Oway No.8 Pcversion

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nDvmcHwGif yxrqkH; AuoOuú|tjzpf a&G;cs,fwifajr§mufjcif; cHcJh&onf/
OD;&m&Spfukd 1912 ck Ekd0ifbmv (5) &ufaeYwGif tdEd´,EkdifiH? tvm[mbuf'f
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ausmf usqHk;onfhtrIwGif ausmif;om;rsm;bufrS a&SUaevkdufcJhol jzpfonf/
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aqmif&Gufcsifaom vli,frsm;rSm nTefjyrnfh tvif;a&mif uif;rhJvsuf trdkufarSmifxJwGif ajzprf;
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vSaeawmh\/
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(okcrdefvdIif- vufESdyf"mwfrD;xdk;NyD;a&;wJhuAsmpmtkyf? ]]vGwfajrmufe,f}} uAsmrS—)
(EdkifiHa&;tusOf;om;tm;vHk; vGwfajrmufapaMumif; &nfnTef;a&;zGJUonf/)

aEGO;D Mu,fpif
(2011- aEGOD;)
*syefEkdifiHwGif jyKvkyfonfh EkdifiHa&;tusOf;om;rsm;vGwfajrmufa&;vIyf&Sm;rIwGif

NzdK;NzdK;atmif"gwfykHukd ukdifaqmifxm;pOf/
('DAGDbD½kyfoHrSykHukd "gwfykH½kduf,l az:jyygonf/)
ArmEkdifiHvkH;qkdif&mausmif;om;or*¾rsm;tzGJUcsKyfrS xkwfa0onfh tkd;a0*sme,fokdU pmrlrsm;?

a0zeftBuHjyKpmrsm; ay;ykdUvkdvQif
abfsu.07@gmail.com okUd ay;ykEYd idk yf gonf/
tk;d a0 *sme,f 20
Auorsm;tzGcYJ sKyrf S
rNzKd ;NzKd ;atmif vGwaf jrmufa&;vIy&f mS ;rI
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tdk;a0owif;pOf? 2011-rwfv / /
awmifu&kd ;D ,m;Edik if H qd;k vfNrKd U [m*suyf &d'k wf&iS ;f pul;vfrS ausmif;olausmif;om;rsm;onf

2011-ckESpf azaz:0g&DvtwGif;u jrefrmEdkifiHodkY avhvma&;c&D;pOftjzpf w&m;0if vma&muf
vnfywfc&hJ m? ud&k ;D ,m;ausmif;om;rsm;onf trsKd ;om;'Dru kd a&pDtzGcYJ sKyAf [dk ½H;k cef;odYk oGm;a&mufcNhJ y;D
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cJhonf[k od&onf/
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ulnrD t I oif;½H;k cef;odv Yk nf;aumif;? rjzLjzLoif; OD;aqmifonfh HIVÂIDS a0'emonf apmifah &Smuf
a&;a*[modkYvnf;aumif; oGm;a&mufavhvmcJhygonf/
ud&k ;D ,m;ausmif;om;rsm;onf txufwef;ynma&;tNy;D wuúov kd af usmif;rsm;odYk rwuf
a&mufao;rDpyfMum; azmfjyygtvGwyf nmoifausmif;wGif twlwuG,OS w f aJG exdik af &;? Nird ;f csr;f a&;
ESifh obm0ywf0ef;usifxdef;odrf;a&;bmom&yfrsm;udk avhvmoif,laeaom touf 16 ESpfrS 20
t&G,f vli,frsm;jzpfMuonf/ xdak vhvma&;tzGo YJ nf xdik ;f jrefrme,fpyf rJaqmufNrKd Uodv Yk nf; pwkwÉ
tBurd af jrmuf oGm;a&mufvnfywfcu hJ m rJaqmuf&dS jrefrm'kuo © nfrsm;? jrefrmhta&; aqmif&u G af e
aom tzGJUtpnf;rsm;ESifh awGUqHkcJhygonf/
xdok aYkd wGq Y &kH mwGif Edik if aH &;tusO;f om;rsm;ulnaD pmifah &Smufa&;toif;(AAPP)ESihf awGq Y kH
cJ&h mrS ArmEdik if v H ;kH qdik &f mausmif;om;or*¾rsm;tzGcYJ sKyrf S acgif;aqmifwOD;jzpfol rNzKd ;NzKd ;atmif(c)rESi;f
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c&D;pOf"gwfyHkrsm;udk cif;usif;jyoxm;ygonf/
xl;jcm;csufrSm 4if;wdkYESifh ouf&G,fwl ausmif;olwa,muf ,ckuJhodkY rw&m;zrf;qD;cHae
&jcif;rS tjrefqHk; jyefvnfvGwfajrmufvmap&ef &nf&G,fcsufjzifh rNzdK;NzdK;atmif vGwfajrmufa&;
vIyf&Sm;rIudk jyKvkyfoGm;rnf[k od&onf/ vIyf&Sm;rIyHkpHrSm udk&D;,m;ausmif;olausmif;om;rsm;\
vufz0g;rsm;ay:wGif NzKd ;NzKd ;atmiftrnfukd a&;xd;k um "gwfy½kH u kd u f ;l Ny;D 4if;wdYk ud;k uG,&f m bmomrsm;
tvdu k f arwåmydYk qkawmif;oGm;rnf jzpfonf/ &&Sv d maom"gwfyrkH sm;udk AAPP tygt0if jrefrmhta&;
aqmif&u G af eaom tzGt YJ pnf;rsm;ESihf etztpd;k &oH½;kH odYk ay;ydo Yk mG ;rnf jzpfaMumif; owif;&&So d nf/
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apa&;omru a':atmifqef;pkMunf\ vli,fuGef&ufwnfaqmufrIudk axmufcH yl;aygif;onfh
oabmvnf; oufa&mufonf[k od&Sd&ygonf/
owif;&if;jrpf/ / Marchç 5ç Sat.,2011ç RFA td;k a0owif;pOf
tk;d a0 *sme,f pmzwf0dkif;u@ 21
wnfMunfaomopöm - - -
Nird ;f csr;f a&;udo
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vlaerIpepfonf tjymESifh armifvSjrifhwdkYtwGuf pma&;q&mu obm0uspGmESifh rnfodkYrsm; b0
o½kyfazmfay;rnfvJ[k a&SUodkY qufíqufí zwfcJh&avonf? ewfEG,fonf Zmwfvrf;udk a>rvdrf
a>raumufvdk r½SKyfaxG;apbJ obm0usí zwfcsifpbG,f aumif;atmif toufoGif;xm;\/ ___
pOf;pm; awG;awmp&m tcsut f vufrsm;yg\/ ___ Nird ;f csr;f a&;udk rlwnfí opöm&Sad om tjymwGif
vuf&SdvlrIa&;&mpepfatmufrS vli,frsm;ta&;? ynma&;? tcspfESifh tdrf
axmifa&;ponfwu Ykd kd ynmay;tjzpfEiS hf pdw0f ifpm;bG,af umif;atmif aqG;
aEG;wifjyxm;onf/
1/ oufO;D qHyikd af cwfqv kd Qif jymodvk 0,f jrif;cif;pufx;kd yGJ &S\

d / ,ckacwf
tcgüawmh vGwv f yfa&;atmifyo JG bifBu;D udk taMumif;jyKum txl;jrif;yGJ
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onf/ enf;y&d,m,f<u,f0EdkifrS EdkifiHa&;yGJobifrsm; pnfum;avonf/
awmifovl ,form;rsm; wd;k wufaumif;pm;a&;twGuf pk½;kH wnfaxmifxm;
onfqdkaom toif;tpnf;ta0;rsm; pnfum;ap&ef EGm;yGJvSnf;yGJrsm; jyKvkyfay;&\/ tusdK;ouf
a&mufrIuawmh awmifolv,form;rsm; ajrjyKwf vSnf;jyKwf a<u;wifjcif; jzpfavonf/(pm-22)
etz ppftpd;k &\ ausmif;om;pHn k yD aJG wmfrsm;udk ajy;owd&rdonf/ ausmif;om;rsm; tusKd ;
vdkvm;oa,mifa,mifESifh [efjyynma&;0g'jzefYrIom jzpfonf/ Mum;xJrS xrif;pm;zdkYyif tEdkifEdkif
jzpfaeaom ausmif;om;rdbrsm;rSm tydkp&dwfawGtwGuf acgif;ajcmuf&onf/ ausmif;om;awG
pmusufysufonf/
2/ Edik if aH &;udk ckw;kH vkyf ud,

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f sKd ;&Smolrsm;um; t&ifacwfawGuwnf;u &So d nf/ rsuaf rSmufEikd if aH &;
avmu ausmif;om;avmutwGi;f üvnf; vlvnfv&l KS yrf sm; &Sad eonfrmS pdwn f pfp&maumif;aomf
vnf; pdwf"mwfusNyD; ab;xGufxdkifaevdkY rjzpf/ rGefjrwfaomEdkifiHa&;tvkyfudk vlnpfawGvufxJ
ypfxm;cJhvdkufvQif wdkif;jynfnpfayoGm;Edkifonf/ pdwfnpfnpfeJYbJ udk,fhudk,fudk,f oefY&Sif;atmif
jyKr&l if; npfayaeolrsm;vufxJ wdik ;f jynf a&mufroGm;atmif? aoG;pGe;f aeolrsm;vufxrJ S wdik ;f jynf
tm; qGJxkwf&ef qufvufBudK;pm;zdkY vdkonf/
(pm-52) wGif —-“wuúov kd w
f iG f a&yef;pm;aeaom [dt
k oif;'Dtoif;rsm;wGif trIaqmif
tjzpf yg0ifjcif;u olrtm; vlwikd ;f u odußrG ;f aponfeh nf;yif jzpfonf/ a&TpifO;D u olr\ ausmMf um;
rItwGuf 'Drdkua&pDynma&;wdkufyGJudk acgif;aqmifaeaom ausmif;om;or*¾wGifvnf; a&TpifOD;eD
trnfudkcH,l,if; yg0ifavao;onf/”--
3/ azmufjyefaomtmPm&vlwef;pm;rsm;tm; xdkacwfausmif;om;rsm;\ uvdcsufu xdrdonf/

—-“0efBuD;wyg;udkqdk&if yef;uGif;rpGyfbJeJU pdwfykwD;pGyfbdkUaumif;w,f” “ udkav;jrifh
oGm;pGyfygvm;/ “udk,fomqdk&ifawmh yef;uGif;vnf;rpGyfbl;? pdwfykwD;vnf;rpGyfbl;” “'gjzifh
bmpGyfrvJ” “vnfxdwf” “ajymbD olykefBuD;u…”-(pm-90) “
--- jrLeDpy,fvBl u;D awGu awmfveS af &;tvHawG Adv k cf sKy½f yk yf akH wGeUJ rJ&mS ayr,fh vufnKd§ ;
axmifbJ wwfMuw,f/ vufn§dK;awmif raxmifwwfbl;/ rJcGJ&ifwa,mufu wGJaxmifay;&w,f?
bmvdkYvJqdkawmh t&ufrl;aewmudk;../”--(pm-140)
]] t0if cef;0ESifh rsufESmcsif;

qd k i f e H & H w G i f ausmif ; om;
acgif;aqmif &JabmfA[de;f \
cefYjim;aomyHkudk tav;jyK
Edik o
f nf/ 4if;jyif eH&rH sm;wGif
trIaqmifrsm; pkaygif;&dkuf
xm;aom "mwfyrkH sm; ...
}}
4/ &efukef&Sd ausmif;om;or*¾taqmuftODyHkudkom jrifawGY&wwfaomfvnf; rEåav;wuúodkvf

ausmif;om;rsm;or*¾taqmuftODyHkudk us,fus,fjyefYjyefY rjrifbl;wwfMuyg/ od&Sdolrsm;taejzifh
tifwmeufrSaomfvnf;aumif; jzefYjzL;ay;apcsifygonf/
-—“rEåav;wuúodkvfausmif;om;rsm;or*¾½kH;taqmuftODonf omreftcef; wJav;
rQjzpfavonf? ys,faeNyDjzpfaom a*G;eDa&mif0,f zHkrsm;wifusefaeojzifh npfax;ax; &Sdaeonf?
tcef;wGif;0,fawmh opfíta&mifawmufyvQuf&Sdaom pm;yGJukvm;xdkif bD'dkrsm;udk awGY&onf/
bD'kdrsm;xJ0,f pmtkyfpmwrf;rsm;ESifh 'kdif;rsm; zvm;rsm;udk awGY&onf/ t0ifcef;0ESifh rsufESmcsif;
qdkifeH&HwGif ausmif;om;acgif;aqmif &JabmfA[def;\ cefYjim;aomyHkudk tav;jyKEdkifonf/ 4if;jyif
eH&rH sm;wGif trIaqmifrsm; pkaygif;½du
k x
f m;aom"mwfyrkH sm; ausmif;om;vli,fyh o
JG bifypkd wmrsm;udk
csdyfuyfxm;avonf/”--(pm-92)
5/ --- olu jynfawmfomtpdk;&\ tcrJhynma&;pepfudk NyHK;vdkufrdonf/ ausmif;vcvGwfonf

xm;ygawmh ausmif;oHk;pmtkyfrsm;udk b,fu&ygrnfenf;/ aps;EIef;uvnf; jrifhrm;vSonf? wwdkif;
wjynfv;kH pD;yGm;a&;usyw
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vkyaf eMu&&m pmoifom;wdu Yk Adu
k uf akd rSmufí oifEikd Mf urnf r[kw/f uav;wdo
Yk nf touf&iS af &;
twGuf rEdik o
f nfh tvkyrf sm;udk vkyMf u&onf/ xrif;pm;&zdYk taMumfa&mif;&onf/ bdeyfcsKy&f onf/
aexGufrS ae0ifxd tvkyfvkyfaom uav;wa,mufonf jynfawmfom waeYvHk;ausmif;udk rqdk
xm;bd tm;vyfcsed f oifaom nausmif;udyk if rSerf eS rf wufEikd ?f wu,fawmh
ynma&;udk jri§ w hf iftm;ay;Edik &f efrmS ausmif;vc vGwaf y;½Ho
k mru olw\
Ykd
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vkycf awG jri§ w
hf ifay;&rnf/ tajccHrpS í jyifrjS zpfrnf/ wu,fawmhvnf;
ausmif;vcvGwf qdkonfyif t"dyÜg,fr&SdvS/ ausmif;vctpm; tvSLaMu;
0ifvmonf/---(pm-98)
xdkacwf\ ynma&;tajctaeudk waphwapmif;avhvmrdNyD;? wdkif;
jynfpD;yGm;a&;ESifh ynma&;tquftpyfudk aqG;aEG;wifjyxm;onf/ rdk;xd
wufaeaom ukefaps;EIef;? t0Dpdpdkufaeaom vkyfcvpmrsm;ESifh ESpfyg;oGm;
ae&onfh ,aeYjrefrmhjynfolrsm;\ ynma&;tajctaerSm pdk;&drftrSwf a&mufaeavNyD/
6/ vli,f? wdkif;jynftem*wf? ,aeYpD;yGm;a&;wdkYonf wckESifhwck uGif;qufusaeonf/ wdkif;jynf

tmPmudk ao&myg zufwG,fxm;csifonfh ocsFdKif;ajcwzufru vSrf;aeolrsm;um; vli,frsm;\
toHukd aMumufonf/ vli,frsm;udk azsmufxm;vQif wdik ;f jynftem*wf aysmufomG ;Edik o f nf/ vli,f
rsm;uvnf; ,aeYacwf\toHukd yDyo D o &Gwjf yEdik &f rnf/ odrYk o
S m aemifwacwfukd vufa&;vSvS
a&;jyEdkifrnf jzpfonf/
——“ynmwydkif;wpESifh vl&G,frsm;onfuvJ pma&;tvkyfudkrS vG,fvG,f r&Edkif? wckbJ
&So
d nf tuyf&v dS Qiaf wmh rarQmv
f ifah omvcudyk if &&SEd ikd o
f nf/ vli,fqo kd nfu tem*wf vlaY vmu
wm0efrsm;udkxrf;aqmifoGm;Edkif&ef ,cku avhusifhay;&jcif; jzpfonf/ xdkrSvnf; reufjzefum
acgif;aqmif jzpfayvdrfhrnf/ odkYaomf t0wfr&Sd tpm;r&Sd tdyf,mr&Sdol vli,frsm;u acgif;aqmif
jzpfEikd af yrnfvm;/ xrif;t[m&ESihf xdawGrY S vlwa,mufu touf&iS Ef ikd o f nf/ ,aeYvil ,fonf
reufjzef\acgif;aqmif jzpfonf[k qdkaomfvnf; wu,fawGYBuHKcHpm;ae&aom vuf&Sdtajctae
rSmrl ,aeYvli,fonf reufjzef\ tavmif;aumifjzpfavonf/---(pm-146)
7/ wdu k yf t
JG awGt
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a&;twGuf vlxw k ukd yf rJG sm;ESihf BuKH onft h cg ½d;k om;pGm ajz&Si;f avhr&Sb d J y&d,m,frm,mtrsKd ;rsKd ;jzifh
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r&/ pepfwus avhvmjyifqif tuGufcswdkufzdkY vdkonf/
-—“wdkufyGJu ½SHK;rSmygbJ? udk,fwdkY&JUacgif;aqmifrI r&bl;? &JabmfwcsdKU&JUvkyf[ef csdKU,Gif;
vdb Yk /J ck zqyvu acgif;aqmifaew,f/ aq;vdy½f ykH ikd &f iS t f pnf;t½H;k uvnf; zqyvacgif;aqmif
bJ/ cH½k ;kH udk wifvrd rhf ,f? wu,fawmh 'Doydw[ f m qifz½J u kd wf mygbJ? aq;vdy½f t kH vkyof rm;awG[m
wu,fbJ epfemNy;D tH<k uawmhr,fh tajctae&Sw d mudk odawmh olwu Ykd bJ wdu k yf u
JG kd acgif;aqmifvu kd f
w,f/ Ny;D awmh wdu k yf u
JG kd tcsed q f NJG y;D tDomG ;atmifvyk Nf y;D aphpyfreI YJ tqH;k owf&rSmygbJ? tvkyo f rm;
awG&JU wuf<urIawGudk NzdKcGif;vdkufwmbJaygh/”--(pm-135)
8/ “--igu aAmfvf&SdApfZGJ? tar&duefaphpyfaocsmrIeJY vkyfrSm” “rif;uvnf;uGm a&G;aumufyGJ
EdkifNyD;wJhtrwfvdk ay:udk rvmawmhbl;--- qdkonfh xdkacwf ausmif;om;vli,favmutwGif;rS
acwfudk xif[yfonfh acwfpum;rsm;um; odrf;xm;csifp&m aumif;vSonf/
ed*Hk;
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tjrifu rmonf/ udk,fwdkifjrifawGYae&ovdk wuf<urIudk vdkufvmaponf/ &Jabmfr,OfEG,f(odkY
r[kw)f tjymESit hf wl jynfwiG ;f Nird ;f csr;f a&;? 'Dru kd a&pDynma&;? tzrf;qD;cH&aJ bmfrsm; vGwaf jrmuf
a&;twGuf ajcudkvSrf;zdkY pdwfyif apmrdawmhonf/
“--rdk;tHkYordkY aumif;uifu cyf,Of,Ofuav; jymaeonf/ tJ'DaeYrSmawmh tdrfawmf&m
14 cef;Z&yfBu;D wGif vlxBk u;D 0uf0ufuJG vQaH e\/ Nird ;f csr;f a&;udk jrwfE;kd ol ppfuq kd efu
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vlrsdK;aygif;pHkonf Nidrf;csrf;a&;tvHawmfatmuf0,f pHkpnf;rdMuavNyD/ ,HkMunfudk;uG,f&m bmom
wdik ;f \ tESpo f m&jzpfaom Nird ;f csr;f a&;udak wmh jrwfE;kd Muayonf/ rd;k tjym0,f aiG*sKd ;jzLjzLu jyefvm
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J Jh vlxtk <kH urIawGrmS vli,fawG&UJ tcef;u tvGet f a&;ygchyJ gw,f/ owif;
enf;ynmacwfBuD;rdkY vli,fawG owif;tcsuftvufawG? todynmawG tvQiftjref avhvm
qnf;yl;EdkifMuvdkYvnf; ckvdk jzpfvmwmvdkYvnf; qdkygw,f/ usdef;aowmwckuawmh 'D a'oBuD;u
vlOD;a&&JU 60% avmuf[m touf 30 atmuf vli,fawG jzpfaewmrdkY 'DvdkvIyf&Sm;rIawG jzpfvm
&wmyg/
vli,fxkBuD;[m 'Dvdk vIyf&Sm;rIBuD;awG jzpfay:vmzdkYoufoufawmh r[kwfygbl;/ EdkifiH&JU
pD;yGm;a&; zGHYNzdK;wdk;wufzdkYtwGufvnf; t"du tiftm;wck jzpfygw,f/
'kw, d urmÇppfBu;D Ny;D whaJ emufyikd ;f rSm arG;zGm;Bu;D jyif;vmwhJ vli,fawGaMumifh Oa&myEdik if H
awG wd;k wufvmwm jzpfygw,f/ tdE, d´ ESihf w½kwEf ikd if w
H Ykd wd;k wufvmrI[mvnf; vli,fawGaMumifh
ydrk t
kd m;aumif;vmapygw,f/ 'gayr,fh pD;yGm;a&;zGjYH zKd ;wd;k wufrI r&Sw d m? tvkyt f udik f tcGit hf a&;awG
r&Sw d m? vlwef;aphraeEdik w f mawG &Sv d m&ifawmh 'Dvil ,fxBk u;D &JU rauseyfr[ I m aMumufp&m aumif;yg
w,f/ ck ta&SUtv,fyikd ;f rSm jzpfymG ;chw J Jh vlxtk <kH urIawG&UJ t"du wGe;f tm;uawmh vli,fxBk u;D &JU
rauseyfrIyJ jzpfygw,f/
tjcm;EdkifiHawGrSmvnf; twlwlygyJ/ 1970 ckESpfuae 2007 ckESpftwGif; urmÇBuD;rSm
jzpfyGm;chJwhJ tHk<urI 80% [m touf 30 atmuf vli,fOD;a& 60% 0ef;usif&SdwhJ EdkifiHawGrSm
jzpfyGm;chJwmvdkY Time r*¾Zif;u qdkygw,f/
The Economist r*¾Zif;uvnf; vlxktHk<urI jzpfEdkifacs EdkifiHwckcsif;pDtvdkuf cefYrSef;
wGufcsufwhJae&mrSm 25 ESpfatmuf vlOD;a& b,fES&mcdkifEIef; &SdovJqdkwhJtcsufukd t"dutcsuf
tjzpf wGufcsufygw,f/ tjcm;tcsufawGuawmh vuf&Sdtpdk;& tkyfcsKyfaewm b,fES ESpf&SdNyDvJ?
tusifhysufjcpm;rIESifh 'Drdkua&pD qdwfokOf;rI b,favmufxd jzpfaevJ? vlwOD;csif;pD&JU 0ifaiG b,f
avmuf&o dS vJ? vGwv f yfpmG xkwaf z:ajymqdck iG hf b,favmuf&o dS vJ qdwk t
Jh csuaf wGeYJ cefrY eS ;f wGucf suf
ygw,f/ wGufyHkwGufenf;uawmh trSwf 100 ay;wJh trSwfay;Z,m;rSm 25 ESpfatmuf vlOD;a&
&mcdkifEIef;twGuf 35 rSwftxd ay;vdkY&ygw,f/ Oyrm 60 %ESifh txuf&Sdw,fqdk&if 35 rSwf
tjynfah ygh/ tkycf sKyrf uI mvtwGuf 15 rSwf ay;ygw,f/ vpfAsm;u u'gzDq&kd if tESpf 40 ausmjf y;D rdYk
15 rSwf tjynfh&ygw,f/ tusifhysufjcpm;rIESifh 'Drdkua&pDqdwfokOf;rItwGufvnf; 15 rSwf ay;yg
w,f/ jrefrmEdkifiHqdk&if trSwfjynfh &Edkifygw,f/ 0ifaiGtenf;trsm;twGuf 10 rSwf ay;ygw,f/
'gvnf; trSwfjynfh&rSmyg/ vGwfvyfpGm xkwfaz:ajymqdkcGifhtwGuf 5 rSwf jzpfygw,f/ aemuf 5
rSwfuawmh 25 ESpf atmuf vli,fOD;a& ta&twGufay:rSm ay;ygw,f/ tck vlxktHk<urIawG
jzpfaewhJ ta&SUtv,fydkif;EdkifiHtcsdKU&JU udef;*Pef;wcsdKUudk az:jyvdkufygw,f/
H um aqmif;yg; 32
vlxt
k <Hk urI jzpfay:&onfh taMumif;jcif;&mrsm;jy Z,m;
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
vli,f % tkyfcsKyfrI GDP DI CPI PFI RI(STI)
oufwrf; ESpf
,Drif 65.40% 33 2900 147 146 173 86.5
vpfAsm; 47.40% 42 18720 158 146 192 71
tD*spf 52.30% 30 5860 138 98 130 65.6
wleD;&Sm; 42.10% 23 8620 145 59 186 49.3
bm&def; 43.90% 12 23980 122 48 153 36.4
GDP – GDP per person(US$) (vlwOD;csif;pD&JU wESpf yQrf;rQ0ifaiG jzpfygw,f/)

DI – Democracy Index (EdkifiH 167 EdkifiHteufrS 'Drdkua&pD r&Sdav eHygwfBuD;av jzpfygw,f/
jrefrmEdkifiHu 163 jzpfygw,f/)
CPI – Corruption Perceptions Index (tusifhysufjcpm;rI b,favmufqdk;0g;w,fqdkwmudk EdkifiH
178 EdkifiH pm&if;jyKpkxm;wmyg/ eHygwfBuD;av qdk;0g;av jzpfygw,f/ jrefrmEdkifiHuawmh
eHygwf 177 csdwfygw,f/ atmufrSm qdkrmvD,mEdkifiHyJ usefygw,f/)
PFI – Press Freedom Index (owif;vGwfvyfcGifh b,favmuf&Sdvnf; r&Sdvnf; EdkifiH 178
EdkifiH pm&if;jyKpkxm;wmyg/ eHygwfBuD;av vGwfvyfcGifh r&Sdav jzpfygw,f/ jrefrmEdkifiHu
174 yg/ atmufrSm 4 EdkifiH usefygao;w,f/)
RI – Revolutionary Index (or STI – Shoe Thrower’s Index) (tDaumfaemrpfr*¾Zif;u
wGufcsufxm;whJ vlxktHk<urI jzpfEdkifacsnTefudef;/ jzpfEdkifacsom jzpfygw,f/)
Column 1, 2, 3: UN and Economic Intelligence Unit

Column 4, 7: Economic Intelligence Unit
Column 5: Transparency International
Column 6: Reporters Without Borders
armifveG ;f ysH
tk;d a0 *sme,f Ekid if o
H rkid ;f jzpfpOf 33
vpfAsm;Ekid if H ordik ;f jzpfpOf (&ufpo

JG rkid ;f )
t,f'DwmtzGJY
1951 ckESpf
'DZifbm 24 - vGwfvyfaom EdkifiHwckjzpfvm/ EdkifiHtrnfrSm United Libyan King
dom/ pnf;rsOf;cHbk&ifpepfjzifh yxrqHk;ESifh aemufqHk; bk&ifrSm Idris jzpf/
1959 ckESpf - a&eHodkufrsm; awGY&SdNyD;? BuD;yGm;csrf;omvm/
1969 ckESpf
pufwifbm 1 - u'gzDacgif;aqmifaom ppft&m&Sdi,frsm; ppftmPmodrf;/ u'gzDrSm touf
27 ESpfom &Sd/ EdkifiHtrnfudk Libyan Arab Republic [k ajymif;/
1972 ckESpf - EdkifiHa&;ygwDrsm; zsufodrf;/
1977 ckESpf - Great Socialists People's Libyan Arab Jamahiriya [k Edik if t H rnf ajymif;vJ
owfrw S /f
1970-80
ESprf sm;twGi;f - tm&yfEdkifiHrsm;ESifh Oa&myEdkifiHrsm;rS tMurf;zuftzGJYrsm;? tmz&durS
tmPm&Siftpdk;&rsm;ESifh vufeufudkifykefuefaeolrsm;? tdkif,mvef
cGJxGufa&;orm;rsm;tm; vufeufESifh aiGaMu;axmufyhHulnDchJ/
1986 ckESpf
{NyDv 5 - *smreDEdkifiH taemufbmvif&Sd tar&duefppfom;rsm; trsm;qHk; vma&mufavh&Sd
onfh nuvyfwckwiG f AH;k aygufurJG I jzpfymG ;/ vl 3 OD;aoqH;k / 200 ausmf 'Pf&m&/
vpfAsm;olvQdKrsm; vufcsuf[k qdk/
1986 ckESpf
{NyDv 15 - tar&duefavwyf av,mOfrsm; vpfAsm; avwyfpcef;rsm;udk AHk;BuJ wdkufcdkuf/
1988 ckESpf
'DZifbm - tar&duefavaMumif;vdkif; c&D;pOftrSwf 103 t*FvefEdkifiHtay: ysHoef;aepOf
AHk;aygufuGJysufus/ vpfAsm;vufcsuf[k pGyfpGJ/
1989 ckESpf
pufwifbm - jyifopfavaMumif;vdkif; c&D;pOftrSwf 772 eD*gEdkifiHtay: ysHoef;aepOf
AHk;aygufuGJysufus/ vpfAsm;vufcsuf[k pGyfpGJ/
1991 ckESpf - xdkav,mOfazgufcGJrI w&m;cHrsm;udk rsufuG,f w&m;pGJqdkchJ/
1992 ckESpf - xdktMurf;zufvkyf&yfrsm;twGuf ukvor*¾vHkNcHKa&;aumifpD qHk;jzwfcsuftrSwf
(731)jzifh vpfAsm;EdkifiHtm; jypfwif½IwfcschJNyD;? pHkprf;ppfaq;rIrsm;udk yl;aygif;
aqmif&u G &f ef? tMurf;zufrrI sm;udk tm;ay;ulnaD erIrsm; &yfqikd ;f &ef wdu k w
f eG ;f ch/J
1992 ckESpf
rwfv 31 - qHk;jzwfcsuftrSwf (731) tm; vdkufem&ef ysufuGufojzifh qHk;jzwfcsuf trSwf
(748) csrwS u
f m avaMumif;qdik &f mESihf ppfzufqikd &f m wifyaYkd &mif;csrI tygt0if
EdkifiHwum ydwfqdkYrIcH&/
1993 ckESpf
Edk0ifbmv 11 - txufyg ukvor*¾qHk;jzwfcsufrsm;udk vdkufem&ef ysufuGufojzifh qHk;jzwfcsuf
(883) jzifh b@ma&;qdik &f mydwq f rYkd ?I a&eHvyk if ef;qdik &f mypön;f rsm; wifyaYkd &mif;csrI
tygt0if ydkrdkjyif;xefonfh ydwfqdkYrIrsm; jyKvkyfchJ/
1998 ckESpf
'DZifbmv - ukvor*¾taxGaxGtwGif;a&;rSL;csKyf udkzDtmeef vpfAsm;EdkifiHodkY oGm;a&mufchJ/
1999 ckESpf - taemufEdkifiHrsm;tay:xm;onfh oabmxm; ajymif;vm/ av,mOfazgufcGJrI
w&m;cHrsm;udk vTJajymif;ay;&ef oabmwl/ ukvor*¾vkHNcHKa&;aumifpDuvnf;
ydwfqdkYrIrsm; ½kyfodrf;ay;&ef oabmwl/
2003 ckEpS f - av,mOfaygufurJG aI Mumifh aoqH;k ch&J olrsm;twGuf avsmaf Mu;ay;&ef oabmwlc/Jh
taemufEdkifiHrsm;eJY qufqHa&; yHkrSefjzpfvm/
2004 ckESpf - tar&dueftpdk;&u pD;yGm;a&;ydwfqdkYrIrsm;udk ½kyfodrf;chJ/ oHwref jyefquf/
2006 ckESpf - tar&dueftpdk;& owfrSwfxm;aom tMurf;zufrI vkyfaqmifaeaom
EdkifiHrsm;pm&if;rS y,fzsufchJ/
2011 ckESpf
Zefe0g&D 13-16 - Edik if aH &;jcpm;rIrsm;ESihf vlaetdr&f m aqmufvyk af y;&ef aESmifah ES;MuefMY umaerIrsm;
tay: rauseyfonfh qE´jyyGJrsm; bef*gZD? 'gecsf? bmeD0gavh'f ponfNrdKUrsm;wGif
pwifjzpfymG ;/
Zefe0g&D 24 - tjcm;NrKd Ursm;wGijf zpfymG ;aeonfh qE´jyyGAJ 'D , D rkd sm; rMunfEh ikd &f efYoutube udk ydw/f
Zefe0g&D 27 - vlaetdrf&mudpörsm;udk ajz&Sif;ay;rnfhtpDtpOf tpdk;&rS aMunm/
Zefe0g&D
aESmif;ydik ;f - EdkifiHa&;a0zefol pma&;q&m *srJvftmvf[m*sDu vGwfvyfcGifhrsm; ydkydk&&SdzdkY
qE´jyyGJrsm; jyKvkyfzdkY tifwmeufrSwqifh wdkufwGef;/
azaz:0g&D 1 - t&yf0wf&Jrsm;u olYtm; zrf;qD;oGm;/
azaz:0g&D 3 - olYtm; ,mOfwdkufrIjzifh w&m;pGJ/
azaz:0g&D
vqef; - u'gzDonf EdkifiHa&;wuf<uolrsm;? owif;pme,fZif;orm;rsm;eJY awGYqHkí
Nidrf;csrf;rIrsm;udk zsufqD;jcif;ESifh rNidrfroufrIrsm;jzpfatmifjyKvkyfrnfqdkygu
wm0ef,l&rnfjzpfaMumif; Ncdrf;ajcmufajymqdkchJ/
azaz:0g&D 15 - qE´jyyGJrsm;ESifh xdyfwdkuf&ifqdkifrIrsm; bef*gZD? tmvfab'g? tZfZifwefwGif
pwifjzpfyGm;/ bef*gZDNrdKUwGif &Ju tMurf;zuf ESdrfeif;ojzifh 38 OD; 'Pf&m&/
u'gzDtpdk;& EIwfxGufzdkY awmif;qdk/
azaz:0g&D 16 - qE´jyyGJrsm; xdkNrdKUrsm;wGif qufvuf jzpfyGm;/ 4 OD;ao? 3 OD; 'Pf&m&/
azaz:0g&D 17 - jynfya&muf twdkuftcHrsm;u ]]aygufuGJrIaeY}}tjzpf owfrSwfum tpdk;&
qefu Y siaf &; qE´jyyGrJ sm; jyKvyk zf Ykd vIUH aqmf/ qE´jyolrsm;tm; vufajzmifah oewf
rsm;? &[wf,mOfrsm;oHk;í ypfcwfESdrfeif;/ pkpkaygif; vl 30 cefY aoqHk;/
azaz:0g&D 18 - &J? vHx k ed ;f ESihf ppfom;tcsKd U qE´jyolrsm;eJY yl;aygif;vm/ u'gzDtpd;k &u aMu;pm;
ppfom;rsm; iSm;&rf;ypfcwf cdkif;/ 'kwd,NrdKUawmfjzpfaom bef*gZDwGif
qE´jyolrsm;u aMu;pm;ppfom; 50 cefYudk zrf;qD;uGyfrsuf/ tifwmeuf ydwf/
azaz:0g&D 19 - bef*gZDwiG q f E´jyolrsm;u av,mOfuiG ;f udk odr;f / twdu k t
f cHrsm;u Edik if w H um
zdtm;ay;rIr&Syd gu t&yfom;rsm; tpkvu kd tf NyKH vukd t
f owfc&H Edik af Mumif; owd
ay;/ NAw d ed Ef ikd if jH cm;a&;0efBu;D utMurf;zufErdS ef if;rIrsm;twGuf pd;k &draf Mumif; ajym/
azaz:0g&D 20 - NrKd Uawmf x&Dyv kd w D iG f qE´jyyGaJ v;rsm; jzpfymG ;/ bef*gZDwiG f u'gzD opömcHwyfrsm;
xGufajy;/ a'ocHppfwyfrsm; qE´jyolrsm;eJY yl;aygif;vm/ Oa&myor*¾u
tiftm;roHk;&efESifh qHk;½HI;rIrsm;twGuf ajz&Sif;ay;&ef wdkufwGef;/
azaz:0g&D 21 - bef*gZDwiG f qE´jyolrsm;u &JXmecsKyEf iS hf w&m;½H;k rsm;udk odr;f / ppfav,mOfrsm;
vTwfí ESdrfeif;cdkif;/ ppfav,mOfrSL; 2 OD; armfvwmEdkifiHodkY xGufajy; cdkvHI/
x&DydkvDwGif vTwfawmfESifh tcsdKUtpdk;& taqmufttHkrsm;udk qE´jyolrsm;u
rD;½IdUzsufqD;/ ppfoabFmrS vufeufBuD;jzifh ypfcwf ESdrfeif;/ qE´jyolrsm;tm;
ypfcwf&ef jiif;qefonfh ppfom;rsm;udk okwfoifypf&ef u'gzD trdefYxkwf/
ppfwyft&m&St d csKd UESihf ppfom;rsm; jynfoel YJ yl;aygif;vm/ vpfAsm;oHwreftcsKd U
tMurf;zufvkyf&yfrsm;udk uefYuGufonfhtaejzifh EIwfxGuf/
azaz:0g&D 22 - jynfoleJY yl;aygif;oGm;onfh ppfwyfrsm;tm; opömcHwyfrsm;u avaMumif;rS
AHk;BuJwdkufcdkuf/ u'gzD ½kyfjrifoHMum;rS wem&DausmfMum rdefYcGef;ajym/ qE´jyol
rsm;tm; rl;,pfaq; oHk;xm;olrsm;[k pGyfpGJ/ tjcm;EdkifiHrsm;twGuf aMu;pm;
vkyfaeolrsm;[k ajym/ qE´jyolrsm;udk wD,ifrif&ifjyifrSm ESdrfeif;ovdkrsdK;
ESdrfeif;rnf[k Ncdrf;ajcmuf/
vpfAsm;wGif 'kwd, tmPmt&SdqHk;oltjzpf owfrSwfcHxm;&ol jynfxJa&;
0efBu;D Adv k cf sKyt f 'lzgwm&Gwef pd f &mxl;rS EIwx f u G /f u'gzDEiS hf oltyk pf u
k kd wdu
k zf Ykd
ppfwyfESifh &Jrsm;udk wdkufwGef;/
NAdwdefEdkifiHjcm;a&;0efBuD;a[mif; a';Apftdk0ifu av,mOfrysHoef;a&;Zkef
owfrSwfzdkY vdkaMumif;ajymMum;/ a'oqdkif&mtzGJYtpnf;jzpfaom tm&yf
tzGJYcsKyfwGif vpfAsm;udk,fpm;vS,ftzGJYtm; ,m,D &yfqJ/
azaz:0g&D 23 - w&m;a&;0efBu;D a[mif; (21 &ufaeYu EIwx f uG )f ESihf ukvor*¾qikd &f m vpfAsm;
oHwrefrsm;u ]]tmPm&Siu f 'gzD}}udk z,f&mS ;ypf&eftwGuf vpfAsm;ppfwyfrS uln&D ef
wdkufwGef;/ bef*gZD tygt0if NrdKUtawmfrsm;rsm; qE´jyolrsm; xdrf;csKyfxm;/
jynfwGif;ppf jzpfyGm;aeonfh tajctaeodkY a&muf/
vlZifbwf EdkifiHjcm;a&;0efBuD;u vpfAsm;EdkifiH\ tajctaeonf vlrsdK;okOf;
owfjzwfrIrsm; jzpfyGm;vmaeNyD EdkifiHwumtodkif;t0dkif;rS 0ifa&mufpGufzuf&ef
wdkufwGef;/ aMu;pm;ppfom;rsm; r0ifa&muf&efEdkif&eftwGuf vpfAsm; a0[ifudk
xdrf;csKyfxm;EdkifzdkY qHk;jzwfcsufcszdkYajym/ yD½l;EdkifiHu oHwref tquftoG,f vHk;0
jzwf/ Oa&myor*¾u ydwq f rYkd I vky&f ef oabmwl/ 'wfcst f pd;k &u vpfAsm; tpd;k &
a&eHukrÜPD\ &if;ESD;jrKyfESHrIrsm;udk xdrf;csKyfzdkY pOf;pm;/
azaz:0g&D 24 - Edik if t
H a&SUjcrf;&Sd ppfwyfrsm; jynfoel YJ yl;aygif;/ x&Dyv kd D teD;&Sd NrKd rY sm; qE´jyolrsm;
odr;f / wcsKd UNrKd rY sm;wGif wdu k yf jJG zpf/ avwyfausmif;wckrS t&m&Srd sm; ykeu f ef/ jynfoel YJ
aygif;í avwyfudk 0ifpD;um av,mOfysHrsm;udk zsufpD;/
ukvor*¾vt Yl cGit hf a&;aumifp0D iftjzpfrS &yfp&J efEiS hf vltcGit hf a&;tBu;D tus,f
csdK;azgufaerIrsm;udk vHkNcHKa&;aumifpDrS pHkprf;&ef Oa&myor*¾u awmif;qdk/
qGpZf mvef&dS u'gzD\ ydik q f ikd rf rI sm;udk odr;f / NAwd ed u
f vnf; &uftenf;i,ftwGi;f
tvm;wl jyKvkyfrnf[k aMunm/
azaz:0g&D 27 - toGiu f ;l ajymif;a&; trsKd ;om;aumifpD udk xlaxmif/ tpydik ;f wGif toGiu f ;l ajymif;
a&;vIy&f mS ;rIrsm;udk uspv f pfcikd rf map&ef jzpfaomfvnf; aemufyikd ;f Mum;jzwftpd;k &
jzpfvm/
vufeufyw d q f &Ykd ef tygt0if vpfAsm;acgif;aqmifrsm;\ ydik q f ikd rf rI sm;udx k rd ;f csKyf
&efEiS hf tMurf;zuf zdEydS cf rJh rI sm;udk Edik if w H um&mZ0wfc½kH ;kH wif ppfaq;&ef vHNk cKH a&;
aumifpD qHk;jzwfcsuf cs/ x&DydkvD&Sd b,fvf*sD,H? NAdwdef? uae'g? jyifopfESifh
tar&duefoH½Hk;rsm; ½kyfodrf;/
azaz:0g&D 28 - wdu k yf rJG sm; qufvufjzpfymG ;/ NAw d ed 0f efBu;D csKyu
f av,mOfryso H ef;a&;ZHk owfrw S &f ef
tqdkjyK/ vpfAsm;tpdk;& ydkifqdkifonfh tar&duefa':vm bDvD,H 30 udktar&d
uefu xdrf;csKyfvdkuf/
rwf 1 - ]]EdkifiHjcm; 0ifa&mufpGufzufrI rygbJ ol(u'gzD) usqHk;oGm;r,fqdk&ifawmh
taysmfqHk;ygyJ/ 'grSr[kwf &ufpufrIrsm; ol qufvkyfaer,fqdk&ifawmh wdkif;ol
jynfom;awG&JU toufudk u,fEdkifzdkYu ydkta&;BuD;ygw,f}}[k twdkuftcH
tqifjrifh acgif;aqmifwOD;u ajym/ ]]tu,fí u'gzD x&DydkvDuae
rxGufoGm;bl;qdk&if avaMumif;rS ypfrSwfxm; wdkufcdkufwhJ pGufzufrIrsdK;udk BudKqdk
ygw,f/ ajrjyifrS 0ifa&mufwmudk rvdv k m;ygbl;/ ta&;ay:tajctaersKd ;rSmawmh
EdkifiHjcm;av,mOfawGtaeeJY avwyfpcef;awGudk oHk;Edkifygw,f}}[k
w&m;a&;0efBuD;a[mif;u ajym/AdkvfcsKyf 3 a,muf jynfolvlxkeJY yl;aygif;vm/
MopaMwvsm; umuG,fa&;0efBuD;u ppfa&;t& 0ifa&mufpGufzuff&ef pOf;pm;
aeaMumif; ajym/ NAdwdefEdkifiHjcm;a&;0efBuD;uvnf; tajctaeay: rlwnfí
vHNk cKH a&;aumifpD qH;k jzwfcsurf ygbJ av,mOfryso H ef;a&;ZHk owfrw S rf nf[k ajym/
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abfsu.07@gmail.com okUd ay;ykEYd idk yf gonf/

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ArmEkdifiHvkH;qkdif&mausmif;om;or*¾rsm;tzGJYcsKyfrS xkwfa0onf/

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wdkif;jynfxlaxmifa&;vkyfief;wGif vlBuD;ESifh vli,f[lí tvkyform; ESpfrsdK;ESpfpm;

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vpfAsm; 47.40% 42 18720 158 146 192 71

tD*spf 52.30% 30 5860 138 98 130 65.6

wleD;&Sm; 42.10% 23 8620 145 59 186 49.3

bm&def; 43.90% 12 23980 122 48 153 36.4

GDP – GDP per person(US$) (vlwOD;csif;pD&JU wESpf yQrf;rQ0ifaiG jzpfygw,f/)

Column 1, 2, 3: UN and Economic Intelligence Unit

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ArmEkdifiHvkH;qkdif&mausmif;om;or¾rsm;tzGJUcsKyfrS xkwfa0onfh tkd;a0sme,fokdU pmrlrsm;?

ArmEkdifiHvkH;qkdif&mausmif;om;or¾rsm;tzGJUcsKyfrS xkwfa0onfh tkd;a0sme,fokdU pmrlrsm;?