Hardware Modeling

Hardware Modeling S.M.Lambor 1

Understanding of concepts related to:
Modeling of analog devices, switching devices
Small-signal models for diodes and transistors
Modeling of small signal amplifiers
dc and ac equivalent circuits
Use of coupling and bypass capacitors to modify dc and ac
equivalent circuits
Small-signal voltages and currents
Amplifier characteristics such as voltage gain, input and
output resistances and linear signal range
Modeling of digital devices
Study of current swings, charging-discharging constraints
Timing issues in hardware circuits
Voltage swing analysis
Noise considerations while modeling
Hardware Modeling S.M.Lambor 2
Modeling of Diode

Hardware Modeling S.M.Lambor 3

 B Al A
SiO2

Cross-section of pn-junction in an IC process

A Al
p A

B B
One-dimensional
representation diode symbol

Mostly occurring as parasitic element in Digital ICs

Hardware Modeling S.M.Lambor 4

 hole diffusion
electron diffusion
(a) Current flow.
p n

hole drift
electron drift
Charge 
Density
+ x (b) Charge density.
Distance
-

Electrical 
Field x
(c) Electric field.

V
Potential
 (d) Electrostatic
x potential.
-W 1Hardware Modeling W2
S.M.Lambor 5
Hardware Modeling S.M.Lambor 6
 pn (W2)
pn0

Lp

np0

-W1 0 W2 x
p-region n-region

Hardware Modeling S.M.Lambor

diffusion 7
 pn0

np0

-W1 0 W2 x
p-region n-region

diffusion

Hardware Modeling S.M.Lambor 8

 ID = IS(eV D/T – 1) ID
+ +
+
VD VD VDon
–
– –

(a) Ideal diode model (b) First-order diode model

Hardware Modeling S.M.Lambor 9

Hardware Modeling S.M.Lambor 10
Hardware Modeling S.M.Lambor 11
 0.1
ID (A)

–0.1
–25.0 –15.0 –5.0 0 5.0
VD (V)

Avalanche Breakdown

Hardware Modeling S.M.Lambor 12

 RS

VD ID CD

Hardware Modeling S.M.Lambor 13

 Questions

? ? ?
? ? ? ?
? ? ?

Hardware Modeling S.M.Lambor 14