Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Chapter 3 Heredity and Variation: 1. Cell Division
Chapter 3 Heredity and Variation: 1. Cell Division
1. CELL DIVISION
1. The nucleus of a cell contains many small-thread like structures called chromosomes.
2. Chromosomes are built from molecules called Deoxyribonucleic acids. (DNA)
3. Each DNA molecules contains thousands of genes.
4. Genes exist in pairs. One gene is inherited from the father and one from the mother.
Parent cell
The chromosomes shorten, fatten and
become clearly visible
www.sciencespmform4.blogspot.com 26
THE STAGES IN MEIOSIS
Chromosomes are
arranged at the centre of
the cell
www.sciencespmform4.blogspot.com 27
Compare and Contrast between Mitosis and Meiosis
Mitosis Meiosis
1 Cell division 2
2 Product 4
Same Number of chromosomes Half the number
Yes Genetically identical No
In somatic cells Place In sex cells
To produce new cells for growth
Purpose Gametes
and to replace damaged cells
MITOSIS
1.Mitosis form new cells for growth and to replace a damaged or died cells.
2.To ensure that the number of chromosomes in daughter cell is identical to that of the parent cell.
MEIOSIS
1. To produce gametes with half the number of chromosomes of the parent cells.
2. It allows a species to maintain a constant number of chromosomes in the offspring.
3. To form variation between species.
www.sciencespmform4.blogspot.com 28
2. INHERITANCE
Dominant Recessive
Characteristics
characteristic characteristic
Tongue rolling Ability to roll the tongue Inability to roll the tongue
Father Mother
EE ee
Meiosis
Gamet E E e e
Fertilization
Offspring
Ee Ee Ee Ee
Dominant genes are represented by capital letters whereas recessive genes are represented
by small letters.
‘E’ represents the genes for free ear lobe, which is the dominant gene.
‘e’ represents the gene for attached ear lobe which is the recessive gene.
www.sciencespmform4.blogspot.com 29
Monohybrid cross
Parents: YY X yy
Gametes: Y Y y y
________________________________________________________________________
F1 Generation: Yy X Yy
Gametes: Y y Y y
Genotype: YY Yy Yy yy
Phenotype: __yellow_ ___yellow __yellow_ _green
1. Human has 23 pairs of chromosomes, 22 pairs are autosomes and 1 pairs is sex
chromosomes.
2. Type of the sex chromosomes are _X_ and _Y__.
3. Females have _XX_ sex chromosome, while male have _XY_ sex chromosomes.
4. Female has contains 22 pairs of autosomes and 2 sex chromosomes XX(44 + XX) while
male has 22 pairs of autosomes and 2 types of sex chromosomes X and Y(44 + XY)
5. The sex of a child is determined by the father according to the type of sperm.
www.sciencespmform4.blogspot.com 30
The schematic diagram below show how sex is determined.
Meiosis
Gametes: X Y X X
Fertilisation
Genotype: XX XY XX XY
TWINS
6. The similarities between this two types of twins are born through pregnancy.
4. MUTATION
1. What is mutation?
The spontaneous random change to the structute of genes or chromosomes of an
organism.
2. There are two types of mutation, gene mutation and chromosomes mutation.
3. The change that occurs in chemical structure of a gene is gene mutation.
4. The change of gene sequence in a chromosome or the change in the number of chromosomes
is chromosomes mutation.
5. The examples of gene mutation are albinism, colour blindness and haemophilia.
6. The examples of chromosome mutation are Down’n syndrome, Klinefelter’s and Turner’s
syndrome.
7. The Down’s syndrome is caused by the presence of one extra chromosome at chromosome 21
in the somatic cells.
8. The characteristics of Klinefelter’s syndrome are narrow shoulders and small testes.
9. The Turner’s syndrome is a women who lacks one X chromosome.
10. There are some factors that can increase the chance of mutation : High frequency radiowaves,
toxic chemical and nuclear radiation.
www.sciencespmform4.blogspot.com 31
11. The advantages and disadvantages of mutation:
Advantages Disadvantages
Causes variations and organisms able to adapt
Causes infertility
to the environment
More resistant to diseases, wheather and Causes physical, mental and foetus
polluted environment retardation
5. GENETIC RESEARCH
Medical Agriculture
To make human insulin for diabetics Species Tenera a new breed of oil palm fruits
Sheep can produce milk which contains protein The sahiwal Friesian cows which produce more
that can cure haemophilic milk
6. VARIATION
8. There are two factors that cause variation, genetic and environmental.
9. Mutation may also be another factor of variation and it will produce new variety.
10. Variation is very important for us. The example of the important of variation are:
i. Enable each individual to be different from others.
ii. More resistant to changes in the surrounding.
iii. To form new breeds.
Misused of knowledge in genetics can cause various controversial issues concerning religion and
humanity. Code of ethics in genetic researches is important to ensure that genetic researches benefit
mankind.
Example: Human cloning and the marketing of genetically modified products have become hot
issues debated at present.If cloning is carried out on humans, serious problems would arise. Religious
people consider humans produced by cloning as not having souls.
www.sciencespmform4.blogspot.com 32
PAPER 1
A Gene C Gamete
B Sperm D Nucleus
A P,R,Q,S C Q,P,R,S
B R,P,S,Q D S,P,R,Q
A 25 C 75
B 50 D 100
A 22+ X C 44 +XX
B 22+ Y D 44+XY
www.sciencespmform4.blogspot.com 33
7. Chromosomes duplicate during cell division. How many times does replication of
chromosomes occur during mitosis and meiosis?
Mitosis Meiosis
A once once
B once twice
C twice once
D twice twice
8. What is the name of the thread-liked structure found within the nuclei of a cell?
A Gene C Nucleus
B Autosome D Chromosomes
Parent cell
Process Y
Daughter cells
A Mitosis C Meiosis
B Fertilization D Cross-over
A Sperm C Ovary
B Anther D Somatic cells
www.sciencespmform4.blogspot.com 34
12. The diagram below shows four stages of meiosis.
A P,R,S,Q C Q,S,P,R
B R,S,P,Q D Q,R,P,S
A Occurs in ovary
B Produces gametes
C Produces two daughter nuclei
D Chromosomes number is halved
Sperm
Testes
Stage Y
Stage X Zygote Baby
Ovum
Ovaries
X Y
A Mitosis Mitosis
B Meiosis Mitosis
C Meiosis Meiosis
D Mitosis Mitosis
www.sciencespmform4.blogspot.com 35
17. Which of the following processes is involved in the formation of zygote?
A Mitosis C Mutation
B Meiosis D Fertilization
19. The gene for tall characteristics T of a pea tree is more dominant than t, which
reveals the short characteristics. Which of the cross below will produce half of the filial
which are tall?
A TT and tt C TT and Tt
B Tt and Tt D Tt and tt
20. Azman who has the ability to roll his tongue has gene Aa and marries Siti who
has the same ability and has gene Aa too.
What is the percentage of having children that are not able to roll t tongue?
A 100% C 50%
B 75% D 25%
P Q
A 22+Y 22+ X
B 22+X 44+XX
C 22+Y 44+XX
D 22+X 44+XY
A 22+ X C 22+Y
B 23+XY D 23+XX
www.sciencespmform4.blogspot.com 36
23. The diagram shows a first generation of cross breeding of two flowers
Male Female
A RR Rr
B RR rr
C Rr rr
D rr Rr
24. Farid who is able to roll his tongue has the genotype Gg. He married Sara who
is also able to roll her tongue and has the genotype Gg. What percentage of their
children will be able to roll their tongues?
A 25% C 75%
B 50% D 100%
Male Female
A XX XY
B XY XX
C YY XX
D XX YY
27. What is the percentage probability that a couple will have a baby girl?
A 22+X C 44+XX
B 22+Y D 44+XY
www.sciencespmform4.blogspot.com 37
29. How are identical twins formed?
A Born separately
B Have different genetic content
C Have underdeveloped body parts
D Identical twins do not separate completely
32. Two children are identical twins. Which of the following characteristic is not common
between them?
33. What is the term used for the sudden and permanent changes in the DNA ?
A Mitosis C Variation
B Mutation D Crossing over
35. The nucleus of a boy’s skin cell has 47 chromosomes. What is the name of the genetic
disorder the boy is suffering from ?
www.sciencespmform4.blogspot.com 38
37. Which of the following pairs is correct?
Mutation Characteristics
A Down’s syndrome 47 chromosomes in the nucleus
B Klinefelter’s syndrome XYY in the gene
C Turner’s syndrome Lack of one Y chromosome in the gene
D Albinism Additional Y chromosomes in the gene
A Haemoplilia
B Down’s syndrome
C Turner’s syndrome
D Klinefelter’s syndrome
41. The diagram shows the cross between two different varieties of mango
Mango K Mango L
-has thick flesh -slightly thinner flesh
- sweet -not so sweet
-small fruit X -big fruit
Mango M
www.sciencespmform4.blogspot.com 39
What is the purpose of crossing Mango K with Mango L?
A Plenty of fruits
B Big and sweet fruits
C Trees bear fruits faster
D Big fruits with thick flesh
42. What is the term used for the selection of plants or animals of desirable traits?
A Gene screening
B Artificial breeding
C Natural selection
D Selective breeding
A Cloning C Back-crossing
B Breeding D Hybridization
44. The diagram shows the breeding of two different types of oil palm
Oil Palm Z
A Fingerprint C Height
B Blood group D Type of ear lobe
www.sciencespmform4.blogspot.com 40
46. Which of the following graphs correctly shows the distribution frequency of
continuous variation?
A B C D
A Height
B Skin colour
C Blood group
D Body weight
50. What is the characteristics desired from the genetic research done on plants?
A Matures faster
B Produces less fruit
C Easy to get diseases
D Has short life span
www.sciencespmform4.blogspot.com 41
PAPER 2
SECTION A
1. Pupils in a certain class had their weight measured. The data obtained is shown below:
Weight of pupils ( kg )
36 41 45 46 45 43 44 40 53 52
58 59 51 45 46 48 45 47 49 44
47 50 43 51 38 47 49 48 54 46
Number of pupils
TABLE 1
(b) Using the data in table 1, draw a histogram below to show the distribution of
the weight of pupils.
Number of pupils
14
12
0
35-39 40-44 45-49 50-54 55-59 Weight (kg)
www.sciencespmform4.blogspot.com 42
[2 Marks]
(c) What type of variation is shown by a pupil’s weight ?
…………………………………………………………………………………………
[ 1 Mark]
(d) Other than weight, state two examples that show the same type of variation.
………………………………………………………………………………………
[ 1 Mark]
SECTION B
Process R
Two zygote
formed
DIAGRAM 1
…………………………………………………………………………………….……………
[ 1 Mark]
(b) Name the type of cell division that takes place at R
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
[ 1 Mark]
(c) State the type of twins formed in the figure shown above.
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
[ 1 Mark]
(d) State two similarities found in the zygote formed after process R.
…………………………………………………………………………………….……………
…………………………………………………………………………………….……………
[ 1 Mark]
www.sciencespmform4.blogspot.com 43
(e) What type of twins that will be formed if process R is incomplete?
…………………………………………………………………………………….……………
[ 1 Mark]
(f) If the spermatozoa in the figure carries 22+Y chromosome,
…………………………………………………………………………………….……………
[ 1 Mark]
(ii) state the number and the type of sex chromosomes in both the zygotes
…………………………………………………………………………………….……………
[ 1 Mark]
Genotype
Gamete
Genotype Tt
DIAGRAM 3
…………………………………………………………………………………….……………
[ 1 Mark]
(b) The above pea plant have a pair of Tt genes which show the tall trait. Explain this.
…………………………………………………………………………………….……………
……
[ 1 Mark]
(c) Complete the above figure by writing the possible genotypes of the parent, gamete
and offspring
[2 Marks]
www.sciencespmform4.blogspot.com 44
3. The bar chart below shows the result of a study in a group of students.
2. of
Number
students
80
60
40
20
Roll tongue
able unable
(a) Calculate the percentage of students who are able to roll their tongues.
…………………………………………………………………………………….……………
[ 1 Mark]
(b) i) What are the characteristics shown by the graph above?
…………………………………………………………………………………….…………
……………………………………………………………………….…………………
[ 1 Mark]
…………………………………………………………………………………….…………
[ 1 Mark]
(c) i) Is ‘ the presence or absence of ear lobes’ the same type of variation as (b)ii?
…………………………………………………………………………………….…………
[ 1 Mark]
…………………………………………………………………………………….……………
…………………………………………………………………………………….…………
[1 Mark]
www.sciencespmform4.blogspot.com 45
4 (a) What does cell division refers to?
……………………………………………………………………………………….
……………………………………………………………………………………….
[ 1 Mark]
(b) What is meiosis?
……………………………………………………………………………………….
……………………………………………………………………………………….
[ 1 Mark]
(c) Compare the number of chromosomes in the daughter cells and in the parent
cell
…………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………
[ 1 Mark]
(d) State two importance of meiosis in organisms
i) ………………………………………………………………………………………
ii) ……………………………………………………………………………………….
[2 Marks]
www.sciencespmform4.blogspot.com 46
5. (a) What is mutation?
………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………
[ 1 Mark]
1. ………………………………………………………..
2. ………………………………………………………...
[2 Marks]
1. ………………………………………………………
2. ………………………………………………………
[2 Marks]
…………………………………………………………………………….
[ 1 Mark]
……………………………………………………………………………………
.
[ 1 Mark]
www.sciencespmform4.blogspot.com 47
SECTION C
1.
No two individuals are alike. Every person is unique in himself
(a) Examine the above statement, then suggest a suitable hypothesis for an
investigation to determine the weight of forty students (boys and girls) who are all
18 years of age. [1 Mark]
(b) Describe an experiment that could be carried in the classroom to verify your
hypothesis.
Your description should include the following:
(i) Aim of the investigation [1 Mark]
(ii) Identification of variables [3Marks]
(iii) List of apparatus [1 Mark]
(iv Tabulation of data [1 Mark]
(v) Conclusion [1 Mark]
www.sciencespmform4.blogspot.com 48
3. (a) State four differences between cell division through mitosis and meiosis.
[4 Marks]
(b) Hair
Skin
Cell division
The cell division that takes place in the body parts of a student is shown above. Explain
how you would build a concept based on the information above. Your explanation should
include the following.
(i) Identify two common features
(ii) Build an initial concept
(iii) Give one example of body part that undergoes this cell division and one
example of body part that does not undergo this cell division.
Give reason for each example.
(iv) Explain the actual concept [6 Marks]
www.sciencespmform4.blogspot.com 49