Outlines

250CT • Review:
Networked System Architecture – Layered software architecture
– Services and protocols
• Services vs. protocols
OSI model & Internet • ISO/OSI
• TCP/IP-the Internet
Xiang Fei • Performance
AS118

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Network Hardware Layered Network Architecture

hosts
• A stack of layers or levels
PC Mobile network
• Each layer
server – Contains an entity
Global ISP
wireless – implements certain Applications Applications
laptop
services
cellular
handheld • via its own internal- … …
Home network
…
layer actions Layer n+1 Layer n+1
links
wired links
Regional ISP • relying on services Layer n Layer n
provided by layer
wireless links below Layer n-1 Layer n-1
…
– offers certain services to … …
Institutional network its higher layer
Network devices
Layer 0 Layer 0
• Layer n on one machine
access
points carries on a conversation
switch/router with layer n on another
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 Connection-Oriented & Protocols
Connectionless Services • Network Protocol
• Connection-oriented – machines rather than humans
– An agrement
– Like telephone systems
– all communication activity in network system
– Establish-use-release connection governed by protocols
– Orderly delivered
– Parameters negotiation TCP connection
• Max. message size, buffer size, etc. request
protocols define format,
• Connectionless order of msgs sent and TCP connection
response
– Like postal systems received among network Get http://wwwm.coventry.ac.uk/
– Each message entities, and actions
• carries the full destination address taken on msg <file>
• Routed through the system independently
transmission, receipt time
• May be out of order

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Services vs. Protocols Services vs. Protocols example

• Distinct concepts • A protocol
• A service: – A set of rules
Hi, Louise
– Govern the format & meanings
– A set of primitives of the packets/messages
(operations) Make an 5:00pm-6:00pm
– Exchanged by the peer entities Appointment
– Relates to the interface within a layer
appointment booked req. received
between layers (Alice, one hour, (Mike, one hour,
– To implement the service this Friday) Mike require one- 5:00pm-6:00pm
– Nothing about how the this Friday)
definitions hour appointment
operations are implemented this Friday
• Should be decoupled
– Same service, different Great, thanks!
protocols

Hi, Hanna

Alice is available
5:00-6:00 pm

That is fine. Bye for now

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 ISO/OSI OSI Reference Models
• What is
– OSI: Open System Interconnection
– Proposed by ISO (International Standards Organization)
– A reference model + a set of specific protocols
• Why OSI
– Quite a few proprietary networking systems
– ARPAnet, NPLnet, Systems Network Architecture (SNA), …
• The number of layers, the name of each layer, the content, the
function of each layer differ from network to network
– Hard to interconnect
– Started in 1978, revised in 1994
– ISO 7498
• OSI protocols: crushed
• Seven-layer protocol stack
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PDU: Protocol Data Unit

Physical Layer Data Link Layer

• Transmit raw bits over a communication channel • Transmission between directly • Other issues
connected devices – Flow regulation and error handling
• Design issues: Mechanical, electrical, timing – Appears free of undetected – Media Access Control: Access to
interfaces, physical transmission medium transmission error the shared channel
– Sending ‘1’ on one side and receiving ‘1’ on the other • How:
side – Sender:
• break up the input data into
– How many volts to represent ‘1’ / ‘0’ data frames
– How many nanoseconds a bit lasts • Transmit them sequentially
– Transmission proceed simultaneously in both – Receiver:
directions? • Sending back an
acknowledge frame if
– How to initialize/finish the connection correctly received
– How many pins the network connector has

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 Network Layer Transport layer
• Transmission between • Congestion control and • End-to-end /process-to-process
devices not directly QoS provision protocol application
connected – Accept data from the upper layer transport

• A key design issue: how • Internetworking – Split it up into smaller units if

network
data link network
data link
physical

packets are routed from – Different address space needed network physical
data link
source to destination – Different Maximum – Pass them to the network layer physical

Transmission Unit (MTU) – Ensure that the pieces all arrive network
– Based on static tables correctly at the other end
data link
network
– Different protocols physical
data link
– Determined at the start of • Isolate the upper layer from the physical
each conversation inevitable changes in the network
data link
– Dynamically determined hardware technology physical

• Determine the type of services application

– Error-free end-to-end transport
network
messages/bytes delivery data link
physical
– Isolated message delivery
– Broadcast/multicast

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Session layer Presentation layer

• Allows users on different machines to
• Concerned with the syntax and semantics
establish sessions
of the information transmitted
– Dialog control:
– Different computers may have different data
• whose turn it is to transmit
presentations
– Token management:
– Abstract data structure
• no simultaneous attempt on the same critical
operation – A standard encoding
– Synchronization: – Allow higher-level data structure to be defined
• Checkpoint long transmissions and exchanged
• Allow transmissions to continue after a crash

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 Application layer
• A variety of protocols that are commonly
used by users
– FTP: File Transfer Protocol
– HTTP: HyperText Transfer Protocol
– DNS: Domain Name System (Service) Protocol
– H.323: Packet-Based Multimedia Communications
System
– NTP: Network Time Protocol
– SNMP: Simple Network Management Protocol
– SSH: Secure Shell
–…
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TCP/IP model
• A suites of protocols: not a general model
• ARPANET
– A research network sponsored by the DoD (U.S.
Dept. of Defence):
• universities and governments
– Leased telephone lines, satellite & radio
networks
connect multiple networks ?
– Survive if some network devices get blown
down
– Flexible: various applications
– TCP/IP
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Internet layer
TCP/IP model • Packet-switching
– Based on a connectionless internetwork layer
– Not Circuit switching
Not present in
Application Application the model – Router: store-and-forward
Presentation • entire packet must arrive at router before it can be
transmitted on next link
Session
Transport TCP/UDP • Linchpin that holds the whole architecture together
Network Internet • IP protocol
Host-to- Applications
Data Link Data Link – Official format of the IP packets
network TCP UDP
Physical Physical • Routing protocol

Data Link
L
Physical
R R R
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 TCP/UDP The Internet
• Transport layer: end-to-end conversation
• TCP: Transmission Control Protocol • Network edge:
– A reliable connection-oriented protocol – applications and hosts
– Delivery of a byte-stream • Access networks,
• Fragmentation and reassembly physical media:
– Flow control – connects subscribers to
their immediate service
• UDP: User Datagram Protocol provider
– An unreliable connectionless protocol • Network core (back-
– Prompt delivery is more important than bone):
accurate delivery – interconnected routers
– network of networks
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Performance – bandwidth/throughput Performance – packet loss

• Non-functional aspects: • Bandwidth (2)
how well the system – Rate (bits per second) at 100 km 100 km
performs which bits transmitted over
the network Car toll toll
– Bandwidth/throughput, booth booth
delay, packet loss, etc • an Ethernet: 10 M bps
• Throughput • Packet loss
• Bandwidth (1)
– Width of frequency band – Measured rate – packets queue in router buffers
(Hz): • instantaneous: rate at given • packet arrival rate to link exceeds output link capacity
• A voice-grade telephone point in time – arriving packets dropped (loss) if no free buffers
line: 3,300 Hz – 300 Hz • average: rate over longer
= 3,000 Hz period of time packet being transmitted

server,
server sendswith link
bits pipe capacity
that can carry link that
pipe capacity
can carry B
file of F bits
(fluid) into pipe R
fluid
s bits/sec
at rate c bits/sec
Rfluid at rate packets queueing
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Rs bits/sec)
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to send to client Rc bits/sec) free (available) buffers:
 Performance – packet delay Performance – packet delay
• Four sources of packet delay
• Four sources of packet delay
transmission
A propagation
A

B
B nodal
nodal processing queueing
processing queueing
ddelay = dproc + dqueue + dtrans + dprop
ddelay = dproc + dqueue + dtrans + dprop
dtrans: transmission delay: dprop: propagation delay:
dqueue: queueing delay  L: packet length (bits)
dproc: nodal processing  d: length of physical link
 time waiting at output link  R: link bandwidth (bps)
check bit errors  s: propagation speed in
for transmission
determine output link  dtrans = L/R medium (~2x108 m/sec)
 depends on congestion level dtrans and dprop
typically < msec  dprop = d/s
of router very different
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Introduction 1-25 Introduction 1-26

Summary
References
• Network system: enabling technology of the
Information Age • Peterson L. (2007) Computer Networks, A
• Network system: System Approach , Elsevier
– Complicated => layered software architecture • Tanenbaum A. S. (2004): Computer
• Services vs. protocols Networks, Prentice Hall
• OSI & TCP/IP • James F. K. and Keith W. R. (2010),
– Reference model Computer Networking: A Top-down
– Basic functionality of each layer Approach, Addison Wesley Longman
• Performance
– Bandwidth/throughput, packet loss, packet delay
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 Circuit Switching Circuit Switching
network resources (e.g.,  dividing link bandwidth
end-end resources bandwidth) divided into
reserved for “call” into “pieces”
“pieces”  frequency division
 link bandwidth, switch
 pieces allocated to calls  time division
capacity
 resource piece idle if not
 dedicated resources: no
used by owning call (no
sharing
sharing)
 circuit-like (guaranteed)
performance
 call setup required

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Introduction 1-29 Introduction 1-30