CHAPTER 1.

INTRODUCTION 1

1.1 Power Quality 1

1.2 Power Quality Events 1

1.2.1 Interruptions 2

1.2.2 Under Voltages 2

1.2.3 Over Voltages 2

1.2.4 Transients 3

1.2.5 Voltage Unbalance 3

1.2.6 Waveform Distortion 4

1.2.7 Power Frequency Variations 5

1.2.8 Voltage Fluctuations 5

CHAPTER 2 .ANALYSIS OF VOLTAGE SAG 6

2.1 Introduction 6

2.2 Voltage Sag Definition 7

2.3 Nature of Voltage Sag 8

2.4 Main Causes Of Voltage Sags 9

2.5 Characterization of Voltage Sags10

2.5.1 Methods to Calculate the Magnitude of Sag 10

2.5.1.1 RMS Voltage 11

 2.5.1.2 Fundamental Voltage Component 12

2.5.1.3 Peak Voltage 13

2.5.2 Obtaining One Sag Magnitude 14

2.5.3 Voltage Divider Model For Voltage Sag 15

2.5.1.3 Peak Voltage 13

2.5.2 Obtaining One Sag Magnitude 14

2.5.4 Influence Of Cross Section 16

2.5.5 Faults behind Transformers 17

2.5.6 Fault Levels 17

2.5.7 Critical Distance 17

2.6 Non-Radial Systems 18

2.6.1 Local Generators 18

2.6.1.1 Sub Transmission Loops 19

2.7 Duration of Sags 20

2.7.1 Measurement of Sag Duration 21

2.8 Points-On-Wave Characteristics 23

2.8.1 Point-On-Wave of Sag Initiation 24

2.8.2 Point-On-Wave of Voltage Recovery 24

2.9 The Missing Voltage 25

2.9.1 The Complex Missing Voltage 25

 2.9.2 The Missing Voltage In Time Domain 26

2.10 Phase Angle Jumps 27

2.10.1 Introduction 27

2.10.2 Origin of Phase Angle Jumps 28

2.10.3 Influence of Various Factors On Phase Angle Jumps 29

2.11 Voltage Swells 29

2.12 Load Influence on Voltage Sags 30

2.12.1 Induction Motor Behavior during Voltage Sag 30

2.12.1.1 Induction Motors and Three Phase Faults 31

2.12.2 Sags Due To Starting Of Induction Motors 33

2.13 Influence of Voltage Sags on Sensitive Loads 34

CHAPTER 3 VOLTAGE SAG/SWELL MITIGATION USING DYNAMIC

VOLTAGE RESTORER (DVR) 36

3.1 Voltage Sag Mitigation Methods 36

3.2 Voltage Sag Mitigation Using Dynamic Voltage Restorer (Dvr) 40

3.2.1 Analysis Of Dynamic Voltage Restorer 41

3.2.2 Voltage Sag Correction By DVR 42

3.2.2.1 Active Power Injection 43

CHAPTER 4 FACTS DEVICES 45

4.1 Facts Introduction 45

4.2 Basic Types of Facts Devices 45

4.3 Benefits from the Facts Technology 46

4.3 Basic Types of Facts Controller 46

4.4 Static Series Compensators 46

4.5 Static Shunt Compensators 48

4.6 Combined Series –Series Controllers 49

CHAPTER 5. INTRODUCTION TO MATLAB 50

5.1 What Is Mat lab? 51

5.2 Block Diagram of DVR 54

CHAPTER 6.RESULTS 55

CHAPTER 7. FUTURE SCOPE 56

CHAPTER 8 .CONCLUSION 57

REFERENCES 58