:; "'(600 KOI ou~oveml 0 OIIHI5Lovoe;, vm va <p860et 01:0 NeoAI8tKO XPOVLO va KmoKAu09d 0 EMoliIK6c:; xwpoe; ana TO KmepYOOIlEVO cure nerpcouc "'(11e; MIiAOU. Ta aeLAo nocrrc [3Iillmo, nou eVlvov "'(0 9.000-8_000 n.X., myel eeepcv eva nUKv6 SOA6oOLO surtooro orov crvcronexcvtruco xwpo. EKC(VO ouec nou IlC npo!3AnIlO",«(~CL etvm: ec nrcv ouvorov 10.000-1'.000 XPOVIO ana onpeoc vn vrvovruv, eono KOl coctc, m~flilo IltXPl H] Mi]AO, ov TO VIlO( cure KOl Ol unoxourec KUKMoCC; nrcv eonuec Kat OKOWIKIlTCC:;; Mr')nwc:; rroenet va OVOpuHT]SOUIl£ av oupcpccec nu- 10f, 01 euneroot VOUllKO(, elXov tOPUO£1 IlIKptc:; KOIVD1T]TCC:; am nop6Alo 1WV vnOLWV, nou !3p(OKOV1Qt ere apol-lo TOU oqncrovou; MTinwe; TO VllOLO aU10 K010lKi]SIlKOV noxu new TIlV 711, 611, 5n XIAlf:T10; Mt'j moe TO iXVIl OUTTle; tile; ~wIie; [3Pl' OKQV10l K(l1W ana TnV srnecverc rue aoxcococ, !3oSla SOI-lIlEVO, Ii ovcucvouv 1T]v 0PXOlOAOYlKt'j OKOrrovn oe OnTlAOlO nou Sev txouv

eoeuvnecr,

t:..<.v noener va I-Ioe; I5lo<pcuyel a-n, 1l6Ale; rtptv 30 Xp6VLO, ructeucue on o-ne KUKAaaee; CI1<POV(01IlKOV KOTOIKice; T'lV 4T] XIAICTio. 'teoc, ue 10 1CAW1aio 0PXOlOAOVlKO eopnI-IOTO, ni]YOI1C niow QUO KOl rpetc XtAIC1ICe;. Ma60ivw, YlO va rtocc OC OAAO vnocc, on cmv Kunpo [3pt· BIlKOV ucotuctec cvacemvnc ncoouorcc, nou n6£\ mote 010 9.000 n.X., eve IJtXPI noooccrc IlIAOU' 001-1£0 YIO 6.000 n.X .. AMoe; svuc nooaxnucnoucc, cvcuecc ce T6· oouc 6,\,\oue;, nou Bt1el 1] «rtnttupeAAa».

Oc; oneueuvoc OU10U rcu rtpovocuucroc, cncacvoucr lleV6)..1] uccvonomcn VIO 10 6n oe AIVO cnoo Be etpccre cs aeon va rtpooeeoouue 010UC:; coxoioxovouc OTOIXdo VIa TlC:; OUVOT6TT]TCC:; YOU' cmxorcc, I1C tva nocrrovovo nxomoro one; KUKA6oec:;.

To ""[!levo OU!O &lVOL "nblTW o~,~[o .ou •. X6p~ T~d),o om NOUTL~() Mouodo El.AoOo<; TOV 6.C"tll· ~PLO TOU 1986

!rU·If:uiloEI<:;

I. Volume 1. No 4. May..June 1988

LA nst 01 pooucauona rerenve 10 the ~~~~~.hlhi Cave is given at the end 01 the

3. ucner Casson,Shlpsand Seamanship In theAncientWorld,p.11 (Princeton 1971) and C_Boreux, Etudes denauUqueegyplienne: I' artdelanavlgaUonenEgypteJusqu'illalln del'ancienempire,(Mllmoiresdel'[nslllul Framfl.aisd'ArcheologieOrienteleduCaire 50, te Caire 1925).

4_ L_ Casson, loc. cit. (supra n. 3), p. 12

W. Flinders Petrie, Prehistoric Egypt (London 1920), fig_ 19·2{)_ H_ Winkler, Rock drawings 01 Southem Upper Egypt I (London 1938),tlg 33-41. Fora depletion 01 a boat painted on a ctece ot linen (4th MT[[enTum B.C.jsee E Scamuzzi, Museo EgiVo di Torino (Turin 1964),llg.5.

5_Thls_papyrella. wassllll used lor lobster fishing during the summer 01 t9<l7 by her owherand bullderSpyros Mihalas, from the village 01 Kolombi, Lakonla, near Palaiokaslrilsa.

6_ Augustos Sordlnas, Stone Implements from Northwestern Corfu, Greece (Memphis Stale unfverstty. Anthropological Research Center, 1970) and H nonuoexxo, -evc npe- 16yovO'~EOOvlluolnllorO<;O'nlL1ullJ\r; Ktp J\UpO •. llE,h[0U]<;loviouAKOOT]~ia<;(L1I1977) 7. A. Tzamtzls. The paovrena, distant descendant Of Messottthlc craft? Tropls II, Proceedings 01 the Second Symposium on Ship Construction In Antiquity, Delphi, 1987 (under preparation).

B-1 would [Ike 10 lhankthe members 01 the HelleniC Institute for the Preservation 01 Nautical Tradition: A Politis, Dr. Y. vychos and Marilena vevccrt-seetena who helped in gathering informations in Corfu.

9_ Thor Heyerdahl, The Rli Expeditions (London 1971).

10. Lucien Basch,leMuseelmaginalredela Marine Antiqua, p. 44, tig. 65 (Alh€!nes 1987) 11. tn the Aegean the square sail makes Its appearance suddenly around 2.100 B.C. on Minoan seals depicllng Intricalerigging.l. Basch, Neptunia, No 171, Natssance de la vone ce.se.pz-to. Afl previous depictions of ships -and we have numerous (incisions, carvings, grafitl[, models)- are without a sail. The Dorak sword Isan exception; found near Troy it is dated fram the3rd Millenium, From the 17 ships shown, 5 have a square sail. However the authenticity of this find Is contested. See L Basch. loc.cit. (supra n. 10), p.90·93.

12_1 must lhankOlympic Marine SA and its General Manager Mr_ soyrcs Karamalis, tor the assistance extented by the shipyard during the sea-trials 01 the summer 01 1988 13. The tact that there is no greek word to translate the english word "paddle. Is also confirmed by the fact that Spyrldon Marinatos (AVOOKOrpai 8r;po<; vr, 41, 1971) trying to describe the method of propulsion with oars that are not supported on thcleptna. as depicted on the ships of the Thera frescoes, proposes a new word 'rcpoonxorv derived Irom roococ an Homeric word for the blade 01 the oar. Similarly Constantinos N. Rados, when translating Julien de le Grevter: fOTopiQ TOU NaunKou TWV APXQiwvWftvwv, cannot lind a greek word for'pagaie" and proposes to hellenlse tne french word by using ncvctcc 14. Thor Heyerdah[. The KON.TlKI Expedition:

By raltaccrosstheSouthem Seas (London 1950).

15. Thor Heyerdahl, tee. CII. (supra, n_9),

16. John Coles, Archaelogyby Experiment, p_l05--108(London 1973) and Experimental Archaeol09Y (London 1973). K. rnrovncen, TheV[klng Ship 01 Lodly(Copenhagen, 1971). O. Crumlin-Pedersen, Kopl al et Vlklngesklb (Shalk, 1969). J.R.L Anderson, Vlntand voyage (london 1987).

17.Tlm Severin. The Brendan vovage (London 1976).

18. Michael and Susan Kal2ev, Kyrenla II, Research on an ancient shlpwreck comes full circle 1n a lufl-suale reoncauon. INA Newsletter, 13(3) (1900) and "Kyrenia II_ Building a replica 01 an ancient greek merchantman. Tropis l, Proceedings 01 the IIrst Symposium on Ship Construction In Antiquity, Piraeus 1985(expectedtocirculate in April 1989). RichardJ. Sleffy, The role ot Ihree-dlmensional research in the Kyrenia ship reconstruclion.Tropis I.

19. rnupiowv MaplVQHX;, AVOClKO,*,oi 9ftpo<; Vt,APXOIOAoYIKr; EtOlpeio,64(A8I'1vQI1974). On this depiction ot e procession of ships, lhepassengersarecamlorlablysealedlnlhe center 01 the ship and the captain (?) Is standing handling the steering oar, while the paddlers with lheirsmall paddles are leaning over the butwark In avery uncomlorlableand strange position. Casson believes that an 1.500 B.C. paddling was no more used In lhe Aegean and that this primitive way 01 propulsion was depicted on 60f the ships of Theraastheresultofaspeclalritual.L Casson.Bronze Age ShipS. The evidence of the Thera paintings. Inlemational Joumalof Nautical Archaelogy, 4,1 (1975), p. 3-10.

20_ A wide variety of primitive paddles Is shown in Booteaus allerW,,;1 Katalogzur sonderausslung "Boote aus alter Well", (Berlin 1984)

atotten me oadorersnunc at tile stern, who

was responsible for keeping the craft on tee right course, did nOI use a kayak paddle as Ihe other paddlers, but a canoe paddle wllh two blades.

22. The ceruct papyrella re crccutsec bya slanding paddler using a long paddle asa pole,called.slallkl.(thlssamepolelsused on Ihe ccats ct the Messolongl Lagoon). 23, N. Lambert, La groltePrehistoriquede KU.os (Altique) (Paris 1981). Edilionsdel' Ecole Francaised'Alhenes.

24. The crew was composed by lour men EliasMamounaS,age49,lnsurancebroker, Angelos Konloskidls, age 34, electronic engineer, George stesetncccuics. age 32, banking clerk, Areccs rsantoutas, age 37, schcer teacher. Two women, PcpyTsan· touta, age 32, grallst, and Marianna veuanetcu. age 45,company clerk. Three more paddlers were used lor pari ct the voyage; uene xeteetacce, age 26,banklng clerk,LefierisSavldls,age22,alrforcepllol, andTheodorTroev,age34,aBulgarianjour· nallst and writer.

25. The eubstuuuoe of two paddlers during Ihls etrecn.was not due 10 latlgue

26.1 would like to thank Marllena vevcurfKastana and testa aarncu for keeping a dalalled record of aucoserveucns

27. From lntormatlcn gathered In Corfu, we know Ihat the skeleton of a papyrell" I.e_the frama.workmadeofcypresseswasusedlor 10ngperiodsofupto20years.However,every 2·3yBarsnewbundlesofpapyruswereused to substitute the old ones that rot. it should benotedthataftereverydayuse,lhecorfiot papyrella was _hanged. by the stem to .draln.anddry-oul_Thlsmethodlsnolpossl· blewlihourmuchneavler,anddoubllHlnded craft. II is taken ashore, nearly avery nighl on a beach. Aflerlhesea-trialsartcldurlngthevoyagelo Melos,somewearandlearwasnoled;a)on Ihe lashing of the underbody, because of the rubblngactlonagainstsandandpebblesdur· Ing the beaching, bjon lashing in general, because 01 rol due tooempneee, ctpapyrus bandlesforminglheuppersldesofthecrafl, were of len hilby me movement of the pad dies. Thelollowlngrepalrswerecarriedonduring Ihevoyage: ajAenewlngabouI7%oflheropesb)renewIngabouI5%oflhepapyrus.

I feel certain that cur crencan undertake anothervoyagelnlheCycladesnexlyear,but If we were 10 buildanewcraft,1 would ceoternptate ustnq lealherlashlng msteec ct vegetable rope. 28.Thedoubleended.papyrella.ls!i75mts long.

29,Toslresson the mailer 01 size of craus, Iwarlllorefertoarecenle~ample:Thesuper· lankers.Theslzeoflankefsover-(!ecuplated In only three decades reaching the aalonishlng 500,000 tons D.W. because of preclseandurglngneedsatthetlme.Today, such aeamcnaters are considered nearly useless and are been scraped.

Same happened wllh me transatlanlic vessels,whichsincelheendoflastcenlury, followed an Increasing course \0 tace a scecmc demand In _human. cargo: coronles, overseas possessions of the Eurcpean powers, and Immigrants 10 the New World first and 10 Auslralla later. Thousands 01 passengers were ecccrnmccetec In vessels tnat reached 50.000 tons. Afler tne

2nd World War, when Ihe lasl ecrcpeenunmigrants were located In tnetr new homelands,lherewasnomoreneedforsuch enormoussea-carriers,Obvlouslylheever· Increasing air transportaucn contrtbutec alsolnsendlnglolheshlp·yardslhelasllran· aattanttce. 30.AroundlheyearI700akayakwasfound off tne shores of Aberdeen, Scotland, her passenger, an Esklmo,wassllllallve.(Phlllp Bamburry, Manand theSea, from Ihe leeA~ to Ihe Nonnan conquesl (London I 975), p. 17, phl,Obviouslylhiscannolbeheldasaproof thai Eskimoesregularlycrossedtheocean 10 reach Scolland.

31,A prlorily lor a fulurevoyage Is to check onthewalerandlhefoodnecessltles.ftwas calculaledlhateachpaddlerconsumeddur· Inglhevoyageanaverageoftlltreofliquid per day (waler, soft drinks, soup). This represents61ltresdallyforalltheclew.Two goal·skln bags have been made by shepherds of Tttesaaty and can contain 12 IHres of water each, weighting 12.5kitos. Foufofthesebagscouldeasllybestoredon the crafl and would provide sufficient waler toraweek.ltwascalculatedthalproYisions ofsmokedmeat,drledfrulls(supplemented by sea food) would represent awelghtof4 kliosperdayfor6men.Soampleprovlslons 01 food and water for a weed would net be over 70 kilos; the average welghl 01 an addlIional paddler. As often the craft was wet because of Ihe waves, food would have lobe slowed wrapec in animal skins.

BipAloypa4'ia Gnr'jAalau 4>paYX9r'j

1969 (a) Jacobsen, T,W" The Franchlhi Cave, A Slone Age site In Greece, Ar· chaeology22,4·9.

(b) Jacobsen, T.W., Investigations 0.1 Porto Chell·Halleis, 1967, Arehslologlkon Deltion 23 (196131 Chronika, 143-148.

(c) Jacobsen, T.W., Excavatlonsal Porto Chell and Vicinity, II. The Franchlhl Cave, 196HI8: a preliminary r&pOrt (wllh othersj, Heaperla38,34J.381. 1970Jacobsen,T.W.,lnvestigationsaIPcr- 10 O1ell, 1968, Arehatologtkon Dellion 24 (1969)ClYonlcaI24-129 1972(alJacob$en,T,W .. rnveeucencns et PortoChell,I969,ArchalologlkonDettion25 (197O}CIYonika,If>9.t71. (b)Jacohsen,T.W., Excavaltonsin the sranchlhlCave, 1971,AretulJoIogikonDellton27 (1972)ClYonlka, 23&241. Payne,S.,PartialracO'leryandsamplebias· Iheresultsofsomesievingexperiments,in E.S. Higgs (ed.), Papers In EconomiC Prehistory. Cambridge, Cambridge unibersllyPress,65-82.

1973{a)Jacobsen,T.W., Excavatlonsinlhe FranchlhlCave, 19fi9.71: Part l{wlth olhers), Hesperia 42, 45-88.

(b)Jacobsen,TW .. Excavattonsin IhII Franchlhl Cave, 19fi9.71~ Part II (with others), Hesper1a42,252-283.

1974 (al Jacabsen, T.W., New radiocarbon dales from Franchthl Cave: A preliminary note regarding collection of samples by means of flotation, Joumal of Field Ar·

ehaeologyl.J03.304.

(b) Jacobsen, TW., and O. Van Hom, The Franchlhi Cave Wnl survey. Some preliminary results, Journat of Field Ar· chaeologyl,305.

Vitelli, K.D .• The Greek Neolithic Patterned Urilrnls Ware from the Frenehlht Cave and Lerna. Ph,D. disserlatlon, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia.

1975 Payne, S., Faunalchangeat Franchlhi Cave from 20,000 a.c.to 3,OOCl B.C., in AT. Clason (ed.), ArchaamoologJcal Studies. New YorK, American Bsevler, 7_17. 1975Jacobsen.T.W.,17,OOClyearsofGreek prehlslory, Selenlllic Atnerlcan 234,7s.B7. (ReprlntedlnC.C.larrtlllrg·Karlovsky(ed.) HunlBfll, Farmers, CIvilizations. San Franclsco,Frooman,IJ3.144). (alPerllls,C.,L'induslTiellthlquem!!sollthi· que de Franchlhl (Grocel, LXemecongrils de I' UfSPP, Nice, 1976, resllme des eernmUl'lIeaIlons,239. (b)Per1es,C~L'industriellthlquepaleolithique de ta grolle de Franchlhl (Grl!ce), IX8me congritaderUISPP,NIee,1976,r9surTMides communications, 171.

1977 Jacobsen, T.W., New radiocarbon dateslrom Franchlhl Cave, Greece, Joomal 01 Field Archaeology4,367.J68. Schaeffer,M_C .. AnattribuleAnalyslsand Formal Typology of the Ornamenls from Franchlhi Cave, Greece. M.A.lhesis, In· diana University, Bloomlgnton.

Vitelli, K.D., Neolithic potters' Marks from Lerna and !heFranchthlCave, Joumal01 tne WallBfll Art Galfery 36, 17..30 1978{ajHansen,J.M., Palaeollthlc-Naollthic seed remalnsal FranchIni Cave, Greece, Nalure271,J49.352.

(b) Hansen, J.M_, Theearlleslseed remains from Greece.: Palaeolithic through Neolithic at Franchlhi Cave, Barlchl del Deutsche Botanl$Che Geselisehafl91,J9.46. Jacobsen, T.W., Tran~humance as a mechanism of e~change In Neolithic Greece,Abstrects, The Arehaeologtcal In· stltuteol America 3. 47

1979 Diamant, S., A Short History of Ar· chaeologlcal SieYingat Franchlhl Cave, Greece, Journal of Fjeld ArehaeoJogyS, 2OJ.217

(a) Jacobsen. T.W., Excavations at sranchlhl Cave. 1973,74, An::haiologlkon Deltlon 29B(1973-74jChronika,266-282. (b)Jacobsen,TW_,Aprogressrepartonthe Investlgatlonsal FranchthlCave, Greece, Abslracls, The Arehaaological Jnslltute 01 America 4,6.

Paries, C .. Des navigaleurs medlterraneens lIya 10.000ans, Lal'8chen:ne96 ,82& Sheehan, M.C., The Postglacial Vegela· tlonal HJsloryof IneArgolid Pennlnsuta, Greece. F't1.D.dissertatlon, IndlanaUniver ally, Bloomington.

1980 Hansen, J.M., The PaleoelhnoOotany of FranchlhlCave, GI1IBC8.Ph.D.dlsserta. tlon, University 01 Mlnnesola, Minneapolis (011 Perlb,C., Economle de ra matiere premllKeet ecenomie de debltage: deux exemctes crece. Technologle IIthlquee! prehlstDlra.2B.

(bl senes.c., Lacirculationdei'Obsidie<1ne enmer~oo:desmodeles;\reJeter,lec:om mBfC8ell'&ehattge{semlnalreducoliege de France, elhnologle prehlstoriquel 15. Shackleton, J.C .• and TJ.H.van Andel,

19

20

PrehlstorlcshellassemblagesolFranchlhl Cave, and the evolution ot the adjacent coastal zone, Nature288,357-359

Van Andel, Tj.H., T.W. Jacobsen. J,B. Jolly and N.Llanos, Late Quaternary hisloryoi the coastal zone near Franchlhl Cave, Southern Argolld,Greece, JOUfTlalol FIeld Archaeology 7 (4),289-402.

1981 (a) Jacobsen, TW .• andT. Cullen, A consideration of mortuary practices In Neolithic Greece: burials fram Franghthl Cave, in S.C. Humphreysand H. King (OOs.), Mortality and Immol1allty,the anlhropology 8nd archaeology 01 dealh. London, Academic Press, 79-101 (b)Jacobsen,rw., Franchlhi Cave and tne beginning oi settled village life in Greece, Hesperia 50 (3),3Q3-319 (c)Jaoobsen,T.W.,andJ.S.Kopper,Excava· uons at Franghlhi Cave in Ihe Argolls, Inter· nallonal Speleological Meeling, 1971. Athens, Greek Speleological Society, 100.205.

vttanano, C.J., S.R. Taylor, W.R. Farrand, and t.w. Jacobsen. Tephra Layer In FranchthlC8ve.Peloponnesos.Greece,inS.SeII and R.S.J. Sparks (eds.),Tephra Sludles. Netherlands, Reldel,373-379

1982 Duhon, S.T., Soils and Surliclal Deposllsol an Archaeological Site: The Parallaat Frangcthl Cave,Greece.M.A. thesis, Indiana University, Bloomington Payne,S.,Faunalavidenceforenvironmen tal/climatic change at Frachthi Cave (SOuthern Argolld, Greece), 25,000 B.P. to 5,OOOB.P. -preliminary results.lnJ.L Blntllff and W. Van Zeist (eds.), Palaeoclimates, palaeoenvironments and human communities In the Easlem Medlter· renean Region inlaterprehlstOlY,Br1tIshAr· chaeloglcaIReportsSI13,1J3.146. VanAndel,TJ.H., and J.C. Shackleton, Late Palaeolithic and Mesolilhlccoast·lines 01 GreeceandlheAegean,JoumaloIAeIdAr· chaeology 9 (4), 445454.

1983 Gifford, J.A., Core sampling of a Holocene marine sedimentary sequence andunda1ylngNeolithlcculturalmaterlalof Franchlhl Cave, Greece, In P.M. Master and N.C. Flemming (eds.). QuatemaryCoasiline and Marine Archaeology. New York, Academic Press, 269--281

Herz, N.,and C.J. vnenerc. Archaeological geology in the eastern Mediterranean, Geotogy2(1),4g.53.

perfes, Catherine, and Patrick Vaughan, Pieces rustrees, travail des planteset rnotsecns e Franchthi(Grece)(Xeme-IVllme mill. B.C.), In Traces d'utillsation surles oulils noollthiques du Proche Orient (Travauxdela Maison de l'Orient, NoS) ",.'"

!!~~~~ ~=~i~~~:~~~~~~~lfo~~

Ph. D.dissertation, Indiana University, Bloomington

Shackleton, J.C., An Approach to oetemrring Shel~lsh Collecting Pattems.fn Animals andArchaeology(C.GrigsonandJ.Clullon· Brock(eds.),BARlnternatlonaISerlesl83, Oxford,n85.

Van Andel,Tj. H., and N. Llanos, Prehistoric and historic shorelines of the Southern Argolld Peninsula: A sub-bottom pmfiler study,lnlemat!onal Joumsl of Nautical Ar· chaoology and Underwater Exploration, 12(4),303-324.

1984(a)Jacobsen,T.W .. lnves\lgationsat FrancnthlOave, 1976,ArehalQlogikon Del· tion31 (1975) Chronika, 75--78 (b)Jacobsen,T.W.,Seasonalpastoralismin the Neolithic of Southern Greece: A conslderation of the ecology of Neolithic urnrnispottery.lnPotsandPoiters:Currenl

Approaches In Cerarm: Aft'haeology (P.M ~~.ed.), Institute of Archaeology, UCLA,

(c) Jacobean, T.W., Franchthl Cave, 1967- 1976. In HlstoryoltheAmerican School 01 ClaSSical Studlesst Athens, 1939-1980(LS. Maritl,ed.), Princeton, 214-215.

1985 Jacobsen, T.W., Another Modest Proposal:ElhnoarchaeologylnGreece.lnCootributlons to Aegean Archaeology (N.C. WllkieandW.D.E.Coulson,eds.),Genterfor Ancient Studies, Mlnneapolis,91·107. Rose, MarkJ., Neolithic Fishing in the Aegean: New Evidence from Franchthi Cave, Abstracts, Archaeological Institute 01 Amertea 10,1.

Shackleton,J.C., MaCfO·and Micro-level Approaches 10 the Reconstruetton 01 Palaeoshorellnes. In Palaeoenvironmental Invesligalioos(N.Fleller,D.GilDertson,and N. Ralph.eds.), BAR International Series 258,Oxfold,221·23Q

1986 Van Andel, Tj.H., C.N. Runnels, and K.O.Pope, Five Thousand Yearsot Land Use and Abuse in the Southern Argolld, Greece, Hesperia 55, 103·128

1987 Jacobsen, T.W. (ed.), rxcevetrcns et Franchthi Cave, Greece.: Fascicle I, Fran· chlhlCsveand Parala: Maps, Plans and Secllons(T.W.Jacobsen andW.R. Farrand). Faselcle2, Landscape and People of Ihe FranchIhIReglan(Tj.H.VanAndelsndS.S. SuHon).Fascicle3,Leslndustriesllthlques tallieeadeFranchthi:Tomal,Presentation genersleellnduslries Pahlollthlques(C Perlas). Fascicle 4, Marine MoliuscanR&mains Irom Franchthi Cave (J.C. Shackleton)

The Route of Obsidian. Travelling to Cyclads in a Papyrus Boat.

Ch. Tzalas

The transportation of obsidian from the remote Melos island to the continental land (lecture in the Nautical Museum of Greece in December 1988) has set the issue of the kind of vessel used for such a transportation. The author, having studied Ihe geographical, climatological and technological conditions prevailing between 9.000 and 8.000 B.C., has considered as very probable that these vessels were madeof papyrus. His arqument is based not only on the parallel example of the Egyptian papyrus boats, but also on the exlstance, unli11987, of a smalipapyrusvessel,lhe"papyrellal>,in Corfu island. On thebasisof the forementtoneo data a double-prow papyrus vessel, with no sails, propelled by six pairs of oars, was built, the upapyrella".lt left Lavreotfki - a commerclallransportation center of obsidian - on October8th, 1988 having Melos as destination. «Papyretla» covered Ihe distance between lavrio and the island in seven days, not counting, of course, the delay caused by unfavourable weather conditions. Thus, it was proved, ifnotthattheprehistoricshipstranspor· ling obsidian were made of papyrus, at least that by employing even the poor technology of that period, commercial shipping must have been more efficient than what we have until now believed.

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Aerodynamics and Hydrodynamics of the Early Cycladic Ships, Illustrating «Pan-shaped» Utensils

from Skyros.

J. Vichos

The «pan-shaped» Early Cycladic utensllslrom Skyros Island have drawn the attention and caused the scientific elforts of many archaeologists and other scholars both for their peculiar shape and their use: and lor the incised representations of oar-propelled ships on one of their two sides.

The ships represented on the «panshaped" utensils from Skyrcs are the product 01 a rich, naval, Aegean tradlnon, over lour hundred years long They are not, that is, primitive vessels, but very advanced, for their lime, ships The study of aerodynamics and hydrodynamics of the ships decorating EarlyCycladic utensus can be carried out, il the fallowing tmportant Iactors will be taken into consideration:

- The evolution of shipbuilding and the ship shapes in antiquity.

- The technological achievements of the Cycladites during the Early Cycladlc II period

- The propelling device of these ships.

- The Cycladites' needs served by these ships

- The special geographic and weather conditions prevailing in the Aegean Sea.

- Finally, the general characteristics of the Early Cycladic art.

23

I\ATINI

TO navi TWV Bu~avTlvwv

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24

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ana TOV BaVOnAIKO n6A£l10 TOU AvonopoOTooll f3U~OVTIVOU ~aTlvlou (landstrom, The Ship, 1961, sel. 81).

rtposcmou (L 17 KOI I 13) OAM KOI

ana OPKf.TtC; oneteovrcerc.

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TT]V rcnocootc TOU cxccouc OUIl' nATlPWVe pro «11£l~6.va" ronoaemIltVT] O1T]V rtoouvn, 0 «rroc tile; e(X8 IlIKpi] KAion npoe; TO niow Kat ul)JOc; lao !'J AWOT8PO an' TO cxunoupo. Acree nrcv 11£ ,\(ya '\oYIQ 01 "YVW· ptl1&e; 110pq>ee;" an:' TO rrccexeov nou, OUI1q>wva 11£ TTl YVWI1T] TWV noxroteoov, cvnnooccmeucv to «nxutsoo, vcnvoporeoc vouucorsoc OKOq>Il.

BIPAloypacJl1o:

I. It nIT(miov, EMIJYlK6o; AU1OKPCITopIK6o; LYOAox;,1907

2. H_ KovtMonoUAou. OvO~(IlOMylOV IOTIOo;>6pwv,l908

3. A. 1:o~eA;'oplou, EYX&lpii5lOv

ap>leVIUfOil,1915

4. r. K0100~{)';''1, n~pi &~onAlo>loli iU\oiwv, 1919.

5. Landstrom, The ship, 1961.

6. EMIlVlKl'r EIJnOPIKIi Nourv,lo. 1972.

7. IOTopioEMIlVIKoU'Eevouo:;, 1960

8. M. ril-ltjJo, To Nom..:o O"nw rcrccrc TWV EMl'Jvwv, 1982.

Latini: The Byzantine Sail

J. Patzopoulos

Our knowledge of the Byzantine ships remains limited due to the relatively few and scattered in various manuscripts information on the subject; and tothede lactoabsenceofa systematic monography concerning this topic.

Furthermore, it is obvious that ships have not served as a source of insplratton to the Bcspnorus' artists as opposed to earlier and later painters, whose representations combined with contemporary documents have supplied us with important information on ships.

However, the fact Is that during the iconoclastic periOd (723-843 AD) the representation of ships on icons was strictly forbidden and as a result we know almost nothing about these years.

Nevertheless, on the basis of a few, scattered information, we can reach the conclusion that the historic circumstances prevailing in the Mediaeval period have contributed to the application of many changes and tnnovanoos in Shipbuilding both in Byzantium and Eastern Mediterranean; and that this contribution has proved to be crucial for the thereafter evcrunon and development of the sailboat. We do not intend to number or examine all these changes and rnnovaucos. still we will mention as examples: the substitution of the known today wheel for the two lateral controls, an invention which in all orobability must be credited to the Arabs; also, the evoiuuon of the square sails, a sailing device which has made cosetble the building of larger ships. However, we will be more thorough on an important change, the development. that is, during this period,of the already existing type of the triangular sail, but in large dimensions, as to function properly on large vessels.

1. XOPOKTlKO TOU 1700 OIWVO: !ilio npoaopoYlltvt" yolltptt:;. :;:exwpl~el 00"'':'0:; TO I<uplw" aWllo TOU aKtul>0u"on6TO op80ywvlon,l,oio,0 nou TO unEpjlaivt'; TO tetere.

KADIRGA

'1 TEAWTOio YOAipo

LTTlIlEyOAll oucoveveto TWV KUP1W~ KwnTii\mwv ni\oLwv neenEI va vlverm 51e.KpI0TlIleTo~u esetvcov TWV onolov TO KOUme. OTTlPl~OVTOI OTTlV emoKoi\1l100 (xounnorrj) TOU crKU¢OU~ Kat EKElVWV TWV cnorov TO onuetc OTTiPI~Tl~ TWV «ourtuov efvu, anOIJOKpUOlJtvo orto TO KUP1W~ oWIlO TOU nxotou, Ilt· ow IJIO~ noi\uni\oKll~ xcrcoxeunc. KOHl mv Ei\i\llvIKTi cpX0l6TllTO,1l KOTOOKEuTi OUTTi ovouozorcv nope~elpEolo KOI tva KoX6 nopuoEIYllu TTl~ ouvovrorcn crnv rtpcoocrn evenupccrccn utoc Ki\aOlKn~ a811valKn~ TPlnpOU~, TTl~ Oxuurnceoc, rtou o¢EiAeTol OTOU~ J. S. Morrison Kat J. F. Coates. Flpertsr va OTlllElW8El 61lW~ 6TI OTl~ apxolE~ rprripetc, ilia uovo oeipn xounuov, EKE1VTl TWV EPETWV 8POVITWV, El' xs TO unoll6xi\IU me encvo crnv nape~elpeola.

Lucien Basch

27

BIPAloypacJl1o:

I. It nIT(miov, EMIJYlK6o; AU1OKPCITopIK6o; LYOAox;,1907

2. H_ KovtMonoUAou. OvO~(IlOMylOV IOTIOo;>6pwv,l908

3. A. 1:o~eA;'oplou, EYX&lpii5lOv

ap>leVIUfOil,1915

4. r. K0100~{)';''1, n~pi &~onAlo>loli iU\oiwv, 1919.

5. Landstrom, The ship, 1961.

6. EMIlVlKl'r EIJnOPIKIi Nourv,lo. 1972.

7. IOTopioEMIlVIKoU'Eevouo:;, 1960

8. M. ril-ltjJo, To Nom..:o O"nw rcrccrc TWV EMl'Jvwv, 1982.

Latini: The Byzantine Sail

J. Patzopoulos

Our knowledge of the Byzantine ships remains limited due to the relatively few and scattered in various manuscripts information on the subject; and tothede lactoabsenceofa systematic monography concerning this topic.

Furthermore, it is obvious that ships have not served as a source of insplratton to the Bcspnorus' artists as opposed to earlier and later painters, whose representations combined with contemporary documents have supplied us with important information on ships.

However, the fact Is that during the iconoclastic periOd (723-843 AD) the representation of ships on icons was strictly forbidden and as a result we know almost nothing about these years.

Nevertheless, on the basis of a few, scattered information, we can reach the conclusion that the historic circumstances prevailing in the Mediaeval period have contributed to the application of many changes and tnnovanoos in Shipbuilding both in Byzantium and Eastern Mediterranean; and that this contribution has proved to be crucial for the thereafter evcrunon and development of the sailboat. We do not intend to number or examine all these changes and rnnovaucos. still we will mention as examples: the substitution of the known today wheel for the two lateral controls, an invention which in all orobability must be credited to the Arabs; also, the evoiuuon of the square sails, a sailing device which has made cosetble the building of larger ships. However, we will be more thorough on an important change, the development. that is, during this period,of the already existing type of the triangular sail, but in large dimensions, as to function properly on large vessels.

1. XOPOKTlKO TOU 1700 OIWVO: !ilio npoaopoYlltvt" yolltptt:;. :;:exwpl~el 00"'':'0:; TO I<uplw" aWllo TOU aKtul>0u"on6TO op80ywvlon,l,oio,0 nou TO unEpjlaivt'; TO tetere.

KADIRGA

'1 TEAWTOio YOAipo

LTTlIlEyOAll oucoveveto TWV KUP1W~ KwnTii\mwv ni\oLwv neenEI va vlverm 51e.KpI0TlIleTo~u esetvcov TWV onolov TO KOUme. OTTlPl~OVTOI OTTlV emoKoi\1l100 (xounnorrj) TOU crKU¢OU~ Kat EKElVWV TWV cnorov TO onuetc OTTiPI~Tl~ TWV «ourtuov efvu, anOIJOKpUOlJtvo orto TO KUP1W~ oWIlO TOU nxotou, Ilt· ow IJIO~ noi\uni\oKll~ xcrcoxeunc. KOHl mv Ei\i\llvIKTi cpX0l6TllTO,1l KOTOOKEuTi OUTTi ovouozorcv nope~elpEolo KOI tva KoX6 nopuoEIYllu TTl~ ouvovrorcn crnv rtpcoocrn evenupccrccn utoc Ki\aOlKn~ a811valKn~ TPlnpOU~, TTl~ Oxuurnceoc, rtou o¢EiAeTol OTOU~ J. S. Morrison Kat J. F. Coates. Flpertsr va OTlllElW8El 61lW~ 6TI OTl~ apxolE~ rprripetc, ilia uovo oeipn xounuov, EKE1VTl TWV EPETWV 8POVITWV, El' xs TO unoll6xi\IU me encvo crnv nape~elpeola.

Lucien Basch

27

28

rTO Meocnovo, rtpoc TO TtAll TOU 140u OIWVO, ce jno vcmovocctc TOU Spinello Aretino - 010 Palazzo della Signoria Tlle; rltwoe; - ell¢>ov{~eToI, vtn TtPWTTJ q>opo ue I3EI3Ol6- TllTO, jnc nopcporc KOTOoKeuT'\. H KOTOOKWT'\ cum UTtol3oOTo~el 6ho TO «ournc, Ouo eve OTO(XO. np6KEI' TOI m90vwe; YlO jnc wavETIlv611Cf1l TtOU E{VOl ccuvexnc OE oxtail ue 1T)V apXm6TllTO, ccoo 6Ev E(VOl KO- 86hou I3tl3olo 6Tl I1l3u~avTlvrl vnuTtT)YIKrl elxe 6101T)PrloEI mv ncoe~elpEo{a.

To xapaKTlK6 TOU 170u creve Tlle; ElK. 1 I)lwKohuvel rnv KaTOv611011 Tile; KaTOoKwT')e; ouTT'\C;. rtcpcrnocuue 6TI encvc OE xerrrec KOfjTtUA6TT)lEe; E{vOI ronoeempevo tva lley6}..o Kal cuomod ocaovevro nAa{OIO, TO telaro (ELK. 2. H OpOAOvrc TWV YaAepwv etvcr 16l6~ouoo,

ETtEI6f) TO KUPIO ueooc TWV OTOl- 3. To teterc.

XE{wv TOUe; zev cuvcvnocvrm OTa

rcnoccoc 9a XPIlOlllonOlw ITOAI-

«ec ovopootec, orto nc onotec rtoo-

tpxoVTal ouxv6 01 yohhlKte; KOI or

roncvucec OV0I-l0o(ec;). To nxctoto

aUT6 OTT)pl(eTol oe ouo loxupte;

6oKouC;, 01 onotec. «caerec we; npoc TOV o~ova TOU nxotou, oxnfjOTt(OUV nc fjlKpte; TOU nxeupec, OlT\pl(6fjevee; 010 oK6$0e; (£IK. 3). Ka9EI-110 OTt6 nc entfjT')KEle; nxeupte; TOU ooeovevrou I)laIlOp$WVeTat an6 pre ETIlfjT')KT) 60K6, TO posttccto, OTT)V onoia ocnvovovrcr 01 OKaAfjOI TWV «curucv OTI]v £IK6- va 1 eva OTOIlO OTeKeTOl 6p910 010 pcsnccto TllC; coicreonc nxeuocc. To postlccro 90 «oreccee av Sev unocrncrtorcv an6 O£IPO OTIlplYfj6TWV noMnJ..oKTl<; fjOP¢lT')e;, TO baccalart (ELK. 4), TO onere OTIlPi(OVTOl 010 ~uyo (KafjOpla) TOU OKO$OUe;. H eucovo 4, nou cvcncp.crc, O£ roun, urc YaAhlKT') YaAtpo TOU 170u OlWVO, I)(VE[ jnc [Ma TT)e; nePLnAOK6H]Tae; jncc TeToIOe; KOlacxeunc, Il onoia enncener m XPrlaT) eTIlfjT')Kwv KOUntWV OE c-reve OKO¢lO<:; 010 ernneoo TWV (06)"wv_ H KOTOOKWT') oum ervcr £Ke[VT) 6AWV TWV ueoovercxcv yaAEPWV, T600 eKe(vwv 1T)C; Voufjax{ae; 1T)e; Ncurtcxrou (XP10T\OVlKWV xm TOUPKlKWV) 600 Kat £KeIVWV TIle; BeVET(Oe;, Tile; BopK£AWVfje; T') TT)e; Mocccxtoc. H euccvron nov IleyoAWV nOAelllKwv «rnceopev, nou nrcv £~onAlolltva IlE «ovcvrc. oTJ-

fjove TO texoc TWV yaAEpwv, TO 4. TOllri yoAAllIl\Ci yoHpCH: TOU 170'-' olwva: 1 posticcio. 2 baccalaro. 3 ollaAlloi.

29

5. MnpocI1"IVoTI,niIlQTOlllelaro, 11& TO tlipclVO 0& A.enTolltp&IO.

30

a6uva'ro OTJlldO TWV onotev nrcv a eAOXlOTOe; apl8llol; KavoVIWV nou unooouocv va 4ItpoUV. IT'1 raMia a crcxoc TWV ya}.epwv KO· mpyri8'1KE TO 1748 «ct uovc 'l BE' ve-to «arcc ceoccc yaAtpee; TOK1IKO IltXPl TTJV KUp(euon rnc an6 TO Bovcnoom. 0 Augustin Jal (crrovouctouevoc «ncteccc T'1e: vcuncqc apXOIoAoy(ae;») eiae TO 1834 OTT] revopo OUO 1l1Kpte; yoMpee; ev evecvetc: nrcv, cooye, at TEAWTa(OI 1l0PTUPE<; evcc etoouc nxoncv nou vevvnanxe nptv 2.500 XP6vla neptncu, EUTUXWe;, Uq>icnOTOI ce dowm KO' TOmaOT] a to)(OTOe; exnccccmoc TOU etcouc ClROU, T] yaMpa Kadlrgao cuxcocetcr OTO Deniz Mtlzesi (NOUTlK6 Mouceto) T'1e; KWVOTaVTlVOUnOA'le;. KallIo ¢lOpo TlW cnoscxouv «curoxpcrroouco

KofKI», ovoucotc nou TOIPlo~£llle T'1 xerrouovtc TT]e;. nooxerrcr Bel3aiwe; vrc ilia npawaTIKn ya}.tpo, OUIl¢lWVO 11£ T'lV tVVOIO nou e~T]' y";8T]KE napan6vw.

Etvnr tva nAolo «caccoc exrontDIlOTO<; 43,5 TOVVWV, OUVOAIKOU IlTlKOUe; 39,5 I1tTpwV (32,5 uerotcv OTT!v iOOAO) Kat fltYIOTOU nAoTOUe; 5,75 uercev (4,4 ornv [00J\0). KcTO neolepvo tpono. 01 croctccerc curec ncocevvtzouv OPK£TO eKei· VEe;, TIe; on01E<; mOTEU£TOl nwe; rnacvoc e(xov 01 apXo{ee; rpmcerc, o'1J\aoli, OUVOJ\IK6 fl";KOC; 37 flt· TPWV neotnou KOI nxcroc 5,5 ueTpWV. To OUOTT]110 npoWBT]OT)e; tile; Kadirga IiTOV T&AeCwe; ol0¢l0peTl' K6 ana exetvo Tile; TpU;pOUe;. TIlV Kiv'1Dll e~oo<l>oJ\I~OV 144 xovrnc, «oroveumrevo D£ 24 topava ova nAeupo (elK. 5). zc «cee ecocvo

rosie ecerec «carouevor napMAn· J\o xelp(~ovTav OIlOOIKO tva KOU' ni «rrnv tp1npT] K08£ epemc t8&T& 0& K(V'lOT] TO 0lK6 TaU xourtf).

H noooccmrcrootc T'1e; Kadirga unooet dverc vo IXVTJAoTTJ8£i twq TO 1913· ctevccor cv OTO ValikOskO Kayikhanesi, TO «vnocreve» TWV nxotcv TOU !OUJ\TO' vou, KOVTQ OTO Tortxortt. nI8avwe;, eow til oxeo[ooe woe; a~IWI10Tl' KOC; TaU YOAAIKOU VOUTIKOU, 0 cveurtonxotcoxoc Le Bas, 6nwc; 0'11l00IeUT'lKe UTa Souvenirs de Marine Conserves TOU vcucpxou Paris (elK. 6). An6 to 1913 we; TO 1956'l Kadirga euxoccotuv OTOV noJ\q.llKO unocrceuo OTO kastmpapa, OTOV xeocno K6J\no. An6 eKe( Il£TO!ptp8T]Ke TO 1956 OTO Bealktas (cuvouctu tile; kcvcrcvnvourtoxnc OTTJV 6X8'1 TOU Boone-

fl. .. '!;..,., -"'---_ .... ..._

6.IKtlltOTt']<; Kadlrga<jlTtoYlltvoon6Tovov8unon,l,oioPKoLe BaSTa 1861.

pou), nocrrc 0' eva unoctevo Kat «crornv - an6TO 1970- 010 NauTlK6 MOUOElo, nOAu KOVTO 010'1 TO$O TaU neotcnuou Bappap6o- 00, 6nou nAOIOLWV&TOl an6 noAUOplSlJ,a curoxocrooucc KaTKla SaUIJ,OOLa otcrnpnuevo.

H rrcxorcrepn rcrootc rnc Kadtrga BeT&1 rtpoc &n(AUOTJ noM fiuOKOAO, cv 6X! avunepPAIlTo, nocaxnucrc. n perc to ovouc rnc: nooxerrcn onxoucrcrrc VIa mv TOUPKIKI'j anMoOTJ rnc eAAnvIKI'je; M~fle; Koreovov, vev6OTJIlOe; eeoc ern pul;avnvl'j enom Via TOV nooccrccrcuc TWV VaA.&PWV_ /lev ncoxerrcr xomov VIa lfilain;Pfl 0- vcuccrc auni~ rnc voxeocc. Mnopei TO 6VOlJ,O aUT6 '10 eVlve, VIa TO nxoto nou 1l0C; cnccxoxer, exetvo THr yoMpae; KOTe~oxl'jv, yeyov6c; rtou fiEV pee pOflBn, aVTLBETa 1l0-

AIOta, VIOT[ 0 Hagi Hetrja, cmv nocvucretc tOU (1728-1729) VIa TO tOUPKlK6 VOUilK6, neorvoccovrcc nOAAOUe; runouc VaAEPWV, ypnq.EI on 11 Qadyrga TiTOV vcxepc 25 e. 1)p6vwv, IJ,& rscceorc KWltT]AOTec; ova ecocvo. to OUVOAlK6 nAIlPWlla 1:1]C; onotcc, I . .ml;i ue 1:0Ue; escrc empcrvovrec crponcrrec Tfle;, corauocce 330 cvccec. E{XE ouo scrconc I1E AOt{VIO (n Kadirga E[XE rtuvrc tva 1J,6vo KmOptt) KOI Tirev onxrcuevn IJE nupopoAIK6 (T] Kadirga $alVETOI nwe; eiXE eva 1J,6- '10 Kov6vl). H Kadirga rou Deniz MOzes! 1)&'1 cvrcnccotvercr xomov cnoxcncc 010'1 ocrouo TIle; KAamKI'je; ofklllJavlKl']e; «Oadyrqa». Kmo neoteovo rcono. um'jPXe OTOV TOUPKlK6 oroxo, oUIJ,q.wva rtovrc IJ,E rev Hagi Halria, urc I1IKpotEPIl yoxeoc TWV 19 we; 24 EOp6vwv, nou

1J,00cll;EI '10 cvrcnosptvercr KaAU1:e" cc ern vcxeoc 1JOe;: rl Oatita. Furrf, TOTe, Oev ovoll6l;ETOl erci: No Eva ana 1:0 npopAIlIJOTO.

H rncco «curnvc tT)c; Kadirga, Ti KI6- OKI, OltVOOIJO VIO TO rOUA1:clVO, TOU~ cvacencuc l:DU «n TOV rrAOT]yo (0 110xMe; TaU nnliaAiou Kota..\i]YEI oro eOW1:EpIKO toe KlOOKIOU), ervca eovo Ttxvne;, «crccxeuccue'10 j..l.E ortovrc ~UAa, OCVTtq.1 Kat noAUnI10Ue; AiBoue; (ELK. 70, 13, V)· EmXEIPTiBIlK£ vc XpoVOAOvn8Ei 1:0 KIOO1<1 ana TO PUSIlO Tile; liIOKOOI1Ilmie; tau: 8ewpTi81lKe rnc l3aolAeiae; TOU MWcllle9 TOU r" (1595-1603) i] l:DU MWcll1£B rou a' (1648-1697). -0. pccc, &41600'1 n xpovoMVflOTJ roo KtOOKIOU zev &(VOl unOXP&WnKcl ifila pe EKelVTj Tile; vaMpoe;, np6K&Irca (owe; vrc j..l.EtaAAOVi] (efvrn ~POlO moe Il Kadirga VVWPIOE

31

1.0. npulivll TIlC; Kadlrga IltTonl")li6Alo KO'TOKlOoK!.jl.TOKIOOKI.y.lil aKOOllllllEVO novo KOTW amI TO K'';OKI, r;t~lci nAtupci TOU nAoiou.

33

8. II. lipal<lI<; lIu(lIvTlVIIU Tunllu, tlTIlVtlPKlTCpi) n"cupa TIIU n""i"u.

34

r!OAi\t~).

AV'1 Kadirga cvepyorcv ere ttAT] tOU 170u creve, T] XPOVOAOY(O nutl') So srtcpxouce YIO VO rnc onoooaouv Suo titAOI nlll')~: OXIIlOVO exetvoc TTl~ 1l0VOOIKnC; urtccxouOO~ vcxeocc, oAAa KOI eKElVO~ TOU 0PXOlClTepOU one TO unapxovTO uevcxc nxotc OTOV KOOIlO, rtou T] OVOKOAU!VTl Kat rl iSIOTr'jPTlcn; TOU eev o41eiAOVTOl KaSOAou ce uno!3puXle~ Ii ernverec cvccxccec (nxotc TOU Oseberg n rtxoto rcu xeonc).

EVTOUTOt~, aMa xapOKTTlPIOnKa T'1~ Kadirga ncoxcxouv unoqnec on etvcr ncxcrorscn. MIa TOUPKlKr'j noocooon, nou QKOUOa OTT]V xovcrcvrwounoxn TO 1971, TTlV 0- vcver cro Mw6.lleS TO S', rev «c. roxrnm rnc KwvO'TavTlVOUnOATl~, yeyovo~ nou So urtooouce vc eE;Tlynoel TTl eoovttoc, nou ayY[~€l TTl xctceto, ue TTlV onotc ncvrc rteplt!3aMov TTl yoM po. rtccvucn, 11 iS6l;o TOU Mw6.lleS TOU S' OT'1V Toupxln etvot teroro, WOTe I-UO AOVSOOl-ltVTl anOOOo'1 zev ervor ol6AOU orneovn. ·EToI Tl npwTTl IlOU OVTIOpoo'l qrcv 0 OKenTlKIOIlO~_ Mro. noocesnxcteon eE;tTO- 0'1 ootouevev liSlOlTepoTliTwV TOU rtxotou, xwpi~ vc 1l0U erntperter vo eil-lOl oncxurc KOTTlYOPTlIlOTlK6~, el;oo8tvloe KOTo. ncxu TO oxermKlOIlO oUT6v_

Ana TO 1957 r'jiSTl, 0 KaSl1YTlTn~ Ala Nutku, TOU TeXvlKOu ncverncrnurou TT]~ Kovcrcvnvocrtoxnc, OTlpekove: "She is of the type and has the lines of boats of the XVth

lI·lipal<lIc;IIU~VT'VOUTUnOU,tlTlllie~lan"cupaTllun""ll1u.

century of the Mediterranean Sea» TOV 170 000 KOl YlO TO 160 creve.

(tXEl rtc YPOIJIlt<; KOl ervcr TOU TU' OAA6. KOl TO ovrteero 80 rlTOV oiSu-

nou TWV nAO(WV TTl~ Mecovetou VOTO TO 1453_ H nocrm euccvc yo-

lOU 150U OlWVO). Mtc TOOO K01T]- xepoc el;OnAlOl-ltv11~ 1-1£ KOVOVI

voonucrucn em!3eaoiwoT) zev ct- XPOVOAOyeiTOl TO 14aS.

VOL iSUVOTO VO vtver anoiSeKTn Bepctccc, TO Kupiw~ OWIlO me Ka-

Xwp(~ Em$UAal;£I~, YIOl[ or YPOIJ' dirga EIl$avf~El TOOO ixvT) eru-

Ilt~ TWV yo.A.Epwv rov 150u OlWVO OKEUWV, cote OEV etvot iSUVOT6 vu

iSEV £1VOl YVWOTt~ ue oKpiaelo. Av· ErtlaepOlwSe( 6n TO nxoto, tT0I6-

Ti8tTW~, 'lIlOP¢lT'j T'1~ Kadirga et- nee ell¢lovi~ETOl onueoc, xpovo-

VOl TlOALi l:ilo¢loPEllKrl one EKelV'1 xovetrcr ana to 150 creve 6Xl

TWV 08WIlOVlKWV yaAepwv TOU uovo TO KtooKl 0)..1..0. KOl '10'1!-1epl-

170u creve, nou etvcr noxu rno vfJ 1l0P¢ln me npUIJV11~ KOl TOU nn-

KalJnUAE~. El;6J..,\ou, etvcr ncocxo- ooAiou etvcn rumxf TOU 170u

yo uro roco IlEyo.'\T] vcxecc vc cucvc.

cteoerrca rtuooaoxucou, T600 vrc A.A.M 0 vxurrroc Ol6.KOOI-IOC;, napa-

9. nIlIIlIlVTIlPIKi'[ palllillC; TOU II'lTponoAiT'l AliplovounoAewc; Neoeurcu (1653-1658)

nc excooec ernorooaeccrc, ¢aiV£1QL ruoc OV6.Y£TQ\ OTTlV aPXLKri !10P¢ri rnc vcxeooc, 8u!li~oVTQ<; I16.AAOV pU~Qvnva 8EI1QTO napa o- 8WI10VlKa (£LK_ 8)_ Kupuoc or 6uo tn«cor opaKOt nou OTOAi~ouv orurecc TO ntcc expo TWV post iec! (ahho Ot onotor oT6Al~av TTlV nAWP'l TO 170 cuovc) oev ovrurto. xplvovtut OTTlV cvcncoccrocn cu. TOU TOU )lU80AOYlKOU «aou ern oeAT~OUKtKri ri 08WI1QVlKri Ttxvll'· AVTt8tTw<;, aUT6<; 0 tunoc 0POKOU etvur TUrtlK6<; OTT] [3u~avTlvri reXV'l, onou OlOKOOI-lEl «upluic, avo ~euYll, TTlV t<opu¢ri nOAAwv etxovocrcotccv. LLo Buccvnvc Moucere TTl<; A8rivoe; nOpOTT]pOU!le Eva ~euyoe; op6t<wv, Ko8' DAO 6· j.lOIWV, nou OTOAI~Et TIlV KOPUq>ri rnc nourcvnsnc p6.[3oou TOU MTl' tconoxrrn NEO¢UTOU (eLK. 9) 'Eva EI-l[3AIlI-lO TOOO f.KO'lAa pu~ov'nvc 010 crurcvrucoreoo rrxoto TOU OTOAiOKOU TWV npoouirtucuiv "SoAOtl'lYWV» TOU LOUATOVOU, OUVlOlO !lLO cvouoxtc rrou cncnet £~T]yr,OEle;

Ano TO npeooxovro TOU SEVETOU Nicolo Barbaro, vtn rnv noxrooxrc TOU 1453, nooxcrrrcr on Ol xpronoVIKOl OTOAOl OlOV xeocno koxno aUj.ln£plAOIlPoVoV, £KTO<; one OPIcuevec I-lEy6A£e; vcxcoec, orro nc onotec KOtllO cev OVriKE ern Buznvnvn curoxoorooto, Suo PEVETlKt<; '1>OUOlee; (fuste, IllKptC; yoAtpEe; 24 eopovcov) Kat ntVTE couctec nou 0- vruccv orov «BomMo», AUTte; or nEV1e tllKpte; voxeoec cnorexouaav mecvcc o.n anEI-l£VE one TOV

aMoTE OO~oOl-ltvo [3u~avnv6 010- Aa.I1Ev EiVOl pt!3010 on OUTte; at PUzcvnvec ¢OUOTa; Eixav KOTaOKwacret omv KWVOTovnVOUnOATl Kat OUI-l¢WVO ue nc IOL01Tepee; i3u~ovnvee ncocooccrc. eo unooouccv va ervcr ytvoi3t~LKee; ri aevenxnc KOlOcseunc. Kat unaPXel inc ncoccocn, OUIl¢WVO I1t mv anoia 'l Kadirga rjTOV !3EVETlKrje; «crccseonc- Ol neoreovec OIl0l6TIlTt:c; TIl<; OIOKOOIll")Olle; 80 urrocooccv nocvucn va TO «ovoov rtlOlEUTO.

To I-lUOTrjPIO TIl<; Kadirga unooet vo AuSel cv cutf '1 voxeoo, nou lOWe; XOPIlYri8TlK£ 010 «BomMo» on6 rn BEvETia, nrcv KOTOPXr;V juu an6 nc nevre curosoorooucec couorec nou uvnuoveuovrcr an6 TOV Barbaro. H nopouoia pu~avrlvwv eIlI3AIl!--lOTWV 0' cutec nc ¢OUOL£<; rjTOV TEA£lWe; cpumoAoYLKr;. 00 KoraVOOUOOl-le euKOAO YlOTi 0 Mw6.l-leS 0 B', cv i3ti3atO «crooaeoe vo OUMO!3El TTl Ilia crro curse nc <!'OUOT£e;, rrjv efXe emxe~el we; nooocomso rtxoto, OXl IlOVO we; rpcrtmo, oAM entOTle; em:IOr; 0 LOUATOVO<; eetooocce TOV EUUTOlOU we; LO VOIlLI-lO 6LOOOXO TWV povnpXwv 111e; SU~OVTlvrie; AU10t<pOroctcc.

LUJl<!'wva ue TIlV unoaecn aUTT'!, 11 Kadirga ervct TO texeutcro Em~wv nxoto TWV vcorucov ouvouetov TOU kccvcrovrtvou A' I1pay6T~'l, nou ouec urtecrn noMt<; erncxeuec Kat rpononoutcerc.

A. Nutku, Ancient Turkish Crall, I Sultan's Galley (Kadlrga). Istanbul, Publications 01 TurkiSh Shipbuilding Research tnstrtute, Technical University, No 5,1957.

L. Basch, "A Calley in Istanbul: The Kadlrga., The Ml.lriner·s MIrror, 60. 1974, 0.133-134.

L Basch, .The Kadlrga revisited. A preliminary re-appralsat-, The Mariner's Mirror,65,1979.0_39·51.

«Kadirqa», the Last Galley

l. Basch

Thegalley"Kadirga",theonlypreserved example of its kind,is exhibited in the Nautical Museum of Istanbul. The vessel, of43,5tonsdisplacement,39,5m.length and 5.75 m. width, is beueveo to have an impressive resemblance to the ancient trireme. One hundred fourteen oars were providing the necessary power for Kadirga's motion, A shelter at the back of the ship was purposed for the sultan, his retinue and the steersman. This sheller, a real work of art, has been made 01 very expensive materials and is dated from Ihe reign of Mohammed III (1595·1603) or IV (1648·1697). However. some olher datable elements suggest a probable earlierdate for the ship herself. The wcoocarvec ship embellishmen1 is closer, st vttsucatly, to lheByzantinedecorali~eartthantothe Ottoman one. in addition, the motif of the two small dragons adorning «Kadtrqa», belongs to Ihe Byzantine repertoire and is frequently employed as decorative-symbolic element in Byzantine art (iconostasis, pastoral staff,etc.) Quiteelucidatingforthissubjectislhe Venetian Nicolo Barbaro's diary. It supplies the information mat the Christian fleet. in 1453,besidesthebig galleys, also included fivesmall ones called tustes, which belonged to the -easneus». These small galleys of 24 bencheseach,weretheonlyremnants of the once mighty Byzantine fleet. According 10 the tradition, they were built either in Genova or in Venice. Thus, the existence of the dragons-mo tiffindsitsexplanation,whichisfurther supported by the fact Ihat Mohammed II, the Conqueror, had one of these fustes altered 10 an imperial yacht. Therefore, on the basis of this sound hypothesis we can reach the conclusion that "Kadirga" must,inall probability, be the last vessel of the naval force of Constantine X Drapatzi s-Pataeotoque. the last Byzantine Emperor

35

TA nAOIA THI MONHI nATMOY

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II. H ~ovri T~~ nilT~OU tile: nAOIOKTrlTpla

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36

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III. npooliloplOIJ6e; Tile; aTOIJ1KOTIlTae; nAoiou

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'Onec y(veToI ccveoo, 0 noocotoorouoc rnc OTOlJtK6TIl1Oe; TOU nxoiou El;oVTAElTOl cmv KOTOI1E-

37

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39

40

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KO OUVTOIlO XPOVIKO 5IaOTnIlO, oxc TO nxotc nou E(xav luxel 410- POAOYIKl'te; crexsicc.

Eov «cverc OUI141wvr'jOEII1E TIC; noocrnoncetc rtou npOEKTt8T]KaV, TOTe I1noPOUV va mecvoxovnaouv TO cxoxouac: 01 ucvec 6106tTOuv neprccctepc MO[O uno esetvo rtou elXOV Tuxel 410Poi\oyu<rle; OTexstcc. nopoi\i\T]Aa 01 6loIKT'joele; TOUe; noovoouv, orucc YIO 1"'lV ovavtWOT] TWV ncovoutev, «n vic tn vourmvncn veev ni\oiwv, I1E yvw- 110VO naVTO,E va Koi\unTEI K68E KOlVOUPYIO nxoto Oi\oKATlP'1 T'1 XWP'1TlKOTT]TO, vru TT]V anoia KOTa TT] cuvxexouevn XPovlKr'I OIlyI-lrl unoPXEI E!;Kouola. H nopouotoOT], «crcueronon KOI vnoxovncn (TOU) vtou OK6.cpaUC; 5Ev El1n06[~EI Ka86AOu va rrxeouv KOI TO nai\Olo nxotc, I1E ~Oon TO lilKa TOUe; npaK1IKO KOTOI1f:TprjOEW<; (KOI ¢>OpOi\OYIKrl<; OTti\eIOC;), 010 onotc unoxpeouVTOl va OUI11l0P¢>WVOVTOl 01 0~IWI10TOUXOl TWV AIIlEVIKWV KOI TEAWVEIOKWV UTIllPEOIWV OTO 610- coco All1clVIO.

01 oKt~eL<; OUTt<; oteuxoxuvouv [ow<; KOI mv cncvrncn cmv EUAOYT] encore, nwc; usee OE 1000 111- Kp6 lil00TT]110 "X6.8'lKOV» rocc nxotc TT]<; uovnc nOTIlOU.

Ahrweiler, Helens, 'Fonelionnaires at bureaux maritimes a Byzance", Revue des eludes byzanlines 19(1961),239-252 (= TTl<;(OIOC;, Etudes sur res strucwresadmlnlslralivesetsocialesdeByzance, tondon, Variorum Reprints, 1971, apI8.11) Ahrweilar, Helene, Byzance ella mer. La marine de guerre, ta pouttque et reaestllutlons de avaance aux vue-xve etectee (==Sibliotheque byzantine Etudes,5l, Raris, Presses unrversttarees de France, 1966

Antcnladls-Blbicou, Helime,Recherches surlesdouanesaByzance.L'·octava", re 'Kommerkion" et res cornmerctatres (; Cahiers des Annales, 20), Rarls 1963. apovoucn ·Epac;A,Bu~avTlv6.tyvpa¢'1I me ~o~ n6.1~ou, 1. A' AUHlKpmOp!KO, A8T'jVm: E8v!Kov·lopU\.Ia EpEUVWV, 1980 rouoa,M!xa!\A. ,H KOl(111tlPTlOIC;lWVE\J· nOpiKwvnAoiwVKOITlVT]oMYTJo!<;;KOI¢DpOAoyill OIiTWV Kala IOUC; Ilu~ovnvouc; XpovouC;.l:U\JIlOA~ EIC; rnv rcrccrcv IOU Bu~avTlvou vovnscu EK IWV naT\JlOKWV ypO\J\.IOTWW, BU~OVT[C; 1 (1909), 35-42. Kovloo·PTl,lwQwouM.,Too(KmovTTlC;\JDVOO1T\ploKTtc;ntplouoloc;onowu90u\.lt·

xplKmTou 12oumwloOO<;,A8r;vm,AVT. N. !aKKouAa<;, 1979.

Kov!o6.pn<;, 10M., -ncooeco.ouoc rnc cTO\JIKalTlTOC; n,l,o(ou em llu~avllv6. tV· YPO<l>a TTl<; Llovric; n6.T)JOu», A¢ltpw\JaEIC; K. N. POKav, A8!'jVOl, Avr. N. !6.KKoullac;, 1985,00.469-479. NUITTO~OnouAOU·nEIlEK(OU, Mapia", Bu~avrlv6. ty"Vpa¢a TTlC; \.Iovri~ n6.T\JOU, T. B·:lI.nLlOO(WVAElTOUpywv,A8!iva!, E8v! KOV ·ll:ipu\Jo EPEUVWv, 1980.

Rouillard, Germaine, "Les taxes martumes et ccrnrnectaree o' apresles actes ce Patmoset de Lavra-, Melanges Gh. Diehl, 1. I, Htstoire, Raris 1930, 00.

277·289. .

venssa-opomos, Julie, Las neucrerea grecs. Recherches sur les institutions maritimes en Greoe et dans I' Orient nenentse (= Centre de recherches d· hlstolre et de phllologle. III. Hautea Etudes du monde greco·romain, 9), aeneve; DroZ/Paris: Minard, 1980

The Fleet of Patmos Monastery,

J. M. Konidaris

Ships of various kinds and tonage were included in the property, owned and traded by a considerable number of monastic communities in the Byzantine era. These ships, commercial as they were, had an exporting and importing function, thus serving both the production and consumption of the monasteries. Due to their important role they didn't have to pay harbour or customs fees and they were even enjoying tax exemptions.

The official documents preserved in the archives of the ship-owner monasteries are the main source of information on all matters related to these commercial ships. Most Important among them are the documents of SI. John the Theologian Monastery on Patmos. Their significance lies on two main facts: First, more than half of them have been published in an excellent edition, and thus they are easily accessible to the scholars of the field. Second, they include three acts dealing with commercial navy, that can be considered as unique, not only for their contents, but also for their diplomatic value. It should be noted, in addition, that the St. John the Theologian Monastery, dominating the entire island of Patmos, was already since Its foundation a erne-ewer Institution:

Monk Christodoulos, the founder of the Monastery had owned and bequeathed through his will four commercial ships to the Monastery.

01 BAPKE! TON EAAHNIKON AIMNON KAI AIMN00AAAIION

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42

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H "PaPKO" Tile; "iJ.lv'1e; TWV Iwavvivwv

H ftpapKo» TI]e; AlI-IVlle; TWV nccvvrvwv, once oAec; cxeoov 01 p6:pKee; 'nov eAAllVlKWV Alj.lVWV, tXe:l enmelio nuauevc nou Aemaive:! KOl 0Tl' KWVEtOl £AO¢!p6: OTIC; cue cspec tOU. Auroc 0 emnezoc nuauevoc KaTOoK£ua~£1Ol otto 1-I0VOKOllI-IQ'[O ~UAO, nou norover mv 0PIOtlK!'J 1l0p¢!iJ tOU 1-1£16: ana emM~lo rte MKllI-IO.

navw ore «oocuo tTle; nAwPTle; «n me npUI-IVT]e; (noc'56OTaI-lO Kat erstpo), nou 01 VtOmOI ovoudzoov «oouvec, OTllPf~OVTOl TO 1-I0litPlO tOU neToWIlOtOC; (enTlYKevic'5ee;) cc

H "VOITO" TrjC; AIIlVo8oAooao<; TaU MtaoAovviou ("'loOT. r. nOVT~6nOIJAo<;. 1985).

KAql0KWTl') couoxovto. nou neou ana TI1V onA6TT]TO Tile; KOTOOKWTic; e~oo¢loAi~el Kat tKOVOnOIT)TlKT) OTeyoVOTT]TQ

To OTpoP6~uAo (eYKo[AlO), nou ontxouv )1eTO~U TOUe; y0pw OTa 60-70 exorocrc, EiVOl onAo EVlOXU' TlKO KOIJIlOTlO ~UAOU nou P011900v em oUYKpaTllOTJ TWV 1l00ePlWV TOU rrercoucrroc KOI Til OlOTl')PI1OTJ Tile; 1l0p¢ll')e; me j3opKoe;, xwpi<: va anOTeAOUv Kal oncoctmrc mOLxeia Tll<: oxnc «orocxeunc.

ITo 213 TOU Ill')KOUC; TOU OKO¢OUe; KOI npoc TO KtVTPO KOTaoKEU6~ETOl nO'WI10 !'j OTPWOIci., ortcic TO onOKOAOUV Ol VTOTllOl. Aurf OTI1Pi- 1';eTol OTO MVTl nou 0Xlll1oTf1';eTol Ilno~u TOU noerov KOl TOU oeurspOU 1l00epLOU TOU neTOWIJOTOe;. AK0I10, omv nAWPIl KOI TIlV ncoI1VI1 «crocxeuczovrcr QUO I1lKPOl n6.YKOl, nou crnctzovnn OLa o6vn rtou 0l1lll0UpyEi rt OUvoeOT] TOU

Seutepou ue TO TpiTO llo<3tpt TOU neTOWIJOTOe;. H unop~l1 OUTWV «ov OUO n6.YKWV OnDTEAEi tVQ rocorrepo xcocxrnotcnxo YVWPl- 0110 Tile; "j36.pKOe;» TWV Iwovvivwv. LTllV OKPI1 TaU nAwplOU nOYKOU nOAl6TEPO um'1Pxe unooom vrc unOTUnW0l1l0TO (lOTLOOOXT]), nou IJE to I1lKp6 nov! rtcu enorove onMAOOOE TOV ernpotvovrc ana rn ouvexri KWnT]AOoio.

01 KUptEe; OIQmOOEte; Tile; "Pdp, KOC;" tWV lomvvtvcov etvcn: MriKoe; 5.50-6.0011., nMTOe; 1.10-1.20 1.1. Kat UtIJOe; KOIAou 60-70 csorocrc

To ((KOpaPIIl Tile; A.iIJVIle; Tile; KaOTopUle;

BaOiKO XaPOKTI1PlOtlKO YVWPl- 0110 TOU «KopaplOU» Tile; AlIlVT]e; me Kccroorcc crrorcxet T] rruvTEArie; tAAElljJll aTpoj3o~UAwv

(VOl1tWV) 0' Mo TO I1riKoe; TOU.

H 1l0p¢!ri TOU oscptou E~OO¢laA.i~ETOlIlE TOV ElOlKO TPOrtO OUVOEOTJe; ,WV 1100EPlWV TOU ne,OWIJQTOe; (ETlllYKEVlOWV) OTI1V nAWPll KOI TI1V nouuvn KOl IJE rnv ronoeemon 1l10e; OOKOU, nou OVO)16.1';ouv 11£00- rpoxcvrsoo, £YK6.POlO Kat 0,0 ueoov rrectrroc TOU OKOPlOU, 11 onere KOl Ellnoo(1';£l Tll Il£TOKLVT]CHl TWV nxeuocv nooc 10 usee.

To "KOp6.j3l" TT]C; KOOTOPl6.C; nopOUOlO~El TO flEYOAUTEPO rtxcroc TOU rrpoc ,0 runuc rqc ncuuvnc. H nxepn ana TO 3/4 rteptrtou TOU flriKOUC; tOU oK6¢ouC; OPX(1';£l va OVUI.j!WVETOl, erot rtou vo Ol£UKOAUVETOlIl nxeuon TOU ov6.Il£OO Kat rtcvo uno '11 j3MoTllon me AiI.lVTJ<:

nOponlPWVTOC; TT]V EYKOPOIO TO, Ilri TOU «KOP0j3l00", lOlolTEPO OTIlV nEploxi] TOU nuauevc, crcrno-reVOUIlE urc I1IKPl') 110P¢!oAoYlKrl

43

ouoiotnrc - rtcocevvron - IJ£. trlV Ka~nUAr1 IJOP4>T') nou ncoouotc~ouv to acxcootvc ucc OKO~l1.

H KUptOt11tO nou £.~q>ov{~ouv rc 1J06epLO tOU nercouoroc, OtO 4l0pMt£.po tlJrillo tOU OK0410ue;, n£.tUxoiv£.tOl ue to I\UYLo~a tWV ~uhwv ue ~£.crro veoc, ronoaemon Ilapwv, 6tm~o Khn. H cuvzecn tWV hUYlolJevwv me lJa6£.ptwv ueta~u 'roue Y(V£.tOI ue Il£.TeMIKa ayKIOTpa ce oxT')~o n, eeoc Ton08£.T1l80uv TO tva navw ere OAAO us Tll OT£.vf1 KOI eruneoc «oupevn nh£.Upa TOUe;.

XOpOKtTJPIOTIKT') YIO TO «Kopolll» TIle; hlllvne; TIle; xocroorcc £.(VOI W(OT)<; KOIll unap~ll, £.YKopmo ere OKOq>a<; KOl navco one TO uecotpoXavn:po, ~10e; 1l0Kplae; 60KOU (~UYOU), nou o-ne cecec TIle; Ton08£.· TOUVTOI or OKaA~OI.

'Onux;- OTT) «j30PKO» rcov kocvvtvtcv erot Kat ere «Kap6.lltn me KaOTOpIOe;, OTIlV nxoon KOI mv npu~vll nOhMe; cocec rcnoeerouvrcr ouo IlIKpO{ nciYKOL nou 01 vtoruor 0'10- lla~OUv ourouooxm Kat nou crepecvovrcr ere ueoov necrrtou rou n6vw ~a6£'plou.

H orevcvonotnon TWV apllwv KOI 11 rtcoorocto TaU ~UhOU n£.Tuxa(v£.TOI ue XPT')OTl moccc, nou 10U"[OXPOVO cnorexer KOt TO llov061KO XPWcrrlKO uhLK6.

01 1l00IKte; 610crr60£.lC~ TOU «KOpOBrou» TIle; h1llvne; me KOOtopI6e; erVOl neotncu {6l£.e; ue curse t1l<; 1l6pKOe; TIle; Alllvne; TWV kccvvrvov, ue £.~alp£.an TO rtxcrcc TaU, nou etVat «etc nuucpcteoo. 'ETOI exouue: MnKOe; 5.50-6.00 11., nMTOe; rtepinou 90 £.KOT0016 KOI KOthO 60-80 excroctc.

44

H «nl\alla» onorexet TOV rvrto TIle; hlllVt6e; eccecc rtcu oUVOVT61l£. om; hLIlV£.e; Bevcpmoo, ncecnc, eotocvnc Kat xccrco.cc.

To KUPIO XOpaKT'lPLcrrIK6 yvwptcue curcv TWV OKOq>WV ervci 11 Tpan:£.~oeI6i]e; TOil" TOUe; 0' 6AO TO I-I"KOe; roue, ue ellq>oVl'( T'1V Khian tWV nAeupLKWV llo6eploov tOU rterccuoroc npoe; to ueoc. "Exouj1£. 61111.06" eve rocneoc nou OX'llloT{~£'tOI crrc "[0'1 $op6(Jt£.po nueuevc, nc nxeucec tOU OK6.$OUe; nou OUYKh{VOUV nooc to IlEOO KOI m

crevcrecn nxeucc tOU nou errorehd '1 vonm eueero nou £.VWV£'I TO exeoaeoc X£'[hlo tOU nove ~a6£.PIOU (KataOtpWIlO).

AuTi] II KAlon ttov 1l06£.plooV tOU rterceucroc ervcr 11 (610 nou 610Qloocnorer KOI Ko80pI~£'1 t£.hIK6. TIl" KataywYl'l me "nI\allae;1I ana Af~Vll os hl~vn. 'EtOI, £.VW '1 Khlan tWV nA£.Upwv rnc nMlloe; rnc Bevootnzcc elval OPKEtO aloBnn;, napouolo~£.tal anllavtLKa IlIKpOt£.-P'l oe exetvec TIle; rtoeoncc KOl me .601- povnc KOI eMXI01Tj ri cvurrcccrn O1TjV nMj3a me xcorootcc.

a nu6lJtvoe; OTIe; nhaj3£.c; nccouoto~£'I ilia eAoQlP6. KUptWOT) o' oxo rou to ~riKoc;, nou vrvercr evrovotepn OTTJv n£.plOXn Tl)C; nhooP'le;, vic va j301166£'1 to OK6.$oc; OTTJv urteprrncncn TIle; j3MOl1lone; TWV AIIlVWV eM6. «n vrc to eusoxo TPaj3nY~6. tau OTTJ cteprc.

01 nMj3£.e;, ce vevrsec vocauec, exouv h£'nn') nhWp11 ce oxton I1f: TIl $ap6utep11 npuuvn TOUe;, rtou KUuotvercr yupw OTa 40 excrocrc. To OK6.QlOc; exel 0' 611.0 10 ~I']Koc; tOU cmcauevo, nou TO uncoc ueooc TDUe; (npoe; TIl" nAWP'l) OlljJapM£.e; to ye~l~oLN vecc vrc va 610tTlpow 0' aut6 to ljJapla roue.

~ne; nM:j3£.e; ronoeerocvrcr orpcj36~uho (£.yKoo.la) K08£. 50 cerrocrd neotnou, nou ortorexouv £.'11' OXUTlK6. OTOIXt[a rnc ~ul\oKato oxeunc Kat KOTOOK£uci~OVTOI an6 rornen ~ul\t[o, nou an6 TIl $uOT) tTle; nopouolci~EI cvcxovn KUPrcoort.

'Onec oro «KOp6j3ln TIle; hllMle; TIle; kcoroorcc ero. KOI one «nAaj3ee;" unciPXt:l, crro ueco rteornou tOU oKciq:>oUC;, 11 £YK6.POIO OOK6<:; (~uy6<:;) vm rnv ronoeernon tWV OKMIlWV. AK6~0, vrc t'1 ouv6£0T) tWV ~a6£.PIWV ~£tO~U roue, aKohou8£itOl 11 [6La I-It8000e; ue cum tWV KooroPlOVWV «crooxeucorov.

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To "Kapaflll' TWV All.lvWV B6API1C; Kal KopWVElac;

To «Kapaj3I" TIle; 86Aj311e; KOlTIle; Ko-

pWV£.IOe; IlOP$OhOYIKa tX£1 rtoxMe; KOIVtC; ouo.ornrec ue to SoAOOOIVa oKopla, 011.'\6 TO KUPIO xapaKt'lPIOnKa tOU YVwp{OIJOtO etvcr nooocouocuevc o-ne cvdv«ec tWV hllJVWV curcv. a tccnoc KataoK£.U"e; rou OK6$oue; cnorret uccrccouc ue l6l0it£P11 euneiotc KOI texvIKI'] «crconon. nocvuc nou 15£ oU~j30[vel ue TOUe; «ereoxeoocrec tWV ciAAwv AIIlVO!WV OKa$wv.

Yn6.pxouv Suo TOUhaXIOWV ruecvee; onoqrerc vrc t11V nooexeucn KOI rn 1l0Pq>r'1 TOU «KOP0j310U» cutWV rev 11.111'100'1, Kntd rnv ncern, rnecvoxcvetroron to np6tuno KOtOOKEu60tIlK£ on6 epneroc vounny6 8aAaoOlvwv OKO$WV rtou nooccpuoce «cnoro ecxcccrvo OKOp{ one OUV6TiK£C; me Af~V'le;" K0l6 t11 (5£Ut£pn dnoljJn, 0 rurtoc aUT6e; cncrexst m 1l£"[e~£.Aly~tvIl 1l0P$D OKa$OUe; nou rih6£ «anors on6 Til Moupn 66)..0000. KI ouro YIOt{, 0' oUTI'] rrtv m:pLoxl'], OK61J0 Kat onpepc un6PXouv OKO$11 nou ncoouotczouv coxerc KOIV6. uoo$ol\oYlKa KOI "[£.XVIKO vvectoucrc pe to «Kap6j31",

zro "KOp6.j3I" 11 nAWpn KOI n npuuvtt, nou etvor OX£66v 61l01£C; ue- 10~U TOUe;, 8u~i~ouv OtT] ~OP$" to tp£xaVtl']pI, uovc nou £.6w 01 KAt- 0£1e; £IVat onacvnxo uevoxureoec KOI n «cunuxotrrrc TOUe; neorcoorcco tVtOVIl.

To otpa!36~ul\a, nou £.(5w txouv nocrrsuovrc KmaoKCUOOttKO co- 1\0, ortcoc ore acxcccrvc oKapla, ronoeerouvrcr oe crrocrcon 30 necmcu escroorcv to tva an6 to 011.11.0 KOI cnotexouvrcr an6 auo tururcro, nou ouVOtOV"[Q1 ~&tO~U roue ue £mKaAUljJ11 tOU evoc KO~penon ~UhOU uno TO al\ho, on we; oUIlj30(V&1 oro IlIKPO 801\0001'10 ·OK6.4>n·

'AAAO tva otOlX£io nou un06nl\w'1£1 TIl OUYY£VIK6tnto tOU «xcoc!310U" ue to acxcootvc vcunnvn- 1l0tO £1'101 '1 unorurrecnc «cotvo tOU nou 6n~loupyeital an6 rnv ehoQlPwe; npo£~txouoa KtVtPlKI'] 60K6 tOU nuauevc KOI nov OtO euo cspc tile; KOtaArlytl ce oaell!') ~OPQlI'] cretccc Kat n060- cruucroc.

AKOllo, 01 ouororntec ue TO 6011.00- 01'16. OKOqJn uncoxouv crov toone cuvcecnc tile; tp6moac; 1-1£ rn cretcc KOI 10 nooocrcuo ~£. ovu-

xwni oUIli30}"i], o-rnv (mopl;ll KaVSou O1T[V rporuec, TTl cretoc Kal TO nococrcuo vro Til cuvcecn TOUq ue TO Ilolitpla TOU nerceucroc, ornoc emonc O1T[V KUpnlTT]Ta TWV vouecv KOI Til XPllOlIl0nO(T]0Tl }"OUpOU vrc TTl crti)pII;Il TWV vouecv KOI TWV nOYKWV.

AUTO etvcr TO i300lKO vvccotcpcro TOU «Kapai310U» TWV }"IIlVWV 80},,i3'lq Kat Kopevercc, nou TOUT6Xpova orrotexoov Kat TO YVWp[OIlOTO nou OTIl l-IeTon}"aoi] TOUq, vtu nc OVOYKEq rue }"iIlVIle;, 1l0PTUPOUV TTl Sa}"ooOlvi] TOUe; KOTOYWY!')_

01 i3001Ktq 510crtOO£lC:; TOU "KOpOi310u» Tllq B6}"i3llq Kat Tile; Kopcvercc etvcr nepfnou 01 nopOKOTW:

M!,)KOe; 6.3011., nMTOq 1.3011. Kat KO[}"O 60 £KOTOOTO.

H ((yalTa)) Tile; AI~voeaAoaaac; TOU MEooAoyyiou

rTT]V neotrrncori TIlq «vcrrcc» TOU Mecoxovvtou tXOUIlf.: tva OKO$Oq nou etvcr $TIOYIlEVO YLa vc nMel CTTle; l('jLO~OUOEe; cuverucec nou ern«pcrouv ern }"ll-lv080AOooa ue TO P'lX6. veoc, nou ce noMo cnuetc Ssv Eertepvcuv TO 30 exorocrc.

. Etor 11 1l0pq>l'j TOU OKOq>OUq ouy«evrpover 6A0 exetvc rc cncocrmTO xapOKTT]pICTTIKO nou TOU errucenouv va etvcr Eva Xpi]OlI-l0 EPYO}"eio ere xtpla TWV ljJapMwv Tile; neplox!')q Kat TOUTOXPOVO vo XPllcnuecer cic IlEOO uerccoocc ana reno ce rono OTT] xurvoeoxcooc. To IlIKPO i30SIl cncrroov. vic TT]V Ka},,!') nxeucrctrrrc rue «vdrrcc», TT]v unapl;n eKT£TOl-ltVQU KOl eruneSou rtueuevc KOI IlIKPO i308IOlla, vtu oe TT]V Klvllo!') TT]q 0' cure etVOl coxern n xpnciuonotncn evoc KOVTapLOu (onv,jKI) nou va «mrivet» OTOV nuauevc TIle; }"I\-lvoS6Aaooae; MOP$O},,0YIKO 01T[ «vcrrc» etvor EUKO}"O va ('jlOKpivoUIlE ilia «errore emooon nou EXel ('jexTel ana Til 1l0P$l'j TWV acxcccnvev cxcotccv, nccvuc ciMwOTE nou ('jIKOlO}"oyd· Tal ana TT] verrvrocn Tile; AlflVOSO}"0000e; ue TO nopOKe{!-I£VO SaAOOOIVO crorxero. APKel vo coupe 'rqv OTpaKTOEI('j!') Ilop¢li] rue, ce KClTO l!JT], Kot apKET6 ana TO KaTaOKEua· CTTlKO rnc crorxetc, YLa vc OV11},,1l ¢l80UIlE aUTi] T'lV emooon. 'Erot,

CTTT] «vcrrc» ('jIOKp[VOUIlE Tf]V uttcpI;'l «ourtccrnc. xocoou «n nayKWV, nou SUIl[~OUV noxu TIe; SaAOOOIVEq Ilae; i3opKEe;.

To \-IIKPO OIlWe; i36SIl Tile; }"lIlVOSOxocccc, ce cuvouccuo I-IE"[a neeuc VEPO tqc, K6.vOUV tteprrtf TT]V unopl;f] lOXUp!')q «orooxeunc, nou So aul;ovE xwp(e; romrreoo A6yo TO K60TOe; KOI TO XPOVO «crcoxeunc Tne; «vcrroc» Kat nap6.}"},,llll.o 80 cnorrouce uevcxurepn TexvIKf] KOTOPllOTl ana TOUe; KaTooKEUOOTf:e; Tlle;·

01 VOI1E(e;, nou uncoxouv Kot CTTT") «vcrro» TOU Mecoxovvtou, cev cnotexouv K080PIOTlK6 ncocvovru TOU rporrou KOTOOK£U!')e; Kat ° pall.oe; TOUe; etvcr KOI EOW KOSOPO EVIOXUTlKOq TT]e; 6l1.'lq «orccxeunc. ¢lTtaYI-iEVOI ana tplc Tel-l6.Xlo I;tilI.ou, TOU nuauevc Kat ('jUO rtAeuPIKWV, rortoesrcuvrcn OE ortocrccn 20 rteorrtou eKOTooTwV 0 evcc cno TOV cxxov, uem T'l OlaIlOp$WOTl 'rou entrteooo rtceuevc TOU OKacouc KOl xwp[e; va UnaPXel Kallio ouvzecn I-IETal;u TOUe;.

01 crccrcceic TT")q «vcrrcc» 6lQ$f:pOUV orto oxococ ce OKOq>O<;. re vevucec YPOllllte; £IVOi: M!,)KOq crro 5-71-1f:TPO, nMTOe; on61.20-1.40 uerpc Kot ul!Jo<; KO[J,.OU ana 40-60 excrocrc.

Eni~ETpo

Me Til cuvroun auTil cvceooc one i36pKee; TWV £}"},,T]VIKWV lI.1\-IVWV KOt xruvoeoxcccov, eAni~ou\-l£ moe ('j681lKE pro OUVOnTtK!') oJ..A6 cpxeTO. cconc eucovc tnc uoocnc TWV KUPlOTEPWV OKO$WV TOU Eilioue; nou, oe IlIKPO lowq ccreuo, unoPOUIlE aKOI-IO cnuepc va cuvcvrncouue ce xcrtotec YWVIEe; Tne; rtorptocc uuc.

MEXPI TWPO nOAU xtvc txouv ypaoer yt' aUTO. TO cxcorc Kat etvcn e},,6XlOTOI 01 EmOT!')1l0Vee; «cr uexeTT]Tte; rrou tXOUV aoxoATj8e[ I1E TOUe; ruttouc curcov TWV OKapIWV, TlOU aO¢laAWe; onoTEAOuV tva coKETO cnucvnxo. tOTW «ur rtcocrtAEUPO, «oupcn Tile; VOUTlKl')e; floe; TlOp6000lle;.

ApKel vc rtouue OTl 11 ell$OV\OT] TETOIWV OKa$WV XPOVIKO ronoaeret Tot OTT]V mOXrl Tile; IlETEI;EAll;lle; tau l-Iov61;uAou 0' tva ccccxecrepo I-IEOO uerocoooc KOl emKOlVW·

vtoc TWV «crooacv TWV ncocxtIlVIUlV Kat napOnOT(i~IWV neoroXWV, vru vo TOUq cnoceooupe TT]v noerroucc cnucotc, nocvuc ciMwaTE TlOU «cvocue ue rc 6}"},,a eiliT] IT]e; uoxpcnovnc SOAooolvl')e; uuc ncoccocnc.

Eivm yeyovoq moe ourot 01 nevrc rurtor OKOPlWV UlTOTE}"OUV TO IlOVO('jIK6 unoocrc ('jeiY!-lOTa AII-IVO{WV oKa¢lwv rtou e~UnT]peTOUV aKO!-lO el('jIKte; roruxec OVOYKee;, AKO!-la elVOl Ol;lOOTll-leiWTIl T] aVTioToOT] rtou ncoacxxouv -yla xovouc OUVatOeT")I-IOTIKOUe;, ilia Kat etvcn oeuevc ue rnv romcn nccccoon - OTT)v et- 0i30Al') TT]e; teyvoxovtoc, nou el;a¢laVI~el!-le TO XpOVO TOUe; nccczoOlOKOUe; rocrtooc KOTOOKeui]e; OKa$WV, ce rrcvxoourc KA(l-IaKa. H TeXVO}"OYlKl') rtooococ, nou liev etval £UKOAO va mv apV1l8f:i «cvetc, OUI-li3o}"},,el KQl 0' aUTO TO Xwpo O"TOV cccvrcuo TUlV nopa600taKwv runev, IlE TIl orunoupvrc vtwv Kal rno eI;E}"IYI1EVWv one KOeE cnoqrn,

The Boats of the Greek lakes and Lagoons.

J. Pantzopoulos

The boats of the Greek lakes and lagoons are primitive devices almost built beyond any rule of the stupbuilding craft.

Their builders, carpenters, peasants or fishermen, have no essential ex pertence of the sea. As a result, the form of the boats they build is perfectfy adjusted to the almost calm waters of the lakes, the short distances, the motion on shallow water and swampy areas, among thickets of cane and densely grawn aquatic plants

Thus, the boats of the Greek lakes almost always have a flat bottom, wnrcf is raising and attenuating towards Ihe prow and stern. These features facilitate their motion, improve lheirspeedand make their maneuvermq easter.

The method employed for building these vessels is the traditional one, which has remained unchanged from antiquity until today. Therefore, the produclhas thesame,old,standard farm unaffected by any evolution. Their builderse)(ercise!heirabilitysofaras to create simple, functional boats, deprived of any concave parts, which, needless to say, demand a specific knowledge and experience in order to be made and matched.

45

H IU::\fT'1 T'1~ AvwvulJ'1~ napaOOOlaK~~ NaUTT'1YIK~~ W~ oUIJ6o:\~ OT'1V IOTOpfa T'1~ NaUTT'1YIK~~

MeTe} one TrW avaoKoClHl KOl epeuvo OTH.lQVllKOU apt8110U vcucvtev, Tlo'\'\6. «nvoupvrc OTOIXE.IQ EXOUV noocreaet ornv lrrtopiu Tile; NaUTtTlYLKi!c;. 01 E:10LKO( IlEAE:TllU':C; o' ourov TOV "[Dileo 6'\0 KGt neorcooreoo npOOQVQTO'\(~OVTQL 01'1 OtQTLJnWOn OUVOAIKT']C; 8ewp(ac;, rtou so epunveuei LKQVOnOlllTlKO rnv e~t'\I~Tl Tile: VaUTIllYlKnC; n:XVlKnC; ala nxotcio TT)C; ioroptcc IOU av8pwmvou noxrncuou .

. EXEl Y(VEL, KQTOPXnV, nupocexro on 6,\ec; 01 TE:XVlKE<.;' TTlC: ~u'\oVQUnT]YLKTic; (EKTOC; one nc onAte; KOTOOKEutC; rurrou oxeofac;, llov6~u'\wv KAn.) urtopouv va Ta~lvOll118ouv IlE ~6- en QUO DloCi>opeTlKtc; I-IE66i5ouC;.

H Ta~tv61-1TlOT] IlE f360Tt 'rqv npC.lHTlllc8ooo m:ptExet rnv KQTTlYOpia «shell flrst», 6nou nporro Y{VEIUL 11 enLK6Au4Jll KQl [..leTa tonosercrrcr 0 ((OK&AETOC;)) TOU vourmvnucroc, Kat rnv «c. mvootc «skeleton first», onou nooro KOTaoKEucl~ETat 0 ((OKEAETOC:;)) «or pcro £TIlKaAunTETal I..IE TO (!TIf:TOOOI..IO)).

H OEUIEPfI l-leSoiSoc:; nEptf:XEt rqv KOTTlYOp(O «carvel built», onou fI E~WTEPLKl"] EnL¢clVELO rnc £TIlKclAulIJflC; elver A&(o, xwp(c:; va ~EXOOp(~ouv QLOSllIcl n jnn oovroo one mv clAAfl, KQL mv KaTllYOp(a (clinker built» Ti, ornoc rnv OVOl-lcl~OUV OL -EAAllVEC; ~uAovaumlYo(, ('Kar3aALK£UIO)), ortou fI E~WI£PlKl'j erncovero IllC; £TIlKclAulIJIlC:; napouOLcl~£L I-lLKptC; r3aSl-liiSEC; I-lEIa~u HOV iStaiSoXtKWV oov(OOOV IOU TInOWl-lal0C;.

EiVQL xapaK1flPtOTlKO on Kal oi n~OOEpLC; KOTllYOp(EC; rtou uvuospuuc iSEV tXOUV OoepT'] XpOVtKcl Kat XWptKcl opic 0111 XPTiOll TOUC;, «oro tqv LCJTOPLKf) OLOOPOI-lf) Tile; Ncurrnvucnc.

46

KWOTac:; b.aJ..IIavii5f1C:; ApX1TEKTovac;-Ml)xavlKor.;

48

An6 1"1~ ncerec 0XETlKO noocne- 9£1&~ 610TunwOTlC; ilIac; auvohlKi)C; aecotcc neve crmv tOTOPlK!,) EE;t· hlE;'l me; NaunllYIKIic: Ttxv'lC: ElXav QUVEKllllll9ti Kat OTOIXEia crrc TTlV AVWVUI-lTl napai500lQKit NOUIll1ytKf)'. KUPIOC; oxoncc QUn'Jc; me; auv£KrfllT]O'lC; nTQV'l 6lEPEUV'lO'l KQnOlWV T&XVIKWV epl . .lT1VEIWV rtov upXOlOAOYlKWV Kat 101:0PlKWV WPIl- 1l6TWV. ApKETO( 1-16'\'IOTo an' aUTOllC; roue eoeuvntec e(xav eruOTJIl6vEl rnv avaYKOl6TIlTO IlEMTT]C; Of: 13680C; 111<:; AVWVUIJ1lC: Flnpnl500lQKnc: NOUnTlYLKr'jc;, QUXVa 11& 16Io(n:PTl ovccooo 010 xwpo lOU Alyaiou~

Me TOV 6po AVWVUIlTl rtcpcoocrcKl'j NOUnTJYIKTi (01:'1 QUvtXElO, vrc cuvro] .. nc, 80 ovccecerm W<; A.n.N.) &WOOUI..l& KUp(WC; TTl vcurrnYU(li TtXvn nou tX£t Eftt~tiOEI we; TIC; I1tpec; pee pecc ana mv npoooptKr'j nccczcon Kat ¢>UOlKO bev tXEI ermoeccret ana ovvxoovec I'J emir vuuec TexvlKtq.

ructecouue OTl etvcr $OV£PI'J KOl ovOnO$euKTTJ 11 oOUVOj.lto cvoc rue onoAUTOU OPIOj.lOU TaU cccu. H iOlO oOUVO~(O unopxel ce K09£ ueAtTT] rtrivur ce e9VOAOYlK6 UAlK6 KOL ouvi]Bwq cvnuercmttercr us K6nOlO on6 nc elTlOnWOVIKO nopaO.E:KTtq ueeceoxovtec rnc EBvoxovtcc,

LlllJOVTlKtq eovcotec neve omv A.n.N. an6 6Meq xwp£q txouv OT]jllOUPYIlBei TO n:AEUTOIO XPOVLO Kl tXOUV noooceoer noM6 OTOUq eceuvnrec rrtc NOUnT]YlKi]q tcrootcc" nap' 6AO OUT6., TO OIITJuc YlO 11\0 OAOKAT]PWjltvll KOTOypO¢li] KOll1e:MTTJ TTJq Arvcrorrexc vrnsnc A.n.N. nopolltvEl oveKnAi]' pWTO. 01 xtvcc ueuovcuevec uovovpcerec KOllleMTeq EiVOl OTJpcvnsec a' OUTi] TT]V noocncaerc, oAM ilIa ouMoYlKi] KOl 1l0KpOrrvon eceuvc ectvercr ruoc etvcr ovcvsotc.

IUVOlT'TIKO or nevte 1300lKtq KOtOOKEUOOTlKte; cccerc nou OKOAOUacuce '1 vcunnvncn evoc rtcocooOlOKOU oxccouc OTO Arvcto clvcn: 1. npOE:TDtIJOO(O VOUnT]YLKi]q ~Uxetcc. ric to OKeAETo XPT]OljlOnOLouvTOV ouvTi8wq OKA'1PO ~UAO (lipuq, KOpOyaTOL, nouovcor, uouPla KAn.) KOI YLO TO ntTOWIJO jlOAO KO (ouvTiBwq rteuxo KOL De «enoree m::pllTTWOE:lq Kunopioot).

2. Eunercucoc OXe6loolloq TWV 130'

OIKWV OTOlxe[wv TaU OKe:AeTOU TaU OKO¢lOUC;. 'Exouv KOTOYPO¢le[ 6l0- eocec nOpeAAoytC; rnc xPTiOT]q XVOPIWV, omcc enrcnc KOl11 ueaoooc rnc "O!:lAOC;" Kat TaU «jlO6tAOU».

3. KOTOOKe:UTi TOU OKE:Ae:TOU TaU oxccouc ccc OAOKAT]PWlltvou ereTLKOU KOl OIKOOOlllKOU $tPOVTOq oPYOVlOIlOU (cuvencc T] TE:XVLKTi OUTi] OVi]Ke:1 OTT]V KOTT]YOp(O "skeleton ttrst»).

4. ElTlKCtAUl!JT] TaU OK£A£TOU 11£ 00- v[6e:q nou anOTeAOUV TO nerccuc (T] elTLKMUl!JT] TT]e; «crnvootoc «carver built»},

5. Ta TeAW1.lIJ0ta nou excuv vn K6· VOUV IlE TT] crevcveon (KoAa$6n· OlJo) KOl TT]V noocrootc TT]q KOTO' oKeuric: (136l!J11l0, mcocoropc, cercrvoncxcarouc KAn.).

KOl ITTle; nevte OUTtq 4160£11:; KOTOOKEUi]C; a uexerrmic urtocet vc 6l£' PEUvTtOe:1 TexvLK6 OTOIXEtO nou ITuYKpivOVTOl j.lE OVTIOTolxa 6J.J..wv enoxwv, onec txouv npOKul!Jel cnc apXOloAoYlKtc; Ii rcroorsec rtnytc;. H XPT]OIl.lOnoi'1OT] TEXVLKWV OTOIXElWV T'le; A.n.N. YLO TTJV KoAUT£P'l noooevvron Kl EPIl'lVEio coXOlOAOYlKWV ri IOTOPlKWV euP'lIlO' TWV EXEL vtver ouxv6 IlE emTuxio cno OLQ¢lOpOUe; uexcrntec TT]e; rorootcc TIle; NounT]YlKi]e;'.

nil ouvtXELO Bo cvcceooupe Tp(O nopoO&{YIlOTO TtTOLWV OUYKp(O&WV, nou lTlO1E:lJOUlle on eK¢lp6~ouv llilo(n:pa tVToVO TT] OUVOTOTT]Ta nou txelllll£AtTT] Tile; A.n.N. OTO vc OWOEI AUO£le; De epwTl']IJOTO eoIJIlV&(oq TWV OPXOlOAOYLKWV KOl lOTOPlKWV euorurcncv

To !(~ov6xvapo"

'once cvcceccue, 'l 6£UT&pn ¢lOOT] KOTOOKEui]e; EVOq oK6¢lOUC; ctVOl 0 EllnElplKOe; 0XE61001l0C; TOU. o ruo noxroc rponoc TtTOlOU oxeOlOOIlOU nou txeL «crcvcceet OTO Arvcto (!+Japo, taoc 0lwvoq5) E(VOl n IltBoooe; TOU «uovoxvcoou». Or cunercucot ~uAovounIlYo[ ctvouv KOL TOV me XOPOKTllPlOTIK6 (owe; OPIOIlO crov coo, a onotoc execc~El Kupiwq rn AOYlKTi me xpl'j0lle; oumc TT]e; ueeooou: «Movoxvcoo etvcn Il ueaoooc KOTO rqv anoia 0 ncoccocrcxoc vcunnvoc XPT]OLjlOrtoucvrcc tva IlOVO XV6Pl unocer vc I3pEL TO 0X1l1l0 6hwv TWV 13001'

KWV mOlXelWV TOU OKEAETOU evcc oxccouc». ~TO ccaco oUT6 6E 80 &n&KT080Ulle orqv E~i]YllOT] OAT]e; TTJe; 1l&8660u TOU "IlOVOXVOpou". 0 OVOYVWOlTlq OIlWC; unooet vc I3pEl OPKETO OVcAUTlKa crcnerc me I.lEB660u cumc 0TrJ OXe:TlK1l 131l3hloypo¢lioB.

90 noener OK61l0 v' cvcceoouue 6Tl OUYYEVeiq ueeocor EllnelplKou OXEOlOOIlOU txouv «orovcccet DE coxersc uexcrsc Tile: A.n.N. aMwv XwpWV (BpETOV(Or, reAAiOs, rtooTOYOh(09, tonovro", BpO~lA(a". Kuvooaq':!). To eupoc Tile: XP1l0llq cuTIle; rnc Il&B66ou, ecrco KOI OE cuvYEVlKl'j 1l0P¢ll'j, mOTEUOUIlE OTl KO- 8PE¢lTi~£l tva eilioq KOTa~iwmle; rnc, nou noerter vc OUVTEAtOTT]K£ O£ nOAoloTepll enoxl'J KOI O£ KOnote IlEy6AO vcurmvucc «evroc. BPLOKOjlOOlE xomov eunooc DE ilIa TEXVlKi] I.lt80oo nou «caoooe Til vounnvuci nopoywyi] IllOe; ci,\AflC; enomc;

H n.ElllTTOUO(O rue IlE8000u TaU "1l0VOXVOPOU», OE OAEe; nc yvwctec ncocxxcvec, !3p(OKETOI oe «enoree ce.cec OTlIlOOlWV nou xcpO~OVTOl n6.vw ce KoBE croryero tau "I.lOV6XVOpou,,'3 Kat xerroucYOUV OOV «ooT]yoi» vro TTJ XPi]01l TaU.

~TIl OLOPKElO rnc eoeuvcc I.l0~ rtdvco OTT] IltBooo KOTaYPOl!J0IlE tva YEWIlETPIKO toone, us peen TOV onoto ncoscrrrouv curse or oetpec OT]~OOLWV. 0 rportoc aUTOe; ovouo~£TOL on6 TOUe; euneroucouc ~UAOvcurmvouc «uertcooxo» KOI f3ooi~ETOI 0' tva OpKETa B£WPllTlKO, Y£WIl£tPlKO 1l0vTtAO (ox. 1). nOpOhAOYl'] OUTOU TaU Y£WJ,Je:TPlKOU IlOVTtAOU tXElKOToypO¢lei oe IOTOplKte; nnvec rtou ovOq>t.POVTOl OTa I3EvETOlavlKo VOUlTllYE(O TOU 150U Kat 160u OLWVO. H ncocxxcyl'j OUTi] ovouczorcv «Meza luna» (OX. 2) KOI 6EV txel onoxxercter n xcncn KI CtAAWV rtccououov uovtehWV OTT]V (OlO necroeo''. 'OAEq 01 YVwOTte; eccouovec OUTOU TaU 8E' WpT]TlKOU veeuerpucoc 1l0VTthOU ouvceovrcu ue TTJV TeXVlKi] KOTTJYOpia "skeleton first», once tX£1 uvo$Ep8ci OTIlV apxn OUTOU TOU npaoou. To nocrc K08apo 0PXOlOhOY1K6 euprurcrc OUTl']C: rrtc TEXVlKi]q Ton08£TouVTOl OTOV 110 creve 1~ 'tccoc, xomov, T] Ilt8000e; TaU <'IJO' vcxvcoou», pe exec nc ncooxxoytq TWV yeWI.l8TplKWV B&WPIltlKWV

()IB(}r __

J

1. Toaxi)j.Jo 1Tl<;-l"tTl;opOAo<;" nou XPf']IJIIlOlTDIEj· Tal on6 TOII<; EllnElpiKOUC; ~u'\'OVgU"f']Vo(lc; V'O Vg KoSop.aTouv 01 O£lpt<; TillY O'1l"oi5lwv niNw ala XVOpIO.

2. H 'Meza IUII8', Onwc; nopoUO'lg~&T'" CIllO TOY Lalle, F.C.(1934).

3. IX1lI'onKo OYOmuVllo TQU UTTHDWj.lOTOC;" TOil nopai5oa,oKOU:'OIYOIOnU.oyITIKOUOKQ4'OUC;otEuoyyc· AiOTpIO., KOTOO'KEUOOl"tvou OT'l :rupo (1950). rrcu OViJKEI ""'",Epa OTO NoUTIIU~ Mouodo Alyaiou (axt· 1510 K.ll.O,"UDVIi5'lj.

A

.-

--

2

G l>

, B

4. IXI1If!1TlKO i5l(iypo,""o(OVOIfTUYllojTfJ(; OpiOTEPftc; n'\'EupOC;Tou.nETOWI'IITOC;~TouoKa<flOuc;nOUoya· olui4''lKE aTO Serc:e Urnan. To oXti5lo npoi;pxnol 'lnOTOV Stelly. J.R.(1982), o. 25.

5. «IT68v'l»ono TO vQunl]YEio TOU A.XaAoPIJ,Ap· IJEvIjIOVTOpivl1<;(1987).tuoKpivHOI'lB';K'l,Onou To"06&T&;YOI T004'OIIVYOP'II£TI1V KOKKIVl1 WXpo

uovrexev nou aUVO£eTOl, va r'jTOV TO nccrro TE::XVlIdL OAOKAIlPw~tvo f3Ti~o an6 TIlV q.meLpLKTi vcunnvrKTi «erncmun» OTO nxcuno TIlt; "skeleton first" TexvlKTiq. Or IltXPI «coo olepwVTll-!tvet; IUTOpIKte; rrnvte; nccouotccouv mv unop~Il cuTTie; TIlq e~t,)'I~Ile; 01'1 Bevettc rou 150u creve, MAO cev cnoexetouv Til vevecn TIle; oc noonvoupevec enoxte;.

01 &8VOAOvIKte; xoutov ucorcorec, ce OUVQUaOIlO ue nc lUTOPIKtq aJ .... M Kal nc OPXOlOAOvIKte; rmvec, Sa

prrooouccv [owe; va 110e; TpO(jlOOO' moouv ue nep.occteoc OTOlXdo ndvur OTllV eI;tAII;Il Kat OlalWVlOT] OUTTiq Tile; VOUnnYlKTiq TExVIKl'je;.

«uonoc an6 TO ueveeoc TaU OKa¢loU£:; (vrc OKo¢loe; iJ& OUVOAIKO wi· KOe; neptrtou 15 ~tTPO TO noxoe; HJJV oaviowv TOU "n&TOWIlOTOe;" TiTOV 3-4 EKOT0010). To mo ortpnvTlKO xapaKTT]plO1IKO CJTT}v eccouovii TOU uneTOWI-10TDq" neve 010 OKEAeTo, onwq YIVOTOV OTT]V A.n.N. TOU AlyO(OU, T')TOV'":

1. rUlllleTplKchllTO TOU oK6.¢loue; wq rtpoc TOV OIOI1TlKTl 6.~ovo.

2. rTOnKT] cuvecvcotc TaU «neTOWucroc» I1E TO oKeAeT6.

3. OI1MO( Kat 600 TO ouvmo ore-

49

H &nlKoAuliJll TOU OK&A&TOU (TO IIntTaWj.lau)

To «nETOWIJ0J> TiTOV T] TtTOPTIl (jl6.- 0'1 OT'1 OIOolKoola «crooxevnc evoc cxceouc. rTT] (jl6.0T] aUTl'j 0 OKEAETOe; ernxcxurrrorcv I-1E ccvtzec nou TO naxoc; TOUe; e~apTl6TaV

pe6H:pOI 0PI10( l1el:O~U l:WV ccvrzecv

4. Hoq>p6nll:O TT]e; KOmOKE:uTie;·

5. EueAll;io OTT]v eccouovn nov ocviewv vrc anoq>uyl'l 0XIOII1Cll:WV Ol:T]V e~"nepIKTi emq>6vel6 roue. 6. Au~nol1 me cvnorconc lWV 00· viewv cmv onooel8pwm; 10Ue; ana roue I1UKnU:e; KOl nc o;.,;.,oyte; rou nepll36.Movwe; (86.Aoooo·otpoe;). 7. cuvorornrc eMXI01T]e; xpi)O!]e; KOAO$01ioI1010e; vtc KO;"UU:PfJ crevcvocn.

IOIOin:po 110pq>O;"OYIKO KOlleXvlKo crorxeto currie IT]e; q>6011e; TiTOv II OIOOOXIKrl eq>oPl1oyr'j TWV cuviotov TOU «neTOWI10Toc;" nou KOTt;"T]YOV OTTl ccvrcc «K;"eloi" (KOToq>pan) oro ueco Kel8e n;"eupoe; TOU oxccouc (ox. 3). To crorxeto cure cev txel xcrcvoccet oe 6;";"11 A.n.N., on' 000 ~epoul1e, «n cnorcxouce l3oOlKO noocvovro TOU ,<nE:TOWI10· 10e;" 010 rrcoczocrcsc OKOq>ll TOU Arvotou.

zrnv TexvlK!') OVMU01110U ncxcuo reoou OKel$OUe; ue OUVO'\IKTi "skeleton first» TexvIKi), nou eveOKQq>l1Ke ere serce Liman", ncPltXeTOl 10 OXnllonKo cvcrrruvpo TOU W!')IlOTOe; lOU «nerceucrcc» nou oloow8T]Ke (ax. 4). H cuveor-

50

OTl TaU ovorrtuvuoroc TaU «TlETOW~aTOC;" TaU nccccootcxou crvoronexovrnxcu OKO$OUe; (OX_ 3) ue TO cvcrrruvuo TOU liloow9tvTaC; T~l')~aTOC; TaU «rterccucroc» an6 TOV 110 creve TaU VOUOYlOU OTO Serpe Uman lielxv£l TTl XOPOKTTlPIOTIKl') OIlOlOTTlTO nou eiXov TO liuo vouTU1YnIlOTO. H AUor) curn ue TTl oreliOXlKl') e:$OPIlOYTl TWV ccvtcev, nou KQT&ATlYOV OTT] ocvrzc «KAe:llif" OTO peco Koge TlAe:upciC;, nepc one TTl OWOTr, mOTlKn KOI OLKOlio~lKTi AE:L1OupyIO, 4l0(VETOl em TiTOV uro Te:XVlKr, emxovn nou ortcvrouOE 010 np6I3A11~0 T11C; eTllK6.AuljJnc; TWV U$6.Awv TWV OKO$WV Kat oro Mo ncocoervucrc. Ol lilO$OPUtKtC; «cunuxornrec nou KUPlOPXauv OTO u$aAa KOl ere t~aAo TWV OKa$WV KOI erne Mo rtcprrtrtimetc $oi· vercr 6Tl e:ntl3aAov, we; tva 1309110, Til lio~Ti aUTTl TaU "nETOWI1OTOC;". Mru Oelpa uno MAo TexvlKo xcocKTTlPlOTlKo. OUVlitOVTOllJ£ TTl lio~r, OUTn TaU .. n£Tow~OTOC;~ OTIlV 01- vcionexcvtrucn A.n.N. ,a. rio 10 XOPOKTTjpLOTlK6 aUTO. oev undoxouv OK61111 orurocreouevc CLOlXe:{a uno TO vcuovro OTO Serpe Liman KI tTOL I-lIO me oAoKATlPWllevn OUYKPIOTlTWV liuo neomtccewv liEV urrocet va vtver uum TT] CLlWr,. H OUYKPlTlKr, n6VTWe; ~eMTil TWV eoo ncoczervucrev 80 unocouce vo $WT10El rteorccorcoo

TIlV e~tAl~n TT]e; VQUnTjVlKr,c; Te:XVIKTlC; "skeleton first" KOl «carver built" cno TOV 110 creve we; nc uepee; pee.

The Anonymous Traditional Shipbuilding and its Contribution to the History of Shipbuilding.

C.Oamianidis

The history of shipbuilding has been enriched with many new data, the result of the research In a considerable number of ship-wrecks. The specialists of this field are steadily oriented towards the formation of an overall theory. which wit! provide a satisfactory Interpretation of the shipbuilding technique and its evolution in the framework of the History of Human Civilization

II has been commonly accepted Ihal all shipbuilding techniques applied on wood - besides the simple ones for building a raft or pirogue - can be classified, on the basis of two different constructing methods, In two groups: the first includes the "shell first" and «skeleton first" cateqorv, while the second the «carve: built" and «cltker built •. It is significant that throughout the Shipbuilding History all four categories mentioned above have been in use regardless lime or place.

In the course of formation of an overall historic evolution of shipbuilding. cer

tain elements deriving from the Anonymous Traditional Shipbuilding have been evaluated and taken into consideration. The purpose of this procedure was to facilitate the technical Interpretation of archaeological and historical finds. Quite many scholars have already stressec the necessity, the Anonymous Traditional Shipbuilding -often that of the Aegean- to be thoroughly studied.

By the term Anonymous Tradilional Shipbuilding (hereafter. ATS) we primarily mean the craft of shipbuilding that has until today survived through the oral tradition and has re mal ned unaffected by the ccnternporary or eponymous tec nrc ar achievements. The incapability as to determine more precisely the roremenuoneo term commonly occurs in every attempt of studying ethnological material and is usually balanced by employing one ot Ihe scientifically accectec methods of Ethnology. trnportent articles and papers on the ATS have been recently published in foreign countries and have considerably advanced the study of Ship building History.

In spite of this progress, the demand for a meticulous and complete documentation and study of the Aegean ATS remains unfullfilled. The few mcnoqreptnes on the subject published so far are important. SIlIl a collective project, well-planned and with perspective seems to be more than necessary.

51

1. H All'vI) Bow, I) 9wonlTK; Ail'v'1 TWV Bu~oVTlvwv, 1'£ npwTO nAovo TO VIlOOIU AXT0I'0p (1II".lToypo,'o TOu lIIiAou <l>1~tlVliolt O''''''11'tlU ''''TtlYPOIll'OU Rainer Lamplne

2. XOPTI]o; TI]o; 0111]0; APIIEvloo; (aVOtXTO)(PW· 3. To MEyilllo (<51'1;10, 1,111111. 5165 II.) t\OI TO MIt\pO Apopin {Op,oT&pa, 3925 II.). 1"& npwTo

III] nEploxt'J) Ka. '1]0; l:oIlIETIKt'Jc: (Epu8po· nAovoovpol 1'1' I]AIOanopo.

XP"'I'I]). (An6: Association Culluralle Vahan

Tekflyan (Ed.) Monumanla d' A,moin;l!.

8eyrouth,1975.o.VIlIj.

E{XOlle 05tepoHT]8ei tore, pnmoc au- TT]IlOTlK6 yupw cno nc aj3ao6Vt-

11') T] ccrvouevuci ouotcttrrc IlOP- crsc Ieee vvouec rrou exceoovrm

4ll'jq Kat KTllptOAOytKl'jq 8eoT}q au- Kat vcccovrcn, oxeTlKwq ue nc

vencveroi ernoooec uovoueoetc n «emoooec» TT]q couevucnc oPXLTe-

cuoractec l'j ~l'jnwq 041e{AeTOl KTOVtKnq en! TT]q [3u~ovnvnq.

anAwq oe ave!;a.pTT]Teq ~Opq,OAO- H exrore eVOOXOAT]OTl TaU ue TT]V

YlKeq Auaelq nou emVOn8TlKOV cno ere [3680q crepeuvncn TT]q uppevr-

TO vovurc ovecemvc uuoxo vtn v' Kf)q ucxrresrovuotc etc nc [31j3AlO-

cvruercnuoaouv cvcvxec sm rroo- 8l'jKeq me Eupuirrnc evevvnce TT]V

eeceic rtcoouotec, 'Eva npWTO ru- av6.YKT]1110q uevcxoreonc YVWPI-

l;1(Sl cmv Apllevia, TO 1978', unf)p- Il{ac; ue TO (051Q TO uvnuetc. rIO TO

t;e KOTaAUTlK6 vm 1:OV vodcovrc, oxono aUT6 noovucronomenxe

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11. -LANGLOIS, V •• CoIllICliorr de5 hls/anens anclfltlS e' rtI(Idemas '*' L·AfI'I'IOtnie.1. It. Paris. 1967-69. IORGA. N .• L'Arm6m/e cllfclf!nne, Paris. 1911.SANDALDJIAN,J .. HIS/OlredocumenfalreOe L'Arml!mle, du l&mpsdupagallisme. Aama.1971. MACLEA. F .• Armenia. Cambridge. 1922 .... OONTS N .. HlslairedeL'Arm~mla Lesarll/lnes. Pari •• 1946 KONIG, F.W .• ZurHerkunllller Armenler. Wle" 1!1501, lELOIA. L. L'Orien/eeiYIst/anonellasloria della eMlra.lIoma,l964_DEANERSESSlAN.Slrarple;n.e Atmenlans. (Anclenl Ptiople and Places. No 611). Landon.I969.Idem:L·anarm6trien_desotlglnes au XVII siilcle. Paris 1977. GRABAFI. A .• Ule lien mandedel''''nllqul!~al'ilcoJede("ar1elasslqueel son r6le dans la lonnatlonda i'art Ou Moyan Age • Revuede/"Art. Paris. 1972. Na.18. B-25. 8RENTJES. Burc~~,d: Dre! laMausende Armenlen. WI"n und Munchen.1974.Enfon~nIlOVTAPXOY.BIOlnop<iA· AnA", .IIOUKouA<><;- •• Kp~ca<><;.~ THOMPON. RoW .. Agall!.llgelo!l. Hls/Of)'o/Im,Armenlans, Albany. N.Y. 1978, Eni"'l~ WERFEL, F'anl. Les 4Q Jours du

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ApfJI:vuc7jExo:.1o)Oiil_KONITANTlOV ... ·TQYAnO:=ENAJOY. A""jJ'~wvi" Opib<'IO{w~ "-Cl, AoIN'v{(J.w. K"",IA",. 1910. TZOAAKllIOV. LX.,AKGoIou9i<J TOU ayfouBamlapaTa<;KClTdro<;lI,aTd{e'<;"T,)<;"Ap¢:"" ,,*"Dp8QIId{ouEOO<o1'1O'ioo;- ... An.IIltTaqop,an6Ta oPU.) KwvIAl~. 1881. HAMMERSCHMIDT, E. "'SSF"'lG. J_. ··Ab,ls. de' Arm .. ~ischef Kulisymbollk"'. In: Symbolll< de~ a"l]{Jdmle" u. o,lenlallschen Chrislenlums. Slultoart. 1962.236-254. n ... PElENIOY M'lTITOIJ KQ":,,,pt!o~ 'Ill, nol.llLOTi"'l~ .1<:rL"opiaTf)<;iJ&.o,o;uPw)JBWV"al"'PiJ&viwvOla<l>Opt\<;: •• ln: nAnAllOnOYIIOYKEP ... MEnI. A.. AvdAe· K'OlCpooo,lollllTOOj<;irqL(uoAoylo<;".Ay.n&TpotlnaAI~. 1891. A'.

16. KOAIUN. The life dMasl>lotz. Translaled by BlJIrO$ Nor""ad. N ..... YDtk. 1964. LEROY. M_. .GrSgolreMagistroset l ... tntdutllansarm~n!en""" d'aulour5grecs.,Annua/redel·lnslllutd'His,,,lre eldaPhllologleOrlenreleserSlaves, III. raaarco L6Iou:.LatradUGllonarm<nlenned'Eucllde.,~. IV. 1936, MEILLET. A.. Grammalre compa'lJe de I' armt!n(enelessique. Paris. 1903

17. KASO ... N. A.no Oo~VKII ff)I; "l,p6pxOOO<l<;"ni· {1J(aroBu(dVTKITOUII·I2ouw..Epq3Qy,1975(p<ooaU<tl~CHARANIS.P .• TheAnnel>lansIn IIH!Byz;Jnllne Empire. Lisboa. 1!169, MnAPrIKIAN. X.M, .Bl.(OvtlCN "Ol"'p,;cv(Q •• Bu(a""vd,l2.etoao).O\Ii"'l.I983. '31-482, IDEM:ToBu(dvflw~l<;"lar;API'£v'Kd~nflyd~, KtvTpOv Bu~ov"Y<ilv Epeuvwv. etaoMo~("'l. lB1!I.

16. H Ynl1pto(o "'"noTI1A<iJor:w~ MV'l~tlOJv np<>y~o· lo~atcl &",&la~j.Ltv"" """"''1A'''''£l~ "al ovou<ooaj.L1'tOt,~.Otli<lutvou6tL<:rL"I~nA£(<nt<;ntpln1""'E"'1O o.pXnlouAu<6~aTt'u<£:ilOlondpoxlanap61QlMl!Ifio. t9.I{HATCHATAIAN.6..L·/ifChllecfureArm<inienna duIVOauVII"sil!cIes..P,..Is.1971. 2O.0EANERSESSI"'N.S .• A'mflnlsandlhe Byzantine Empire (C;wnD,ldge. Mass. 1945). KATCHATRIAN,A_,L'alllh/llIClureAmnlnienm>du IV" au VI!" s/eoles. Pari$. 1971. AOTT. H .. Klelnuialische Denkm~le', Leipzig, 1901. STRZYGOWSKI, J., K!elnaslen. eln Nauland rmr KunSll/esChld.le. leipzig. 1901. GUEYER. S.,.Dle Bedeulungderctll;slllchenSaukunSldeslnneren Kleinasienstnrd'eallga-nelr>eKunslgeschlchle'. ByzantlnischeZeirschnf(33.1933,78-104.313-330. 21.Kol6t""v~tnl<m}JOVQ.nou6oaTux<i><;1iI:v o;v6vUoUIlQlP,jU.LOYPC¢"><flavo<l>Ood.np6o<tlTo'VIQ o8ool<·pageaeslnelics!.

Zl.OTTa-OORN.K. .• TOrkisch.lslamlschea Biidgul Inder Flgu,enraliel. ,on Achtamar., In: Analolle, III. Ankata,I961.99·167

Zl.VAHAAMIANH_ .• A,ohilelliemaestricostrutiori nell' Armenia medievaLe •• In: Arc~ir~lIura ml>dievaie

65

66

Armena, Roma,lge8,35-39.

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25. Ta ~jJ'Xw",a. TIl A04>" KOL ", onOT~Ij./lIl'tll(l~'" #0 OT!an:AOiN,a "up,6n:po tllIl) 86}."", TTl~ IJlII;avtoV1't<; "a, apjlI:voo't<; ap)(l'f:.Klav'""'~, noo XP'JO"'1lOnOloUVT{1l <a<; tv1iul.~""'l""'oaKSUr\"a.l.u",.<o><; ,,"v V,"VI""'XWpou,,,,pav"""K1'I<;"a'~.<ila'.YQ """wx8<iI)I""Ofla<n'ImOV"upto~oAUn'0V10'111" a4>O,poK696Ao.BAtn&KOI:CHOISV,A.,HlsloIre<Je l'afCltileclure. Pari.,'II164,I,4(l8.<I19.1I. 12·23, RIVOIRA. G.T, Roman ArchilllClure, O.rord. '11125. pa.sslm, ROSINTAL, J., F'el!denrlfs, Trom~ al Stalactites cians I' afChllllClure or~nlBle, ParIs. '1928, RUMPLER. M .. La caupola cians /' archllecrurebyzanlinelllmusulmane.Strasbourg. 1906.FINK,J .• DlekuppaIOootc/emVlareck. Freiburg-Munchen. 1958. E'~>I"w~ V'a '0 O'IOT&lI-'II' "tvoAa<l'(o.IJ~. MVMNA, n.M.,.H Movfi lIoA,ollwII ~ KpaVl6~ cmw mv60" !:eN, METIOBIO nONNEIO (ed.)EKl<AI)C1is<;cmwlSUd&"erdfl1l1'M"""l.A6T1 vo,I979.of:A.96,CU<.6.·n&~V'l~nK6KtI""vo,OtA. 96-99. 06po<;cmart1J.111IJ'!II(IAO<I'(otxco608e(an6 ,ovyp64>OVlo. 26.no¢OO'flIOOO\Ij.III>IIM'oo:a,09r)IlKII<'"OI,,,,,,",* KAf\>ru<OO:QJIo1o.ci10I'lYnpolrt<;AKall'lllioo:A8qvWV.HPo~1"'l!tvnpull~oVIICr\Atn1OJJtp&\o rldVm&pliyldVWToIIi6i:lmo.ll\pIol',avo,oOrJWCr) MiIlOKanoAul'tvoAul&~T'l':"""'''>f<;,AIll6tXE' w<;an01tAtoI'OTOOUV"iXl1l1I1ovoqKIlvCla'<II<:1lO "tro ITtp!nou 1;1.5 TOO 'OC(IloU "n'lpiOU nOU t:>lnv!:UO111"t° apxnt"'wv.EllvAo'n6v'0 ouV"P<I"Watl· Xt"aTao"l:tJoofIelf.l£VoN.ittpar6n ~4>ua""'~AI"" "a aaaul'~wVOUa&I'.1I1vc",ravr)"MI'0><a<;nou UIPoY"P"u.:. ~pu8poAoylal0u"1~PIOu, WOlsvoano&;'oc, a,a6r),,"T\ nMpw"'l Olav OtQrf)

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28. THORAMANIAN, T~ Yi\IK6y1O fI1VIO'TopiaTlJ<,"ApIJ£VIKI)I;ApX"''''TOV\lOj<;". E~ll6v. 1!M2(00l1'tvlK1iI. MNAITAKANIAN. s..H, HApXlTCKTOIITK1I r .... vOpjJt· ""'o)vnpo6aMp ...... Epo:P6V,ll152tQl)llt:llUOo)J.Ar;,0Jt """06<iW<6p~6T~.aT6n(Vn~IICfIo;nAlIP04>O'pI""TOUmB.J.M.lhl9rTy,OlOEpo:P6V,tOI965,tvu<; aIT6 r""" 1lO0~Tt<; ,OIl fIj)OX,oI~a~t ,111£ 11'0 6,60- O<Tapoo\ epvnala ""84mTOUC:oPlll;Vl"w.:vOp6r]"",,. 29, 1~,o"tP<O><;Too..o<;~ol3rw~'t~B,XapOU.a""'6v"a M,M.Xaopa",lv

3IJ.STAZVGOWSKI.J .. KI"lnuien,8inNBulanddet K"ns!gescnu,nle.Lalpzlg,I903,14.8,DIB8auhunst der Atmenler utl(1 EutrJp", Wlen, 1918. passim 31.TaycV~(lHa·O(J"x;AaovOOIe<:;oAawvITTl<; y£"""'O'l""OfI1vTpanc(alvrn.T~vonaro,6M<OOrt, sy"aT~~",,<na,61,lIl:vanon ... tltn'''T~l'av'''6 £n,xdpl'll'o.Ar;,a"l"",,,,Odnd.V1,,,,6t1'1 TPom'I;oUo; 6&VtXt:I~nl6tv""lvE1a'va tlXEVaoU<; ""nAIlY''':; Mllyx£<:_EMllno.\uruaru00v661~61avO·0<>w<;0J<t· ~vonpao9ta&lTau<;XopoUo:;a'a~aOoAlJt6f1)<: i\auPO<;,vollul"'I0"l"£P<4"'iK6'n'lp«ITrt<;ecoaaAavOOJo;IIt.es!loolum.pavre<:;OV1'KptO,t<;nAo1- v,£<:"6vx":;r\IIU<a""vd.'''T\P,ao'llvnOAll,6n"" ToE.....-.:OKO<l/lllrov(NAUM,ANN,R. .• Vorbe'ichtuder die Ausgrabung zwischen Mese und Antlachu. Palast. 1964 •• jn'latanbu(stMIItBII~ngan, 15, 1965, 135-148)nap6lm\p,aapI£V,"6T\VtWPv,a.6nounoTt. KaG' 6aov yvwpl~oul' •. lI~v .",a"t~9!'1~£

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28,1979.143-160.

37. BOURAS. Ch. .• ZooSI ra. une baSlliqUB byzantine au Pt!lapanAoo •. C •. Alch. XXI. 1971, 137·149- LAFONTAINE·QOSOGNE J., .Compte 'Bndu sur Ie

Prolatan de P.M. MVLONAS.,8yzantion. .(1961).

e'. 679- t(OMEC, A., O",.nerusslcaje Zodc~est"" honsta X"·~atchala XI/' B .. M6axa. 1997. KAAUTHEIMER,R.,op, cit .• (01w.32allwTtpOlI,507, n. 36, 37. ORAGUT, V .. ,NOla de Lectu,a Ip.M MVLONASI·Stu(!113ISerQlltaridelstoriaArt,,(,Serla Arle P(ullca, 34. 8ucaf8l1t. 1967.94-96. 36.EIU"6r\6r:vBcwpaV"".anp<>l3oMll~&noX£o· p~1lO1a £n,all)~OVI"1I aMd Poa,afltVQ 0& ",uxa~,," Y'o<t~ npoa,ptae,~. 6ao So all(l4l4><>f1& """'vOm. (,riNt"",ouyypaqotow.n~nt;lnal-'£n,oK61"'''''l· "'l1'-47.6noo00. un€l)jloI.,t<;'011 Strzygawskj

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40. LEOOtACONUS. Hisrotl •• Bonn. 1828, 175.176. 506.C~OAENUS,MlgnflP.G., T.121-122. THEOpH, CONTINUATUS,MlgnB. P,G., T.l09

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50. KOlll,avETt4>OvoAwAiI<tTJC:Top<ilv,ap.clr.. StjIA. UI,'&qI. XX. au.. U .• _oollJorrpdrwpSoaI· A&la.;IJ£TOonpatvo rl'r)IJOI1}I;'''P)I£''''''''''''otvdmTOI;'oI'»Mal<S"""'iI"''''''~1'-4: •... 00~".."np6- o<l'Uyz,,(6m1Ilrds/nouo9Ja.;Is,a.;a8'tS>tpllt'Ol11v Mo,,~&v(a ojaav. meovov, jJ&rOl",a6t""t<; (dBs Iransporrd~)npoop'(~VartSOL.ivondtavo,," T"",pdrapo~or·tvo"" rwv8ou),ydpwvnOlt&:v 1"1)poooov 'IIv I~,o ap~OK';;O._."

51, 0, ~n,ppot~ !, .. o~u 1lOA",a~wv ~tv &n,il<\AAov. m,an·t(w.oM6ylva",,,1i'"tt<;andptao,6,ov ootKt~~tlva, .;,p'IIe<:; npo; T...:na. n.X. 6,vr\Tav0' 9J~a\f"vaIMV''''4>uVd.OU:;0111l1u'''lTou 15oua, .. flOull0<\9ll<1avTTlvno:W!ottAvavtvvnmlon66,,,,, muc;nPldlollaoMo.·H,avlln""" .... Avuvtwrrw\nOll tlx~~"""£onQ,lojnpov,nautoo.o:;Xpt't'Knn...:"'" touc:dXelKnetal!Do";ll)VKaT6.U'11Llln£Pia60.r1(>. poilOO<a<;:OlA4IP,K(JOoiMaUpaoa ..... d.jlOI0111VAI'tp'. K~.IItJIIIoliPYTlOOv"'r6Tau<;'tAw1:aiou<;a~61· ""Tau<;K<LVt'l£XVlPifl""""~(f.IOUOlKr\.xop6o:j. E""oUloo.~ ou-o:6 TO na.\mOTuc6. OTOIX&!a Ka1bmJo(lll "1v A""p,"T\ KO, TOV ~OOID aA6 ..... 11P<l ~6~'" TO U· )'£u,ala10 l(pOv,n, OTavo'A'"~oIt4>8aoovva.avo· o<OA.uLjlauv. to"" Maupou<;. ~1l~0~r\ tqr9naav va sl. ""WP'llo<vaOnootx8a(ivlo ""A6V .... 0101Xtla. KaL ClVT,orpc\41t11~:O,"O,yOTTJ"','tllvl'aAwvKo'EH"'. """v ~~IOVOOTWV Ot(~ H.nA 80 topt~t VO tlxav lit· Ta~ultlla£l TOO vtQMaa",all6 ~ "<: .9V'K~ pull~'"

~o~lt<; IOU<; <mJ. AIl&P"1\. on6116Vov '" ~&~rN6<: 6T1«cnoo<oUv&K&l.llOI~oInn6ouloU<;£pvO~""" 10l"",OPX"t"'~~""'ltX'".oI""OIl£P,"o .... "6 EpvOl0~ .... 52.STRZYGOWS"'t.Saul<""sl.t.236.6a"",<6!=o<; onO'QYTHORAMANtAN.op.cil.(0lltJ.26loflil:£''0 rKollir "","upl"",np<.>6<iAc~o "OlIO Z"IJ"r"'lv ... ~ "010<"10 r",v '~Pofu>v. 0, ntll,006ltp<~ On6"Il~ Il£M· ,~<; nau txovv "'~~"mtu9d ".~V Rovue (les Eludas Armt!nlennes, Pa,[s. lB2().;>3KOl 191>4-84 BtwpoW'o ZOjJoloUvW<;"IovbU"T,~6npo86.\.n~" ,ou vam) -0 CUNEO.P,L·arel!iteHu,adeJlaSclJOlaReglottaledi Ani. Roma. 19n. 1'.n. 15. lovI(I:I: •... Ol000lWtoi 6j)OI 6£v <Iva, <lI<p$W<; O"""""'IXI< IlOI XP~IIljH>nOlOUvllllnlilllKpi,,,,,,onOIO,,,,OUyxpovOOJ<;lIUy.

::~~:"~~~;;":=/J'I::~U~~&~:

19n".t"8&wpowmr.a{J""",,,po(IdAn~o1Ouva. ou nou .(unT]p"'€( XP~otl<; aOTl"t~ KC, epn,,"~uTL' Kt" .0 ~GZ"lJalo<lv w<; ouv",VUu6 IOu.

53 BA. TO £~orp .. c Documenri. op. cll .• lo .... 'cpw OT]~ 52) "01 HASRAnAN. "' .•• Le GOmp16~ monastiquede Oavldan~et les partlculantesoo t' architecture.", ses MtimenlS &o!K;ut;ers •. Te= S,mposIOlm"mazlDnaledJArieAnnena, 1961. Alii. Venezia. t981.27~:.181

&I.t.4YLONAS.P_"' .• laTI_l~detaGrar>deLav,a. c.o. A'~h .. 35. 1987. 143-157. 6nou 0. "O'OoJr~'<; , .... .pont:l;"'v I ... " j.lO,,",v.ou A~, 'OPOu,

5&. JACOBSON. A.L, .Otl A'Chl Ine'",,;ati nell' Arehltellura Medie.ate ArmenB', Primo Simpaslo Inlem, dl Ane Armena, 1975, Am. Venezia. 1918. 3Z3-328, BRECCtA. FRI\TAOOCCHt. T., .Some ""'narks 0I11t'iecrossed·arch Domes In Soutnem A""""la •. "", F""to Inlem. Symp. 011 Arm.. AIT_. Yere<"",I~Resum<lsd6l$canmtJnlcalions,52-55. ""0 oo~~ atNoo!rrt up; ""po!>oc,,,,,r'I<; 9c»,.0l'x>tJ!<><; Ir,c: API'£Vln<; ".0 OERNERSESSIAN,S_. The Armemans. N.Yo-rl<, 1970.112'114. 56.XAllflA:OlAN.O,Y,.AO'''''rjApXlt(l<rovolf1)''''w Apl,evfo, M6o)::0 1971 Ipwao,.6), O'ONOFRIO, M ..

• Ce"~IMl"'tais ril"idenllalsd~ t'A,menleduV'au Vlt·sll!c:tes •. TheSar;O!KIlniern. Symp. on Amt An .• Yelevan. 197a. Rl!sum~srses comm .. 11<11 tl. 91).110. APOUTtOYNIAN. B .. N6fVO Xpov<"d lOll ApjJl:V<l<otl lIa"".Ep<lIdv.1985(pwrut6).88-91.n(v)(LV.XLVlti. IX&lIllW<;l't fl1'I"I."u:PlQ'Ja, ... ~t"'lIl&M'Tl 'OOK. O· Onofrio lov<o)'tpw. 01i')V (&0 <7ll~.190. ~napoUct va napa1i'JP~eu 1m a ~~v, <mJv Av6.Jlo."'l. fJ'JR 40. Kt<l>dA. 5o.1<7lltJ. 10 'JJC: "v .... tpw 1"'~tTr,<;J. "w tPtP<1 (nap6~p_ 25~ AI <'I·oi.ia, *,av "aldYl""" la IJtv aldjJa OJomp ~ptllro<;, "6rw<'l'etipefa,-al6t c{o!Xlo, rOf"!1f;vLJryo(uvr",~Op(Jf<ror.al<'ltavfJpOJ' n", KIIJ~/kIjVOV mll<Ail_o.;-. H rt&Pl~pa~~ llUI~ 4>0. vtllOw .. 6X~ tva y.h"rotiv IJI: ~uA'1II) oPD4>~ xa(aPClatv I't anal"". ao«:n"al1:111) ~& XoAr ••• aMO 00· qlW<; tvo un60.a<:>0. lUnou Konno~o~(o" " I"",oplllf)<;.

57 STRZYGOWS"'!.J,8au/<unsl.It,615. ~Am8tip<.JaTj;ApX"I:I<I(IYIM6<:6(>ot;.!-I6MO"o'I"'"Ill~wtc-.epa<; -<L",aopxolo.cil'tVQundp){t,~6v"" 'op~~oa\IQ8lJp()w(LlOOELL-SCOn-JONES, 1966, OPflANlI.01:-TPAYIIOI.No.;..ovApxalwvApxort-rroV.KWv ·OpW". AenVQl1B66),a~~ S,1PooB,'X br;vOVl1 oI>tP<1 IlnOlCaXt'm6(NOHL H., Index Vltfuvlanus. '1983), np6o«:l,al ~,n rnv eE;'" .t:)(V'K~ tlfEE~pyoak!: rIo ''Iv <aAu,~prj t¢'Cl!>~av~ '''''' aplllO>v l"'"Io~Aa<;t:uTli .... &\jJ""'.~atl.pti"",al ... vapllli>v<ilav "",(J<oltlK6puoot)~a1i')~(opo(6vnot)(JlfoAow OVIo, ox lIl~pO 1l<l6o<;, <>!It\VOVl<><; n£PiI'£'PI"J\ J\ ~t",¢I<p"di tOlvioll"ono) .. :nw<:tnrndl~ "o,Ada.",· ~vt'o. nou ,,"'" ~6vov nopa~a~B6v€' "~op!~&v' llt~ ",et\a€,,, ri '0 ~O,oKO)puqla ",Oll,ra, OV""'Q~"'" ''''''JltP,m.;,oewv. EnLtuVXO"tl01 hOL 6P10TIl "a, t,\,£VX6~tv~ £no",~ , ... v ~6~",v .0, 100~O,paa).Ltv~ napaAoB~ IO", ... eJ\Oc"",'; I ... V ",opt;"",. "'m(u<'(\4>u <PO<; oP~6<: op80~wv(ou M~ou npouat~~"' TIlV m.o· ~tI~axriflOn.nou6u!Ji~nJ.aIa,oB<ipn<;.a",; 6IlouKOJa6(>ot;_(OINSMOOR.W.B.T1h!An:Illtecrure oIAnc/elrIGr.....,B.~.·l950.367).

59 ...... rrj(""n!<.:I.6po<;1I£'avwtartpo<;,""6!J~.-Olmo 'A~lav ·Opoo:;. v,a ,0. t<-Pti nPOllt1/o.o~a T ... v j.lavtJ· al~p;o~",v V<I<i>v, ~a,·0"'161aoroM npo<; 'OValS vo;l ~pced.l.Oj.lonouoL.M1&w<:anO~""'d'<11~dp61i.-n<;". 60. SCHULTZ, R.W. & BARNSLEY, S.H .. Th~ Monasl~tyalSamt Luc in Ptrol<l., ~IC .• London. 1001 .tTt"'AI. E., To 0'K!XlOIJIKOVXpov'K6v f1KM<>voj<;" 00:ri0<JiWu<d_OO<;",AIlI\IIOI.1970.XATZHMKHI.

M ... nSpl "'1M\<: Dolou IIouKd NE"m.pa •. £UfJV'«c. 25. EIoooo.Iw\IiKIj 1972, 2!B-313. MnoypA. II.. OrAl; nTl.w..-lI,IIKao~rooNaotir""naV<Jy{a<;"aloMr>vaa'rjp, fOil 00(011 lIou.-II. AOJ\VOI. 1900 KRAUTHEIIo1ER._. EartyChrlstlan. elC .. op. cit. 1900, 338.363,506

6t M~MlNA, n.M .. napaIllp~a£l~ '''~ IIln't TIl<; na v"y(a~ IOu 00110'"' lIou~r'I, Z' I"uwr60,o S,,(, ~a. MS, loll. Apxa,Q),ayla~ "a, TtXVl]~. ntp'M"'t'~. Ae~vo 1987.52·54.

62. B~. OUVTO~~ ",,([A""'l'OU ,uno~ 0'0 6p9po M~ fiONA, n.M .. KafJoA1K6Xe..la~6apiOlJ. op. cit, APXA'OIfOriA.14. "'.Sp_1985,81.0I1j.l.1 K01YlOM' nlOf,11:P1'! o\f6!fIU~Tl' MtlLET. G... L' kDle grecque aans/"arcMlecluro!>ftan~ne. Parls.'I960.56.Onou !'xa'Nn<i>v&,0,~,onpli>''1<:>of>Cl.06(>ot;pla(fcomp/e., KOIOPMNlI.OLA,A.B.ME,al·(194O).Tl:tlx.I.0_7. 63.0PIIANlI.OY.A ..• HMavrj.ouOa(ouM"-"".(ou •• A.B.M,E .• E'. 1939-010. 59.c,~. 12.

S4. IDEM, .·H cv 8o, ... r(0 Mllv~ 'ou IOV~OI(j". A.8.M,E..2·.1il51.a3,elI<,6.

85, KASANIN. M., aOSKOVtC. 0 .. MI20VIC. P .. 1& Manu",rode Z1ta.8eograd.1964

66. OEAOKO. A.. Spomm/c/Ji Archi!ecwra. IX·XViII BBl<B. UJugosIabija. Beograd. 19&4.

67. IDEM.op. cit. ("'" 01)1.68).

aa. M~LONAS, P_M, op. d,_. ov ... ,tpw. 0111'- I.

69. rv"",.tc:an6lf&P1VDOq>t~ IouBoatAdou rp~V6- POlI<t~ Mn~po"Tl. Srr .. nsrvovanl/8 ... Sarsirago po svlarymm'estam""01"",, ... Ay(ontrpounoh,~.1!181, •. V .. passln,.

70, MI'1\C1NA. fl.M .. op. cn .. ln.p( npo .... H~la "Ot "'oulAou~OU"iou) 10<; 01]11, 34 o~ ... , ;!i~ILLET,G,L·allt:/enar!~BrOO.les6glises.pari5.

72. BALS, G"'lnftllllJlCedupian sert>esur Ie ptan des <lgtfses 'oom~Ines-. In: l' All Byzanlin c/Jez les SlaWlS.RecueiIT/JeodlJ,eUSpetlSlfi,. Paris. 1930. THEOOORESCU, R., .AproPO$du plan lr;eonque cans t' archl!eclu'edu Sud·Esl EUYOpeenau Haut Moyen Age •. Re.UD dn Eludes sud-Est Eurapllannes.XIV. 1976,No 1,3-14 .

73. SA, "o,6ljJ<L~A6<o)vu("" Ka8o..\,"Wv.Ca.Arc~ .. 32 19S4.1i)6.109

U.",~f\()NA_fl.M ..• HMovrint,poo:OT1lNQ"ani .... 60 •. E9N. Men. nONN80. &dJ)Q'~ O'fIJV £Uti 6a,45().I840.n%l-B·.A~.I982.a&.\..I35.&U<.31· lfOPOUOlOlp"oo<alloAu<il''''''MtltW!Jwv.H~non",," '~lop. 2). a A ..... noumi,,{ap. 3). '1 A~(o TPI66a{op. 5). ~ Pouo6111) (op. 7) nopcucrl6~ouv nprxnt6rU.ltvouo::

S"(!t(~ vdpEiTl"&<;"IMI{~) Xo.:pl~ .Iovt:<;

1~, MYMlNA, n_M_, .KuplI:><O I'"'l'Wv "0' 6Mo, laO· ~'Ol vao( 0'0 ·A~IO. ·OPOX:'. r' I"Ul'nQo.o SuI;. "a, Mt,all. Apxlyla~ «a, UX""~. ncp,A1\t1t.". A9~vo. 1983.61-62.

18. MYMlNA. n.M_. ''''~Mt'''I1KO( NaQ/ alo 'Ay,~ 000v •. B·~ujJn6a,0av.:."OlM."'Il.ApX."'" ftX""". ntp/llrj<j4K;.AOJ\vO.I982. 7().73

n. BLEGEN. G.. •• The Root 01 Ihe "')'C@nean M"lIalon •. Am. Joumal aIA,eto .. 45. 1945 78.0tNS"'00R,W.S .. TheA,ctoilec'ure01 Ancienr Greece, London. '1950. 118-119.110.44

79. MICHAEUS, A_, Der PariMnon, Lelpllg.1870-71 46,50. Dasstm,OEICHMANN,F,W .• OleBasltlka1m P~Ilhenon •• AII_ Mm. 63·64, 193&39. 127-139. TRAVLOS.J .. Pic/oriaIDi;!ionaryolancienIAlhens. New YOlk. 1911O.456.'-576

so. m'O"'OflIOY KAIIAPEOI. nc(!l KflOjJdIWV. loot> Classlcat Library, Londan. Cambridge. Mass.. 1950. 0 ..... 84.as-I.X.1()·16.onpoo<l>nlac;XapruolIlPl~' "'" Xo,.I«rjv <»<; ..,PO.qJ.t .... OtJ<l •. 6~Aa()~ cillo<; npov6ou

81 OPflANlI.OY. A .. Mot.<lO'T~Plo"'l A(!X"e...-rov,lf1). Ae~va,. '1958, 89-91. E'K. 108

82. IDEM. op. cit, 76 •. t.

'O~ec; 01 ¢,w10ypa$(ec; efvcn TOU GUy vcceec. &KT6C; crrc IT]V ap. 4

Armenian Gavits and Byzantine Litae

P. Mylonas

In previous publications, the almost simultaneous appearance of wide narlheces in Armenian and Byzantine churches, the Gavits' and Utae' was otscussec. A hypothesis had been tormutated whether this was due to mutual intluencesor to slrnuar but independent developments. Accordingly, a research project on Armenian Soil was carried out In September 1985'.

A. Examination 01 the Gavlls

1. A cross.examtnanon of Armenian bibliography aimed at: a) a clarification of the role of the Gavit in the Church. b) the quest for texts or other material justifying the migration of forms. such as the Gav/I, from Armenia towards Greece. Serbia and Mt. Athos; or viceversa. Except for some theories about "Armenian influences on Byzantine architecture", in 20th c.lexts,nosuch indication. textual or monumentat could be traced.

Such "Armenian influences" supposedly are: (a). The origin of the Athos catholicon. Strzyqowskt and his followers" believe that the existence of Side apses and the birth of the founder at Trebizood are sufficient evidence of a Caucasian Influence in the formation of the catholicon". Becent cubtlceuons=s->, Internationally accepted", prove that the early cathollca on Athos applied models from Constantinople. without side apses, the tatter having been added late! 101 purely functional reasons. (b) The question of the restoration 01 Sta Sophia in Constantinople by the Armenian architect Trdad-"·<>. is refuted by the report of Emerson and van Nice .... ', which indicates a structural repair with no stylistic influences". On the contrary, an opposite influence cannot be ruled out during this same period Trdad used Byzantine penoenttves instead of Armenian squinches, in his masterpiece, the Cathedral of Ani (989·1001). (cl. The question of the presence of Armenians in Byzantium, whether on the imperial throne or as deported population" ...... Given that no trace of influences resulting from this ethnic presence has ever been tree eo, one would accept that a process of absorption of the minority by the rna jority was under way in Byzantium, similar to those of Alexander and the East, Rome and the Mediterranean or contemporary America".

2. The visit to a large number of chur-

67

ches equipped with Gavils was effec tuated in order to Investigate their structural, functional and stylistic elements. The Gavit is the square vestibule erected in front of the church - usually on the same axis - after the death of Ihechurch's donnor, in order to house his tomb. Besides this cornmemorative purpose, the Gavit serves secular activities. Similar buildings are the Zamatoun, which serves only secular purposes, the Library and the Refectory, which all follow the same building principles, as the Gav;t, 01 a large square or orthogonial building with windowless walls, two, four, six, orno supports, a decorated stone roof and an oculus. This arrangement however is the development, into stone techniques, of an ancient local timber architecture,theglkhatounsupporting a roof, the hazarasen, w1th central oculus" .... ', .. ,56. Proof of this is the oldest example of a Gav/t, unfortunate Iy in ruins (church of the Mother of God, Lake Sevan, 874 A.D.) which used wooden studs-to support a wooden roof. The provenance of the stone Gavit from a wooden construction is ascertained by the study of stone roof ing in different Gavils. (fig. 24) llrustrates flat stone slabs and corbell· ing systems indicating intermediate stages between timber and stone building techniques.

B. Examination of the Litse

68

The oldest known Greek Llti is the one of the Panaghia of Hcslcs Lucas (fig 25,1), with two columns, forming an tnlegral part of the building and dated to the second half of the 10th c." Re· cent remarks of the author indicate the Panaghia as being the result of enlerqernent-rebunctnq of an older church and theLifi as an enlargement of an older narrow·nartl7ex"· ". Litae or otherwise wtae-nsnneces are not known to have occurred in the Capital or within its areas of influence, either in monumental remains or mentioned in written sources. Besides the Lili of the Panaghia, other Litae to be found on Greek souc are the one at Hosios Meletios" (mid·12th c.j.' and at Sagmatas" (second half of the same c.), the former being the result of an enlargement from a rerrow-nerttwx (lig.2S,2,3).

wtae-oermeces have also been added to churches in Serbia (fig. 26), later than the ones in Greece: ztca" (1220·34) and stuoentca'" (1227·34). However these Serbian vestibules are not incorporated into Ihebuilding, as is the case in Greece, where church

and Uli obey toa uniform design. Furthermore, the Serbian wiae-renneces do not replace an earlier narrow nsrthex but are an addition further west, to the construction.

The examples of Decant" (fig. 26,3) and of Chilandari" (Iig. 25,S), quite different from each other, as well as some Litae on Athos", form a second 14th c. group. However we know of no other contemporary examples In Byzantine areas, except for the Liti of the Prophet Elias (fig. 25,7), which as the author has recently observed" seems to be the result of an enlargement of an older narrow·nartl7ex, (1300?), thus actlng as vanguard and innovator for this second group of Litae in Northern Greece.

Examples in Southern Serbia, where the addition of columnless wide or narrow· nartheces has been in common practice, fact which Millet considered to be an extension of the type 01 stnqte-navec Serbian churches". The influence of the latter type on the churches 01 Moldavia has been stressed" where the wide·narthex reaches dimensions equal to or greater than those 01 the church proper. Together with the linan ctar support arriving from the Romanian Lands during the 16th c., the Idea of a tour-coturnn large Uti, could have been transferred to such examples as Dochiariou (161n c.), Xiropotamou {18th c.j on Athos and others on the Meteora

During the 18th and 19th c. Litae were in vogue on Athos and other monastic institutions in areece t=.

To trace the origin of this special Greek vestibule, one should emphasize: (1) the facl that, as proved by the oldest examples - Panaghia, Meletios - the Liti did not spring up as an entirely new form but was the result of a remodeling of existing spaces (narrow·narthex). This process is much more stralqhtforeward than the inspiration of a new lorm: e.g., a Liti added wholesomely to the naos. (2). An initial explanation could be simply functional to meat demands for space, by doubling the area of the narrow·narthex.

(3). Functionalism could draw ideas from similar solutions existing in Greece from ancient times: atrangements of neighbouring spaces in churches united by two or more corumns. such as the trivelon of the EarlyChristian basilica; the homeric megaron of the 2nd mlllennium B.C.", older, probably, than the glkhatoun;'" the Christian Parthenon", where the entrance to the building was transferred to the West and the Parthenon proper or Hall of the Maidens, acted as a perfect tour-column Liti to the Christian

naos; the Chalke or vestibule to the Palace at Constantinople, which, according to Prokopios"', was a square hall, with four supports stemming from the angles, and some lighting device in the middle of the roof, the spheroeides. Mention should also be made of halls in monasteries with lour supports of the roof and an oculus, such as the erousei, the nosokomeia, the photanamata"'.

Thus, one could conclude that the evolution in Greece, from a murownarthex to a wide one or Liti, was not due to any foreign irifluences, but was Iheresult of practical needs and tunctional thinking.

C. Comparison between Gallits and Utae

Similarities should be mentioned: (a).the place of the Gavil and the Liti in front of the church and their role as vestibules. (b). - Their large dimensions in relation to those of the church (c). - The presence 01 the tomb of the donor in both cases.

As differences should be mentioned: (a). - The fact that the Gavit is always a later addition, (b). - The marked dif· ference in planning: unlike the Greek Liti the longitudinal walls of the Gavit do not correspond to those 01 the church.

(c). - The Gavit is erected next to the church without any connecting building device, whereas the Uti is a uniform part of the building. (d). -The dlf terence in the roofing. (e). - The dif reeence In lighting arrangements. (I).-The great dillerence in their uses: the Uti serves only liturgical purposes, whereas the Gavit serves many and varied non-reltqlous needs.

D.· Conlusion

The examination of the two parallel architectural phenomenon of the almost simultaneous appearance 01 Gavils and Litae during the Middle Byzantine period and after, could not uncover any evidence or proof of mutual or onesided Influence. This similarity 01 forms can only be explained as a proof that similar problems offunction find similar solutions, thanks to practical thinking On the contrary, compositional oroblemsinthearchitecturesolArmenia and Greece have led to solutions of a totally dilfering cneecter.rme fact provides the most striking evidence that these two medieval architectures evofvedindependently.

H lapYl:H THl: NEAl: ASH NAl:

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o Schinkel cev ernoxecanse note TT1V EMci6a. 'Once Kat 0 IJ£Y6}.oC; repucvoc nomrnc Wolfgang von Goethe, npOTIIl'lO£ rqv "onoxf] an6 mv EAAol5a" - 6nwc; TT)v ovoIluoav oovoreoc f;lPWVLKQ - , anoceuvovrcc 1-110 rtpnvputucf ovnrtcp60100'l 1-1£ TOV £AA.'lV1K6 xwpo,

20 Mtpoe;

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~T'1V npaYIlOTlKOTllTO n noorcon TOU Schinke! noouneaere t).lIJeOO TIlV [1510 OKPli3Wc: emAoyT') rtou Kat o Klenze crctuncce SewPI1T1Ko., cAM OEV TOAIlIlOE vc npo~6.Ael, Y10 Aoyoue; TOKTIKr'jC;: uio n6AIl ce A04!woee; tt5o¢>oc; ue T'lV (lila TT]V AKp6noAIl we; TO IOTOPlKO aMa TOUTaXPova Kat ovai31wlltvo cuvXpOVO EnlKeVTpO T'le;.

o Schinkel, ncvncc, eev npOXwP'lce OTO va 51aTUnwoel uto OAOKA'lpWlltvll noJ..E:oOOlltKf) nporccn. 0 IJ06'lTf)e; TOU, 0IlWC;, Alexander Ferdinand von Quast, nou unf)p~E o nocrroc Em).lEA'ln;C; OPXatOn;TWV TOU i511llooiou OTIlV rtcecotc Kat nou, cc O'1IlElWBE[, eev E:nlOKt41S'l' Ke Kl OUTac; note rnv A6f)vo, 5'1lJo' oteuoe YIO npWTn ¢lOpo OTT]V emesecnon rtxvllC; "Museum» TOU Becoxrvou, TOV IOUA10 TOU 1834, tva ev80UOIWliEC; coeco, nou uuvouce TO OXtlilO TOU Schinkel". napaMIlAo, cverrruzs -11£ yparrro KEfIJEVO Kat Xwp(e; oXt5louto apKETO OUYKEKPl)ltvn nOAW-

11. Yno8u'K6 oKopl"'r]lla - Ox&&oalltvo ene rev VP04K!VTO - 12. etar] KOl tKTOOr] Tr]e; n6Ar]e;. OUII"'WVO Ill' 'r]v 16co TOU von Quasi, a&

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Fctrdlnand von Quasi (1833). KAllloKO 1:30.000.

69

13. AvaTO}.IKoTlliJl-'oTl'l<;VQT,o<; 0'1'1}<; TI}<; npOToO'l<; TaU K.F. Schinkei '('A POo'}.'KoavoKToponovw CJTI}VAKpono}.'l (1834). KAl IlOKO 1:1.000 (yl'.ioToypatloCJTJjvGraphiseheSammiungTouMovoXou).

70

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o von Quast nocrsrve we; Kat yecuoc nou Sa cuvecee ue tva psy6Ao T6E;0 Til MT]tp6noAT] novw mov 'Acero rlcvo ue TO noonu-

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H noheOOOI1IKr'J cum rrporccn rtuooucrczcrcr eow, vrc npWTT] ¢lOPa., oe ilia oxnllanKli oxeoloOTIKl'] otto- 000ll (sue. 11, 12).

00 rtpsrter vc OTJll&lwBe( en OTT]v noorccn cum T] avooKo¢>i] lOU KEVTpOU rnc apxafae; n6A'le; KOl n npocrcctc TOU «rrooucou rornou oev cvcvveozovnn we; npwToPXIKG eeunru vro TIl j.le)V.oVTlKf] e~tAl~n TIle; ASf]vae;. korsuacvmorc l8ta etvcr T] orevn oUllrcAe~'l cvouecc ore apXOfa Kat TIlV npOTElV6IlEVT] veo noAT]: n rtcouncoxouoc rcaAlO n6hf1, OTIe; Booeiec rtcoueec TIle; Axportoxnc, lJ.eVel aveYYlXTT), eve rt vee rroAll cvorrruccerm o-ne OUTlKeC; Kat vousc nJ-..aYlee;, ue enrcrcurn Kat TWV QUO mv ava[31WlJ.eVll AKp6- noxn.

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oTJhaoi], o-ne xucerc KAEUvBI"]Schaubert, Klenze, Lange Kat Gaertner), nou eYKOTaheinel rnv nourtc- 61"] ncoczocn TTl<:; KevTPIKi)e; EupccnTJC; pe 10 OYKw6'l, rtoxueoocc, cuuuetcuca Kn;plO KOI &mxelpe( va erccvcvsr u«i «orooxeun ccuuueten, ue Xal11"]Ai) 061l110T] Kat «cruvo- 1lr'J TaU OYKOU ce rnepuvec, ue cu. M;e; «m unai8plee; mote; - KOHl Tl1V rtcoczocn TWV encuxeev rrtc rtourrrucc -, OUI.l!31!3ami) npoc TO KJ-..ll1a KOI nc cwaneec ~wi)e; TaU VOTOU".

np6SeOT] TaU apxnEKTova nrov to ncorervouevo cvcxroco, eKTOc; cno TIl !300lAlKl'] ucvoxonoerterc nou TOU npootoloe T] aeon TOU ern Ola· KE.KPlj.lEVT] uurf KopU¢lf], va 011· j.llOuPYf]oel tva KOT6.U\.llAO nxctoro vic TO apxafa I1Vllllefo. rIO TO OKano aUTO a Schinkel ronoeernce TO extercuevo veoexcoucc oUYKp6TT]uc nau oocucnzorcv OTT]v exeoeePI"] aVOToAIKf] rtxeupc TaU MaTWucroc. Mncocrc an6 Tl1V «ucrc ei· 0000 TOU cvcxropou, cvoueco OTOV rtcoaevcvc «n TO EptxSelo, rortoaerouce tva npccuxro OE. oxi)· uc «lrmoooouoi». To cuvspompo ere vono ouvoM TaU neproottercr ce Eva uovov oooco, IlE unovero 010 vono rururc. nhllBwplKl'] cu. rsucn ertooxerro va j.l£IWOel TIe; cvnaece«; ovcueco ore erupepouc runpcrc «n va evonomcet TO 6AO OUYKpOTIlj.la.

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rtcooxo nou Tl nccvucronotnon evoc ttTOtOU oxe6iou, 0& cuvouccue I-Ie Tl1V 16ta TTle; "n:6hn~ ce ,\6- <po~ TOU von Quast, Ba &lxe an06&1- XB&i uorccrc vrc T11 61aTi)PTlan TWV apXaiwv Il-V11IJ&(wv Kat rqv nooeBTloTj TTl~ apXOlohoY1Kr'!<; eoeuvoc - onere an6 TTlV ano4ln TIl~ onpeP1VTi<; aVT{~n4lTlC; TWV rrpcvuctev Ba rrpener vc etpcore &UTUXEie; rtou 6ev eccpuocrrxcv T6T& 01 l/St&e; curse -, /S&V ac noener va rtcocI3At4l0UIl€ TOV IOIO¢lun KOI &upT1IJaTlKO rpono ue TOV orroto 0 Schinkel cvnuercmce TO n:po!3hnllma nou cuvencvercr n6vTO Tj tv-.:a~11 vtwv KTflP(WV 0& IO"rOPIKO n€pl!36A· hov, nootetvovrcc ilia ~u011 oo-

llaVTIKf) aM6 Kat ue evrovn ctoenan H1C; rcrocucnc ouvtxelac;.

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Yn!')pI;e, WO"TOOO, urc onl10VTlKn KOI «caoorcnxn aAhay!') 01:0 axt· 010 600v o¢lopa Til aeon T11C; j3a olhlKnC; «croudcc Kat TOU nccoxetuevov f3aolhiKOU «nrtou. T 600 11 apXIKf) aeon, ern Ollll-&PLVTl n~a· rete ouovotcc, 600 Kat T) aeon nou nootswe a Klenze, OTIe; nhaYlt~ TaU ho¢lOU TWV NUI1¢IWv, Kp(BIlKav T€~IK6 OKOTOhhnh&<; vtn xcvouc cpkerc ccccetc nou npopcxcv KOnOI&~ urtoneeuevec «cvauvreivee- ouVBnKee; nep\j36hAovTOe;. hT] olopKela llle; rstpounvnc noocuovrtc TOU O-':T)V ABl'(vo (ll.eKtll-!3ploe; 1835 - Mconoc 1836), 0 Ludwig I, crtocootzovrcc YIO xoYOPIOOll6 TOU OIO-':OKTlKOU vrou TOU 'uaevc, €nthe~e we; OplOTIKn

71

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72

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o Friedrich von Gaertner», nou oXEi51aoE ""[EhIK6. 1O cvcxrooo, E(XE cxoxouancer rov Ludwig I01T]v Aenvc, 6nou KOl TQU i56911Ke '1 evTOhrl vtu m cuvtusn roo oxe15iou To OXt15lo nou ouvEAol3e nooepxerte tva cuomoo KOl cuuncvec Kt1']pro, erot once m urrovooeocv 1O rteproprouevc OLKOVOlllKO usee rou vecoou «ocrouc, ue KaAte; vevucsc cvoxovtec Kat xwp(e; neorrrc 15lOKOOI1'ltlKO crorretc, nou i5eon6~e\

16. Yn09£TIKO oKopl<j1lJl.lo -(Jxei5100I.ltvo on6Tovypa!f>Ovro- TIJc;noAEOOoI.IIKIjc;npil· TOOIJC; ylo TIJV A91iv(J nou 6,0wnWOE 0 Au· oov6poC; KOUTOvrl;oyAou (1839). KAfI.lOKO 1:30.000_

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18. n&plypOlIl.IOTO Twv6Io<jl6pwvno'\'&o6oI.IIKwvoxdiiwvnounpoTa9lJKovYIOTlJvA9q· vooEoxt0'1I'£TllvnoAu;nb.\.IJ·KA11'0Ko 1:3Il.OOO.

19. Yno9ETIKri EVO ......... KTlKIj xwpo9h'loq -OXE6IoO[JtVIJOnOTovypa<jlovro- TOU0PX'KouoXdiloUTWV KAEOv91J·SchaubertaTo vene TIJc;Al(pOnoAIJC;. KAil.lOKO 1:3Il.OOO

20. YnoBCTIKo ol(opi<jlIJIIO - oX£lilool.ltvo ana TOV ypa<jlovTo - I'IOC; mBovlic; ~tAI~IJC; TWV A9'1VWV OT c 1900, I.ItTllvnpoOn09£oq{1TI0",pXIKoc;nupr')v0C;TIjc;nOAIjc;90 tl XtXWP09£T'1' BeiOToVOTIOTIJc;AKpOnoAIJC;. KAiIlOKO: 1:30.000. IUYKplve OUTOVTOV TOI(T!I(O o,v,a K01610- 4>OponOlqlltvonoAr060I.lIK6IarolleTflo'1I1&9M'1av&f;tAtyKTfle~tAtIiIlTlNnoAIJC;aT'lv£II(OVo21_ 21_ El(TaOEI~ npooivou 1(01 PUTO!lIKO oxt6to TOU KtVTPOU TIJC; ABljvoC; onwo; EivOI oljlltPO. IX'lI.IOTIK6~ xapTIJc;otdil.l0l(o 1:30.000.

oK61lO KQl cnueoc 010 KtVTPO TTl<; n6'\T}<;. 0 Gaertner, 00'0' oecxrornc nou nTOV, 6XI 116'0'0 t,\o[3& un6!J1T} TOU TOUe;- nccxnxocc necroprcuouc KOI TT]v t'\A&IljJT} &~&lC'51K&Ulltvwv &PyoTIKWV X&PlWV crnv ASnvo, 0).... AO to&I~& KOI cncxuro oe13001l6 ncoc TTlV OPXoIOhOYIKn K'\T}pOVO' !-.lUl. H 1l6VT} onoo&Kn') Yl' OUT6v M· on 010 eeuo T1"")I:; 13001'\IKn<; KOTOl«Icc rrrcv T} KOtOOK&Un evcc uuOTT}pOU V&OKAOOIKOU «rncrcu oe IKOVn on601oOT} on6 to (010 to upxctc. xrc ypollllOto tau, 01 ncocrnpncerc TaU ytO lOY On61laKpO, yaAl')VIO Kat U~'lh6 xopoKll']po «cv IlVnll&iwv TTl<; AKp6no,\ne; OnOT&'\ouv o(YOUPT} tvo&ll;n en 01 lotte; lOU mov OUIl$WVee; npoe; ""(1<; «nouPl01IKte;" OVllMI!JI&I<; rou evroxec lOU Ludwig I.

H OPXlKf} Ola""(O~T} lOU i3omhlKou «nrtou nou nocteive a Gaertner rrrcv tva T}1l1KUKhlK6 ncoxo, OIOlltlPOU 500 J.l. KOI OUVOhlKne; eruccverne neplncu 13 ha, O)(e<'51aOJ.ltvo oUI-I<1>wva 1.1& mv nap6ooOT} TOU 6~IIlOU I.Inop6K, n6vw oe tva nuO1np6 yewllelplK6 OXrlIlO. H eecn lOU nrcv OTO OvOtO'\IKa lOU avo«ropou, TO onere nxcrcnovcv npoe; TO <'5unK6 6uo 1l1Kp6Tepa nepl[36- Ala OPSOYWVlKoU o)(rlIlOTO<;, 1510' OlaO&WV 20011. X 801.1. TO «caevc. EUTuXW<;, TO apXlK6 cure oxt610 evcc «nnou «ore TnV tumxn YOAAlKl') nopdliooT} - reA&iwe; l;tvo npoe; rnv roec rou ncosou oe uop<1>T'i CPUOlKOU romou, nou t600 retplol;e 010 cpuoIK6 n&plj3MAov "TTl<; A8!')va<; - oev npoYI.IQTOnoll'JST}Ke note. rTO Xp6Vl0 TT]e; [3a01A.&ia<; TaU 'Oacvc, 11& npwToj3ouMo KOl nooocimxc eviSlacptpov TTle; 1300(xrcccc AllaAiae;, ovOmUX8T}Ke evcc T&A&iwe; olocpopeTlK6<; [3om}.lK6<; «rrnoc. rupw oro 1838 n Ape,\io, Ile n'\!')pn ovvcroencn "TTle; nocvucnsornrcc, opxf<;ovtoe; crto TO IllKp6 V6110 n&plj36Al tKTaOT}<; 1,6 ha, ~&K[VT}O& utc 0&lp6 cnoxxoTPIWO&WV I\nlllOUPYWVTO<; I3Til.lo npoe; [3Tllla TOV [3001AIK6 me «nrto (Onl-l&plV!') tK10OT} 16 hal. H Iota TOU ncpxou oUTOU ervcr coxeru 1016TUTTTj Kat [300(<;&TOI ern onIlloupyfa evoc aOTIKoU Mooue; 1-1& execaeoo oXT'jlla Kat nUKv!') 13M· OTT}On, usee OTO onoto um;Pxav &v610<1>tpoVl:O OTJIl&{a 1-1& &VTUnWOIOKT'j eec npoe; TO yupw uvnuerc (AKp6noAn, O'\Ullnt&io, rT6.0IO).

H 16to TOU I\uaovlipou KcuTavT~6yAou YIO auvunop~1l Tile; vtoe; A9r'1voe; KOI Tile; cpxaloAoYIKi]e; KAIlPOVo}Jlcie; aE Paall a}Jolpaiae; aVE~ap· Tlloiac;

Mia oK61.1a &Va}J..OKTlKT'j ncxeocoJ.llKT'i np6TaOT} YlO rnv A8T'jvo, nou 0laTUnw8nK& ce 8&WpnllKn 110'0'0 1l0P<1>T'j xwpi<; vc ennoeccer TT]v rtccvucrucn &l;tAll;T} TTj<; n6'\Tj<;, O~i<;&l va cvoceoeet &l\w, vtott ovnrtocccmeueunc j3&ATIWl-ltvn 010' TUnWaTj TIle; lMoe; YIO OPIlOVIK!') ov&l;6PTIllll oUvUnop~T} TT}e; vecc n6AT}<; I-Ie TTjV opxofo K'\TjPOV0I-IIO. To 1839, 0 'EAAT}VO<; OPXlTtKTwV Auccvcooc KOUTOVT<;6y,\ou" - nou cpvorsoc I\leTtA&a& OIf:USUVTT'je; TaU nOAUT&XV&lOU TT}e; A8l'Jvoe; - ncooootcce 010 [3aotAlo tva KPlllK6 yponr6 I-IVT}1l6VI0, OTO onoio &l;tS&T& TTjV noorcon rou YlO ilIa rexerec OIO<1>OP&llKO npoOOvOTOAlallEVT} avomul;n TTl<; vecc noxnc.

o KOUTOVTl;6YAOU nrcv cno TOUe; noerouc UnOOTllPlKTte; TaU opaoAOYlKOU rroxeozouucou 0x&ola· cuou TOU 190u creve. Anonorocuevee TnV nop6i500T} TWV &m<'5&IKTlKWV no,\&060IlLKWV 0)(&6iwv TOU 6&anOTlOJ.lOU, opcucrrcrnse TIl vee n6'\Tj va ovorrruccercr neve 0& tva op80YWVlK6 KOVV0[30 coouzov, OtO OVoTo'\IKa TOU j3001'\lKOU eve«rcoou - nou KaTOOK&Uo<;6TOV TT}v &noxil &K&lVIl- aTO &AO<1>PO entKAlvte; t6a<1>0e; 0'0'011&00 OTO ,\6- <Po tou J\UKoj3TjrrOU Kat TOV 1'\1006. "Eva an6 TO xuptn OTJIl&fo TIl<; I1p6- TOOT')<; TaU nrcv va EYKOTaA&l<1>8ei T} I1cAIO 116AT} 0& 1-110 npOOO&UTlKl'j l1oPOKI-Il'j, &VW ouYXP6vwe; Tj vee n6AT} 80 ovcrrruocorcv exeuaepo nooc TO aVatO'\IKO (&IK. 16, 17).

o KOUTOVT<;6YAOU nooteive OTOV 'oacvc va UTla}J..oTplWa&l TIl <1>8'1' v!,) OYPOTLKl'j YT}, nou OTO I-I&YcAU' recc I-Itpoc; rrrov lOIOKTT}o!a rnc &KK'\TjO(Oe; (Movn netpaKT}) TTjV enoxli &KeivTj, KOI vc noooceper 01K6n&6a 0& '\OYIKte; Tlllt<; OlOU<; &nIiAul\&e; a}J..o KOI crouc rtMlOU<; ASTjvoioue;, 01 ortotor 1-1& tOY KOlp6 80 evscrexcmcv TO nopOOOOIOKO ortmc nou K'\T}pov6j..lTjOOV cno TOU<; npoy6voue; TOU<; YIO vc &YKOtOOTo80uv OT11 vee «eupconotm» n6AT}. M& TOV rpcnc OUT6, '1 OOTI-

KT'j YTj 010 &VT6<;" TWV T&IXWV ""(Ilti' uc T'1e; n6Ane; 60. unoj3081l1<;6TOV npoo6&UTIKO 6[vovto<; erct 010 6nj..l6010 mv &UKOlpio vo npoj3&i OTI<; crtcccrmrec anMAOTplWO&I<; nou So tKOVOV npaYI-IOTlKoTT}tO TO no'\16 EupwnalK6 cvercc TT}<; cvcoxo- 41T'je; TT}e; apxo!oe; no,\nq (ELK. 18). H &U4Iul'Je; aun') orPOTTjYlKn <'5EV &KTlI-I1'j8T}K& OWOTO TTlV &nox!,) &K&[VT}. H &KI-I&T6:AJ..&UOT} T'1<; YT}<; KOt '1 av&l;tJ-..&YKlll OVOlKOo6j..lT}0T} ouveX(OTT}KOV T600 ueoc OTT}v naAIO 116'\Tj 600 Kat OTTjV n&ploxl'j once npoj3A&116tQV vo en&KTa8E{ n noxn, OUI-I<1>WVO I-lE TO OXt610 TOU Klenze. ncooxo nou T} cucmoomTO OUTOll TOU evorcu op80YWVlKOU OUOTI'jj..lOTO<; op6j.J.wv 6&'0' OUIl131~O' <;&TOI 1-1& TTjV ronovocctc me nePIOXtiC; currie l:CU '\EKOVOrtE6iou rnc A8T'jva<;, T} np6TaOT} TOU «cuTOVT<;6yJ-..ou XapOKTT}p{<;&TOl on6 IlEy6ATj OlOPOTLK6TTjTO KOI cuven&IO aTOV pl<;cxmoaTlK6 Tp6110 noocevvrcnc. rT6Xoc; TTJ<; crpcrrnYIKI'j<; oUTile; nrov 0<1>' evoc uev vc XOPOKTT}Pl080Uv 01 IOTOPIKOi '\6- <1>01 KOI 01 noptAioolol XWPOI we; rteploxte; I-In oucozouncurec KOI 0<1>' &TtpOU vc 6'11l1OUPYT}80uv ouv8il· KEe; TtTOl&<;, nou vo nooscxecouv TTl OTa6loKf} napaKIl!') OMKAT}PTJ<; rnc ncAlo<; 116'\T}e;, WOT& va &'\eu· 8&pw8d n neptoxli OUTT'i VIa Il&A'\OVTlKl'J OVOOKO$IKI'j eceuvc. To occuc TaU KaUTOVT<;6YhOU, WOT6- 00, Kat 0 toonoc OpOut'le; nou ncoT&IV& I'jTOV unpocrc on6 TT}v enoxT'i TOU. EivOI, &~OAAOU, 0 nccroc 110U entX&lPt'laE vo Ent~M&1 "TTlV llitO evoc Il&Yt'JAou, evicrou coXOlOAOYIKOU nccxou (<<Grune Milte»), TO ortoto 80 cncrexouce TOV I-IVTjIl&IOK6 rtuprtvu vrc orrorconnoT& uercvevecrecn no,\.eoi501l1K!') &~t'\I~Tj.

Tnv llitO curn TOO KOUTOvt<;6YAOU TT}V ncoovotczocue &<'5w 0'& jno npWTTj onormoc OXnI-lOTlKT'je; cxe- 1\100TlK!'je; cnozocnc".

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I 22. Mudra Tile; noAI'JC: TWV A811VWV onwo;; IjTav TO 1842. "au tYIVE uno llJV l!o806r;VIlOIl TOU I. TpauAou TO 1917·79 (PpiOK£;TO' OTO MOUIJEio 'lie; nO"!)C; TWY A8IlVblV, OTIlv A8qvaj. npooJTTTlu't eta em6 TO trVOToAlIuJ.l:ltI npWra tnin£oo i5I011piv&lOI TO j!oCIIA'KO OVIII(TOPO 11.01'1 n'!'ordo IUV'T°YIIOTO<;.

74

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oro era 1920, cnorexecpc TWV oouVT6vIOlWV, OKTtVWTWV £n6Mf1- AWV £n£KTOo£WV TT]~ n6AT]~ (£IK. 21).

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o 0PXLTtKTWV TT]~ OUAJiC; Gutensohn nrcv 0 nocrroc nou cneueve - TT]v OVOL~T] TOU 1833 - vo xwpo- 8£TT]8£1 f1 veo rtoereuouoc 0(, cueOT] V£LTOVWOTl \.1£ rnv A8f)vo ClAM O£ cnoctucn one tT]V o'Pxoio nohf1, i5'lhoi5l'j OlOV n£lpmo. To KUPIO £mX£fPf11l0 nou np6pClA£ JiTOV n O"TpmT]YLKl'j 8toll KOt to £1·.mOPLKo nxeovexrrurcrc nou cuvencvercr utc noll.ll-A1IlOVL. TOVL~(' emonc on ce' £VOC; IJ£V TO £~oi5o vic tTl 11£TO$OPO 0IK0i50IJLKWV UhLKWV one TO £~WT(,PIK6 O"TllV ASJiva So nrcv aU~llll£Va Kat a~' erecou on I') Yn OT'lV Aanvc nrcv 1i516KTI')T'l KOI

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n6AT]e; nou 90 q>1'\O~£vouo£ TT] f30- peer ana rnv crroeccn VO OVOnTU-

OI'\IKTi t5pa, evw 0 Rochette BpT]' xBei 11 VEO nOhT] OTIlV nE51Mo,

vouce TT] «XOl-ltVT] £UKOlp(O" vm npoe; TO acoerc, oCPTlVOvtOC; exeu-

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6£Ul£PO O¢leAOC; ervcr 6TI KOTa TO oxeolool16 TWV i5p61-lwv npof3MCPTT]KoV ernsevrpc uecc OTT] vee nOhTj, an6 10 onotc noooceoovrcv nooonnsec aesc npoc TO I-IVTJl1etoK6 oUYKp6TT]llo TT]e; AKp6nohlle;· Mia TpiTIl 9£nKI') £~thl~T] nrov T] tV' KatpT] oVOnTU~T] TOU nupnvc TaU cvcroxucoc T111')11010e; TT]e; K£VTPIKtie; ~WVT]e; npooivou TT]e; n6AIle;, OT]Aaoti lOU e9VLKOU «nnou, lOU KT'j. nou TaU zonrterou Kat TaU OhUI-lrnetou. on' 6nou rtooocecovrcu noVOpOI1IKte; aeec nooc TnV AKPO' nOhT].

"rexoc, tva oK61l0 aeruco OTOtXe(O T')TOV T] noxu apyi] au~nOT) TOU n,\n' euouou TIle; A9T')vae; 0' 6'\T] TT] OlOPKEtO TOU 190U OlWVO. H npvf cum i5T]110YPOCPIKIi £~hl~T] £iX£ we; nrtorsxeouc va IlT]V unop~ouv cnorousc mecerc £nOLKtOIlOU OTT]v neooxT') TWV Mq,wv, c5(vovTOe; tTOI TTl i5uvaT6TT]Ta vc cvcccccaouv ana TO 1900, yeyov6e; nou 10Ue; nooorcrei.IJ£ covctecc ana TT]V avotK0501lT]- 0Tl OTOV 200 creve.

AUT6 nou X09T]K£ vrc noM KUlp6 - we; m i5eKoelio TOU '30, lOU 200u OlWVO, onere 0PXIO£ Tll1ey6.ATl emX£ipT]OT] me; ovccxccnc TT]e; Ayopoe; - T')TOV T] i5lNOTolT]la va epeuvT]Bei 10 ccxcto KtVTPO Tile; n6AT]e; (Tl EhhIlVIKr') Kat T] PWI10IKi] Avooo) OTT] Bcperc nho'{t6. IT]e; AKpOnOAT]e;, Myw me; ave~theYK1T]e; ovotxooo- 11T]0T)e; OTT]v neptOXn TIle; «nMKOe;», OTT] OlopKetQ TOU 190u cnevc, Kat me; unepf3o'\IKr'Jc; eKI-I£l6.Jv\euOTle; me; YT]e; nou ~6OTI~£ rrjv A91'1'v'a. To ii5\o tDXUel, Kala tva uevcxo uepoc, vrc TTlV nEploxf] TOU KEPOIl£IKOU Ko9w<; KOl rnv AKoliT]l-Ifo KOI TO ceopo nou oi5T]yei 0' OUTT')v, nou exouv ev I1tP£1 l1oVO onoKaAu41gei IlEXpt «cr cnrccc.

X09T]K£, enrcnc. T] i'iuv0l6TT]TO va i5T]l-llouPYT]gef urn cuvemc ~WVTJ nccctvou yupw ana rqv AKpOnOhT] (nq)toxl') avaoKocptilv i'iTlAa5i]), nou 90 prtooocce vc npaYI10l0nOIT]B£! I-IOVO ue urc Ko90htKT] e~6.A£IlI.lT) TT]e; ncAtOe; n6,\T]C; (nMKO)' Eva ovetoo, nou i5l01tiPT]OoV ue ncaoc we; TTl oeKO£l{O lOU '60 noMoi oPXOlOAQ· YOl MhO Kat anhoi noxnec. H rtoocnxcccn oe tva lETOIO opouc tx£t nxeov orovncer.

Il')l-1£pa, noooxo nou ncpouevoov ovanOV1T]TO no'\AO £PWTTlI10TO

75

24. revlKf) onoljll1 TIle: AKp6noAIlc: Kal Tile: 136PEIOe: K,\,!TlJoc; pe TIlV m.aKO. ¢lWT. V. Schinkel (1931).

0X€TlKa Il€ TI)V cvcvveorcn TI)e; PUIlOTOIl!ae; rnc apxaiae; Aanvcc KOl T'lV avaK6Aul)JIlIlVTJllelWV YVW' OTWV uovo ann nc vcorrrec TUWEe;, unaPX€1 utc Y€VIKi] OIlO$Wv(a va EmSlwoEI 'l ~wvravi) nMla rtcxn (m.aKa) we; Eva OTOIXE(O OUVOlo81l' uoructc rcuncnc TWV A8nva(wv aAM «m we; Ilia IOEwi'ille; nrrtucf «cu OYKOIlETPlKi) IlETOpaOIl ana TO KtVTPO TIle; oUYXPOVTJe: nOAIle: OTT]v nEpIOXr'] Tile: AKp6noAIle: (ElK. 24), 'ETOI, OTIl OIOPKEIO Tile: npWTIle: (5e. KOETioe: oVE~6pTIlTT]e: ~wr']C; OT'lV A9r']va, X6pT] OE ilia EUTUXi] OUYKU' pio OWOTWV nOAEooolllKWV OPOIlO· TWV aAAo KOl IlEIlOVWIlEVWV np»TOPOUAIWV, Tt8T]KaV 01 rrporec BoOIKEe; noounoaecerc vrc Til IlETtnElTO E~tAI~T] evcc IlEYOAOU, evortomuevou KEVTPIKOU 0PXOlO, AOYIKoU·noAITlOTlKOU n6pKOU, tOTW Kl OV 0 m6xoe; aUT6e; oe:v erXE ovcvvcprcret an6 rnv apxi] ouVEIOIlTU ana OAOUe; 010 oXEoia0ll6 Tl'1C: Ile:MoVTlKi)~ urrrponoxnc.

76

:LTU.lEI6:lO£lC; B.OK,F.Schln!<el(1781·1841)YEwljEl11'U;OTO NeuRuppin,BrandenburgKolonoui'iooEGp' XllEK10VlKlj KOI ~WypaqllKT\ 01T]V n&pl¢lTjIJTj «Bauakadernte» tOU aecoxrvou. I-It i'ia{ll<o, Acuc rouc Davtd xor srteortcn Gilly. 'YO"lCpo an6 lJia m::pioQo l1apoIJO\IT\~ OT'1V 11OAlo, ep-

YOo-tT]KtaPXIK611le:i';IIlyp{t¢l0e;OKTjVIKWVKOI 10n(wv,YlaVaf;~KlvfpEI,AIYOI-I&TO, m orc!SlooPOlJio10UW~Op)(lltKlwVTOU0'11-l0010u, TolBl0.To 1820 0 Schinkel &f;EMYTl KOEl'1 Y1lTT\e;1T]~ Bauakademle. To 1839, ncoc ro Tv..a<;I-lIOe;~WJ\t;OqlIEPWl-ltVT)C:OTOVIJVT)llEla K6 Ef;wpaiO].lo,ou aeccxrvco KOI10V OUV10 V101J6 tTle; Enlm1I-1TJC: no/o,1llKT'jC:10U npWOOI' KOUKpO-rOUe;mOVT0I-IEOlTje;OPXllEX(OvlKT'je;, o SChinkel avoyopEUT'1KE «oeenanoBaudtrektor» Illl~u8uvtT\~ 01lI-l0o(wv KlTjp(WV).

To m04'TJlJlotJtVO ecvc lOU EivOI 10 Schau spielhaus TOU BEpoMvou (1818--1821), TO AltesMuseum(1811·1828),10npwlOKTf[pI0 1-I0UO&iOUOTI]V EUpWnT], KOII1 Bauakademle (1831·1835).

9.01110 nEm:tOIJ&VOe;KGl iJE OUV0I-Ill EI1lPcone .. rtouprcrnc» «mv 0 {010~0 Ludwig I lTje;Bouopioc;:nptino<;onEppnj}ElTjVloto IOU Schinkel,nplVUK6lJOOEI 10 OXtolO. IE yp6.iJl-lalounpo~TOYLOTOU 'OBlIlvuTOvnu· POTPUvelvOOlOMf;CllTjvABnvaWC;16nOKU TOlK(Ue;,oMolOvl~EII-lECnll-lovfi611nptncl vc unOK/o,ElOTU 11 AKponO}.TJ wt::6eO!l lOU j3a· OI/o,IKOU UVOK"{6pou, olon "KoBE oUl-ln/o,Ef;1l uvol-l&oo.o-wcu6Awto IJVT[I-lc{o TaU nccexecvroc I<Gl 10 vee ...-n'iPIQ ec '110V cnl~T\I-lIO 1<01 YlQ TO oUo.,

10. To coepc TOU von Quast f;uvU!S111-1001EU' TI1KEUpy6TE~,101834,wc;uv&f;oplTjl01EU' xoe; IlE rl-rAo:.Mlltheilungen uberAlt· und Neu·Athen; Neubau der Stadt Athen und des Koenlgllchen scmcsees auf seiner Burg. 11.IEEVOaJ./o,OYPOIJI-I°10uI0(aufwut:: (1834) npoc rcv Maximilian a Schinkel rrupulTjpEI6TIOVoop6e:iJovapXl1o:;I'J0&nptIlEVo ul08clT\OEI tvav rpcrtc ~1IlT\e; nou vu 101pla· ~CliJe mtBli.iOKUllle;CIlITQyee;Tllc:XWpoe; xcron TO cvcxrcpo ac enccne vc KllOT&1 Oll1V 1110 cpcrc ronoscctc.

12. To nccrcrunc OXEOIO lTje; np6100Tj" lOU

Schinkel j3PloKOVl(ll 010 M6voXo, crrjv "Graphische Staatssammlung». H IlEMTI1 QU. Tf[0f]I-lOOlEUlTjKE010tlTj 1841·18490&/o.£u, KWI-I0 I-lE 111Aa .Werke der Honeren Baukunat, fur die Ausfuehrung bestlmmt». 13.0F.vonGaertner~1792·1847)YEwT\enK!; OTO Koblenz, cncczcce crnv Koenigliche KunstakademlelO<.l Mavoxou~1809-1812)KClI Epy6.0lTjKE KOVl6. 010'1 wernbrenner (Kar' lsrune) KOI 10Ue; Percer ecr Fontaine OTO ncpiol.'EYIVEKa6I1YIlTIie;lTje;apXllEKlovIKl'ie: crnv Kunstakadernte rou Movoxou TO 1920 KOiOIEu8uvTf[O:;lTje;101841.MEl010vKlen· zeT\mvomo4'l1[..llO].li:voo:;npoOlOlEU6I-1EVOe; TOU Ludwig I,Ylo TovonolaOXEoioocmKT!\' pia lTjO:; !SEU1EPTJe; ¢l60Il<; lTje; 1JVT)[..lEIWOOUe; Ludwigstrasse (Ludwigsklrche 1829·40, steetsoicuotnee 1835·4Q, Universitaet 1835-40) KOeWe; KOl TO !Suo on1lKo OTJl-ltlo cvccoccc omv apx1') (Feldherrnhalle 1840) KOlOTOTEAOe;lTje;(Siegestorl835-40).OGa· ertnercmoKt¢l1T]KtTllvA8T\voouo 4'opte; (1835-36KoI1840).YlOvOtmj3MlI!C1TIlVKO· TOOKEUlj TaU pcorxooc cvcerccoo.

14. 0 KaU"fOVTI;6y/o,ou(1811·1885)YEvVl')6r)Kc QTT)9cooo}.oviKI1.Inou!SaoCOT'1vAcademia San Luca lTj<; PWI-lTJ<; KOI crnv Ecole des Beaux Arts TOU ncpciou. rUplOEOpl011Ka QTT)V EM6.01l10 1843KOloIETt/o.£OEOIEUeUV Tf[e; tou no/o,UttXvtlOlJ TTJe; ABT\voe: ona to 1844 We; 10 1862. MoZ;iI-lClOU<;I. K'\'E6.v811 KOI n. K6AKO BElIlpclml one TOUe; 1lI0 O1WOV' TIKOUc:'EMTJVEe;oPxrrOtTovee;lTje;nepI6oou TOU 'oecvc. An6 10 mo OTjiJOVllK6 npcvuuTalTOITJI-IEVO epvc lOU ElvOI 10 ApaOKEIO, to nO}.U"T!;XVEioKOIovc16e;lOuAylouKIIlV0l0V· TlvOU OlTjV ABT\vo

15. xcrc m OlaPKElO npoo¢l61lllV CPEUVWV 1-l0e;,tIll0l1I-1UVOiJETl]Vunopf;1lTouOKoPI¢lT\· 1-1010<; TTje; npOlQOEIIK; KOU"TOVl~OYAOU nou CIXE 0XEOlUOCI 0 opxntKlwv TO taas encve DE OVT[Tuno TOU XOplTj lTj<; ABljvoe; 0lll-l0'

{m:ul!i:voonal0vAltenhaYiln{u<l1l016.jJEYrl K010<71001l 111<; n6M1<;K010 TO 1637}Kolnou OVO'fltpeIOI on6 lOY Koepp 010 coecc IOU VIO TO K010"01n0 IOU scnauben (ArchaeologlscherAnzelger, 1890.0. 131l.To oxt~1O OUT6, IJOO" IJE aMo (1T]IJOVTIKO OXt&O KOI TEIIIJ"plO VIO TOY OXc61OOIJ6 tWV A6rjvtiIv. on610 KO!6AOInO IOU scneccert. 6cv KO'!t:· m:pQq>Tj 1\010 Tl1 ~IOPKl':IO tou bwttpou ncvKoolJlou ncxeucc crc Breslau -OnWC;t(XE vO!.1I08&I!ltXPlnp60<!>Cto- oM6610ow6rj' Kt KOI ececce ~oT6 ncplntl~lw~Tj rpcnc rrrnv A8f1vo 10 1959,6nou 'fIuMOOttOI OTO Vpoq>tfo KpOllKr;~ UfTTJPEO(O~.

18. rp61JIJo TOU Gutensohn crcv f!.OOIAHi 08wvo IJE 11Iltp0!lT)V(0 Noun}.,lo 14,4.1833 (rCVIK60PXt(010U EM'lVI~ouKp(nou<;OTI']Y A6r,vo)

17. rpo.lJlJo IOU Gutensohn OtDV SOOI}.,lo. '06wvo iJE 'lIJEPOfJ'lV(O Noun},10 12,5.1833 (rCVIKelOPXt(O IOU EM'lVIKOU Kp610U<;01TjV A6r,vo)

18. EnEI6!'1 TO tnlxclpl'JiJOTO ncu nccpcxxcvTOIOtOVPo.[lIJO,Toono(oIlTjIJOOIEUTIjKCOTO «Bevue des deux mcroes-. 15,10.1838,nopi· 01. civol EVIIIOq>tpovrO, nccceetcoce crrccnccue tou: .Mals ce qui est pour mol un devoir et un besolnc' est deproc;lamer eussr haut,aussl loin qu'Jt rnest possible, ce qui est letcans laconscience de tout lemonde; oui,ilestlropvralquecelutunepensee lausse et luneste que ceue qui creca sur Ie site de I' antique Athf!mes Ie sl~e du nouveau royaumede la arece t ... )· Partoutoneulpuconstruireunecapltalea uoe crece cel~bre et sur un solHbre: partoul oneul pu asseoir un IrOne moderne sur des souvenirs de patrfottsme et de gloire anttques. sans aveir a heurter des ruinesoo a enfoulr des edifices. AtMnes seu!e cossece encore nee monuments quI n' appartlennenlpasunlquemenlalaGr~, mals a la civilization tout entrere. oes monuments qui sent ee que Ie gt!inle de rtiomme produlslt [amals de plus accompli, qui torment re plus beau palrlmolne de I humanil~. Par une rrerveme presque ausal rere cue ceue la, cee monuments sont ce que te temps et re oercene m~me ont Ie plus respecl~. Fallalt·11 donc aoosser ce slt!ige d'un nouvel empire aces Imperlssables monuments, au risque d' erever des petals sur oes rutnea, cu de talsser enfoulr des cnete-c' oeuvre pourepargner des blcoques? (.,,) ..

AAt~. nanaytwpyiou· BEVETCU:; ApxntKTOVQ<; no.l..toc5ol-\(o<; TQQXtll,Q3"Q,9.oulouIltPOU<:'Unlil!!rJ""V<lVTt· OT~utvo,

I. Kleanlhes, sremancs. KOI Schaubert, Eduard: "Erillulenmg des Planes der Siadl Neu·Alhen" (l'X0}.,IOOlJ6<;tOU ClX£6[ouVIQ Tl1 vto nO}.,lllwv A9r'jvwv). xeeovcoeo ncerorono, xwp[C; f1l&po[JTjvlo KOI unoVPOq>r"lOU [JYrllJoviounou encuvcrrrercr Ol11vno}..ooOO[lIKr,npQToOlJ,(!OTl1V A8r;· vo(18331,()luMooc'[010l00llXc{o"Klen zeana"TTJ<; "Bayerlsche Staatsbibnothek" IOU MOvDXOU KOII5Tj[JOOI£UTl1KEVIO nee- 11'1 <!>CpO 010 Hans Hermann Russack:

"Deutsche bauen In Amen", BtpoAlvo tsez.

2. ncccnso TI)<; ou~ nou tVlv& OTT]vA8JlvoOll<;27.6.1634,nopouoI0Ioo NO[.lOp)(TJ Arroo1<;, TWV 6f][JoyepOVTwv TT)C; ASTivo<;, lIllY OPXI1&K"fclvwv to.t6v6f] KOI Schaubert,tOUYO[lOfSl)(OVIKOVSpiessKOI IOU y£YIKoli OUVTTjpf]n'! oPXOIOn'!TWV Welssenburg,[J<:8tIJOTTJvcIJ>O.P[J0Yl'llOu noA&OOo[J1KOUoxWiouTf]<;A8t'\VO<;.XcIp6. VfJO<!>Covunoypoq>o,nouq>U},6.0oE10lm:O °PXEio_Klenzeana.-rrr:;.BayerlscheSlaa· tsbibllothek. tou MOvDXOu.AOf]llooieulo. 3. Kfenze v" Leo: .Memorabillen, coer Farhan zu einem Gemaelde, welches slch die Nachwelt von dem Koenlge Ludwig von Bayern macnen w1rd.(AnOIlYT)IJOVCU· IJOTO i'l XPWIJOlO Vlo IJIO EIK6vo TOU !J,aOv..IQ Ludwig TOU I TTJ<;BouaploC;~wVpo, ¢lloiJM1onOTTJVuClq:lO¢lf]lJiolOU),XcII» Vpoq>oXwp(~f][Jcpo~vio,nouq>uMooc· 101 OTO opxcto -kreneeana- Tn<;

• Bayertscne Staatsblbtlotreks TOU MovO· XOU. l:nc;oc}.,i6&<; 118WC; 137 0 Klenze05i· VCI M;nTOiIEPr; cvceccc tWV nopoOKTJvlwv Tl1<;onom:OAr;"IOUOlT)vEM600.Aonllt:r orevtc

4. Schinkel, K.F.:IXUitoyp6IJIJOloc;npo<; TOY npivlUIlo blMoxo Maximilian IT)<; Bouopio,,(I834),Oloonoioovonnioo£TOt nnp6tOO1'tVOKOmOll&UOClCilo!J,aOIAIKO ov6Inopo navw OTTjv AKp6noAl'J. XClp6- vpa4lOnp!llI6runo,100noloq>uJ.aoocTol 010 oPXEio _Schinkel Archiy" 010 Alles Museum TOU AV010AIKOU eecoxrvoo. 6'1· I.IOOICUTnK£ VIC npWlf] 'fIop6 010 Wolzogen,Alf,ed F,e!helTvon (ed): _Aus Schlnkels Nachtess; Relsetagebuecher, Brleleund Aphorismoo',4 Vol. BcpoA.[vo 1862·1864.

5. xcurcvrzovxcu I\Uo'ov6po<;: -ascursse d' un plan pour ra ville d' AthAnes propre a remplacer te prclet en ex{!cutlon elmat ccncu et imposslhle a recevolr sa totale organlzation,(oKopiqlf]IJocvo<;noMooolJl' KOU O)(£l5iou YIO TI1v n6},Tj nov A6Tjvwv, nounpoopi~lOlVOOV1I~ulom:riOEltot')lIn ~KTCJ"OU[l~VO OXtlllO, TO onolc elvol "ov· 600f,ltvoKOIOOUVOlOVVOCql°PIJ00eeO EvunOypaq>f]ovoq>opci,aAA6xwpi<;ntJ&p<> lJ'Ivia, IOU opxntKtownpo<;tov [3001A1el 'oeevc. rtou ¢lUAOOottOl 010 rEVIK6 Ap. X£io TOU EMI1"IKOU KP'lTouc;, Q8WYlKQ Ap. xeio. ¢lel~Vooc:; 214, AIlf)vo. AOTjlJooitutO,

nOAOIG 61JIJCKI1EUIJOrO

6, Ross, Ludwig: _Erinnerungen und Mil· theilungen aus Grieci'ertland. (AVOtlYl\OEl<; KOI cvceccec on6 TI)Y EMCOOj, Btpo),ivo 11163. In" oMi6t<; I~ WC; 159 VIV£TOI ovQ4lOp6. ant; np<iln:<; 6paoTT'\I)l.OllltE<; TWV KAEav8Tj KG! Schaubert cmv A8f)vu (l631-1B32),KOlOUYKCKp!!JtvOOTTjvlont:r Vpoq>tKl'j onotUnWCll1 KG! U)Y EKI16YTjorj TOO ll0N:000tJll"oUOXWiOOlT)C;vOO<;nO"'¥;.A· KoAW9oUv OplO[l&vE<; oKt~EI" IOU Ross VIO nc mecvermcc [JCJI},ovrlKl'1<; DPXOIa. },OVlKl'j<; EpEUVO"OTTjV Ael\VQ, 7.0uastv_,A F.:_Mittheilungen ueber All ,und Neu·Alhen., cerunter- .Neubau der Stadl Athen und des Koenlgllchen Schlosses auf selner Burg. (nNlPOq>optE<; YIOTl1vmMIOKOlvtoA6T\volnovolKoo6- IJnOTl TI'J<; n6Mj~ TWV AeTjvwv ~Olll ovtVtp. OT) 130017I1><ou cvccrccou nQvw crrjv AKp6- nO},rj).BepaMvo1834

8. xrenze v, Leo: «Apnortsttsune Bemerkungen gesammeltaufselner Reise

nachGrlechenland.(A'fIOplOllKU;nOlXJlTlpi)oCl<; noo ouAAtxTTJKDY KOTel Tl1 61dpKaQ lOU tOl;1610U IOU OlTjV EM600j. BcpoMvo 1B38.LTI<;0V,[6E<;4atw<;446:ov04lOpIl TouKlenzenouunoPM6rjKcm:Oouj.lj3oU-},IO oVTlj30ol"tloC; Tl1" BM6ot; 0lIt; 3.9.1834:.rto lllvov,jIEWpT)OTJ rco noxeo6olJlllOO OXE6iou TWV A6T\vwv, KOI: nop6.PTTJlJoVIII:rpdI4l0TOuKlenzeonru· 8UV6[JEVO OlOV [3aov..1Ii 'cecwc ue raecoIJnvfo 2I,9.1834,.wc;oulJnAr,PW[l0 mc cvolPOpO~ IJOU In<; 3.9.1834.,

9, stacuen. Friedrich:. Die Anlage von Atben und cer jetzlge Zustand der Baukunst In Grlechenland. (H Il5pU01'tTWV A9r'jvwv!(cun nopoilOOKaT60100lJTl1~0P. XI1E~101l1IU1~ OlTjIl E"lIOl5o), 010 nEp,oi5LlI6 "AllgemeIne Bauleltung', BIEVVTJ 1844 LII<; ccueec 1 wc; 25: Allo,,"opO '1'10 Tl1V lIIpu01't Tl1~\ltoc; A6r,1IOC; ~Ol Tl1<; ncxcceeIJIKf)~ rorootcc Tl1<; n6.\n~ come KOTO Tl1 OlapKtlO Tn<; nptinl'J~ 1I£~o&Tio~ (18J3.1843) . 10.Maurerv.,Georg:_~sgrlechlscheVolk In ceueonrcnee. klrchllcher und prlvatrechtllcher6e.zlahungvorundnach d~n Belreiungskrlegen his 13.7.1834 •. (0 EMJ1VilCO<; "00<;: TOvqJlK6 nA.olrnolou 6fj- 1J001ou, 9PllOKtUTlKoUKOl161WTllloU P(oo OTT] xwpo outt'j rtptv KOI I-IEIO lOY cvcvc 0vt:E;oPTl1010" KQliJ4pt nc 13.7.1834). 3 Vol. Heidelberg 16J5.1836. In" oVoi6&<; 119WC; 127: AvalPOpQTOU Maurer OTT] (JtTO'flOp6lT)<; npwu;UowO<;; on6 10 Nru.'nWo cmv A8f)vo.

• M;V CE;oVT},Eirol t6w !JIPAIOypaq>IKO n I· <710p(o IT)<; 1IIpu(1T]" TI]~ vto~ A8f)v0<;_ 0 KOT6.l.oyoc;nopouou]l;EII.IOvO[J<:pIKelonel to Ke([l£vo·KACI610'110 Tl11JCMTIJTOUet [JOTD<; OUIOU (6Tj"oor" VTOKOU[lEVTO upXE(WVKO' nperec lir1[JooIEUOtl<;).

The Foundation of New Athens:

Town·Planning Proposals and Aesthetic Conceptions During 1830·1840 on the Development of the New City: Emphasis on the Ancient Architectural Heritage and Historic Landscape.

A. Papageorgiou·Venetas

A critical analysis of the alternative choices proposed for the town-planning of the newly founded city of Athens is attempted In this article; all proposals put special emphasiS on the harmonious coexistence in the actual landscape of the new city and the architectural heritage of the antiquity,

AlthO\Jgh none of tte proposals was IulIy materialized and the town-ptanninq development of Athens followed its own unpredictable and complex route, the basic idea for the formation of an extended archaeological zone around the Acropolis hill, that would function as the monumental nucleus of the cultural Identity of the Greeks, has survtved all the eoventures of the city's development and is, fortunately, today in an acvanc ec stage of realization,

77

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LTO doapo aUT6 nopouotctouue ~EplKe~ an6 nc eMnVlOllKec; n6AEl<; ttou uSpuBIlKQV au' Mea'll AVQTOAT] an6 IOV Mtya AAt~avopo KQt roue 6lQo6xouc;. IT'UlEpa, "A6yw nOAlTlKWV OUV8TlKWV, etvcn OUOKOAO, av 6Xt aOUVQTO, va enavaJ...6l3Et KQVe(c; aUTO TO OOOlTIoptK6. 'ETOl, 80 i5E(~ou~e q>wToypa¢(e:c;, olvovtac; orouc cvovvecrsc ilia QI-lUOPTl eucovo TIle: AQIl4JT)<; TWY rt6t..E:wV curcov ala XP6VLQ lWV MOKE06vwv.

rurec rprJYOpOKOU.napvaaaou OlKOVOj.loA.6yoC;

78

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~n TlOU excve 0 M. AM~ov6poC; uevcxou ntpOll1300lAlO Kat nc KO-

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pou rucreqrcv moe n n6A'l iOUC; 80 onoro KOl ncoezcice am; q>A6yee;,

ncpeueve crrcpenrn, enel6r, nrcv we; cvrtrtorvo YlO ill q>wna rrou er-

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tr.OIlOOKOc;, 6,TI onolltv~1 ono rov ~A,I,r]VIOTIKO von lOU tr.io.

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'OAOl curer 01 'EMnVEC; nou EYKOTOOtcl81"]KOV ern M. Avo WAr'] Kat mv Aotc eoeocv nOALTlOl..IlKQ KOl 110pq>OAOYlKO crorxetc nou aK6110

KOt OiU.lEPO cvcvvciotzouue o-ne tilaq}QpEe; nEptOxte;. Kord rrt 61clp· K£IO TIl<; £KOtpOTE[Oe; tOU, 0 AM· ~av6poe; 80 leSpuoeL, we; to ocvopo HIe; IveSloe; Kat rnc BOKTPLOVriC; (Aq>YOVIOtOV), urc ELI(QOOPlQ no. AEle;,

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EKT6e; cno nc noxetc nou iopuoe a (610e; 0 AM~ovi5poc;, nOAM<; lopu8nKoV one roue l!.loMxouc;. Ana 10V rtA£uKO A' NIKOTOPO, 16 eecouv to ovouc tau ncteoo TOU Avnoxou, 5 to ovouc tnc urueccc TOU Ao06iKetoc;, 3 tile; ouzuvou TOU AnoIJOe; KOL 4 TO I3IKO rou. noMtc; 6J..Ae<; nOAEI<; eeoovv ovoucrc noAewv rnc MOKooovlae;, rtcrptzoc tou AAe!;ov6pou Kat TWV .reAEUKtliwv, cmcc StPOIO, ntAAo, XaAKlC;, 'Eoeooc. 'AAAE<; ceoouv OV6IJOTO crro to eAA'lVIKO ncveeo, omcc l!.iov (6.ioC;), An6AAwv, nAOU,WV, KoMlpp6T] (oe; unv !;€xv6.~e rtccc, ue roue 'EAAnVec;, KOI 01 8£01 laue; eYKOTocna8nKOV OTO 6pT], roue noTO{JOUe; KO\ ro 66.01"] tile; Aoiac;). . AAJ>.£e; noxerc n:6J..I cecouv ovouoTO EAMvwv oocov, once tau KaAAIVIKOU, KOI KQT6 TT]v EnoXr'] TWV 8u~avTLvwv, OV6IJ.OTO OUTOKpatOpcov, once IepYlounoAl<;, MO!;IIlIOvourtoxrc, Avccrccrconox,c. KOl

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82

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KOi 300 cxovc!

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83

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etvcr TO MeyciAo Tl;Qlli TWV 011- lleOa<'5wv.

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EKTOe; OIlWe; ana nc noxstc curse, urc Meldoo 6A,\wv, oruoc F;lVOl II B6OTpo (Mnoccc), T] Kcvcaoc (KnVOYOUdT), T) ¢l1'\Oi5t'\$£IO (AIlI-lGV), T] Brnccverc (X6Ilo), ucctucouv ""(Q xcunoo rtcvtoeuc apxneKTovlKl')e; TT]e; OVOTO'\IKl')e; TEXVT]e; ue 'rnv ex,\T)VlKi) KOI vevucoteoc TaU e'\'\llV\KOU nveuucroc ue 1:0 ovcroxuco.

To cpaoc oU16 1!00!~~lm cs mOlx~io nou tl':iwm: 0 LIp. A. xcoeovxcu KOI En~C;Epyd· crncc scrucrecocce nxc n, r'orwooceounccvcccco.

:IUIli3oAt<; aTI'JV roroplc TI'J<; KTIPloliollia<; TI'J<; KanolilaTplaKIi<; &noxli<; (1828·1833)

To KTiplO TOU AAA'lAo1il1iaKTIKou 1:xoA&ioU -ApyouC; MEPO~ 30

'onec KGt Yla 10 OAhU KaT1o~i1- OTPIOKO orll16010 «nprc TOU 'Apvouc, £TOI Kat Yla TT)V oucoeouncn TOU AAhTjAOQUSOKTlKOt.i ~XOA&(OU lil09tTOUll£ apK£TO crorxetc, core vc unooocue vc ncccxoxouenccu)1£ roco TT]v noceto Tile; KOTQOKW· nc TOU 600 Kat j3aolKtC; 1:EXVlKtC; xerrroueoerec. EKT6c; ana cure - KQl av j3tj3aIQ oev unoxovtcouIJE rnv neotrrnccn TWV rtpOTWVWV roo Kanoi5LOTpla, yla TOUe; onotouc 6,Tl 1')05'1 tXEI ypo41ef Kat 6,n emnxeov tX£1 np608eTQ EVTomo8Ei ~Eru;pv6 KQTQ ncxu TO crorxerc nou txouv OTlI..lOOlEu8d IltXPL enpeoc vic TO OTU.l60lQ KT[plQ me enoxtic: ccntc - , 80 ncener va OT)' ll£:lWOW Welte; e~apxl'lc; on TO AX· A.T]A.Oe)IOOKTIK6 TOU . Aovouc etvot £Ke::[VO an6 TO KonOOIOTplOKO Ktlere me n6)..T]C: vrc TO onoto t.xouv ypa$t( ru necrcoorepc 6p8pa Kat crureioucrc'. 'OnwC; t.XOUV voo$E1 Kat Ola$Wn01LKQ coeoc vtc HIV EKnaiotuOTj 010 . Apyoe;, otto TO texoc lOU 180u creve ecc TIlV enom TaU Kanooi01:pla.

I:J.EV ewcn neprrrc va nouue, euauc £~apxne;, on T] OIK006~T]0l1 10U OXOh£(OU curou, uno '\661'] KOl oruX!Ee;, KP61110£ noxu rrcorccorcoo one EKE(Vll ~EyaALrrEPWV «n EUpUXWp61£PWV KTlp!WV 11']C; EnOxric;, aM6. Kat 10 en 10 eyKa(V1o. TaU, ~6- ALe; zoo unvec nprv an6 TIl 00'\0$0- via 10U Kcrrootcroro xrn O£ £noxn nou n ovrtrtosrreucn evcvnov TaU I3plOK61av OE nccosoouo, £vw 01:0 . Apyoe; E!Xav auYKEV1Pw8£(, Kat ucxrcrc E!Xav Kl!O£1 xm cnrnc, eruecvetc rtcocenecorrrrec TaU uvnxcrtocrororcxoc crpcronezou (In. 'roucounnc, Tcecrc, NntlKlVe; K.6.), ezcccov o¢>op~l'] Yla ~IOV ernO£l~n crcaepornrcc Kat 6uvo~ne; lOU K08£OHlnOe;, M'\6. Kat vrc eve «xootoc 010 n'\l']6cx;" lOU iOlOU lOU Kcnocrctorc. 8£wpw, xomcv, on rteoc one TIl Y£VU<6T£pn KQl rtpoOWnlKl'] no'\mKl'] 'OU Kul3&pVn111 unec TIle; opvcvecnc KOl y£vIKWone; TIle; OlolXE:lC.iKiouc; &Kno(o£uone; OTn xwpo, n o'\oKMpwOTj lOU A,A.'\n'\06loaKnKou TOU 'Aovouc crtorexece KOL tva rroxrnxo YEYOvee. vrc roue xovouc nou cvcrrru-

~O~& a'\,\6. KOl YlO 60a etoucoreoc 80 EK6t.ooU~E ue xerrroueoerec ern ceoteon &V6TnTa aUTOU lOU coapou.

To AAAI1Aol:ill:iaKTIKo 'Apyou~ TTplV TO 1830-31

'once Un:OIVIX6TiKCij.l£, OXo'\Eio '\£1- rocovnce 01:0 'Apyoq LOuMXI010V an6 ru .t.'\11 TOU 180u cnevc. Fie TIlV &noxri TWV &TWV now an6 TIlV 6$I~n rou Kanoo[arpla «cr VIa mv tteotozo 1828-1831 txou~£ OUVK&' «curevec ucoruprec on '\&Il:DUpvouce «ovovucc aA'\n'\OoIOaKTlK6 0XO'\E[O OTTlV noxn, 0& KTiplO nou $aivETOI vu «crcctpccrpce KaTO TnV TpiTIl £10130'\1'1 nou c5tx6nK& TO . Aovoc KOTo. TIl Olo.pK&La tnc Ena V60TOOTle;, ana rc ctpcteuuorc TOU 1~n:pariJl·.

EloLKaT&po vm mv n&p[060 cno ,0 1828 noxxec n'\npo$opite; 6(v£L 6p8po nou 5n~00L&u811K& OTT] «FeVlKl'] E$n~&pi6a"'. us TnV a$op~Ti TWV &VKOIV(WV TOU vtou KTLp[OU TOU A'\'\n'\OOlOOKTlKOU. rtcocaeTOU~£ TO OX£TlKO cnoonccuc:

.Aft610 18280lna(li"~1""'ApYt(wv.OL t.JVn&p,oi. ~wv eLMaxoV"faL <an'; 1'1" n.IJ.~.l.OeLeOKt'K~V JJtOOliovnopO IOU Kupiou N. ¢IOvliploou TouK!l~16o;'Ka, ~'Mov 0" 10 oIK~~o, 10 onolov txP~OI~"UEV w<; liL liO'I~P'OV. ~To"no.l.u ou;v6v, KOL unO"tl~evov [l, to'~IoIloM~loUKaLpaj,E).LoeJ)ltUtVOO,oK6nw<; "'~Io:EXo..l.dovToU"IO,u<g...x:np'O~6<;ngl~on';" So<:;TwvnoTtpwvMlllv"'nnI6~l""Vl""'t61wvlt_ 1MIlV. ~""",,OIl<IIIwIToo.:n""'KW o~Moc:'''''1itOOoKo'i. .I.our.KIllJVnpOOOovTwvlO8t1TWQIItvwvKo.TWp&>- 00" W<n~, an6 Ill~ cnOXTK In~t~~ JJtXP' tfl<; <:n1~tpov. 1017 ~a9r)Tal &W~v<ioe~oov ~" Illv o.v6.· YVWClLV, t11vypoQlT'[v.IllVap<a~TJTL"fjv ""'S0100)(&'W. 9r)oav E'~ In<: np.lTo~ Y""",,EL, T~~ ap'!O"clo~ "n, I~~ naL"~" E. loUT",", 143 ~tloJlolvouo,v ~lin"~ 10 V"6KILOlov:Exo~ciov. EK ~tl"'vAoLnO"a14,OLonoloL <-I.;~~60" an610 !Xo.1lElov roUTO, 500 tOuAol.)(Lmov tl· VOL nponapaoK&Ua(J~VO\&!~ TnV onOiJli~v nV<lntpwv 1'O!h]1.l(~Il"",. "'~ TO EMnVLK6. :EXo.l.do, "'~ 10 Ktv'1'1"0.- tn~ A,viVl1~. ~ .. ~<'LU.o CIlOVVt.l.I'OTO. M~TO~OIWVl'Oant""'l<"lIWVOP<O~o'lBAuno (oWIJO".oI.OImpoll<d1Lm1I"""'OI<Tu<ooj,nmKOli.oo onoiOlt.ml'Qvn~nQoi.(i~."OIetAOUV.Q. ~t\ 01<0).00I"I0><; Il<lOn":U<>IT~~ t" lovtov !Xo.1Iclov. 'o onolov [IVo.'XWpn""Ov 400 IJCISnlW". OlQV oxo ~6~wo,v on6 10 OTpoTlWTL"6 YV~Vc.OLn.

n6.VTWe; , vtu TnV rcrootc 80 nperter vc cvceeooupe 6Tl, TOV Malo TOU 1829 eKOn'\WVETOI oa$Tie; nco- 8£0Tl &K ueoouc TTJC: IxO'\LKTie; Emroorrnc TOU AI1&PLKOVlKOU ¢It,\£MnVLKOU KO~lTo.TOU VIa itipuOTl KOl KOTOOK£Uri OXOA£lWV OTO 'Acvoc KOl 0111v Aanvc, otto TO onotc KOL ue npwTOl3ou,\(a TOU Iwv6 KlVVK textKo. 0l1l1lOUPVr;8nK£, TO 1831,

KaTooK£ui) Kal A£IToupyia TOU AAA.'1Aol:ill:iaKTIKoli (1830-32)

Ana evvccco TOU TonOTIlPllTIi 'Apvouc npoc TOV Korroctctorc, TIle; 7 Marou 1830', nxncocooouuocre 01L Olav E,\I3£,6 ~I']XaVLK6 Devaud, nou aprceorov OTTJv urrncectc TIle; Kul3tpVllOT]e;, e:(X& aV01&8£( n KOl:OOK£Un rou AMry..oolOaKTlKOLi (KOI TOU «enuocrou KOToOTT')~aTa<;~). ITO tyypaq>o aUTO £ntOUVo.mETOl TO 0)(t.510 TOU Devaud, nou Sev un6.PxeL ere rAK, KOI 0 noocnoxovrcuoc TOU tpyou, 0 cnctoc vro TO xrlpto KOI I1E unoypa$Ti TOU coxrrecrovc nrcv 23.100 rnccrcc, ouv 2520 mccrpc YLa 1260 K6.YKEMa TOU nepITOLXia~QTCX; TIle; aui\lie; lOU KTlp(OU (cuvoxo 25.620 n.). Ie 0Tl~£(wc:n') TOU 0 Devaud ncocaerer all, Mvw TOU ueveeouc KOL TOU 136.oouc TOU cxexerou, &(VOl £nlKivouvo vc yivouv 01 TO[XOL TOU rcnplou 11& n'\iSp&e; KOl OTI uno'\ovi~&~ vc KTlOTOUV I1E rterpec £vw vrc TO rtePlTOIXLo~a npol3Mn&1 vc XPT]OL~Oncmeouv nxtacec.

a Kcnootorprcc, O£ ortcvrnon TaU rtooc TOV T ortomorrm, evxorver ,6- 00 TO axt.ola 600 xm rev npoOnOhOVI0116', «csrcrcvrcc TOV uneuauvo KaL owtorevrcc TOU va TOU unol36A&L, uerc TIlV npoKl']pu~l1 6n~onpaoioe;, TO KeiIJtVO TWV aUIJ$WVT)TIKWV nptv aUTO. onovoocouv, eroonorovroc TOV vn unol36.A£1 OXt.- 6LO Kal noounoxovrouo KaL OTT)V ern ,ne; nOloe:iae; rpaI1110T£la.

Aiyo ccvoreoc. a kcrtoetctorcc tilal3l136~el aTOV rni Tne; ncreercc rocuuctec N. xc .. .I06V&'\0 350,53 6iC1TI],\a 16Mnpa one «ouvooouec. (£LOq>Opt.e;) YLa TIlV OLKo06I111OTl<OU oxo,\&[ou, rtooo ana TO onoto 2000 mcorpc 5i60VTOI an6 TOV (6lo KOl m urtoxoutc ana TOV vouoPXo XEucev, on6 TOV eeoc emretccupevo OTT)v EMMa KO~l1Ta Bou'\vapn (nou OUV£IOt.$£pE: Kat VLa TnV DlKO' 06~T]on <ou ~IKPOU VOOll TOU AV. rnupiowva 010 'Apyoe;), ana roue KQ1aK6~u Kal NTo.0KOq> KaL ana TOV K611T]Ta n6.vlV'.

85

86

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xe cncvrrjcn TOU rtpoc TOV l!.IOIKf]· TIl, 0 Xpucovexoc onoMX£TOl Tf]V rtooceooc TWV K6.nrta (sic) KOll!.f]pntotou. YlO 26.000 vccoto, IlC TOV coo nAllPwllt'j~ nou eaeouv Kot IlC TT]V urtoxcecicn 6Tl "8t~ouv cnoneocrecet mv 01K0601lt'jV ue mv cncrrouuevnv ernuexercv Kot TO ortotov t6wKe OXt610V a KUPlO~ l:r.el3w". Km TaU ~llTd va eroonomoet TOV TonOTTlPT]Tti 'Apvouc va reAClWOCI TO OU!-l$WVT]nKO KOI vc ner OlOU~ "0IK0501l0U~" vo cneuauv- 90Uv OlOV i510 YlO VO elonp6.l;ouv rtc 13.000 yp. KOT09tTOVTOq TO OUIlCPWVTjTlK6 aM6. KOI rnv "eyyuT]OIV cvepenev o~lon(OTWV"·.

To OUjl$WVllnK6 unovcccercr TPCI~ !-Itpe<; cpvcrsoo, OTl~ 9 louvrou, KOl oro cvnvocco nou I3piOK£TOI 010 rAK un6.Pxel 11 eruorjuekcon "LU!-I¢WVT]TlKOV rnc OIKO- 50!-lilq TaU ev . Apyel AM. rXoA£iou", I-lc TOV co. ClOOYWyijq 1663". l!.(VOUI-l£ rrcocenno TO nAiIpee xetpevo TaU, YlO xovouc yevlKOl£POU ev610¢tPOVTa~: .tIl<IT~nop6vHl<;ylvt:lll,a.y.ov6"wull'llwVl\1IIj ~tI(,~U TI)<;TonoTllPfl<>[w<; '-'Ilyouc: KO'.OU ,tK',," """Xopilw""" K6rmoo 'ltpl 111<; el<;'",PVoc;OI"oO,," ~~~ ",,6<; oMl)l.oO'lill"Tl<OU o)(oAdou, ~[ IIl<; [~Ir:: o-u~"'wvl!I<;-:

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o KoBT]YT]TI'[" TIl, 10TOPCO, TIl~ TtXVll~ OTO Fluvemmrunc TOU Yale Vincent Scully" OnOKAel&1 va npcxerrm vrc npooxtolo TT)~ Maisonette, BEwpel oe macvcv 611 np6KEtTOI vrc OXtOIO lOU KA£QvBf) Ylo «cnorc oMo onm TIl~ OoUKlOOO" nou rnscvcrcrc O£V xr(OTT)' «e note. AVT[BeTG, 0 rccoxoc mcreue on TO oXt610 O&V i)TOV TOU KA£ovBT], ll.EV cnccxetcnn va np6K&ITOI YIO ncoox_t610 TT)e; olKio~ ROse"', oneoenncre, &Kelvo nou ElVa! ecvepo etvrn 611 npcxerrcn vm OOTIKI') KOTOIK(O KOI 6XI YIO j3ir..o 0& noccono. 0 YPO¢'IK6t; XOpOKTl')pOt; eo IJnOpOUOE vc ervcr TaU Kr..&ovBTj, nopClr..o on. an' 000 TOU· AOXIOTOV yvwp{~w, cev txet j3peBei 6J..r..o XElp6ypo$0 lOU KAeovBIl OTT] yoJ... A(KI'[ y'\wooo. '000 IltxPI TWPO txou(..1£ evronrcet e(vol ypo(J(Jtvo I') Y&P(JOVIKO 1'), TO neprcccrspu. EAATjVIKO. AUla nou nopouO\o~Et eve.cceccv e(vO\ 6nT] KUp{O E(oolloe; TT]e; K0101K{0, j3p(OKeTOI on6 TTl (.IEPIO Til, ouM" evw (JIO OeUTEpT], (JU<pOTEPT] &10000, cvorvcrm OTO OT£VO recccuc nou oOT]y&i rt on6 TIlV nr..£up6 TOU op61l0U erccecc OTTjV 1610KTT]0(0_ H OeUT£pT] ouni n6p- 10 j3yO~£1 onr:uB&ioe; 0' tva xwpo vee¢'elou. To XopoKtT]pIOTIK6 aUTO., TO vo (..111 ylV£TOl oT),\.ooi) T] eioo&x; ~ KOTOI· KIOe; On&UBEia~ on6 TO 6p6J..L0 a.U0 (Jt- 00 ana tva oxcnccrc $op6u 610opo(..10 nou OVO(YETOl nooc TT]V our..i), ctvcr «en nou ouvcvtcpe ere rtcxrc cenvcrKO onrn TTl, toUPKOKpOT(O~, nou £111' j3iWoE KOI cmv OBWVIKi) neolcoc, XWpte o(Jw~ TU,IKO va el1lKpoTl')oel. np6· K&I1O\ YlO TUrtIl<6 oBIlvOIKO YVWPIO(lO, nou tX&t O(..lOOT] oxecn (..IC TOV rcono l;wl'j, on, xwpe~ TTl, AVOTOr..f)e; (M&IOT6~ lfilWTlKO, XWpoc; cnoucvcuevcc on6 TO opO(lO) Kat nou (l6J..r..ov oOf)yEi 0& -EAAIlVO 0PXlltKTOVa. IE KOVtVO rrcvnec cno TO YVWOTO tpyo TaU KAE6v8T) OEV tXOUIJC cuvcvmcer ncpopcm xucn, To ctvouco ervcr on 6'\0 TO IJtXPI TWpa TEKIlI')PIO nou tXOUi1e tooc vro TOV Hansen 600 Kat YIO TOV KA&OvBT) aXenKo Ile TO K1l')ptO TT]~ OoUKlOOa.;;, EK"T6c;

crtc 'nc EmOToM, nou ovO¢'tPEI 0 L'l.TjIJ. IKou~tt; OXETlKO (.1& TTl Ma!sonette nou tKTloe 0 K.l..Eo.vBT]" cnorexocv, ac t.l..E' yo, Evfi£I~£I, nccc onOO&r1;El~ ylo TO norcc etvcr 0 OPXtttKTOVO~ TOU~_ 01 I1Eproccreoec novrwc; OOT]Youv OTO cuuneocouc en 0 Op){lTtKTOVO, TO~ ervct o K,\EovBT]C;_ L'l.&V &(VOl 0IJW, KoB6AOu cruecvo OPIO(.ltVO on6 OU10, vc oxeOto OTT]KOV cnc rev K.I..&ovBTlKOI vc Ter..c[woov KOTW on6 rnv Enij3Aeljlll TOU Hansen. L'l.ev etvcr A(YO TO KTf)pm OUTI')~ TIl~ nepl600u OTO cnotc ecvccm. KOV nEpIOo6T&pOl cnc EVO~ OPXITtKTove~, Eivol OAhwoTe yvwcrec 01 ¢'IAlKtC; OXtO£It; TWV 6uo OVopwv, 01 onotcr (JQAIOTO YIO tva (.IIKp6 XPOVIKO OIOOTT)(..IC ouvscrcrsouccv oTT]V olKlo KAEcvBrl"', OTT]V nMKO_ Tt.l..o~, ac i)B&AO VOKo.VW (lEPlKt~ 010PBwoet, oTO Kei(JCvo TIl, I. H_ ITT] o£r..isc 73 OVQ¢'tp&TOI6n 0 Hansen tKTIl;e TO 1839 eve emu yta tvav AIJEplKov6 eKOTOIJ(.IUPIOUXO, mBav6v TOV T(ov Xv... EM, npo¢'Ovw<;, npOll£lTO\ nEpC A6Bou, tou (.IeTQq>poOl1"'). AvoJ..L¢,lllo.l..o, T) ouvYPO$EU~ XPT]ollJonoiT]oe -rn At~T] missionnaire - tEpon6mor..0" nou npener vn um'\px£ oTO KECIJ£VO KOl nou OVTlKoTOm6BIlKC OTIl (lE16¢'poOTlIlE TTl M1;T] millionnalre -EKOTO(lJ..LUPIOUXO~. Elvct yVliIOT6 611 "to ~&uyo, tWV A(l&PlKOVWV John KOI Frances Hill eeecccv 0TTlv EMMa TO ll.£KtIJ.IlPT] TOU 1830 we:; Ilt.l..Il TT]~ o(.lEPIKOVlK!'j~ lepanooTOr..i)~. 'vorapo an6 tva (.llKp6 010OTT]110 nope- 1J0vi), TOU~ 0TllV Tnvo, C'(KOTOOTOBf)KOV 1J6VlIJO OTT]v A6l')va. cnou tecoocv. 110~i (JE TOV en((]Tj~ AIl&P1KQv6 .eccrtoOTOr..O King, M.l..T]AoOllioKTIKO cccevcv KOIB'1Mwv.

To 1833 tKTloOV OE crecncoo nou eveccocv olnr..o aTTJV nUAf) Tf)~ ovoccc t nv .AKaollll(o-AnoKoTootIlIJO Tf)~ Ali&.l..Ql6TT]10, Ntou ncc« AlJepIKI'j",,"'. Aovoreoc, Kcnw ana TTJv n(&OT( TT]t; aBT]VOtKi), KOIVWVCO" TO ~EUyO~ XI.I.. 16puel KOI lOIWTlKO 0xoA&lo OTTlV nAOKO, OTT] ywv(o Nouccxou NIKOOl'jIJOU KOI 90UKu15ioT]", To oxo.l..t:io OTEYOOTT]K£ OTT]v KOTOIKio TOU ·Ayy'\ou Charles Bracebrtdqe" IJE &VOIKIO_ Aovcreoc 01 Xl.l.. cvopuocv TO KTT')PIO KOl OVtSEOoV rrrov X, XOVOEV mv ens«teen TOU.

eo nptn&1 &n(OT]" vu nOU(..Ie 6Tt 0 X. xcvcev= 6cv npaOEAf)q>BT] liI~ 0PXITt KTWV TTl, BOOI.l..IK~ AUAI'j, oMo OTT]V T&XVIKI'j vnnoectc TOU unoupvelou TWV EowTepiKwv (JE )3oB(.10 vocuucrec B· rO~Il, KOl (.1& 1J1066 180 OPX. TO Ill'jvo.

:[~~£O(""EI~ 1.)(pIOll<lvaflur,Mlall."'t~a<JTI1vauM,ou·OB"'_ va. M~l6.<jlpoo·~-E"IJJt""t'O-:[)(O"",O Apl0rtc nnnovl~oJ"iou.Kpr',Ittvotv, B- t.<600~, Ep~~~, "'B~ va 1968, E[o"V"'¥~ a 14.

2. H Xp,a,,6va <IIla~p-I\UT I\pe.: all1v A61\'IO ~t ,av 6\16pa 1'1<;<11, I\u. 10 1839,6'"\1 0 re~tu'ol<><; 6'0»1 "ll1"~ ~PQC",","<I<; ,tpt", 1l1~ npOuOlaVtlaoo~ ~o' o(}"ooo~ A~Mlo,. Mo~( 1'Il~ ~pe.: "0' ~ oOt~ ... 1\ ln~ X6,,~. OpyOltpO oU<uya<;'01.1 npxLtt<TOVO A. 81,,· orpoUII.ITT)vEAMOn"'MoolitA ... t<;t~elVCl\I 13 xpc)v,a,~txp",,'~·

3. to, rp. Ka~noupOy~ou. H 110,:","0"" 1l1~ n~o~tV· ;1,~,tIItTO' ~o, tPWVOL Ev ABTiva,~ 1927. 00.

4.rEw<I~a.IU."'&I\"",A6rivaM:>S112I10O» OpolTJ(I.H.avacptpt:Ta,OnroypdjJjJoJloloo<&l(1I"''' 4>W<U.a M. 232 iAn::lliv .... Skour&G'lparls), Onoo i39!. O"tt(l('OO\l\lrKIVpaO;>OOXtixonool3ptllrtort"ll1 Malsona!le.a, 'a (x}olClp<'ii5tO.tVX&,p(li,aapx"t. "IO""'~~' npo$av<il~ np6KElm. y.o napOlipo~1\

5. to. rp. Ka~naupovAOI.I. op_ cit .. 00. 269-70.

6. rev. E"'T)~tP!~

1.11. ra1o.~ouAoo, ECTio, 2210uMou 1\134.

8. Ixt1t"6 ~t To laQ~' '''''' Mia QPx,r"",6vw" "TIl" Ae~"o "0' ITj\lavo.6Eo-T]TOIJ tpyoUlll~anOTUO,"O'T]C: '1'\<; un6pxOllCa~ "o1(~<>T""'l~ TT]~nOA~~ "01 IT)!; ~t.l.tTJl~TauO'Xoo(OI.InOAT]~TT]~AlliJva~,,·oUT<>U<;ono. ,ov(.A Koooo[Q--rp<a.t:)(OUV!Jpt&lapKtTnv,:CITq>(l a'DlXe.io '0 onola o~ar"iooo(l£ DUvr<l!!a va O'1~e> D'Wooo~

9. Ixt".tc; nA'JIIOCIIOJl!&<; DINClV''''''' O,,~ ocllli£<; tou.4u<oo,,,,0Il nopapn'p:nO<;o aTOll TUna lTJ(tI1e> )(""~QJ D10U<; fIIOKtAOU<;l00 rX_ nM.r:o>c;,"",O&>vl"""ntPl6liouom rAK.

10. Ilo)(QpTJlIl1~ A6I\voc; louCl!enavard ,ou 1843

:~all~~~':.t::"~~:II'!~~~~I~sa~e~nOOlllltlWO~

11. AdOlp~ ROSer, Bupap6<; YLI1'pi><; rou 'OOwvo, H aoiJ~LaOO IOu nopoxwp~o~ v,a op,o~"VO XP¢Y'", 6n....,.;; ouv~(!,I;c. ~olo,,,(a Ka",,~ oro 11.(010. To 1651 ~ Ooil~",oo 6WpiOt, ~€ o""~ npn~l1 nou ty,v~ ow nOpiO"100IlhI0-.",, ROser. Trua,l\Cmno,Mlo~"" pt;cI 'l1~ ADIi~,oaa~ TJl~ I1I."""VTlo~ • .o.9I]"o'.n. T&Ux. 74,.0.81\\10'919,00.6-8.

12. KW(lla Mnlpl1, A, .o.llilvo, on6 TOO lSou &,~ 'O\f 206vQJ .. A6~va 1966.ao.I2().12B.illJoruX"":KO'oo.;, ,,~. MnlP1l': I5f;v '''''Id1P«i1''''' Tl~ M'1poo;>opit<; nOU ~~O'O"~QJO~ovt.cliaW;""yt<:;.n,(lQ1IO). tall1Mr, l1<PoAio 'COJ(J&too<;l1_K<t!mDllpoyAoum' r,B.\OX0\'16Wl110lJtnt1:ptnOywtX&l.t:ioIWt<;nl» 01l60t'~Ot,a.w".O apxda""'nPD4>OP'Kt~ (IOP1'" pit<;KI1(!""'KO'Ot~'1Taf,lVOJJI1(ltv&<:;~aplUjll.t<;l"", rAKMoopW6~w<;vl1nw(I£pclJ.o,6'l1,an" ,onl> p,ooo,cpo onn til o,o'XEia noo ova'l'tpo:, Y'o 'ou~

lQ..ed_v9T] KOI Schauoort K<J. Ylo TO ~p<illOOXt6,".WV Ae'1v<ilv, ~&.60!'!6 npoo""''''l\ IlOUtp£UVOOTa rAK, txouv 1£"~np,,"6cl 13.K<iloroK""0.0,,,a,Tonpw,anavcmo'I\~L01'1~ A(!~"o~~ ,00Tl1n 10uITO~IiTT] KAt6v&rt, lI&u"wl-II1 .np<ilIOI-EM'1vt<;TeXvL""(E",a,~llO"c~., TEE.A&!'tva. 00,261·260

14.T,<:n.\l]poq,ople<;(1Out/lwotl1 K,A. Kplo't"ot", na,,"V\.oMouatOX£TU<I\&pWTT]Or\~OIJ.

lli.l1_r. Ko~noopoyAou. Ofl. cll-

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11. noit.wuSo.n.o OJ))(Itt.>rIWVrouOXWlou ,wv A9I!vwvlta¢lEoo;K.lUiv!h)<;(1802·1862).HlI£poA6- y,ovTJl~M£y0A",EM600<;193I.oo. n.90.

18. Olga Fountoutakl, StamoUo. KleaMhK 1802 1862,DlsMr!aU"nI979.

19, !!.l]~. I~ou~t, .H M<>.~""t' TYJ<: ntVTtAn<:., To AOl1"oLK6.1&UX.J8,XPL<:rrOUyCWO 191:17,00. 1..3. 20. H (da HauQstedouyxt.;,olQ6pepOTl1<:Tl1" EAt· VTj Kml.t6~'1·I"ou~ (J& "'" "6p~ rl1~ EM~o IKou~t. eve ... tPl:' O&l.ov8110~tv06" TYJMalsO<1elletl1v""'~. p0v6~l1aE TJ EAtVTj KC~T]. ITYJv npl1y~olL~6tT)~a n6cMc,oooQ¢'T]Ocoroa/iclp&mTJl(llOl'ilTJ(nr:pLQU- 0111 <>TO I;abU"',a tT)~ 11n' 111 ~'1Ttpo TJl~ a'nv .0.1-1&' PI"", ~o. lIjV 6Mn jII01'i O'Il1liiio I;aW"',a lTJ~ ano. TJl(.I(:j)IQlouna,tpl_vn:Bo.I.Il'lKt.l£ol;ov.o, O1ouc;anoy6vouc;lO<J~l\£.p:}.o.~lTJ( ~OOlpooovOIT]VlliVll!Jwu(tTJlMaisonene "a"ovX,"P<lI-I&I""ra....,lTJ(<'i.oI)o<'ooo<:,I1W16£,ov r4<;'""'tT)<I>P<>Vt~'TKEn'IItA"6~,"",.C\I<iI,,r&Wj)YI<><; IKOU«<;oy6paCE to un6~0'no ~tpfli'o tT)~ "A~po'"'ll,n~Teu<;. TO liEU,"PO(l£P!IiLO 1011y6paOt 11 EM.l]v,"1\ Ku~tPVTlCT)_ Me "1IiL06~K~ 11')<; ~ Oau. ",000 n ... ~ac "'~v EAtVTj IK"u~t ,a ~OP1PtlO tT)~. tpyo lDu Lstsb(~.KI1' op,c~tvo "poown,"o 1~<:tO" ~~a. rtl~~wvc 11& nOVlO ~, ,~v tfHeUU!o TI1~ 00(;· ",aOO~ "0' a' o"nlMlOTJ 1l1~ xo~tVTj~ "o.pl]~ 'l]~ EAI· <a~, r600l] .6pl]000 KO, ~£yYOVl'i n't<: 11\tvT)~I"ou<tn~po_vl0o.vo~E.>.i~.

BMnc 1l~(I. I.ou~. op_ ell., "a, MLXO~Ao~ AjJtp""", H 1U>U",aDI1 II)<; ro..a""vr1a~. AB~vo 1976 .• e .... 30 21.Mtroyd(101OUIl<lIjVEu<PpODUVIlKcpol{tl..K6- pl]louM"Yd.\.oo.6povoo~\IOOTI1~YIjllJA""nol~ npiy .. ,,"tblllwouKo.p<IT(0(H7o.18091.TO 1832.0 KAUlv9T]~a\ftrrrur,:ouyy&"",,,,,,,lieo~lI£louc; orpOTI1v6 rl:<ilPV'" "Ill nplYK. A~~~'p,o K'~'n<d. 11!>eA"",<I<;TIl'>yuv",~a<; 100,"<11 IOU<; r&<ilP'l"o Apvup6oClU~a.KwvornVl('IOlUoxOl)'O'1KI1'MI)(.raoj. ,ao, ~CIU naVlp&itrTJ<avI1VTIolO'XI1T!I; E<lW<I>t<;'tI)<;

YUVl1lKa~TCIU, .Opt<; Touf1Yt~6vaTl1~BA<IX!o~nplv· Klna(...aWTlKl1pa,(6(1745-1844),PQ.Aou.r(lOpnvlio. Ko,PiM;OVTj,E(vo •. tno(lt""""ooAum9ov6v"",npt nEL va li!CpWVTj6tl .oTnn6aov 0 KAtnllth1~&(vOL 0 OPXITEKIWV '''''' yvwoTIilv "OTOIK,<ilV B,I.oXa(iTa~ all1" nt'pllLW<: KO< lOU K<lP01~~"'" ,OU Ai>yup6!'!ou~au or~v 0,," KOI.I~ow6oopou

210. MIlP(a~ Kapol~n, 0 n(l),,<I<; K06ptq>lIJ'O. Ae~vn, 0.206,

22_ rl'ijll;po OV1jKti OlOv to~tJ- XOpv.

23. rcwM&w<; a,~AloIh\KI\. A6I\va. AoXEi'o !l<ooI;trpundjl'1MS232.

24_n. Bo"n, <Ill. ell .. rAKVnoupy.6p'1o.IXoA .. 15 touv.I830.

25. rAK, Konoli_opx. Ynaupy,eP_ ..... 39. 26,ApxtiaA' rUllv. Apptvwv, S,J;A(o 5. oAAT)Aovpo... 11111132-1842.

27, K. Mn(pl1, I<>TOp(I1,ouE6v'Kau MtlOO~ioun ... AU1'XVt(Ou, A6~vc 1957, eo. &4·57

2B.0, nA~po<popltq QUIt<; jJplOKOVlOI auv~wtv,~ OlO axt~Lo OT~ r,vv('lO. B'BI.,oll~"'1 29.rmliwpl]n\P,oauujJ6.lLa,oTl1~"'"IQqROse'ovo. "'£0£'0' 'nOL"(O~tTO'11':I,on~"a. ,w"nl1pl1mw' I'nlw" '11~'_ rT~ 'l"'WClTI\",wloypo<plaOIlO>C;TT]~o,· Klo~R6ser. nou611I'0<1'''''"'0 Kaunoolpoy~ou, '101.' ~il1 e.iVI1' ,p'<ilpo¢Il1, Xwpr~ 0'00. H ",w,,,ypo ... il1 txt'A'l",Odla1927Ka'Ol'10,np".,a'TJ~Ka,cM <P'oI\~lIJ':- t;.C\I onOl<A£.ltm, IltPo,a, on6 '" 1842-43. nou KliOTI]KC. Iltxp' to 19271oKtI\p,ovl1e.ixtuna. 01£1 npooe~.E~ I,pila 6po ... o) Kill ,1I"Olpont<;. 30_ o",e""~\l1rpe.io X. X6vaEY'Kau,aVT~<'Iy~DU. MfjIpOnO~T]x. Xlivatv·Uyo:;·MnoUAa"~t. ·AVI<><;t;., ... Yua,o~ Ka60~,"w" K~tVTC~'Kl1u,ovr~6y~ou •. <L 31. Aa~va 1919·1653. ·EpyoAov<ilv.oMt',EXV",V, nV&u~I1T1"6 KtV1PO IOU lII\1l0U Aa~vo(wv. a. 18. 32, II.Ka~noupoyAou,A'nol.l1,o(A!'!I1A1.oTP''''o£,~ xnpLvavl1o"0 ... 1\~.wvopxolwvA9T)vwv. nOpnpT~' ~11 ApX. t;.c~rlau 1929. a. 3. 33,M,KopOOIl(laT)·AM!JtI.TO"p<iI,obT)~OTl~n'l)<; A9r\v11~ • .o.Pxo,oAoyll1. ,CUX. 25, <'i..I:K. 1981. o. 40 34.TOKTJMnnn,<J>aIlT\XoA..A{lrjvo["O.I&UX_45,A&!'tva 1970.00.3J..35.I.Kuliwv,6T'1.A6I\vo,.r6)l<><;A·. 1985,00. 27{).72

35. A- nl1no"",oAOou-Kpl<>Tcvo&v. TaIloAUT~X""'6Y Ixo~elov. nr.plolia<: 1636-1843. KOIDlDl"(&<;r .... pyiou"", Kw",""u BAoXOU!0'l.Xpo",~6 A,allrJl"'~~, ,6~0~ 25-26!1986--87. o. 332. unOo. 9. 10.

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1. Archaeometry. Editor: Dr. Y. Maniatis, Publisher. Elsevier. Me aUTOv TOVOptOTIKO tLTAO KUKAo4l6pr]oe TOV necccuevc lou"iO ce tvav £ru~rll..ltVllt:; &1(0001']1:; T61l0, J..I& ol(.\l1p6 &~w4>uAAo KOl 718 oe'\(liEI:;, TO napanavw ~l~'\io. Eivru to I1POI('TIKO TOU 250u ll.ltBvoOo:; Euprtooicu APXOIOIlETPLOt:; [tau ccvcveense to 1986 aTO EKEQlE ll.HMOKPITOl:. 1:n" 72 eruAcy)JtvEt:; ecvccrec ncu m:pltX&l (OTTlV OyyAIKfj Kat yO'\'\IKl')) £~Hl~OVlQl at1JQ1Q:

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1:TO &1611(6 Kt4laAQLO Il£ BtllO «The transition from Neolithic to Early Bronze Age in the Aegean. m:pltxovrol «oeccc ccXOIOAOYU(t<; epvcorec. H liollri KOt T] ""QUOIO aeucrcxcvrc tOU f3if3'\!OU npoa4li:pcl crov ClVOYVtOOTT] ilia nAT'jPT] clK6va rev 05uvotonrrlllv nou noptXtl T] APXOlOllC1pio O1\lltPO. To Illl3Mo 90 nccccecercr '(10 J..fyo KOlp6 aK61lT] UTI]V 1l1lT'j 1(OV 6.500 0PX., OVt[ 1T]e; KOVOVIKT'je; tlllT'je; «crcxcvou (20.000 05PX.). nJ..T]pO$Op[te;: cc. r. MOVIOtT]e;, EKE<I>E ll.HMOKPITOI. 15310, Ay. nccccceun, TT]J... 65.13.111, to. 63t.

2. Classical Marble: Geochemistry, Technology, Trade. &is. N. Herz and M. Waelkens. Publisher: Kluwer Academic Publishers. Ill(: 482 oV.lt5ce; rcu Illl3hiou, nou ntpt}.0I-lIM:vcl rc npaKllKO tau Iuvrop{Oll I-IC 9tl-la Advanced Research Workshop on Marble in Ancient Greece and Rome: Geology. Quarries, Commerce, Artifacls KOL 6l0pyovw9TjK& nspum (S.1315) UTI] Lucca TT]e; trc"Joe; on6 TO NATO, ncpltXOvtal 49 ecvccrec (UTI]V Oyyll.lKT'j). El;&t6.~OVlOl I-It AtntOl-ltp&to 9tl-loto 1&XVo,\oyloe; opxolwv ,l..Otoj.J£{wv IlOPI-l6.poU, nccexeccnc, litaKiVT)one; 0PXo{ou uccpepcu KOl M9lVWV K010OK&uWV. n,l..Tjpo¢loplce;: Kluwer Academic Publishers Grup, P.O. Box 322, 33AH Dordrechl. The Netherlands.

3. Proceedings 01 the 26th International Archaeometry Symposium. Eds: A.M. Farquhar, A.G.V. Hancock and L.A. Pavllsh. rnc 273 0&).16£e; «ov npOKtlKWV tOU 260u eeevccc zounccrcc APXOtOj.l&Tp{Oe;, nou 05mpyavw9!"]Kc rrepucr oro tocovrc TOU Kov066., m:pltxoVlOI 46 ccvccec (OTT]V 0yYAlKl'Il, cue enoree j.lE,I..£tOUVlOl 9i:IlOTQ opxo{oe; TEXvo,l..oyloe;, XpovoMYT] one; opyavlKwv UAlKWV KOl OO"TWV, j.lET6A}.,wv, OlooKonT'joEWv, npoth&ucrrr:; K&POIlIKWV·Ai9lVWV OVllKCl).l&VIllV KOew<; KOI &¢lOPI-I0Ywv vtwv 1EXVlKWV. n,l..Tjpo¢lOplec;: Dr. R. Farquhar, Archaeometry Laboratory, Dept. of Physics. University of Toronto, 60 51. George Street, Toronto, Ontario, Canada, M5S1A7.

4. A¢llCPWl-ltvo OTI]V opxaia Il£ToMaupy{o ervcr TO Ttuxae; 3 TOU 200u t61-10U TOU n&pl06lKOU Wond Archaeology. Editor:

J. arenem-cemcten. rTle; 150 rtectrtou o£MO£e; TOU nEpli:xoV~at 05TjIlOmCuOCle; (OT!"]V aYYAIKfJ) CJX&tlKi:e; ue TTlV opXaCa I-Ic, mMoup,(io Xa}..KaU, ol6fJpou Kal KoooiTCPOU or. OI6.¢IOpce; JlEPlOX~ rnc EupwnTje; KOt T'1e; N.A. AoIQe;. n,l..T]po¢Iopf&e;: Routledge Journals, 11 New Fetter Lane, London EC4P 4EE, U.K.

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