Professional Documents
Culture Documents
• Kataas-taasan, Kagalanggalangang
Katipunan ng mga Anak ng Bayan
• July 7, 1892
• Andres Bonifacio
• Principal objective:
– Unite the Filipino people and struggle for
separation from Spain through a revolution
Political Structure of the Katipunan
• Copied the organizational structure of La Liga Filipina
• Supreme Council (Kataastaasang Sanggunian)
– Central organ of the Katipunan
• President or Supremo (Deodato Arellano, Roman Basa, Andres
Bonofacio)
• Fiscal
• Secretary
• Treasurer
• Provincial Council (Sangguniang Bayan)
• Popular Council (Sangguniang Balangay)
• Judicial Council (Sangguniang Hukuman)- decided
cases about violations of the rules of the Katipunan
by its members and settled disputes among them
Katipunan Membership
• Triangle system
• Andres Bonifacio, Teodoro Plata, Ladislaw Diwa
• Slow and complicated
• Replaced by faster and simpler system: use of secret
rites copied form the Masonry
– Neophyte that passes the test on courage and love for
country swore to guard and defend the secrets of the
Katipunan, and signed his name in the society’s roster with
his own blood (Sanduguan) and will then adopt a
Katipunan name
Katipunan Membership
• 3 grades of membership
– Katipun –wore black mask with a triangle formed
by letters and white ribbons
• Password: Anak ng Bayan
– Kawal- green mask and sash
• Password: Gomburza
– Bayani- red mask and sach, both lined with green
• Officials of Katipunan
• Password: Rizal
Women of Katipunan
• Wife, sister or daughter of a Katipunero
• Gregoria de Jesus (Lakambini ng Katipunan); Josefa
and Trinidad Rizal; Maria Dizon (cousin of Emilio
Jacinto; Benita Rodriguez (made the Katipunan flag)
• Tasks:
– Recruitment of new members
– Keepers of secret documents and papers
– In meetings, they sang and danced with some of the men
in living room to mislead the Spaniards
Rizal and Katipunan
• Did not agree on launching a revolution due to
lack of arms, manpower and able leader
• Also opposed to their plan of rescuing him
• Suggetsed to get the support of the rich and
influential Filipinos in Manila and make
Antonio Luna as the leader of the military
operations of the revolution
Katipunan Literature
• Andres Bonifacio
– Pag-ibig sa Tinubuang Bayan
– Ang dapat Mabatid ng mga Tagalog
– Ang Katungkulan Gagawin ng mga Anak ng Bayan
– Pahimakas (Translation of Rizal’s Mi Ultimo Adios)
• Emilio Jacinto “Brains of the Katipunan”
– Kartilla
– Liwanag at Dilim
– A La Patria- restated Rizal’s sentiements in his Last Farewell
• “Rizaline Soul”
• Pio Valenzuela
– Makatwiran?
– Sa Mga Kababayan (in collaboration with Bonifacio)
– Helped Jacinot in editing Kalayaan (Katipunan’s newspaper)
Discovery of Katipunan
• Teodoro Patino
• Apolonio dela Cruz
• Honoria
• Madre Portera
• Father Mariano Gil
Cry of Pugadlawin
• Tearing of cedula
• “Long live teh Philippines!”
• Marked the start of revolution
against the Spain in 1896
Battle of San Juan
• San Juan del Monte on August 30, 1896
• Battle of the Pinaglabanan
• 153 Katipuneros died, about 200 were
taken as prisoners
Period of Mass Arrest and Execution
• Gov. Ramon Blanco
• Martial law
• Manila, Cavite, Batangas, Laguna, Tarlac, Nueva Ecija,
Bulacan and Pampanga
• “any person accused of treachery and those against
the present form of gov’t would be arrested and tried
in military court”
• Promised pardon to those who will surrender within
48hrs after the declaration of martial law
• Valenzuela and others surrender but Spaniards did not
honor the promise and tortured those who were
caught and those who surrendered
Period of Mass Arrest and Execution
• Those suspected as members of Katipunan were
impriosned in Fort Santiago, others were exiled in the
Carolines or in Africa.
• Bulacan- rebels were massacered
• Sept 4, 1896- 4 rebel leaders captured in the battle of
Pinaglabanan were executed by firing squad at luneta
• Sept 12, 1896- “The 13 martyrs of Cavite”
• Dec 30, 1896- execution of Jose Rizal
• Jan 4, 1897- “12 Martyrs of Bicol”
• Week later- “13 Martyrs of Bagumbayan”
• Visayas- “19 Martyrs of Aklan”
The Rebel Factions in Cavite
• 2 factions of Katipunan
– MAGDALO
• Baldomero Aguinaldo
• Based in Kawit, Cavite
• Believed in the leadership of Emilio Aguinaldo
– MAGDIWANG
• Mariano Alvares
• HQ in Noveleta, Cavite
• Followers of Andres Bonifacio
Imus Convention
• Issue: type of government they would
establish
• Aguinaldo: Katipunan was no longer effective
as the gov’t during the revolution
– Revolutionary Government
• Bonifacio: Katipunan to remain as the gov’t
• Imus convention: failed
Tejeros Convention
• March 22, 1897
• Agreed to establish a revolutionary gov’t +
election
• President: EMILIO AGUINALDO
Vice President: MARIANO TRIAS
Capt. Gen: ARTEMIO RICARTE
Director of War: EMILIO REIGO DE DIOS
Director of Interior: ANDRES BONIFACIO
Tejeros Convention
• Daniel Tirona
– Protested Bonifacio’s election as Director of the
Interior
• Bonifacio felt insulted and declared the
election null and void, and as Supremo he
dissolved the newly established revolutionary
gov’t
Naik Declaration
• Acta de Tejeros
– Document expalining the reasons why they
nullified the elections held in Tejeros
• Naik military agreement
– Establish an independent gov’t and separate from
the gov’t of Aguinaldo. An army of this gov’t was
to be organized and Pio del Pilar was designated
as the military commander
– Signed: Andres Bonofacio, Artemio Ricarte, Pio del
Pilar and Severino de las Alas
The Trial and Execution of Bonifacio
• Aguinaldo learned of the Naik declaration and ordered the arrets of
Bonifacio and his men
• Charges: sedition and treason
• Pedro Lipana- Judge advocate
• Jose Elises- Fiscal/ prosecutor
• Teodoro Gonzales and Placido Martinez- defense counsels for
Bonifacio brothers
• Council of War
– Chairman: Mariano Noel
– Gen. Tomas Mascardo
– Esteban Infante
– Crisostomo Riel
– Sulficio Antonio
– Placido Martinez
– Mariano Riego de Dios
The Trial and Execution of Bonifacio
• Lasted from April 29-May 4 1897
• Guilty and sentence to death
• May 8- aguinaldo converted the death
punishment to banishment but military
advisers persuded to pursue the original
verdict
• May10- Bonifacio and his brother Procorpio
were shot at Mount Tala in Cavite
Establishment of the Biak-na-Bato
Republic
• Cavite was retaken by the Spaniards
• Aguinaldo and his men was forced to transfer to
Talisay, Batangas where he joine dforces with
Gen. Miguel malvar
• Battle of Puray
– Reinforced by Gen. Licerio Geronimo
– After, the Departamental Governemnt of Central
Luzon (manila, Morong, Bulacan, Laguna, Nueva Ecija,
Batangas, Tarlac and Pangasinan) was established
headed by Fr. Pedro Dandan
Establishment of the Biak-na-Bato
Republic
• He then went to Bulacan and established his HQ in Biak-na-
Bato, San Miguel de Payumo
• Nov 1, 1897- they ratified the consitution written by Felix
Ferrer and Isabelo Artacho copied from the Cuban
Constitution of 1895.
• According to the consitution, a Supreme Council would be
formed
– President: EMILIO AGUINALDO
– VP: MARIANO TRIAS
– Sec of Foreign Affairs: ANTONIO MONTENEGRO
– Sec of Interior: ISABELO ARTACHO
– Sec of War: EMILIANO RIEGO DE DIOS
– Sec of Treasury: BALDOMERO AGUINALDO
Pact of Biak-na-Bato
• Pedro Paterno
– Acted as mediator between revolutionaries and
the Spanish authoritiees
• Pact provided for cessation of revolution.
Pact of Biak-na-Bato
• The pact provided the ff:
1. Aguinaldo was free to live in HK with
companions who might wish to follow him
2. Aguinaldo be paid P800,000 indeminty in three
payments:
• P400K upon receipt of all firearms there were in B-n-B
(as soon as Aguinaldo and company left the country)
• P200K when num of arms reached 800 (majority of the
arms were surrendered)
• P200K when all arms surrendered be completed to 1k
arms (after all hostilities ceased and gen amnesty was
proclaimed)
Pact of Biak-na-Bato
– Gov.-Gen Primo de Rivera should send Aguinaldo
2 Gen of the Spanish Army, who should remain
hostages until Aguinaldo and company reached
HK and the firts payment recieved
– Gov-Gen would pay the additional sum of P900K
to the families of non-combatant Fil who suffered
during the war
PHILIPPINE INDEPENDENCE
Spanish-American War
• American took the side of Cuba (revolted against
their colonizers, Spain)
• On Feb. 15, 1898 the American battleship USS
Maine exploded at Havana Harbor in Cuba, Spain
was blamed for the mishap
• US passed several resolutions demanding Spain
to leave Cuba
• April 24, Spain declared war on the US
• April 25, US declared war against Spain
• US intentions: to colonize all Spanish territories in
case a war broke out bet US and Spain (Cuba,
Puerto Rico, Hawaii, Guam and Phil)
Battle of Manila Bay
• May 1, 1898
• Commodore George Dewey (USS Olympia) VS.
Admiral Patricio Montojo (Reina Cristina)
• American won without losing a single ship or life.
• Spaniards lost 167 men with 214 others wounded
• This signalled the end of the political glory of
Spain and ushered the entry of US as a world
power.
Fil-Am Alliance
• US consul in Singapore (Spencer Pratt) assured
Aguinaldo that the US would recognize Phil
independence
• Aguinaldo believed and pledge to cooperate
with Americans in case war broke out bet US
and Spain
• Rounseville Wildman (US consul in HK)
advised Aguinaldo to return to the Phil and
establish a dictatorial govt
Resumption of the Revolution
• Aguinaldo with 13 others returned to the Phil
aboard the McCulloch, Dewey’s dispatch
vessel
• He urged Fil to resume the sturggle for
independence and help US against Spain
• In a short period, Aguinaldo was able to
consolidate all the revolutionary forces under
his command
Battle of Manila
• Spaniards enter into a secret negotiation with the
Americans regarding the surrender of Manila
• Through the intercession of the Belgian Consul, a
secret negotiation bet. Dewey, Gen Wesely Merritt and
Gov-Gen Fermin Jaudness was made such that after a
“mock battle”, while Fil were kept out of the scene,
Manial would be surrendered to the Americans
• The “battle” took place on Aug 13, 1898
• The American flag was hoisted over fort Snatiago and
the Spanish flag was brought down, signifying the end
of 333 years of Spainsh domination. Also amrked the
beginning of the American rule.
Treaty of Paris
• Dec 10, 1898
• Treaty provided:
1. Cession of the Phil to US by Spain
2. Payment of $20M to Spain by US for
improvements the former made in the colony
3. Cession of Guam and Puerto Rico to US by Spain
4. Withdrawal of Spanish sovereignity from Cuba
5. The determination by Congress of the civil and
political rights of the inhabitants of the ceded
territories
Dictatorial Government
• While in HK, Aguinaldo advised Mariano Ponce to write a
consitution for the new gov’t
– Revolutionary form
• When he brought back the constitution to the Phil, his
political adviser Ambrosio Rianzares Bautista urged him
instead to establish a dictatorial gov’t
• May 24, 1898- Aguinaldo formally declared the
establishment of a dictatorial gov’t
• Temprary in nature--- only until “peace and liberty be
attained”
• Aguinaldo’s Circular on May 29, 1898-
– One of the first official acts
– Urging the humane treatment of Spanish POW
– All crimes must be prosecuted by military courts
Proclamation of Phil Independence
• June 12, 1898
• Kawit, Cavite
• The Act of the Declaration of Independence
was read by Ambrosio Rianzares Bautista
• Official unfurling of thhe Phil flag sewn by
Marcela Agoncillo assisted by Lorenza
Agoncillo and Delfina Herboza
• Playing of the Phil National Anthem composed
by Julian Felipe
Revolutionary Governement
• 10 days after the declaration of Phil (June 23)
• upon the advice of Apolinario Mabini
• Dictatorial Revolutionary
• Dictator President
• July 15– first Cabinet:
– Sec of war: BALDOMERO AGUINALDO
– Sec of Finance: MARIANO TRIAS
– Sec of interior: LEANDRO IBARRA
– Later, Sec of FA: APOLINARIO MABINI
Hong Kong Junta
• Recognition by foreign powers is necessary for the
Revolutionary gov’t of the Phil to be considered
legitimate
• 2 separate decrees--- Aug 24 and Aug 10, 1898
– Created the Executive Board of the Hong Kong
Revolutionary committee or the HK Junta
• Subcommittees based in foreign countries were also
created
• Tasks:
– Direct all propaganda campaigns abroad
– Take charge of all diplomatic negotiations with foregn
gov’t
– Prepare and organize expeditions necessary to the success
of the revolution
Hong Kong Junta
• Diplomatic Representatives:
– FELIPE AGONCILLO- US
– MARIANO PONCE and FAUSTINO LICHAUCO-
Japan
– ANTONIO REGIDOR- England
– JUAN LUNA and PEDRO ROXAS- France
– ERIBERTO ZARCAL- Australia