‫ﻤﺭﺍﺠﻌﺔ ﺃﻭﻟﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻭﺍﺌﺢ ﺍﻹﻨﺸﺎﺌﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺯﻟﺯﺍﻟﻴﺔ‬

‫ﻟﻜﻭﺩ ﺍﻟﺒﻨﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﺴﻌﻭﺩﻱ ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺤﺩ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﻘﺎﺭﻨﺔ ﺒﺎﻟﻜﻭﺩ ﺍﻟﻌﺭﺒﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻭﻗﻊ‬

‫ﺩ‪ .‬ﻤﺠﺩﻱ ﻤﺤﻤﺩ ﺨﻠﻴﻔﺔ‬ ‫ﺩ‪ .‬ﻋﻼﺀ ﺴﺭﺍﺝ ﻤﻼﺌﻜﺔ‬

‫ﻭﺯﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺸﺌﻭﻥ ﺍﻟﺒﻠﺩﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻘﺭﻭﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺠﺎﻤﻌﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻠﻙ ﺴﻌﻭﺩ‬
‫ﻋﻀﻭﺍ ﺍﻟﻠﺠﻨﺔ ﺍﻟﻔﻨﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺨﺎﺼﺔ ﺒﻤﺘﻁﻠﺒﺎﺕ ﻤﻘﺎﻭﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﺯﻻﺯل‬
‫ﺍﻟﻠﺠﻨﺔ ﺍﻟﻭﻁﻨﻴﺔ ﻟﻜﻭﺩ ﺍﻟﺒﻨﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﺴﻌﻭﺩﻱ‬

‫ﺍﻟﻤﻠﺨﺹ ‪:‬‬

‫ﺒﺩﺃﺕ ﺍﻟﻠﺠﻨﺔ ﺍﻟﻭﻁﻨﻴﺔ ﻟﻜﻭﺩ ﺍﻟﺒﻨﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﺴﻌﻭﺩﻱ ﻓﻲ ﺇﻋﺩﺍﺩ ﻜﻭﺩ ﺒﻨﺎﺀ ﻤﻭﺤﺩ ﺘﺤﺕ ﻤﺴﻤﻰ ﻜﻭﺩ ﺍﻟﺒﻨﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﺴـﻌﻭﺩﻱ‬
‫‪ .‬ﺤﻴﺙ ﺘﻡ ﺍﻋﺘﻤﺎﺩ ﻜﻭﺩ ﺍﻟﺒﻨﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻟﻤﻲ ‪ IBC2003‬ﻜﻤﺭﺠﻊ ﺭﺌﻴﺴﻲ ﻹﻋﺩﺍﺩ ﻜﻭﺩ ﺍﻟﺒﻨـﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﺴـﻌﻭﺩﻱ ﻤـﻊ‬
‫ﻤﺭﺍﻋﺎﺓ ﺍﻻﻁﻼﻉ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺒﻌﺽ ﺍﻟﻜﻭﺩﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻟﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﻷﺨﺭﻯ ﻭﺍﻟﻜﻭﺩﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﺭﺒﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺃﻋﺘﻤﺩﺕ ﻤـﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺠﻠـﺱ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻤﻭﻗﺭ ﻟﻭﺯﺭﺍﺀ ﺍﻹﺴﻜﺎﻥ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻌﻤﻴﺭ ﺍﻟﻌﺭﺏ‪ .‬ﺘﺘﻭﻟﻰ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﻭﺭﻗﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻤﻴﺔ ﻋﺭﻀﺎ ﻭﺇﻴﻀﺎﺤﺎ ﻟﺒﻌﺽ ﺍﻟﺠﻭﺍﻨـﺏ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻤﺅﺜﺭﺓ ﺠﺭﺍﺀ ﺍﺴﺘﺨﺩﺍﻡ ﻜﻭﺩ ﺍﻟﺒﻨﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻟﻤﻲ ‪ IBC2003‬ﻟﻜل ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻠﻭﺍﺌﺢ ﺍﻹﻨﺸﺎﺌﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻠـﻭﺍﺌﺢ ﺍﻟﺨﺎﺼـﺔ‬
‫ﺒﻤﺘﻁﻠﺒﺎﺕ ﻤﻘﺎﻭﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﺯﻻﺯل ‪ .‬ﺤﻴﺙ ﺘﺴﻌﻰ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﻭﺭﻗﺔ ﻨﺤﻭ ﺇﺒﺭﺍﺯﺃﻤﺜﻠﺔ ﻟﻨﻘﺎﻁ ﺍﻻﺨﺘﻼﻑ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻗﺩ ﺘﻨﺘﺞ ﺠﺭﺍﺀ‬
‫ﺍﻋﺘﻤﺎﺩ ﻜﻭﺩ ﺍﻟﺒﻨﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻟﻤﻲ ‪ IBC2003‬ﻓﻲ ﺼﻭﺭﺘﻪ ﺍﻟﺤﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﺒﺎﻟﻤﻘﺎﺭﻨﺔ ﻤﻊ ﻤﺎ ﻫﻭ ﻤﺘﺒﻊ ﻭﻤﺘﻭﻓﺭ ﺤﺎﻟﻴﺎ ﻓـﻲ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻤﻤﻠﻜﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺭﺒﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﻌﻭﺩﻴﺔ ﻭﻤﻊ ﻤﺎ ﻫﻭ ﻓﻲ ﻁﻭﺭ ﺍﻟﻤﺭﺍﺠﻌﺔ ﺒﺎﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﻟﻠﻜﻭﺩﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﺭﺒﻴﺔ ﺍﻟـﺫﻱ ﺍﺘﺨـﺫ ﻤـﻥ‬
‫‪ UBC97‬ﻜﻭﺩﺓ ﺃﺴﺎﺱ‪ ،‬ﻭﻗﺎﻤﺕ ﺍﻟﺠﻤﻬﻭﺭﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺭﺒﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﻭﺭﻴﺔ ﺒﺈﻋﺩﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﻭﺩﺓ ﺍﻷﻭﻟﻰ ﻟﻤﺘﻁﻠﺒﺎﺕ ﺍﻟـﺯﻻﺯل‬
‫ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻜﻭﺩ ﺍﻟﻌﺭﺒﻲ ﺒﻨﺎﺀ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﺴﺴﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻤﻴﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﺍﻷﻤل ﻤﻌﻘﻭﺩ ﺃﻥ ﻴﺘﻡ ﺍﻷﺨﺫ ﺒﻤﻘﺘﺭﺤﺎﺕ ﺒﻌـﺽ ﺍﻟـﺩﻭل ﺃﻥ‬
‫ﻴﻜﻭﻥ ﻜﻭﺩ ﺍﻷﺴﺎﺱ ﻓﻲ ﻜﻭﺩﺓ ﻤﺘﻁﻠﺒﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺯﻻﺯل ﻫﻭ ‪ IBC2000‬ﺃﻭ ‪.IBC2003‬‬

‫ﻋﻨﻭﺍﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺭﺍﺴﻠﺔ ‪:‬‬

‫ﺩ‪ .‬ﻋﻼﺀ ﺴﺭﺍﺝ ﻤﻼﺌﻜﺔ‬
‫ﺠﺎﻤﻌﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻠﻙ ﺴﻌﻭﺩ‬
‫ﻜﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻬﻨﺩﺴﺔ‪ -‬ﻗﺴﻡ ﺍﻟﻬﻨﺩﺴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺩﻨﻴﺔ‬
‫ﺹ ‪ .‬ﺏ ‪ ، 800‬ﺍﻟﺭﻴﺎﺽ ‪ ،11421‬ﺍﻟﻤﻤﻠﻜﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺭﺒﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﻌﻭﺩﻴﺔ‬
‫ﺒﺭﻴﺩ ﺇﻟﻜﺘﺭﻭﻨﻲ ‪malaikah@ksu.edu.sa :‬‬
 ‫‪ -1‬ﺘﻤﻬﻴﺩ ‪:‬‬

‫ﻴﻌﺘﺒﺭ ﻜﻭﺩ ﺍﻟﺒﻨﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻟﻤﻲ ‪ IBC2003‬ﺍﻹﺼﺩﺍﺭ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺩل ﺍﻷﻭل ﻟﻜﻭﺩ ﺍﻟﺒﻨﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻟﻤﻲ ‪ .IBC2000‬ﻭﻫﻭ ﺃﺤﺩ‬
‫ﻤﺠﻤﻭﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﻜﻭﺩﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺼﺎﺩﺭﺓ ﻤﻥ ﻤﺠﻠﺱ ﺍﻟﻜﻭﺩ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻟﻤﻲ ) ‪ . ( ICC‬ﺒﺩﺃﺕ ﻓﻜﺭﺓ ﺇﻨﺸـﺎﺀ ﻤﺠﻠـﺱ ﺍﻟﻜـﻭﺩ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻟﻤﻲ ﻤﻥ ﺤﺎﺠﺔ ﺍﻟﻭﻻﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺤﺩﺓ ﺍﻷﻤﺭﻴﻜﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻰ ﺘﻁﻭﻴﺭ ﻤﺠﻤﻭﻋﺔ ﻤﻭﺤﺩﺓ ﻟﻜﻭﺩﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺒﻨﺎﺀ ﺒﻬﺎ‪ .‬ﻤﻥ ﺃﺠل‬
‫ﺫﻟﻙ ﻗﺎﻤﺕ ﺜﻼﺙ ﻫﻴﺌﺎﺕ‪ International Conference of Building Officials :‬ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺘﺼﺩﺭ ﻜﻭﺩ‬
‫‪ UBC‬ﻭ ‪ Building Officials and Code Administrators International‬ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺘﺼﺩﺭ ﻜﻭﺩ‬
‫‪ BOCA‬ﻭ ‪ Southern Building Code Congress International‬ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺘﺼـﺩﺭ ﻜـﻭﺩ ‪SBC‬‬
‫ﺒﺘﺸﻜﻴل ﻤﺠﻠﺱ ﺍﻟﻜﻭﺩ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻟﻤﻲ) ‪ . ( ICC‬ﺤﻴﺙ ﻜﺎﻥ ﺜﻤﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﺠﻬﻭﺩ ﻟﻬﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﻤﺠﻠﺱ ﻜـﻭﺩ ﺍﻟﺒﻨـﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﻌـﺎﻟﻤﻲ‬
‫‪ IBC2000‬ﻭﺍﻹﺼﺩﺍﺭ ﺍﻟﻤﻌـﺩل ‪ ، IBC2003‬ﻭﻫـﻭ ﺃﻭل ﺍﻹﺼـﺩﺍﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺩﻟـﺔ‪ .‬ﺤﻴـﺙ ﺴـﻴﻜﻭﻥ‬
‫ﺼﺩﻭﺭﺍﻹﺼﺩﺍﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺩﻟﺔ ﻜل ﺜﻼﺙ ﺴﻨﻴﻥ ﺒﺼﻔﺔ ﺩﻭﺭﻴﺔ ]‪.[1‬‬
‫ﻭﻟﻌل ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﺘﻭﺤﻴﺩ ﻓﻲ ﺍﺸﺘﺭﺍﻁﺎﺕ ﻗﻭﺍﻋﺩ ﺍﻟﺘﺸﻴﻴﺩ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻭﻻﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺤﺩﺓ ﺸﺠﻊ ﺍﻟﻠﺠﻨﺔ ﺍﻟﻭﻁﻨﻴﺔ ﻟﻜﻭﺩ ﺍﻟﺒﻨﺎﺀ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺴﻌﻭﺩﻱ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻋﺘﻤﺎﺩ ﻜﻭﺩ ﺍﻟﺒﻨﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻟﻤﻲ ‪ IBC2003‬ﻜﻤﺭﺠﻊ ﺃﺴﺎﺴﻲ ﻓﻲ ﺇﻋﺩﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﻜـﻭﺩ ﻤـﻊ ﺍﻟﻘﻴـﺎﻡ‬
‫ﺒﺎﻟﺘﻌﺩﻴﻼﺕ ﺍﻟﻼﺯﻤﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻀﺭﻭﺭﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺘﻼﺌﻡ ﻁﺒﻴﻌﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻤﻠﻜـﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺭﺒﻴـﺔ ﺍﻟﺴـﻌﻭﺩﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌﻴـﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺜﻘﺎﻓﻴـﺔ‬
‫ﻭﺍﻹﺠﺘﻤﺎﻋﻴﺔ‪.‬‬
‫ﺘﻤﺜل ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﻭﺭﻗﺔ ﻤﺤﺎﻭﻟﺔ ﻟﻌﺭﺽ ﺒﻌﺽ ﺍﻟﺠﻭﺍﻨﺏ ﺍﻟﺨﺎﺼﺔ ﻟﻜﻭﺩ ﺍﻟﺒﻨﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻟﻤﻲ ‪ . IBC2003‬ﻜﻤﺎ ﺘﺴﻌﻰ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻰ ﺇﺒﺭﺍﺯ ﺒﻌﺽ ﺍﻷﻤﻭﺭ ﺍﻟﻤﺅﺜﺭﺓ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺘﺼﻤﻴﻡ ﺍﻟﺤﺎﻟﻲ ﻟﻠﻤﺒﺎﻨﻲ ﺒﺎﻟﻤﻤﻠﻜﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺭﺒﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﻌﻭﺩﻴﺔ ﺠﺭﺍﺀ ﺍﻋﺘﻤﺎﺩ‬
‫ﻜﻭﺩ ﺍﻟﺒﻨﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻟﻤﻲ ‪ IBC2003‬ﻓﻲ ﺼﻭﺭﺘﻪ ﺍﻟﺤﺎﻟﻴﺔ ‪.‬‬

‫‪ -2‬ﻤﺭﺍﺠﻌﺔ ﻜﻭﺩ ﺍﻟﺒﻨﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻟﻤﻲ ‪IBC2003‬‬

‫‪ 1-2‬ﻁﺭﻴﻘﺔ ﺘﺒﻨﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﻴﻴﺭ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﻘﺎﻴﻴﺱ ‪.‬‬

‫ﺇﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺘﺒﻊ ﻟﻜﻭﺩﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺒﻨﺎﺀ ﻴﺠﺩ ﺍﻥ ﻫﻨﺎﻙ ﺍﺨﺘﻼﻓﺎ ﺠﻭﻫﺭﻴﺎ ﺒﺎﻟﻁﺭﻴﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻴﺘﺒﻨـﻰ ﺒﻬـﺎ ﺍﻟﻜـﻭﺩ ﺍﻟﻤﻌـﺎﻴﻴﺭ‬
‫ﻭﺍﻟﻤﻘﺎﻴﻴﺱ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺘﻤﺩ ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ ‪ .‬ﻓﺘﺠﺩ ﺃﻥ ﺒﻌﻀﻬﺎ ﻴﻘﻭﻡ ﺒﻨﺴﺦ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﻴﻴﺭ ﻟﺘﻜﻭﻥ ﻀﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻜـﻭﺩ ﻤـﻊ ﺍﻟﻘﻴـﺎﻡ‬
‫ﺒﺎﻟﺘﻌﺩﻴﻼﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺎﺴﺒﺔ ﻟﻔﻠﺴﻔﺔ ﺍﻟﻜﻭﺩ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﻗل‪ .‬ﻭﻴﻌﺘﺒﺭ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻷﻤﺜﻠﺔ ﻟﻬﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﻬﺞ ﻜﻭﺩ ‪ ،UBC‬ﻓﻬﻭ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺴـﺒﻴل‬
‫ﺍﻟﻤﺜﺎل ﻗﺎﻡ ﺒﻨﻘل ﻜﻭﺩ ﺍﻟﺨﺭﺴﺎﻨﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﻠﺤﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﺒﻊ ﻟﻤﻌﻬﺩ ﺍﻟﺨﺭﺴﺎﻨﺔ ﺍﻷﻤﺭﻴﻜﻲ ‪ ACI 318‬ﻭﻨﺴـﺨﻪ ﻟﻴﻜـﻭﻥ‬
‫ﻀﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻜﻭﺩ ﻭﺫﻟﻙ ﻓﻲ ﻓﺼل ﺭﻗﻡ ‪. 19‬‬
‫ﺒﻴﻨﻤﺎ ﻴﻘﻭﻡ ﺍﻟﺒﻌﺽ ﺍﻵﺨﺭ ﺒﺎﻻﻜﺘﻔﺎﺀ ﺒﻁﺭﻴﻕ ﺍﻹﺸﺎﺭﺓ ﻭﺍﻹﺴﻨﺎﺩ ﻟﻠﻤﻌﺎﻴﻴﺭ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻴﻌﺘﻤﺩ ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﻜﻭﺩ ﻤﻊ ﺒﻴـﺎﻥ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺩﻴﻼﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺎﺴﺒﺔ ﻟﻪ ﻋﻭﻀﺎ ﻋﻥ ﺍﻟﻨﺴﺦ ﺍﻟﻤﺒﺎﺸﺭ‪ .‬ﻭﻴﻌﺘﺒﺭ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻷﻤﺜﻠﺔ ﻟﻬﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﻬﺞ ﻜﻭﺩ ﺍﻟﺒﻨﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﻌـﺎﻟﻤﻲ‬
‫‪ .IBC2003‬ﻓﻬﻭ ﺃﻴﻀﺎ‪ ،‬ﻋﻠﻰ ﺴﺒﻴل ﺍﻟﻤﺜﺎل ﻗﺎﻡ ﺒﺎﻹﺸﺎﺭﺓ ﻭﺍﻹﺴﻨﺎﺩ ﻟﻜﻭﺩ ﺍﻟﺨﺭﺴﺎﻨﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﻠﺤﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺎﺒﻊ ﻟﻤﻌﻬﺩ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺨﺭﺴﺎﻨﺔ ﺍﻷﻤﺭﻴﻜﻲ ‪ ACI 318‬ﻭﺫﻟﻙ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻔﺼل ﺭﻗﻡ ‪ 19‬ﻋﻭﻀﺎ ﻋﻥ ﻁﺭﻴﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﺴﺦ ﺍﻟﻤﺒﺎﺸﺭ ‪.‬‬
‫ﻴﻌﺘﻘﺩ ﺍﻟﻤﺅﻟﻔﺎﻥ ﺃﻥ ﻁﺭﻴﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﺴﺦ ﺍﻟﻤﺒﺎﺸﺭ ﻗﺩ ﺘﻜﻭﻥ ﺍﻟﻁﺭﻴﻘﺔ ﺍﻷﻓﻀل ﻟﺘﺒﻨﻴﻬﺎ ﻋﻨـﺩ ﺇﻋـﺩﺍﺩ ﻜـﻭﺩ ﺍﻟﺒﻨـﺎﺀ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺴﻌﻭﺩﻱ ‪ .‬ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺭﻏﻡ ﻤﻥ ﺃﻥ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﻨﺴﺦ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﻴﻴﺭ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﻘﺎﻴﻴﺱ ﻟﺘﻜﻭﻥ ﻀﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻜﻭﺩ ﺘﺯﻴﺩ ﻤـﻥ ﺤﺠﻤـﻪ‪.‬‬
‫ﻓﻌﻠﻰ ﺴﺒﻴل ﺍﻟﻤﺜﺎل ﻴﺘﻜﻭﻥ ﻜﻭﺩ ‪ UBC97‬ﻤﻥ ﺜﻼﺜﺔ ﻤﺠﻠﺩﺍﺕ‪ ،‬ﺒﻴﻨﻤﺎ ﻜﻭﺩ ‪ IBC2003‬ﻴﺘﻜﻭﻥ ﻤـﻥ ﻤﺠﻠـﺩ‬
‫ﻭﺍﺤﺩ ‪ .‬ﺃﻀﻑ ﺍﻟﻰ ﺫﻟﻙ ﺍﻨﻪ ﻓﻲ ﺤﺎل ﺘﻐﻴﻴﺭ ﺃﻱ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﻴﻴﺭ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﻘﺎﻴﻴﺱ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻴﻌﺘﻤﺩ ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﻜـﻭﺩ ﻴﺠـﺏ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺭﺠﻭﻉ ﺍﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﻜﻭﺩ ﻭﺘﻐﻴﻴﺭﻫﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺠﻤﻴﻊ ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺍﻀﻊ ﺍﻟﻤﻜﺘﻭﺒﺔ ﺒﻪ ‪ .‬ﻭﻴﻌﺘﺒﺭﻫﺫﺍ ﻫﻭ ﺍﻟﻌـﺎﺌﻕ ﺍﻟﻭﺤﻴـﺩ ﻟﻬـﺫﺍ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻤﻨﻬﺞ ﺍﻟﺫﻱ ﻴﻭﻓﺭ ﻟﻠﻤﻬﻨﺩﺱ ﺍﻟﻤﻤﺎﺭﺱ ﻤﺼﺩﺭﺍ ﻭﺍﺤﺩﺍ ﻴﻜﺘﻔﻲ ﺒﻪ ﻓﻲ ﺤﺎل ﺍﻟﺭﺠﻭﻉ ﺍﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﻜﻭﺩ ﻭﻤﻥ ﺜـﻡ ﻻ‬
‫ﻴﺤﺘﺎﺝ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻗﺘﻨﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﻤﺭﺍﺠﻊ ﺍﻟﻤﺸﺎﺭ ﺇﻟﻴﻬﺎ ﺃﻴﻀﺎ‪ .‬ﻭﻗﺩ ﻴﻨﺘﻬﻲ ﺒﻪ ﺍﻟﺤﺎل ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﺤﺎﺠﺔ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺇﻗﺘﻨﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﻌﺩﻴـﺩ ﻤـﻥ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﻴﻴﺭ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﻘﺎﻴﻴﺱ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺎﻨﺩﺓ‪ .‬ﻭﻴﺭﻯ ﺍﻟﻤﺅﻟﻔﺎﻥ ﺃﻥ ﺘﻜﺭﺍﺭ ﺘﺤﺩﻴﺙ ﺍﻟﻜﻭﺩﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻟﻤﻴﺔ ﻜل ﻓﺘﺭﺓ ﺒﺴﻴﻁﺔ ﺘﺒﻠـﻎ‬
‫ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻭﻻﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺤﺩﺓ ﺍﻷﻤﺭﻴﻜﻴﺔ ﺜﻼﺙ ﺴﻨﻭﺍﺕ ﻤﻊ ﺒﻌﺽ ﺍﻟﻤﺭﺍﺠﻌﺎﺕ ﺃﺜﻨﺎﺀﻫﺎ ﻋﺒﺌﺎ ﻜﺒﻴﺭﺍ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﻬﻨـﺩﺱ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻤﻤﺎﺭﺱ‪ .‬ﻭﻟﺫﺍ ﻗﺩ ﻴﻜﻭﻥ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺎﺴﺏ ﺇﻋﺎﺩﺓ ﺇﺼﺩﺍﺭ ﺍﻟﻜﻭﺩ ﺍﻟﻭﻁﻨﻲ ﻜل ﺴﺒﻊ ﺇﻟﻰ ﻋﺸﺭ ﺴﻨﻭﺍﺕ‪.‬‬

‫‪ 2-2‬ﺤﺎﻻﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻤﻴل ) ‪( Load Combination‬‬

‫ﻴﻌﺘﺒﺭ ﺘﺤﺩﻴﺩ ﻭﺍﺨﺘﻴﺎﺭ ﺤﺎﻻﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻤﻴل ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﺨﻁﻭﺍﺕ ﺍﻷﺴﺎﺴﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﻬﻤﺔ ﺠﺩﺍ ﻋﻨﺩ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﺎﻡ ﺒـﺄﻱ ﺘﺼـﻤﻴﻡ‬
‫ﻟﻠﻤﺒﺎﻨﻲ‪ .‬ﻭﺍﻟﻤﺘﺎﺒﻊ ﻟﻬﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﻤﻭﻀﻭﻉ ﻴﺠﺩ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻭﺠﻪ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻭﻡ ﺍﺨﺘﻼﻓﺎ ﻟﻤﻌﺎﻤﻼﺕ ﺭﻓﻊ ﺍﻷﺤﻤﺎل ﺒﻴﻥ ﺍﻟﻜـﻭﺩﺍﺕ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻤﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ‪.‬‬
‫ﻟﻘﺩ ﺘﻡ ﺘﺒﻨﻲ ﺤﺎﻻﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻤﻴل ﺍﻟﻭﺍﺭﺩﺓ ﻤﻥ ﻗﺒل ﺍﻟﺠﻤﻌﻴﺔ ﺍﻷﻤﺭﻴﻜﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﻬﻨﺩﺴﻴﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺩﻨﻴﻴﻥ ‪ ASCE 7- 98‬ﻓﻲ‬
‫ﻜل ﻤﻥ ‪ IBC2003‬ﻭ ‪ .ACI 318-02‬ﻭﻴﻌﺘﺒﺭ ﺘﺒﻨﻴﻬﺎ ﻓﻲ ‪ ACI 318-02‬ﻭﻭﻀﻌﻬﺎ ﻀﻤﻥ ﺃﺴـﺎﺱ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻜﻭﺩ ﺨﻁﻭﺓ ﺠﺩﻴﺩﺓ ﻭﺘﻐﻴﻴﺭ ﺠﺫﺭﻱ ]‪ ،[2,3‬ﻭﻫﻭ ﺨﻼﻑ ﻤﺎ ﻜﺎﻥ ﺘﺒﻌﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻹﺼـﺩﺍﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺴـﺎﺒﻘﺔ ﻟﻜـﻭﺩ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺨﺭﺴﺎﻨﺔ ﻤﻥ ﻤﻌﻬﺩ ﺍﻟﺨﺭﺴﺎﻨﺔ ﺍﻷﻤﺭﻴﻜﻲ‪.‬‬
‫ﺇﻀﺎﻓﺔ ﺍﻟﻰ ﺫﻟﻙ ﻗﺎﻡ ﻜل ﻤﻥ ﻜﻭﺩ ‪ IBC‬ﻭ ‪ ACI318-02‬ﺒﺎﺴﺘﺨﺩﺍﻡ ﺃﺤﻤﺎل ﺍﻟﺯﻻﺯل ‪ E‬ﺘﺤـﺕ ﺘـﺄﺜﻴﺭ‬
‫ﻤﺴﺘﻭﻯ ﺍﻟﻤﻘﺎﻭﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﺼﻭﻯ )‪ (Strength-level‬ﻭﺒﺎﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ ﺍﺴﺘﺨﺩﺍﻡ ﻤﻌﺎﻤل ﺭﻓﻊ ﺍﻟﺤﻤل ﺍﻟﺨﺎﺹ ﺒـﺎﻟﺯﻻﺯل‬
‫ﺒﻘﻴﻤﺔ ‪ .1‬ﻋﻠﻤﺎ ﺒﺎﻥ ﺃﺤﻤﺎل ﺍﻟﺯﻻﺯل ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﺨﺩﻤﺔ ﺴﺎﺒﻘﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺤﺎﻻﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻤﻴـل ﻓـﻲ ﻜـل ﻤـﻥ ‪UBC94‬‬
‫ﻭﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﻴﻴﺭ ﺍﻷﻭﻟﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﺨﺩﻤﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﻤﻠﻜﺔ ﻭ ‪ ACI318- 95‬ﻤﻌﺒﺭ ﻋﻨﻬﺎ ﺒﺎﺴﺘﺨﺩﺍﻡ ﺍﻟﺤﻤل ﺍﻟﺯﻟﺯﺍﻟﻲ ﻋﻨـﺩ‬
‫)‪ .(Service-level‬ﺤﻴﺙ ﻴﺠﺏ ﻓﻲ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﺤﺎﻟﺔ ﺍﺴﺘﺨﺩﺍﻡ ﻤﻌﺎﻤل ﺭﻓﻊ ﺍﻟﺤﻤل ‪ 1.4‬ﻤﻊ‬ ‫ﻤﺴﺘﻭﻯ ﺍﻟﺨﺩﻤﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺤﻤل ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺘﺞ ﻋﻥ ﺍﻟﺯﻟﺯﺍل ﻓﻲ ﺠﻤﻴﻊ ﺤﺎﻻﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻤﻴل ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻌﻠﻘﺔ ﺒﻪ ‪ ،‬ﻭﻴﻤﻜﻥ ﻤﻼﺤﻅﺔ ﺫﻟﻙ ﻓﻲ ﺠﺩﻭل‬
‫) ‪.(1‬‬
‫ﻟﻘﺩ ﺘﻡ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﻘﺎﺒل ﺘﺨﻔﻴﺽ ﻤﻌﺎﻤﻼﺕ ﺨﻔﺽ ﺍﻟﻘﻭﻯ ‪ ،‬ﺍﻨﻅﺭ ﺠـﺩﻭل ) ‪ (2‬ﻓـﻲ ﻜـﻭﺩ ‪ACI318-02‬‬
‫ﻭﺍﻟﻤﻌﺘﻤﺩ ﺤﺎﻟﻴﺎ ﻓﻲ ‪ ،IBC2003‬ﻟﺘﺘﻭﺍﺌﻡ ﻤﻊ ﺤﺎﻻﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻤﻴل ﺍﻷﻗل ﻹﺒﻘﺎﺀ ﻨﻔﺱ ﺍﻟﺩﺭﺠـﺔ ﻤـﻥ ﺍﻷﻤـﺎﻥ‬
‫ﻭﺍﻟﻤﻭﺜﻭﻗﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺘﺼﻤﻴﻡ ﻟﻴﻜﻭﻥ ﻤﺘﻭﺍﻓﻘﺎ ﻤﻊ ﺍﺸﺘﺭﺍﻁﺎﺕ ﻜﻭﺩ ‪ .ACI318- 95‬ﻴﻼﺤﻅ ﺃﻥ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﺨﻁﻭﺓ ﻫﻭ‬
‫ﺘﻐﻴﻴﺭ ﻟﻤﺎ ﻜﺎﻥ ﻤﺘﺒﻌﺎ ﻓﻲ ﻜﻭﺩ ‪ UBC 97‬ﻤﻥ ﻀﺭﺏ ﺤﺎﻻﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻤﻴل ﻟﻠﻤﻨﺸﺂﺕ ﺍﻟﺨﺭﺴﺎﻨﻴﺔ ﺒﺎﻟﻤﻌﺎﻤـل ‪1.1‬‬
‫]‪ [4‬ﻟﻴﺘﻭﺍﻓﻕ ﻤﻊ ﻤﺘﻁﻠﺒﺎﺕ ﺤﺎﻻﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻤﻴل ﺍﻟﺨﺎﺼﺔ ﺒﻜﻭﺩ ‪. ACI318- 95‬‬

‫ﺠﺩﻭل )‪ - (1‬ﺤﺎﻻﺕ ﺘﺤﻤﻴل ﺍﻟﻤﻘﺎﻭﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﺼﻭﻯ ﻟﻜل ﻤﻥ ‪ACI318(95-02) ،IBC2003‬‬

‫‪IBC2003‬‬ ‫‪ACI318- 02‬‬ ‫‪ACI318- 95‬‬
‫)‪E (Strength-level‬‬ ‫)‪E (Strength-level‬‬ ‫)‪E (Service-level‬‬
‫‪1.4D‬‬ ‫)‪1.4(D+F‬‬ ‫‪1.4D+1.7L‬‬
‫)‪1.2D+1.6L+0.5(Lr or S or R‬‬ ‫)‪1.2(D+F+T)+1.6(L+H)+ 0.5(Lr or S or R‬‬ ‫‪1.05D+1.28L+1.28W‬‬
‫)‪1.2D+1.6(Lr or S or R)+(f1L or 0.8W‬‬ ‫)‪1.2D+1.6(Lr or S or R)+(1.0 L or 0.8W‬‬ ‫‪0.9D+1.3W‬‬
‫)‪1.2D+1.6W+f1L+0.5(Lr or S or R‬‬ ‫)‪1.2D+1.6W+1.0L+0.5(Lr or S or R‬‬ ‫‪1.05D+1.28L+1.4E‬‬
‫‪1.2D+1.0E+f1L+f2S‬‬ ‫‪1.2D+1.0E+1.0L+0.2S‬‬ ‫‪0.9D+1.43E‬‬
‫)‪0.9D+(1.0E or 1.6W‬‬ ‫‪0.9D+1.6W+1.6H‬‬
‫‪0.9D+1.0E+1.6H‬‬

‫ﺤﻴﺙ‪:‬‬
‫‪ = D‬ﺍﻷﺤﻤﺎل ﺍﻟﻤﻴﺘﺔ‪.‬‬
‫‪ = L‬ﺍﻷﺤﻤﺎل ﺍﻟﺤﻴﺔ‪.‬‬
‫‪ = W‬ﺃﺤﻤﺎل ﺍﻟﺭﻴﺎﺡ‪.‬‬
‫‪ = E‬ﺍﻟﺤﻤل ﺍﻟﺯﻟﺯﺍﻟﻲ‪.‬‬
‫‪ = F‬ﺍﻟﺤﻤل ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺘﺞ ﻤﻥ ﺃﻭﺯﺍﻥ ﻭﻀﻐﻁ ﺍﻟﺴﻭﺍﺌل‪.‬‬
‫‪ = H‬ﺍﻟﺤﻤل ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺘﺞ ﻤﻥ ﺃﻭﺯﺍﻥ ﻭﻀﻐﻁ ﺍﻟﺘﺭﺒﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﻴﺎﻩ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺘﺭﺒﺔ‪.‬‬
‫‪ = T‬ﺍﻟﺤﻤل ﺍﻟﻜﻠﻲ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺘﺞ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﻭﺍﻟﺯﺤﻑ ﻭﺍﻹﻨﻜﻤﺎﺵ‪.‬‬
‫‪ = Lr‬ﺍﻟﺤﻤل ﺍﻟﺤﻲ ﻟﻠﺴﻘﻑ‪.‬‬
‫‪ = R‬ﺤﻤل ﺍﻷﻤﻁﺎﺭ‪.‬‬
‫‪ = S‬ﺤﻤل ﺍﻟﺜﻠﻭﺝ‪.‬‬
‫‪ = f1,f2‬ﻤﻌﺎﻤﻼﺕ ﻤﻌﺭﻓﺔ ﻓﻲ ‪. IBC 2003 section 1605.2.1‬‬
 ‫ﺠﺩﻭل )‪ – (2‬ﻤﻌﺎﻤﻼﺕ ﺨﻔﺽ ﺍﻟﻘﻭﻯ ﻟﻜل ﻤﻥ ‪ACI318- 95 , ACI318- 02‬‬
‫‪ACI318- 02‬‬ ‫‪ACI318- 95‬‬ ‫ﻨﻭﻉ ﺍﻟﻘﻭﻯ‬
‫‪0.90‬‬ ‫‪0.90‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻌﺯﻭﻡ‬
‫‪0.75‬‬ ‫‪0.85‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻘﺹ ﻭﺍﻹﻟﺘﻭﺍﺀ‬
‫‪0.70‬‬ ‫‪0.75‬‬ ‫ﺍﻷﻋﻤﺩﺓ )ﺘﺴﻠﻴﺢ ﺤﻠﺯﻭﻨﻲ(‬
‫‪0.65‬‬ ‫‪0.70‬‬ ‫ﺍﻷﻋﻤﺩﺓ )ﺘﺴﻠﻴﺢ ﻜﺎﻨﺎﺕ(‬
‫‪0.65‬‬ ‫‪0.70‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻀﻐﻁ ﺍﻟﻤﺒﺎﺸﺭ‬

‫ﺇﻥ ﺍﻟﺤﺎﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻗﺩ ﺘﺴﺒﺏ ﻗﻠﻘﺎ ﻤﻥ ﻀﻤﻥ ﺤﺎﻻﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻤﻴل ﻓﻲ ﻜـﻭﺩ ﺍﻟﺒﻨـﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﻌـﺎﻟﻤﻲ ‪ IBC2003‬ﻫـﻲ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻤﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺠﺩﻭل ‪ .3‬ﺤﻴﺙ ﺘﻡ ﺘﺨﻔﻴﺽ ﻤﺤﺼﻠﺔ ﻤﻌﺎﻤل ﺭﻓﻊ ﺍﻷﺤﻤﺎل ﻤﻥ ‪ 10%‬ﺍﻟﻰ ‪ 14.5%‬ﻭﺒﻘـﻰ‬
‫ﻤﻌﺎﻤل ﺨﻔﺽ ﺍﻟﻘﻭﻯ ﻓﻲ ﺤﺎﻟﺔ ﺍﻷﻋﻀﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺭﻀﺔ ﻟﻠﻌﺯﻭﻡ ﻜﻤﺎ ﻫﻭ ﺒﻤﻘﺩﺍﺭ ‪ .0.9‬ﻭﺒﺎﻟﺭﻏﻡ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﻠﻴـل‬
‫ﺍﻟﻤﺩﺭﺝ ﻓﻲ ﻫﺎﻤﺵ ﻜﻭﺩ ﺍﻟﺨﺭﺴﺎﻨﺔ ﻟﻤﻌﻬﺩ ﺍﻟﺨﺭﺴﺎﻨﺔ ﺍﻷﻤﺭﻴﻜﻲ ﻤﻥ ﺒﻘﺎﺀ ﻨﻔﺱ ﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺜﻭﻗﻴـﺔ ‪ ،‬ﺇﻻ ﺃﻥ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻤﺅﻟﻔﻴﻥ ﻴﺭﻴﺎﻥ ﺃﻥ ﺇﺒﻘﺎﺀ ﻤﻌﺎﻤل ﺨﻔﺽ ﺍﻟﻘﻭﻯ ﻜﻤﺎ ﻫﻭ ﻴﺨﻔﺽ ﻤﻌﺎﻤل ﺍﻷﻤـﺎﻥ ﻭﺨﺼﻭﺼـﺎ ﻟﻠﻤﻨﺸـﺂﺕ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺨﺭﺴﺎﻨﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻴﻜﻭﻥ ﺒﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﺤﻤل ﺍﻟﻤﻴﺕ ﺍﻜﺒﺭ ﺒﻜﺜﻴﺭ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﺤﻤل ﺍﻟﺤﻲ ﻭﻫﻭ ﺍﻟﻐﺎﻟﺏ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺒﺎﻨﻲ ﺍﻟﺴـﻜﻨﻴﺔ‬
‫ﺒﺎﻟﻤﻤﻠﻜﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺭﺒﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﻌﻭﺩﻴﺔ ‪.‬‬

‫ﺠﺩﻭل )‪ - (3‬ﻤﻘﺎﺭﻨﺔ ﺤﺎﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻤﻴل ﺍﻷﺤﻤﺎل ﺍﻟﺠﺎﺫﺒﻴﺔ ﻟﻜل ﻤﻥ ‪ ACI318-02‬ﻭ ‪ACI318- 95‬‬
‫‪U(ACI 318-95) = 1.4 D + 1.7 L‬‬
‫‪U(ACI 318-02) = 1.2 D + 1.6 L‬‬
‫)‪U(95)/U(02)=(1.4D/L+1.7)/(1.2D/L+1.6‬‬
‫‪D/ L‬‬ ‫‪1‬‬ ‫‪2‬‬ ‫‪3‬‬ ‫‪4‬‬ ‫‪5‬‬
‫)‪U(95)/U(02‬‬ ‫‪1.107‬‬ ‫‪1.125‬‬ ‫‪1.135‬‬ ‫‪1.141‬‬ ‫‪1.145‬‬

‫ﺤﻴﺙ‪:‬‬
‫‪ = U‬ﺍﻟﻤﻘﺎﻭﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻁﻠﻭﺒﺔ‪.‬‬

‫ﻭﻋﻠﻰ ﻫﺫﺍ ﻴﺠﺏ ﺇﺠﺭﺍﺀ ﺩﺭﺍﺴﺔ ﻟﻠﻨﻅﺭ ﻓﻲ ﻤﺩﻯ ﻤﻼﺌﻤﺔ ﻤﺎ ﻫﻭ ﻤﺩﺭﺝ ﺤﺎﻟﻴﺎ ﻓﻲ ‪ IBC2003‬ﻟﻠﻤﻤﻠﻜﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻌﺭﺒﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﻌﻭﺩﻴﺔ ﻭﺃﺜﺭﻩ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻤﻭﺜﻭﻗﻴﺔ ﻭﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺍﻷﻤﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻴﺠﺏ ﺍﻟﺤﻔﺎﻅ ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ ‪.‬‬
 ‫‪ - 3 -2‬ﻗﻭﺓ ﻗﺹ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻋﺩﺓ )‪: (Base Shear‬‬

‫ﻟﻘﺩ ﺘﻐﻴﺭﺕ ﻤﻌﺎﺩﻻﺕ ﻗﻭﻯ ﻗﺹ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻋﺩﺓ ﻋﻤﺎ ﻜﺎﻨﺕ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ ﻓﻲ ﻜﻭﺩ ‪ .UBC97‬ﻴﻘﺎﺭﻥ ﺠﺩﻭل )‪ (4‬ﺒﻴﻥ‬
‫ﻗﻭﻯ ﻗﺹ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻋﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﺘﺼﻤﻴﻤﻴﺔ ﻟﻜل ﻤﻥ ‪ UBC97‬ﻭ ‪. IBC2003‬‬
‫ﻷﺨﺫ ﻓﻜﺭﺓ ﻤﺒﺴﻁﺔ ﻋﻥ ﺍﻟﻔﺭﻕ ﺒﻴﻥ ﺤﺴﺎﺏ ﻗﻭﻯ ﺍﻟﻘﺹ ﺒﺎﺴﺘﺨﺩﺍﻡ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﻴﻴﺭ ﺍﻟﺘﺼﻤﻴﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺒﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻌﻤـﺩﺓ‬
‫ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻜﻭﺩ ‪ UBC 97‬ﻭﻤﺎ ﻗﺩ ﻴﺴﺘﺨﺩﻡ ﻓﻲ ﻜﻭﺩ ﺍﻟﺒﻨﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﺴﻌﻭﺩﻱ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﻨﺩ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻜﻭﺩ ﺍﻟﺒﻨـﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﻌـﺎﻟﻤﻲ‬
‫‪ IBC2003‬ﻴﻤﻜﻥ ﻋﻤل ﺍﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ‪ .‬ﻴﻤﻜﻥ ﺩﺭﺍﺴﺔ ﻤﺜﺎل ﻟﻤﺒﻨﻰ ﺴﻜﻨﻲ ﻓﻲ ﻤﺩﻴﻨﺔ ﺠﺩﺓ ﻤﻜﻭﻥ ﻤﻥ ﺨﻤﺴـﺔ ﺃﺩﻭﺍﺭ‬
‫ﻭﺴﻴﺸﻴﺩ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺘﺭﺒﺔ ﻤﺼﻨﻔﺔ ﻋﻠـﻰ ﺇﻨﻬـﺎ ‪) SB‬ﺤﺴـﺏ ﺘﺼـﻨﻴﻑ ‪ ( UBC97‬ﻭ‪ ) B‬ﺤﺴـﺏ ﺘﺼـﻨﻴﻑ‬
‫‪ ( IBC2003‬ﻤﻊ ﺍﺨﺫ ﻤﻌﺎﻤل ﺍﻟﻜﻔﺎﺀﺓ ﺍﻟﺯﻟﺯﺍﻟﻲ ﻟﻠﻤﺒﻨﻰ ‪.5.5 = R‬‬
‫ﺇﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﻴﻴﺭ ﺍﻟﺯﻟﺯﺍﻟﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺒﻌﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﻤﻠﻜﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺭﺒﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﻌﻭﺩﻴﺔ ﻗﺩ ﺘﺤﺩﺩ ﻟﻙ ﻤﺎ ﻴﻠﻲ ]‪:[5-7‬‬
‫ﻨﻁﺎﻕ ﺯﻟﺯﺍﻟﻲ ‪ 2A‬ﻜﻔﺎﺀﺓ ﺯﻟﺯﺍﻟﻴﺔ ‪B‬‬
‫ﻭﺒﺎﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ ﺘﻜﻭﻥ ﻗﻭﻯ ﻗﺹ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻋﺩﺓ = ‪. 0.054 W‬‬
‫ﻭﺭﺒﻤﺎ ﺘﺠﺩﺭ ﺍﻹﺸﺎﺭﺓ ﺍﻨﻪ ﺒﺎﻟﻨﻅﺭ ﺍﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﺨﺭﻴﻁﺔ ﺍﻟﺯﻟﺯﺍﻟﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﻤﻠﻜﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺸﻜل )‪ (1‬ﻴﻤﻜﻥ ﺍﻋﺘﺒـﺎﺭ ﺒﻌـﺽ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺎﻁﻕ ﻤﻥ ﻤﺩﻴﻨﺔ ﺠﺩﺓ ﺘﺘﺒﻊ ﻀﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻨﻁﺎﻕ ﺍﻟﺯﻟﺯﺍﻟﻲ ‪ . 1‬ﻭﻫﺫﺍ ﺒﺩﻭﺭﻩ ﻴﺨﻔﺽ ﻗﻭﻯ ﻗﺹ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻋﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﻰ‬
‫ﻨﺼﻑ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺒﻘﺔ ‪.‬‬

‫ﺠﺩﻭل )‪ -(4‬ﻗﻭﻯ ﻗﺹ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻋﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﺘﺼﻤﻴﻤﻴﺔ ﻟﻜل ﻤﻥ ‪ UBC97‬ﻭ ‪IBC2003‬‬

‫‪IBC 2003‬‬ ‫‪UBC 97‬‬

‫‪V = [SD1/(R/IE)T] W ≤ [SDS/(R/IE)] W‬‬ ‫‪V = [Cv/(R/I)T] W ≤ [2.5 Ca/(R/I)] W‬‬

‫‪≥ 0.044 SDS IEW‬‬ ‫‪≥ 0.11 Ca I W‬‬
‫‪SDS = 2/3 SMS = 2/3 Fa SS‬‬
‫‪SD1 = 2/3 SM1 = 2/3 Fv S1‬‬

‫ﺤﻴﺙ‪:‬‬
‫‪ = V‬ﻗﻭﺓ ﻗﺹ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻋﺩﺓ‪.‬‬
‫‪ = W‬ﺍﻟﻭﺯﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﻴﺕ ﺍﻟﺯﻟﺯﺍﻟﻲ‪.‬‬
‫‪ = R‬ﻤﻌﺎﻤل ﺍﻟﻜﻔﺎﺀﺓ ﺍﻟﺯﻟﺯﺍﻟﻲ ﻟﻠﻤﺒﻨﻰ‪.‬‬
‫‪ = I,IE‬ﻤﻌﺎﻤل ﺍﻷﻫﻤﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﺒﻨﻰ‪.‬‬
‫‪ = T‬ﺍﻟﺩﻭﺭﺓ ﺍﻷﺴﺎﺴﻴﺔ ﻟﻺﻫﺘﺯﺍﺯ‪.‬‬
 ‫‪ = Cv,Ca‬ﻤﻌﺎﻤﻼﺕ ﺯﻟﺯﺍﻟﻴﺔ ﻤﺤﺩﺩﺓ ﻓﻲ ﻜل ﻤﻥ ﺠﺩﻭل ‪ 16-Q‬ﻭﺠﺩﻭل ‪ 16-R‬ﻤﻥ ‪.UBC 97‬‬
‫‪ =Fv,Fa‬ﻤﻌﺎﻤﻼﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﻭﻗﻊ ﻤﻥ ﺠﺩﻭل )‪ 1615.1.2(1‬ﻭﺠﺩﻭل )‪ 1615.1.2(1‬ﻤﻥ ‪.IBC2003‬‬
‫‪ =S1,SS‬ﺍﻟﺘﺴﺎﺭﻉ ﺍﻟﻁﻴﻔﻲ ﻟﻜل ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﺩﻭﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻘﺼﻴﺭﺓ ﻭﺩﻭﺭﺓ ‪ -1‬ﺜﺎﻨﻴﺔ ‪.‬‬
‫‪ =SM1,SMS‬ﺍﻟﺘﺴﺎﺭﻉ ﺍﻟﻁﻴﻔﻲ ﻷﻗﺼﻰ ﺯﻟﺯﺍل ﻤﻌﺘﺒﺭ ﻟﻜل ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﺩﻭﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻘﺼﻴﺭﺓ ﻭﺩﻭﺭﺓ ‪ -1‬ﺜﺎﻨﻴﺔ ‪.‬‬
‫‪ =SD1,SDS‬ﺍﻟﺘﺴﺎﺭﻉ ﺍﻟﻁﻴﻔﻲ ﺍﻟﺘﺼﻤﻴﻤﻲ ﻟﻜل ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﺩﻭﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻘﺼﻴﺭﺓ ﻭﺩﻭﺭﺓ ‪ -1‬ﺜﺎﻨﻴﺔ ‪.‬‬

‫ﺃﻤﺎ ﺒﺎﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﻟﺤﺴﺎﺏ ﻗﻭﻯ ﻗﺹ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻋﺩﺓ ﺒﻨﺎﺀ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻜﻭﺩ ﺍﻟﺒﻨﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻟﻤﻲ ‪ IBC 2003‬ﻓﻴﺠﺏ ﺃﻥ ﻴﺘﻭﻓﺭ ﻟﺩﻯ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻤﺼﻤﻡ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ ‪:‬‬
‫ﻤﺩﻴﻨﺔ ﺠﺩﺓ ‪Ss= 0.43 g‬‬
‫‪S1= 0.16 g‬‬
‫‪Site class B‬‬
‫ﻭﺫﻟﻙ ﻻﺤﺘﻤﺎل ﺘﺠﺎﻭﺯ ‪ %2‬ﺨﻼل ‪ 50‬ﻋﺎﻡ ]‪. [8‬‬
‫‪ . 0.044‬ﻭﻫﻲ ﻗﻴﻤﺔ ﺍﻗل ﺒﻤﻘﺩﺍﺭ ‪ %20‬ﻤـﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﻌـﺎﻴﻴﺭ‬ ‫ﻭﻋﻠﻰ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺘﻜﻭﻥ ﻗﻭﻯ ﻗﺹ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻋﺩﺓ = ‪W‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺒﻘﺔ‪.‬‬
‫ﻭﺘﺠﺏ ﺍﻹﺸﺎﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻰ ﻋﺩﻡ ﺘﻭﻓﺭ ﺨﺎﺭﻁﺔ ﺯﻟﺯﺍﻟﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﻤﻠﻜﺔ ﻤﺘﻭﺍﻓﻘﺔ ﻤﻊ ﻤﺘﻁﻠﺒﺎﺕ ﻜﻭﺩ ‪ IBC2003‬ﺃﺜﻨـﺎﺀ‬
‫ﻜﺘﺎﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﻭﺭﻗﺔ ‪ .‬ﻭﺘﺸﻤل ﺨﻁﺔ ﻋﻤل ﺍﻟﻠﺠﻨﺔ ﺍﻟﻔﻨﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺨﺎﺼﺔ ﺒﻤﺘﻁﻠﺒﺎﺕ ﻤﻘﺎﻭﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﺯﻻﺯل ﻟﻜﻭﺩ ﺍﻟﺒﻨﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﺴﻌﻭﺩﻱ‬
‫ﺇﺼﺩﺍﺭ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﺨﺭﺍﺌﻁ ﺨﻼل ﺍﻟﺴﻨﻭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺜﻼﺙ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﺩﻤﺔ ﺇﻥ ﺸﺎﺀ ﺍﷲ‪ ،‬ﺃﻱ ﻗﺒل ﺘﺎﺭﻴﺦ ﺇﺼـﺩﺍﺭ ﻜـﻭﺩ ﺍﻟﺒﻨـﺎﺀ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺴﻌﻭﺩﻱ‪.‬‬

‫‪ -3‬ﺍﻟﺨﻼﺼﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻭﺼﻴﺎﺕ ‪:‬‬

‫ﻗﺎﻤﺕ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﻭﺭﻗﺔ ﺒﺈﻴﻀﺎﺡ ﺒﻌﺽ ﺍﻷﻤﻭﺭ ﺍﻟﻤﺅﺜﺭﺓ ﺠﺭﺍﺀ ﺍﺴﺘﺨﺩﺍﻡ ﻜـﻭﺩ ﺍﻟﺒﻨـﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﻌـﺎﻟﻤﻲ ‪IBC2003‬‬
‫ﻜﻤﺭﺠﻊ ﺭﺌﻴﺴﻲ ﻓﻲ ﺇﻋﺩﺍﺩ ﻜﻭﺩ ﺍﻟﺒﻨﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﺴﻌﻭﺩﻱ ‪.‬‬
‫ﺤﻴﺙ ﺍﻗﺘﺭﺤﺕ ﺍﻟﻭﺭﻗﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ ‪:‬‬
‫‪ .1‬ﻤﻥ ﺃﺠل ﺘﻭﻓﻴﺭ ﻜﻭﺩ ﻤﺘﻜﺎﻤل ﺒﺎﻟﻠﻐﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺭﺒﻴﺔ ﻴﺨﺩﻡ ﺍﻟﻤﻬﻨﺩﺱ ﺍﻟﻤﻤﺎﺭﺱ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﻤﻠﻜﺔ ﻴﺠﺏ ﺃﻥ ﻴﻌـﺩ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻜﻭﺩ ﺒﻁﺭﻴﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﺴﺦ ﺍﻟﻤﺒﺎﺸﺭ ﻟﻠﻤﻌﺎﻴﻴﺭ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﻘﺎﻴﻴﺱ ﻭﺘﺠﻨﺏ ﺍﻹﻋﺘﻤﺎﺩ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺇﺤﺎﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻬﻨـﺩﺱ ﺇﻟـﻰ‬
‫ﻤﺭﺍﺠﻊ ﺃﺨﺭﻯ ﺒﻘﺩﺭ ﺍﻹﻤﻜﺎﻥ ﺨﺎﺼﺔ ﺇﻥ ﻟﻡ ﺘﻜﻥ ﻤﺘﺭﺠﻤﺔ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﻠﻐﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺭﺒﻴﺔ‪.‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﺘﺄﻜﺩ ﻤﻥ ﻤﺴﺘﻭﻯ ﺍﻷﻤﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﺫﻱ ﻴﺘﺤﻘﻕ ﺒﺎﺴﺘﻌﻤﺎل ﻤﻌﺎﻤل ﺨﻔﺽ ﺍﻟﻘﻭﻯ ﻓـﻲ ﺤﺎﻟـﺔ ﺍﻷﻋﻀـﺎﺀ‬ ‫‪.2‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺭﻀﺔ ﻟﻠﻌﺯﻭﻡ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﺨﺩﻡ ﻓﻲ ‪ (φ= 0.9) IBC2003‬ﻭﺘﺄﺜﻴﺭ ﺫﻟﻙ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﺒﺎﻨﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﻘﺎﻤـﺔ‬
‫ﻤﺤﻠﻴﺎ‪.‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﺤﺎﺠﺔ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﺎﻡ ﺒﻌﻤل ﺨﺎﺭﻁﺔ ﺯﻟﺯﺍﻟﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﻤﻠﻜﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺭﺒﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺴـﻌﻭﺩﻴﺔ ﻤﺘﻭﺍﻓﻘـﺔ ﻤـﻊ ﻜـﻭﺩ‬ ‫‪.3‬‬
‫‪ IBC2003‬ﻭﻴﻤﻜﻥ ﺒﺎﻟﺘﻌﺎﻭﻥ ﻤﻊ ﺍﻟﺩﻭل ﺍﻟﻌﺭﺒﻴﺔ ﺍﺴﺘﻜﻤﺎل ﺨﺭﺍﺌﻁ ﺍﻟﺯﻻﺯل ﻟﻠﻌﺎﻟﻡ ﺍﻟﻌﺭﺒـﻲ ﻤـﻥ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻤﺤﻴﻁ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﺨﻠﻴﺞ‪.‬‬
‫ﻭﺠﺩﻴﺭ ﺒﺎﻟﺫﻜﺭ ﺃﻥ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﻌﻤل ﻴﻌﺘﺒﺭ ﻤﺭﺍﺠﻌﺔ ﺃﻭﻟﻴﺔ ﻟﺒﻌﺽ ﺍﻹﺨﺘﻼﻓﺎﺕ ﻭﺴﻭﻑ ﻴﻜﺘﻤل ﺇﻥ ﺸﺎﺀ ﺍﷲ ﻤﻊ ﺘﻘﺩﻡ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻌﻤل ﻓﻲ ﻜﻭﺩ ﺍﻟﺒﻨﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﺴﻌﻭﺩﻱ‪.‬‬

‫ﺸﻜﺭ ﻭﺘﻘﺩﻴﺭ‬

‫ﻴﺸﻜﺭ ﺍﻟﻤﺅﻟﻔﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﻠﺠﻨﺔ ﺍﻟﻭﻁﻨﻴﺔ ﻟﻜﻭﺩ ﺍﻟﺒﻨﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﺴﻌﻭﺩﻱ ﻭﺍﻷﻤﺎﻨﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻤﺔ ﻟﻠﺠﻨﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺩﻋﻡ ﺍﻟﻤﻘﺩﻡ ﻹﺘﻤﺎﻡ ﻫﺫﻩ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻭﺭﻗﺔ ‪ ،‬ﺒﺎﻹﻀﺎﻓﺔ ﺍﻟﻰ ﺘﻭﻓﻴﺭ ﻜﺎﻓﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺭﺍﺠﻊ ﺍﻟﻼﺯﻤﺔ ﻟﻬﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﻭﺭﻗﺔ‪.‬‬
‫ﻜﻤﺎ ﻴﻨﻭﻩ ﺍﻟﻤﺅﻟﻔﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﻰ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﻨﺘﺎﺌﺞ ﺍﻟﻤﻁﺭﻭﺤﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﻭﺭﻗﺔ ﻻ ﺘﻤﺜل ﺒﺎﻟﻀﺭﻭﺭﺓ ﻭﺠﻬﺔ ﻨﻅﺭ ﺍﻟﻠﺠﻨﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻭﻁﻨﻴﺔ ﻟﻜﻭﺩ ﺍﻟﺒﻨﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﺴﻌﻭﺩﻱ ﻭﺍﻟﻠﺠﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺒﺜﻘﺔ ﻋﻨﻬﺎ ‪ .‬ﻭﻴﻤﻜﻥ ﺇﻋﺘﺒﺎﺭﻫﺎ ﻤﻥ ﻀﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺩﺍﻭﻻﺕ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﻨﺎﻗﺸﺎﺕ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺘﺩﻭﺭ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻠﺠﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﻔﻨﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺒﺜﻘﺔ ﻭﻤﻥ ﺒﻴﻨﻬﺎ ﻟﺠﻨﺔ ﻤﺘﻁﻠﺒﺎﺕ ﻤﻘﺎﻭﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﺯﻻﺯل‪.‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﻤﺭﺍﺠﻊ‬

‫‪[1] International code council, International Building code, Country club‬‬

‫‪Hills, IL, 2003.‬‬
‫‪[2] ACI 318, Building code Requirement for Structural (previously‬‬
‫‪Reinforced) concrete (ACI 318M) and commentary (ACI 318M),‬‬
‫‪American Concrete Institute, Farmington Hills, MI, 1995 and 2002.‬‬
‫‪[3] American Society of Civil Engineers, ASCE Standard Minimum Design‬‬
‫‪Loads for Buildings and other Structures, ASCE 7-95, SEI/ASCE 7-02,‬‬
‫‪1995 and 2002, respectively.‬‬
‫‪[4] International Conference of Building Officials, Uniform Building code,‬‬
‫‪Whittier, CA, 1997.‬‬
 ‫‪[5] Al-Haddad, et al., “A Study leading to Preliminary Seismic Design‬‬
‫‪Criteria for the Kingdom,” King Abdul Azziz City for Science and‬‬
‫‪Technology, 1998.‬‬
‫]‪ [6‬ﻭﺯﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺸﺌﻭﻥ ﺍﻟﺒﻠﺩﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻘﺭﻭﻴﺔ ‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﺩﻟﻴل ﺍﻹﻨﺸﺎﺌﻲ ﻟﺤﺴﺎﺏ ﺍﻷﺤﻤﺎل ﺍﻟﺯﻟﺯﺍﻟﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﺸﺘﺭﺍﻁﺎﺕ ﺘﺼـﻤﻴﻡ‬
‫ﺍﻷﻨﻅﻤﺔ ﺍﻹﻨﺸﺎﺌﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﺒﺎﻨﻲ ﺒﺎﻟﻤﻤﻠﻜﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺭﺒﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﻌﻭﺩﻴﺔ ‪.1420 ،‬‬
‫]‪ [7‬ﻭﺯﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺸﺌﻭﻥ ﺍﻟﺒﻠﺩﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻘﺭﻭﻴﺔ ‪ ،‬ﻤﺭﺍﺠﻌﺔ ﻭﺘﺩﻗﻴﻕ ﺍﻟﻤﺨﻁﻁﺎﺕ ﺍﻹﻨﺸـﺎﺌﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﺒـﺎﻨﻲ ﻓـﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﻨـﺎﻁﻕ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺭﻀﺔ ﻟﻠﺯﻻﺯل‪.1421 ،‬‬
‫‪[8] Al-Zaid, R, Personal Communication, Civil Engineering Department,‬‬
‫‪College of Engineering, King Saud University, Riyadh.‬‬
‫‪[9] Ghosh, S.K., and Chittenden, S.E., 2000 IBC Handbook (Structural‬‬
‫‪Provisions), Whittier, CA, 2001.‬‬
‫]‪ [10‬ﺍﻟﻤﺴﻭﺩﺓ ﺍﻷﻭﻟﻴﺔ ﻟﻜﻭﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﺘﺼﻤﻴﻡ ﻭﺍﻹﺸﺘﺭﺍﻁﺎﺕ ﻭﺍﻹﺤﺘﻴﺎﻁﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﻁﻠﻭﺒﺔ ﻓـﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺸـﺂﺕ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﺒـﺎﻨﻲ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻤﻘﺎﻭﻤﺔ ﻟﻠﺯﻻﺯل – ﻤﺠﻠﺱ ﻭﺯﺭﺍﺀ ﺍﻹﺴﻜﺎﻥ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻌﻤﻴﺭ ﺍﻟﻌﺭﺏ‪ ،‬ﺩﻤﺸﻕ‪.1997 ،‬‬