‫ﺼﺎﻟﺢ‬ ‫ﻤﺠﻠﺔ ﺩﻴﺎﻟﻰ ﻟﻠﻌﻠﻭﻡ ﺍﻟﺯﺭﺍﻋﻴﺔ ‪2013 ، 60 - 54 : ( 1 ) 5 ،‬‬

‫ﺤﺴﺎﺏ ﺍﻻﺤﺘﻴﺎﺠﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺌﻴﺔ ﻟﺒﻌﺽ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﺎﺼﻴل ﺒﻭﺴﺎﻁﺔ ﻤﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ ﺒﻠﻴﻨﻲ – ﻜﺭﻴﺩل ﺍﻟﻤﺤﻭﺭﺓ ﻓﻲ ﻤﻨﻁﻘﺔ ﺍﺒﻭ‬
‫ﻏﺭﻴﺏ ‪.‬‬
‫ﻋﺒﺩ ﺍﻷﻤﻴﺭ ﺜﺠﻴل ﺼﺎﻟﺢ‬

‫*ﺃﺴﺘﺎﺫ ﻤﺴﺎﻋﺩ ‪ -‬ﻗﺴﻡ ﻋﻠﻭﻡ ﺍﻟﺘﺭﺒﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﻭﺍﺭﺩ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺌﻴﺔ – ﻜﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺯﺭﺍﻋﺔ – ﺠﺎﻤﻌﺔ ﺒﻐﺩﺍﺩ‪aawl@yahoo.com .‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﺨﻠﺹ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺩﺭﺍﺴﺔ ﻤﺤﺎﻭﻟﺔ ﻟﺤﺴﺎﺏ ﺍﻻﺤﺘﻴﺎﺠﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺌﻴﺔ ﻟﺒﻌﺽ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﺎﺼﻴل ﺍﻟﺼﻴﻔﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺸﺘﻭﻴﺔ ﻓـﻲ ﻭﺴـﻁ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻌﺭﺍﻕ ﺒﺎﻋﺘﻤﺎﺩ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﻠﻭﻤﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺎﺨﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻭﻓﺭﺓ ﻤﻥ ﻤﺤﻁﺔ ﺍﺒﺤﺎﺙ ﺍﻟﺭﺍﺌﺩ – ﺍﺒﻲ ﻏﺭﻴﺏ‪ .‬ﺘﻡ ﺍﻋﺘﻤﺎﺩ ﻤﻌﺎﺩﻟـﺔ‬
‫ﺒﻠﻴﻨﻲ – ﻜﺭﻴﺩل ﺍﻟﻤﺤﻭﺭﺓ ﻤﻥ ﻗﺒل ﻤﻨﻅﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﻐﺫﺍﺀ ﻭﺍﻟﺯﺭﺍﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﺩﻭﻟﻴـﺔ ‪ FAO‬ﻟﺤﺴـﺎﺏ ﺍﻟﺘﺒﺨـﺭ – ﻨـﺘﺢ‬
‫ﺍﻻﻗﺼﻰ‪ .‬ﺘﻡ ﺍﺴﺘﺨﺭﺍﺝ ﻗﻴﻡ ﻤﻌﺎﻤل ﺍﻟﻨﺒﺎﺕ ﻟﻠﻤﺤﺎﺼﻴل ﻭﺍﻟﻨﺒﺎﺘﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ ﻤﻥ ﺘﻠﻙ ﺍﻟﻤﻭﻓﺭﺓ ﻤﻥ ﻗﺒل ﻤﻨﻅﻤﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻐﺫﺍﺀ ﻭﺍﻟﺯﺭﺍﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﺩﻭﻟﻴﺔ ‪ ، FAO‬ﺒﻌﺩ ﺫﻟﻙ ﺘﻡ ﺤﺴﺎﺏ ﺍﻻﺤﺘﻴﺎﺠﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺌﻴﺔ ﻟﻤﺨﺘﻠـﻑ ﺍﻟﻨﺒﺎﺘـﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺸـﺘﻭﻴﺔ‬
‫ﻭﺍﻟﺼﻴﻔﻴﺔ‪ .‬ﺒﻴﻨﺕ ﺍﻟﻨﺘﺎﺌﺞ ﺍﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﺒﺨﺭ ﻨﺘﺢ ﺍﻻﻗﺼﻰ ﺍﻟﺴﻨﻭﻱ ﻟﻭﺴﻁ ﺍﻟﻌﺭﺍﻕ ﻫﻭ ‪ 1900‬ﻤﻠﻡ ﻭﻜﺎﻨﺕ ﻓﻲ ﺍﺸﻬﺭ‬
‫ﻤﺎﻴﺱ ﻭﺤﺯﻴﺭﺍﻥ ﻭﺘﻤﻭﺯ ﻭﺍﺏ ﻭﺍﻴﻠﻭل ﺫﺍﺕ ﻗﻴﻡ ﻋﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﺤﻴﺙ ﺍﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﺒﺨﺭ ﺍﻟﺤﺎﺼل ﻴﻤﺜل ‪ %75‬ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﺒﺨـﺭ‬
‫ﻨﺘﻴﺢ ﺍﻻﻗﺼﻰ ﺍﻟﺴﻨﻭﻱ‪ .‬ﺍﻤﺎ ﻗﻴﻡ ﺍﻻﺤﺘﻴﺎﺝ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺌﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﺴﻭﺏ ﻟﻠﻤﺤﺎﺼﻴل ﺍﻟﺸﺘﻭﻴﺔ ﻓﻘﺩ ﻜﺎﻥ ﻴﺘﺭﺍﻭﺡ ﺒﻴﻥ ‪305‬‬
‫ﻤﻠﻡ ﻟﻠﺒﺎﻗﻼﺀ ﻭ ‪ 440‬ﻤﻠﻡ ﻟﻠﺒﺭﺴﻴﻡ ‪ .‬ﺍﻤﺎ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﺎﺼﻴل ﺍﻻﺨﺭﻯ ﻜﺎﻟﺤﻨﻁﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺸﻌﻴﺭ ﻭﺍﻟﺨﻀﺭﻭﺍﺕ ﻓﻘـﺩ ﻜـﺎﻥ‬
‫ﻀﻤﻥ ﺘﻠﻙ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﻡ ﺍﻟﻤﺫﻜﻭﺭﺓ ﺍﻨﻔﺎ ‪ .‬ﺍﻤﺎ ﺒﺎﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﺤﺎﺼﻴل ﺍﻟﺼﻴﻔﻴﺔ ﻓﻘﺩ ﻜﺎﻨﺕ ﺍﻻﺤﺘﻴﺎﺠﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺌﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﺴﻭﺒﺔ‬
‫ﺘﺘﺭﺍﻭﺡ ﺒﻴﻥ ‪ 551‬ﻤﻠﻡ ﻟﻠﺒﻁﺎﻁﺎ ﺍﻟﺭﺒﻴﻌﻴﺔ ﻭ ‪ 950‬ﻤﻠﻡ ﻟﻠﻘﻁﻥ‪ .‬ﺍﻤﺎ ﻗـﻴﻡ ﺍﻻﺤﺘﻴﺎﺠـﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺌﻴـﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﺴـﻭﺒﺔ‬
‫ﻟﻠﻤﺤﺎﺼﻴل ﺍﻟﺼﻴﻔﻴﺔ ﺍﻻﺨﺭﻯ ﻜﺯﻫﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺸﻤﺱ ﻭﺍﻟﺴﻤﺴﻡ ﻭﺍﻟﺫﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﻀﺎﺀ ﻭﺍﻟﺼﻔﺭﺍﺀ ﻭﺍﻟﺨﻀـﺭﻭﺍﺕ ﻓﻘـﺩ‬
‫ﻜﺎﻨﺕ ﻀﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﻡ ﺍﻟﻤﺫﻜﻭﺭﺓ )‪ 950 – 551‬ﻤﻠﻡ ‪ /‬ﻤﻭﺴﻡ( ‪ .‬ﺍﻥ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﻡ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﺴﻭﺒﺔ ﻟﻼﺤﺘﻴﺎﺝ ﺍﻟﻤـﺎﺌﻲ ﻟﻠﺠـﺕ‬
‫ﻜﺎﻨﺕ ‪ 1800‬ﻤﻠﻡ ‪ .‬ﺍﻥ ﻜل ﺍﻟﻘﻴﻡ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﺴﻭﺒﺔ ﺒﻭﺍﺴﻁﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﺨﺩﻤﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﻁﺭﻴﻘﺔ ﻜﺎﻨـﺕ ﻀـﻤﻥ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺤﺩﻭﺩ ﺍﻟﻤﻭﻀﻭﻋﺔ ﻤﻥ ﻗﺒل ﻤﻨﻅﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﻐﺫﺍﺀ ﻭﺍﻟﺯﺭﺍﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﺩﻭﻟﻴﺔ ﺒﺎﺴﺘﺜﻨﺎﺀ ﻤﺤﺼﻭل ﺍﻟﺠﺕ ﺍﻟـﺫﻱ ﺘﺠـﺎﻭﺯﺕ‬
‫ﻗﻴﻤﺔ ﺘﻠﻙ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﻡ ‪.‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﻜﻠﻤﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﻔﺘﺎﺤﻴﺔ ‪ :‬ﺘﺒﺨﺭ ‪ ،‬ﻨﺘﺢ ‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﻤﺤﺎﺼﻴل ﺍﻟﺸﺘﻭﻴﺔ ‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﻤﺤﺎﺼﻴل ﺍﻟﺼﻴﻔﻴﺔ ‪ ،‬ﺍﻻﺤﺘﻴﺎﺠﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺌﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻨﺒﺎﺘﺎﺕ‪.‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﻤﻘﺩﻤﺔ‬
‫ﺇﻥ ﻤﻭﻀﻭﻉ ﺍﻻﺤﺘﻴﺎﺠﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺌﻴﺔ ﻫﻲ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻻﻤﻭﺭ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺘﺠﺎﻭﺯﺘﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﻭﺙ ﻭﺍﻟﺩﺭﺍﺴﺎﺕ ﻓﻲ ﻜﺜﻴـﺭ‬
‫ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﺩﻭل ﻭﻤﻤﺎ ﻴﺅﺴﻑ ﻟﻪ ﺍﻨﻨﺎ ﻻ ﻨﻌﻁﻲ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﻤﻭﻀﻭﻉ ﺍﻫﺘﻤﺎﻤﹰﺎ ﺒﺭﻏﻡ ﻗﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﻭﺍﺭﺩ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺌﻲ ﻭﺍﻁﻼل ﺍﻟﺠﻔﺎﻑ‬
‫ﻋﻠﻰ ﺒﻠﺩﻨﺎ‪ .‬ﺍﻥ ﻤﻌﺭﻓﺔ ﺍﻻﺤﺘﻴﺎﺠﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺌﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﺤﺎﺼﻴل ﻭﺍﻟﻨﺒﺎﺘﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ ﻴﻌﺘﺒﺭ ﺭﻜﻨﹰﺎ ﺍﺴﺎﺴـﻴﹰﺎ ﻓـﻲ ﺍﺩﺍﺭﺓ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺍﺭﺩ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺌﻴﺔ ﻭﺭﺴﻡ ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺍﺯﻨﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺌﻴﺔ ﻻﻱ ﺒﻠﺩ‪ .‬ﻟﻘﺩ ﺒﺫل ﺍﻟﺒﺎﺤﺜﻭﻥ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﻬﺘﻤﻭﻥ ﺒﻤﺴﺄﻟﺔ ﺍﺩﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﻴﺎﻩ ﺠﻬﻭﺩﹰﺍ‬
‫ﺍﺼﺒﺤﺕ ﻭﺍﻀﺤﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺘﻘﻠﻴل ﻤﻥ ﺍﻻﺤﺘﻴﺎﺠﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻔﻌﻠﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﺤﺎﺼﻴل ﺍﻟﻤﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ ﻟﻐـﺭﺽ ﺯﻴـﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﺴـﺎﺤﺎﺕ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻤﺯﺭﻭﻋﺔ‪ .‬ﻟﺫﺍ ﺒﺭﺯﺕ ﺍﺘﺠﺎﻫﺎﺕ ﻭﺘﻁﺒﻴﻘﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺭﻱ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺎﻭﺏ ﻭﺍﻟﺭﻱ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺎﻭﺏ ﺍﻟﺠﺯﺌـﻲ ﻭﺍﻟـﺭﻱ ﺍﻟﺠﺯﺌـﻲ‬
‫)‪ Debacke‬ﻭﺍﺨﺭﻭﻥ ‪ Gong ; 2004 ،‬ﻭﺍﺨﺭﻭﻥ ‪ .(2004 ،‬ﻭﺍﺼﺒﺤﺕ ﺯﺭﺍﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﺎﺼﻴل ﻓﻲ ﺒﻴﺌـﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻗل ﺤﺎﺠﺔ ﻟﻤﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﺭﻱ ﺍﻫﻤﻴﺔ ﻜﺒﻴﺭﺓ ﺤﺎﻟﻴﹰﺎ )‪ Debacke‬ﻭﺍﺨﺭﻭﻥ ‪ .(2004 ،‬ﺠﺭﺕ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻌﺭﺍﻕ ﺩﺭﺍﺴـﺎﺕ‬
‫ﻤﻥ ﻗﺒل ﻜل ﻤﻥ ﺃﺒﻭ ﺨﺎﻟﺩ ﻭﺍﻟﺤﺴﻴﻨﻲ ) ‪ ; ( 1982‬ﻓﺎﻟﺢ ) ‪Al – ; (1964) Al – Barrak ; ( 2011‬‬
‫‪ (1979) Ramadhani‬ﻟﺩﺭﺍﺴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺒﺨﺭ – ﻨﺘﺢ ﺍﻟﻤﺭﺠﻌﻲ ‪ ،‬ﻜﺎﻨﺕ ﺍﻟﺫﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺼﻔﺭﺍﺀ ﻤﻥ ﺃﻜﺜﺭ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﺎﺼـﻴل‬
‫ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺘﻨﺎﻭﻟﺘﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﺩﺭﺍﺴﺎﺕ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻌﺭﺍﻕ ﻟﺤﺴﺎﺏ ﺍﺤﺘﻴﺎﺠﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺌﻲ ﺇﺫ ﺒﻴﻥ )ﺍﻟﺴﻌﺩ ﻭﺁﺨﺭﻭﻥ ‪(1983 ،‬‬
‫ـــــــــــــــ‬
‫ﺘﺎﺭﻴﺦ ﺍﺴﺘﻼﻡ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺙ ‪. 2012 / 2 / 2‬‬
‫ﺘﺎﺭﻴﺦ ﻗﺒﻭل ﺍﻟﻨﺸﺭ ‪. 2012 / 5 / 20‬‬

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 ‫ﺼﺎﻟﺢ‬ ‫ﻤﺠﻠﺔ ﺩﻴﺎﻟﻰ ﻟﻠﻌﻠﻭﻡ ﺍﻟﺯﺭﺍﻋﻴﺔ ‪2013 ، 60 - 54 : ( 1 ) 5 ،‬‬

‫ﺇﻥ ﺍﻻﺤﺘﻴﺎﺝ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺌﻲ ﻟﻠﺫﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺼﻔﺭﺍﺀ ﻫﻭ ‪ 900‬ﻤﻠﻡ ‪ /‬ﻤﻭﺴﻡ ‪ .‬ﺃﻤﺎ ﻤﺤﻤـﺩ )‪ (2006‬ﻓﻘـﺩ ﺃﺸـﺎﺭ ﺇﻟـﻰ ﺃﻥ‬
‫ﺍﻻﺤﺘﻴﺎﺝ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺌﻲ ﻟﻠﺫﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺼﻔﺭﺍﺀ ﻴﺘﺭﺍﻭﺡ ﺒﻴﻥ ‪ 740‬ﻭ ‪ 855‬ﻤﻠﻡ ‪ /‬ﻤﻭﺴﻡ ‪ .‬ﺒﻌﺩ ﺫﻟﻙ ﻗﺎﻡ ﺇﺴـﻤﺎﻋﻴل ﻭﺃﺒـﻭ‬
‫ﺨﺎﻟﺩ )‪ (1982‬ﻭ ﻤﺤﻤﺩ )‪ (2006‬ﺒﺎﺴﺘﺨﺩﺍﻡ ﻤﻌﻠﻭﻤﺎﺕ ﻤﻨﺎﺨﻴﺔ ﻟﻤﺩﺓ ‪ 30‬ﺴﻨﺔ ﻭﺒﺎﻋﺘﻤﺎﺩ ﻤﻌﺎﺩﻟـﺔ ﺒﻠﻴﻨـﻲ –‬
‫ﻜﺭﻴﺩل ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺩﻟﺔ ﻤﻥ ﻗﺒل ‪ Kharrufa‬ﻭ ﺁﺨﺭﻭﻥ )‪ (1980‬ﻭﻭﺠﺩ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻻﺤﺘﻴﺎﺝ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺌﻲ ﻟﻠﺫﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺼﻔﺭﺍﺀ ﻫـﻭ‬
‫‪ 700‬ﻤﻠﻡ ‪ /‬ﻤﻭﺴﻡ ‪ .‬ﻭﺘﺒﻴﻥ ﻤﻥ ﺫﻟﻙ ﺍﻨﻪ ﻗﺩ ﺍﺴﺘﺨﺩﻤﺕ ﻁﺭﻕ ﻤﺘﺒﺎﻴﻨﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺤﺴﺎﺏ ﺍﻟﺘﺒﺨﺭ – ﻨﺘﺢ ﺍﻷﻗﺼـﻰ‬
‫ﻭﻜﺫﻟﻙ ﻓﻲ ﺤﺴﺎﺏ ﺍﻻﺤﺘﻴﺎﺠﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺌﻴﺔ ‪ .‬ﺒﻴﻨﺕ ﻤﻨﻅﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﻐﺫﺍﺀ ﻭﺍﻟﺯﺭﺍﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﺩﻭﻟﻴﺔ ‪ Doorenbos ) FAO‬ﻭ‬
‫‪ (1977 ، Pruitt‬ﻭﺠﻭﺩ ﺃﺭﺒﻌﺔ ﻁﺭﻕ ﻤﻨﺎﺴﺒﺔ ﻟﺘﻘﺩﻴﺭ ﺍﻟﺘﺒﺨﺭ – ﻨﺘﺢ ﺍﻷﻗﺼﻰ ﻟﻠﻨﺒﺎﺘﺎﺕ ﻭﻜﺎﻨﺕ ﺍﺤـﺩ ﻫـﺫﻩ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻁﺭﻕ ﻫﻲ ﻁﺭﻴﻘﺔ ﺒﻠﻴﻨﻲ – ﻜﺭﻴﺩل ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺩﻟﺔ ﻤﻥ ﻗﺒل ‪ Doorenbos ) FAO‬ﻭ ‪ .(1977 ، Pruitt‬ﻟﻬـﺫﺍ‬
‫ﻓﻬﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﺩﺭﺍﺴﺔ ﺘﻌﺘﻤﺩ ﻤﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ ﺒﻠﻴﻨـﻲ – ﻜﺭﻴـﺩل ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺩﻟـﺔ ‪ Doorenbos ) FAO‬ﻭ ‪(1977 ، Pruitt‬‬
‫ﻟﺤﺴﺎﺏ ﺍﻟﺘﺒﺨﺭ – ﻨﺘﺢ ﺍﻟﻤﺭﺠﻌﻲ ﻭﻜﺫﻟﻙ ﺘﻌﺘﻤﺩ ﺍﻟﺠﺩﺍﻭل ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻭﻓﺭﺓ ﻤﻥ ﻗﺒل ﻤﻨﻅﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﻐﺫﺍﺀ ﻭﺍﻟﺯﺭﺍﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﺩﻭﻟﻴﺔ‬
‫ﻻ ﻟﺤﺴﺎﺏ ﺍﻻﺤﺘﻴﺎﺠﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺌﻴـﺔ‬ ‫‪ Doorenbos ) FAO‬ﻭ ‪ (1977 ، Pruitt‬ﻟﺘﻘﺩﻴﺭ ﻤﻌﺎﻤل ﺍﻟﻨﺒﺎﺕ ﻭﺼﻭ ﹰ‬
‫ﻟﺒﻌﺽ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﺎﺼﻴل ﻭﺍﻟﻨﺒﺎﺘﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺸﺘﻭﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺼﻴﻔﻴﺔ ﻟﻤﻨﻁﻘﺔ ﺒﻐﺩﺍﺩ ﻤﻤﺜﻠﺔ ﻤﻨﺎﺨﻴﹰﺎ ﻟﻭﺴﻁ ﺍﻟﻌﺭﺍﻕ ‪.‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺍﺩ ﻭﻁﺭﻕ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺙ‬
‫ﺘﻡ ﺍﻋﺘﻤﺎﺩ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﻠﻭﻤﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺎﺨﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻭﻓﺭﺓ ﻤﻥ ﻤﺤﻁﺔ ﺍﺒﺤﺎﺙ ﺍﻟﺭﺍﺌﺩ ﺍﺒـﻲ ﻏﺭﻴـﺏ )ﻭﺯﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻤـﻭﺍﺭﺩ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺌﻴﺔ( ﻟﻤﺩﺓ ‪ 5‬ﺴﻨﻭﺍﺕ ﻟﻐﺭﺽ ﺤﺴﺎﺏ ﺍﻻﺤﺘﻴﺎﺠﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺌﻴﺔ ﻟﺒﻌﺽ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﺎﺼـﻴل ﺍﻟﺼـﻴﻔﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺸـﺘﻭﻴﺔ ‪.‬‬
‫ﺍﺴﺘﺨﺩﻤﺕ ﻤﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ ﺒﻠﻴﻨﻲ – ﻜﺭﻴﺩل ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺩﻟﺔ ﻤﻥ ﻗﺒل ‪ Doorenbos ) FAO‬ﻭ ‪ (1977 ، Pruitt‬ﺤﻴﺙ ﺘﻡ‬
‫ﺍﺴﺘﺨﺭﺍﺝ ﻗﻴﻡ ﺍﻟﺘﺒﺨﺭ – ﻨﺘﺢ ﺍﻻﻗﺼﻰ )ﺍﻟﻤﺭﺠﻌﻲ( ﻟﻠﻤﺤﺎﺼﻴل ﺍﻟﺸﺘﻭﻴﺔ )ﺍﻟﺤﻨﻁﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺸﻌﻴﺭ ﻭﺍﻟﺫﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺨﺭﻴﻔﻴـﺔ‬
‫‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﺒﻁﺎﻁﺎ ‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﺒﺭﺴﻴﻡ ﻭﻤﺠﻤﻭﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﺨﻀﺭﻭﺍﺕ ﻜﺎﻟﺒﺎﻗﻼﺀ ﻭﺍﻟﻠﻬﺎﻨﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻘﺭﻨـﺎﺒﻴﻁ ﻭﺍﻟﻁﻤﺎﻁـﺔ( ﻭﺍﻟﻤﺤﺎﺼـﻴل‬
‫ﺍﻟﺼﻴﻔﻴﺔ )ﺍﻟﻘﻁﻥ ‪ ،‬ﺯﻫﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺸﻤﺱ ‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﺴﻤﺴﻡ ‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﺒﻁﺎﻁﺎ ﺍﻟﺭﺒﻴﻌﻴﺔ ‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﺫﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﻀـﺎﺀ ﻭﺍﻟـﺫﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺼـﻔﺭﺍﺀ (‬
‫ﻭﻤﺠﻤﻭﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﺨﻀﺭﻭﺍﺕ )ﺍﻟﻁﻤﺎﻁﺔ ‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﺨﻴﺎﺭ ‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﺒﺎﺫﻨﺠﺎﻥ( ‪ .‬ﺒﻌﺩ ﺫﻟﻙ ﻭﻟﺼﻌﻭﺒﺔ ﻗﻴﺎﺱ ﻤﻌﺎﻤل ﺍﻟﻤﺤﺼـﻭل‬
‫ﻓﻲ ﻤﻨﺎﻁﻕ ﻤﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ ﻓﻘﺩ ﺘﻡ ﺍﻋﺘﻤﺎﺩ ﺍﻟﺠﺩﺍﻭل ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺸﻭﺭﺓ ﻤﻥ ﻗﺒل ﻤﻨﻅﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﻐﺫﺍﺀ ﻭﺍﻟﺯﺭﺍﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﺩﻭﻟﻴـﺔ )‪(FAO‬‬
‫ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺍﺨﺫﺕ ﺒﻨﻅﺭ ﺍﻻﻋﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﻤﻭﻗﻊ ‪ ،‬ﺴﺭﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﺭﻴﺎﺡ ﻭﺍﻟﺭﻁﻭﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﺴﺒﻴﺔ ﻟﺘﻘﺩﻴﺭ ﻤﻌﺎﻤل ﺍﻟﻤﺤﺼـﻭل ‪، Kc‬‬
‫ﺤﻴﺙ ﺍﻋﺘﻤﺩﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ ‪:‬‬
‫] )‪ETo = C [P (0.46% + 8‬‬
‫ﺍﺫ ﺍﻥ ‪:‬‬
‫‪ = ETo‬ﺍﻟﺘﺒﺨﺭ – ﻨﺘﺢ ﺍﻻﻗﺼﻰ ‪ ،‬ﻤﻠﻡ‬
‫‪ = C‬ﻤﻌﺎﻤل ﺘﻌﻴﻴﺭﻱ ﻴﻌﺘﻤﺩ ﺍﻟﺭﻁﻭﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﺴﺒﻴﺔ ‪ ،‬ﺴﺎﻋﺎﺕ ﺸﺭﻭﻕ ﺍﻟﺸﻤﺱ ‪ ،‬ﺴﺭﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﺭﻴﺎﺡ‬
‫ﺨﻼل ﺍﻟﻨﻬﺎﺭ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﺭﺘﻔﺎﻉ ‪ 2‬ﻡ ﻤﻥ ﺴﻁﺢ ﺍﻻﺭﺽ‪.‬‬
‫‪ = P‬ﻤﺠﻤﻭﻉ ﺴﺎﻋﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻨﻬﺎﺭ ﻟﻔﺘﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﺎﺱ ﺤﺴﺏ ﺨﻁ ﻋﺭﺽ ﺍﻟﻤﻭﻗﻊ ‪.‬‬
‫ﺍﻥ ﻜل ﻤﻥ ‪ C‬ﻭ ‪ P‬ﻴﺘﻡ ﺍﺴﺘﺨﺭﺍﺠﻬﺎ ﻤﻥ ﺠﺩﺍﻭل ﻤﺘﻭﻓﺭﺓ ﻤﻥ ﻗﺒل ﻤﻨﻅﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﻐﺫﺍﺀ ﻭﺍﻟﺯﺭﺍﻋـﺔ ﺍﻟﺩﻭﻟﻴـﺔ‬
‫)‪ Doorenbos ) (FAO‬ﻭ ‪. (1977 ، Pruitt‬‬
‫ﻭﺒﻌﺩ ﺍﻥ ﺘﻡ ﺘﻘﺩﻴﺭ ﺍﻟـ ‪ ETo‬ﻭﺍﺴﺘﺨﺭﺍﺝ ﻗﻴﻡ ﻤﻌﺎﻤل ﺍﻟﻨﺒﺎﺕ ﺤﺴﺎﺏ ﺍﻻﺤﺘﻴﺎﺝ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺌﻲ ﻟﻠﻤﺤﺼﻭل ﻻﻱ ﺸﻬﺭ‬
‫ﻜﺎﻻﺘﻲ ‪:‬‬
‫‪Etc = ETo x Kc‬‬
‫ﺍﺫ ﺍﻥ ‪:‬‬
‫‪ = ETc‬ﺍﻻﺤﺘﻴﺎﺝ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺌﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﺴﻭﺏ ‪ ،‬ﻤﻠﻡ‬
‫‪ = ETo‬ﺍﻟﺘﺒﺨﺭ – ﻨﺘﺢ ﺍﻻﻗﺼﻰ‪.‬‬
‫‪ = Kc‬ﻤﻌﺎﻤل ﺍﻟﻨﺒﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﻨﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﺨﺭﺝ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﺠﺩﺍﻭل ‪.‬‬

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 ‫ﺼﺎﻟﺢ‬ ‫ﻤﺠﻠﺔ ﺩﻴﺎﻟﻰ ﻟﻠﻌﻠﻭﻡ ﺍﻟﺯﺭﺍﻋﻴﺔ ‪2013 ، 60 - 54 : ( 1 ) 5 ،‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﻨﺘﺎﺌﺞ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﻨﺎﻗﺸﺔ‬
‫ﺘﺒﻴﻥ ﺍﻟﻨﺘﺎﺌﺞ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺠﺩﻭل )‪ (1‬ﻗﻴﻡ ﺍﻟﺘﺒﺨﺭ – ﻨﺘﺢ ﺍﻻﻗﺼﻰ ﻟﻤﻨﻁﻘﺔ ﺍﺒﻭ ﻏﺭﻴﺏ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﺴﻭﺒﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻫـﺫﻩ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺩﺭﺍﺴﺔ ﺨﻼل ﺍﺸﻬﺭ ﺍﻟﺴﻨﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ ﺤﻴﺙ ﻜﺎﻥ ﻤﺠﻤﻭﻉ – ﻨﺘﺢ ﺍﻻﻗﺼﻰ ‪ 1990‬ﻤﻠﻡ ﻭﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﻤﺔ ﻤﻘﺎﺭﺒـﺔ‬
‫ﻟﻠﻘﻴﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺤﺼل ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ )ﺍﺒﻭ ﺨﺎﻟﺩ ﻭ ﺍﻟﺤﺴﻨﻲ ‪ (1982 ،‬ﺍﻟﺫﻱ ﺍﺴﺘﺨﺩﻡ ﻨﻔﺱ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ ﺤﻴﺙ ﻭﺠﺩ ﺍﻥ ﻗﻴﻤﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺘﺒﺨﺭ – ﻨﺘﺢ ﺍﻻﻗﺼﻰ ﻜﺎﻥ ‪ 2024‬ﻤﻠﻡ ‪ /‬ﺴﻨﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺫﻱ ﺍﻀﺎﻑ ﺍﻥ ﻤﻌﺩل ﺍﻟﺘﺒﺨﺭ – ﻨﺘﺢ ﺍﻻﻗﺼﻰ ﻟﻤﻨﻁﻘـﺔ‬
‫ﺍﺒﻲ ﻏﺭﻴﺏ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﺴﻭﺏ ﺒﻭﺍﺴﻁﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﺩﻻﺕ ﺍﻻﺭﺒﻌﺔ ﻟﻠـ ‪ ) FAO‬ﻤﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ ﻨﻴﻤﺎﻥ ﺒﻭﻨﻴﺕ ‪ ،‬ﺒﻠﻴﻨﻲ ‪ -‬ﻜﺭﻴـﺩل‬
‫ﻭﻁﺭﻴﻘﺔ ﺍﻻﺸﻌﺎﻉ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﺤﺴﻭﺏ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﺤﻭﺽ ﺼﻨﻑ ‪ A‬ﺍﻻﻤﺭﻴﻜﻲ( ﻜﺎﻥ ﻤﻌﺩﻟﻪ ‪ 2007‬ﻤﻠﻡ ‪ /‬ﺴـﻨﺔ ﻭﻟﻜـﻥ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻘﻴﻡ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﺴﻭﺒﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﺩﺭﺍﺴﺔ ﻫﻲ ﺍﻗل ﻤﻥ ﺘﻠﻙ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺫﻜﺭﻫﺎ ﻓﺎﻟﺢ )‪(1964) Al Barrak ; (2011‬‬
‫; ‪ (1979) Al-Ramadhani‬ﻭﻴﻌﻭﺩ ﺫﻟﻙ ﺍﻟﻰ ﺍﻥ ﺍﻟﺒﺎﺤﺜﻴﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺫﻜﻭﺭﻴﻥ ﻜﺎﻨﻭﺍ ﻗﺩ ﻋﻤﻠﻭﺍ ﺒﻤﻌـﺎﺩﻻﺕ ﻟـﻡ‬
‫ﺘﻜﻥ ﻤﺤﻭﺭﺓ ﻜﻤﺎﻫﻲ ﺍﻻﻥ ﻭﻟﻬﺫﺍ ﺍﺨﺘﻠﻔﺕ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﻡ‪ .‬ﺍﻥ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﻡ ﺍﻟﻤﺒﻴﻨﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺠﺩﻭل )‪ (1‬ﺘﻭﻀﺢ ﺍﻥ ﺍﻻﺸﻬﺭ ﻤﺎﻴﺱ ‪،‬‬
‫ﺤﺯﻴﺭﺍﻥ ‪ ،‬ﺘﻤﻭﺯ ‪ ،‬ﺍﺏ ‪ ،‬ﺍﻴﻠﻭل ﻜﺎﻥ ﻟﻬﺎ ﺘﺒﺨﺭ – ﻨﺘﺢ ﺍﻗﺼﻰ ﻫﻭ ‪ %75‬ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺠﻤﻭﻉ ﺍﻟﻜﻠﻲ ﺨﻼل ﺍﻟﺴـﻨﺔ‬
‫ﻭﻴﻌﻭﺩ ﺫﻟﻙ ﻻﺭﺘﻔﺎﻉ ﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﻭﻟﻁﻭل ﻓﺘﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻨﻬﺎﺭ ﺨﻼل ﺍﻷﺸﻬﺭ ﺍﻟﻤﺫﻜﻭﺭﺓ ‪.‬‬
‫ﺠﺩﻭل ‪ .1‬ﺍﻟﺘﺒﺨﺭ – ﻨﺘﺢ ﺍﻻﻗﺼﻰ )ﻤﻠﻡ( ﻟﻤﻨﻁﻘﺔ ﺍﺒﻲ ﻏﺭﻴﺏ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﺴﻭﺏ ﺒﻭﺍﺴﻁﺔ ﻤﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ ﺒﻠﻴﻨﻲ – ﻜﺭﻴﺩل‬
‫ﺍﻟﻤﺤﻭﺭﺓ ‪ FAO‬ﺤﺴﺏ ﺍﺸﻬﺭ ﺍﻟﺴﻨﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻤﺠﻤﻭﻉ‬ ‫ﺘﺒﺨﺭ – ﻨﺘﺢ ‪ ETo‬ﻤﻠﻡ ‪ /‬ﺸﻬﺭ‬ ‫ﺍﺸﻬﺭ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺴﻨﻭﻱ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺴﻨﺔ‬
‫ﻤﻠﻡ‬ ‫ﻜﺎﻨﻭﻥ‬ ‫ﺘﺸﺭﻴﻥ‬ ‫ﺘﺸﺭﻴﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﻴﻠﻭل‬ ‫ﺍﺏ‬ ‫ﺘﻤﻭﺯ‬ ‫ﺤﺯﻴﺭﺍﻥ‬ ‫ﻤﺎﻴﺱ‬ ‫ﻨﻴﺴﺎﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﺫﺍﺭ‬ ‫ﺸﺒﺎﻁ‬ ‫ﻜﺎﻨﻭﻥ‬
‫‪1‬‬ ‫‪2‬‬ ‫‪1‬‬ ‫‪2‬‬

‫‪1990‬‬ ‫‪51‬‬ ‫‪81‬‬ ‫‪148‬‬ ‫‪201‬‬ ‫‪275‬‬ ‫‪301‬‬ ‫‪274‬‬ ‫‪253‬‬ ‫‪168‬‬ ‫‪124‬‬ ‫‪78‬‬ ‫‪51‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺩل‬
‫ﺍﻟﺸﻬﺭﻱ‬
‫ﺍﻥ ﻗﻴﻡ ﺍﻟﺘﺒﺨﺭ – ﻨﺘﺢ ﺍﻻﻗﺼﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﺒﻴﻨﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺠﺩﻭل )‪ (1‬ﻟﻠﻤﻨﻁﻘﺔ ﺴﻭﻑ ﺘﻨﻌﻜﺱ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻗﻴﻡ ﺍﻻﺤﺘﻴﺎﺠﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺌﻴﺔ‬
‫ﻟﻠﻤﺤﺎﺼﻴل ﺍﻟﻤﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺩﺭﻭﺴﺔ ﻭﺫﻟﻙ ﻻﻥ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﺎﺼﻴل ﻭﺍﻟﻨﺒﺎﺘﺎﺕ ﺘﺯﺭﻉ ﻓﻲ ﻤﻭﺍﻋﻴﺩ ﻤﺨﺘﻠﻔـﺔ ﻭﺘﻤﺘﻠـﻙ‬
‫ﻤﺠﺎﻤﻴﻊ ﺨﻀﺭﻴﺔ ﻭﻓﺘﺭﺍﺕ ﻨﻤﻭ ﻤﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ ‪ .‬ﺍﻟﺠﺩﻭل )‪ (2‬ﻴﺒﻴﻥ ﻗﻴﻡ ﺍﻻﺤﺘﻴﺎﺠﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺌﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﺤﺎﺼـﻴل ﺍﻟﺸـﺘﻭﻴﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺘﻡ ﺩﺭﺍﺴﺘﻬﺎ ‪.‬‬
‫ﺠﺩﻭل ‪ .2‬ﺍﻻﺤﺘﻴﺎﺠﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺌﻴﺔ ﺤﺴﺏ ﺍﺸﻬﺭ ﺍﻟﻨﻤﻭ ﻟﺒﻌﺽ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﺎﺼﻴل ﺍﻟﺸﺘﻭﻴﺔ ﻟﻤﻨﻁﻘﺔ ﺍﺒﻲ ﻏﺭﻴﺏ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻤﺠﻤﻭﻉ‬ ‫ﺍﺸﻬﺭ ﺍﻟﻨﻤﻭ ﻟﻠﻤﺤﺼﻭل )ﻓﺘﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻨﻤﻭ(‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺤﺼﻭل‬
‫‪12‬‬ ‫‪11‬‬ ‫‪10‬‬ ‫‪9‬‬ ‫‪8‬‬ ‫‪7‬‬ ‫‪6‬‬ ‫‪5‬‬ ‫‪4‬‬ ‫‪3‬‬ ‫‪2‬‬ ‫‪*1‬‬
‫‪400‬‬ ‫‪106 92‬‬ ‫‪52‬‬ ‫‪30‬‬ ‫‪10‬‬ ‫‪58‬‬ ‫‪52‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺤﻨﻁﺔ‬
‫‪380‬‬ ‫‪96‬‬ ‫‪82‬‬ ‫‪52‬‬ ‫‪30‬‬ ‫‪10‬‬ ‫‪58‬‬ ‫‪52‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺸﻌﻴﺭ‬
‫‪496‬‬ ‫‪55 108 65‬‬ ‫‪42‬‬ ‫‪21‬‬ ‫‪15‬‬ ‫‪20‬‬ ‫‪72‬‬ ‫‪50‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺒﺭﺴﻴﻡ‬
‫‪430‬‬ ‫‪18‬‬ ‫‪95‬‬ ‫‪132‬‬ ‫‪113‬‬ ‫‪72‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺒﻁﺎﻁﺎ‬
‫‪305‬‬ ‫‪80‬‬ ‫‪60‬‬ ‫‪40‬‬ ‫‪25‬‬ ‫‪35‬‬ ‫‪60‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺒﺎﻗﻼﺀ‬
‫‪1800‬‬ ‫‪188‬‬ ‫‪309‬‬ ‫‪304‬‬ ‫‪225‬‬ ‫‪142‬‬ ‫‪122‬‬ ‫‪90‬‬ ‫‪56‬‬ ‫‪40‬‬ ‫‪38‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺠﺕ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺨﻀﺭﻭﺍﺕ‬
‫‪332‬‬ ‫‪80‬‬ ‫‪146‬‬ ‫‪10‬‬ ‫‪20‬‬ ‫‪35‬‬ ‫‪50‬‬ ‫‪40‬‬ ‫‪25‬‬ ‫‪47‬‬ ‫‪45‬‬ ‫‪40‬‬ ‫‪10‬‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﻁﻤﺎﻁﺔ**‬

‫* ﻴﻘﺼﺩ ﺒﺩﺍﻴﺔ ﺯﺭﺍﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﺼﻭل ﻭﻻ ﺘﻌﻨﻲ ﺍﻟﺸﻬﺭ ﺍﻻﻭل ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﺴﻨﺔ‬

‫** ﺍﻟﺨﻀﺭﻭﺍﺕ )ﺍﻟﻁﻤﺎﻁﺔ ‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﻘﺭﻨﺎﺒﻴﻁ ‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﻠﻬﺎﻨﺔ( ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺘﺯﺭﻉ ﺸﺘﺎﺀﺍ ‪.‬‬

‫ﻴﺒﻴﻥ ﺠﺩﻭل )‪ (2‬ﺍﻥ ﺍﻻﺤﺘﻴﺎﺝ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺌﻲ ﻟﻨﺒﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺤﻨﻁﺔ ﺒﻠﻎ ‪ 400‬ﻤﻠﻡ ‪ /‬ﻤﻭﺴﻡ ﺒﻴﻨﻤﺎ ﺍﻨﺨﻔﺽ ﺍﻻﺤﺘﻴﺎﺝ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺌﻲ‬
‫ﻟﻠﺸﻌﻴﺭ ﺍﻟﻰ ‪ 380‬ﻤﻠﻡ ‪ /‬ﻤﻭﺴﻡ ﻭﻜﺎﻨﺕ ﺤﺎﺠﺔ ﻨﺒﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺸﻌﻴﺭ ﻓﻲ ﻓﺘﺭﺓ ﻨﻬﺎﻴﺔ ﻨﻤﻭﻩ ﺍﻗـل ﻤﻨـﻪ ﻤﺤﺼـﻭل‬
‫ﺍﻟﺤﻨﻁﺔ ﻭﻴﻌﻭﺩ ﺫﻟﻙ ﺍﻟﻰ ﻁﺒﻴﻌﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﺒﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻔﺴﻴﻭﻟﻭﺠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺘﺨﺘﻠﻑ ﻋﻥ ﻨﺒﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺤﻨﻁﺔ‪ .‬ﺍﻤﺎ ﻨﺒـﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺒـﺎﻗﻼﺀ‬
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 ‫ﺼﺎﻟﺢ‬ ‫ﻤﺠﻠﺔ ﺩﻴﺎﻟﻰ ﻟﻠﻌﻠﻭﻡ ﺍﻟﺯﺭﺍﻋﻴﺔ ‪2013 ، 60 - 54 : ( 1 ) 5 ،‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻤﻴﺯ ﺒﻘﺼﺭ ﻓﺘﺭﺓ ﻨﻤﻭﻩ ﻜﺎﻨﺕ ﺍﺤﺘﻴﺎﺠﺎﺘﻪ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺌﻴﺔ ‪ 305‬ﻤﻠﻡ ‪ /‬ﻤﻭﺴﻡ ‪ .‬ﻭﺒﻠﻐﺕ ﺍﻻﺤﺘﻴﺎﺠﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺌﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﺒﺭﺴﻴﻡ‬
‫ﻟﻠﻤﻭﺴﻡ ‪ 496‬ﻤﻠﻡ ﻭﻴﻌﻭﺩ ﺴﺒﺏ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﻰ ﺍﻥ ﻨﺒﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺒﺭﺴﻴﻡ ﻜﺜﻴﻑ ﺍﻻﻭﺭﺍﻕ ‪ ،‬ﻭﻴﺘﻡ ﺤﺸﻪ ﺍﻜﺜـﺭ ﻤـﻥ‬
‫ﻤﺭﺓ ﺨﻼل ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺴﻡ ﻭﻴﺼﺒﺢ ﻤﺸﺎﺒﻬﹰﺎ ﻟﻨﺒﺎﺕ ﻤﺭﺠﻌﻲ ﻭﻫﻭ ﻴﻌﻁﻲ ﺍﻜﺜﺭ ﻤﺴﺎﺤﺔ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﺭﺒﺔ ﻤﻘﺎﺭﻨـﺔ ﺒﺒـﺎﻗﻲ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻨﺒﺎﺘﺎﺕ ﺒﺼﻭﺭﺓ ﻋﺎﻤﺔ‪ .‬ﺍﻤﺎ ﺍﻟﺨﻀﺭﻭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺘﺯﺭﻉ ﺸﺘﺎ ‪‬ﺀ ﻜﺎﻟﻁﻤﺎﻁﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻠﻬﺎﻨـﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻘﺭﻨـﺎﺒﻴﻁ ﻓﻘـﺩ ﻜـﺎﻥ‬
‫ﺍﺤﺘﻴﺎﺠﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺌﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺴﻤﻲ ‪ 332‬ﻤﻠﻡ‪ .‬ﺍﻤﺎ ﻨﺒﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺒﻁﺎﻁﺎ ﺍﻟﺫﻱ ﻴﺯﺭﻉ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺨﺭﻴﻑ ﻭﻴﻤﺘﺩ ﻨﻤﻭﻩ ﺨﻼل ﺍﺸﻬﺭ‬
‫ﺍﻨﺨﻔﺎﺽ ﺩﺭﺠﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﻤﻘﺎﺭﻨﺔ ﺒﺎﺸﻬﺭ ﺍﻟﺼﻴﻑ ﻭﻗﺼﺭ ﻁﻭل ﺍﻟﻨﻬﺎﺭ ﻓﻘﺩ ﻜﺎﻥ ﺍﺤﺘﻴﺎﺠﻪ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺌﻲ ‪ 430‬ﻤﻠﻡ‬
‫‪ /‬ﻤﻭﺴﻡ ‪ .‬ﺒﻴﻨﻤﺎ ﻜﺎﻥ ﻤﺤﺼﻭل ﺍﻟﺠﺕ ﺫﻭ ﺍﺤﺘﻴﺎﺝ ﻤﺎﺌﻲ ﻋﺎﻟﻲ ﺒﻠﻎ ‪ 1800‬ﻤﻠﻡ ‪ /‬ﻤﻭﺴـﻡ ﻭ ﺒﺴـﺒﺏ ﻜﺜﺎﻓـﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻨﺒﺎﺕ ﻭﺍﻟﺤﺵ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﻤﺭ ﺨﻼل ﻓﺘﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻨﻤﻭ‪.‬‬
‫ﻴﺒﻴﻥ ﺍﻟﺠﺩﻭل )‪ (3‬ﺍﻻﺤﺘﻴﺎﺠﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺌﻴﺔ ﻟﺒﻌﺽ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﺎﺼﻴل ﺍﻟﺼﻴﻔﻴﺔ ﻭﻗﺩ ﺘﺒﻴﻥ ﺍﻥ ﻨﺒﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻘﻁﻥ ﺍﻟﺫﻱ ﻴﺘﻤﻴـﺯ‬
‫ﺒﻁﻭل ﻓﺘﺭﺓ ﻨﻤﻭ ﻁﻭﻴﻠﺔ ﺃﻥ ﺍﺤﺘﻴﺎﺠﻪ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺌﻲ ﺒﻠﻎ ‪ 950‬ﻤﻠﻡ ﺒﻴﻨﻤﺎ ﺒﻠﻎ ﺍﻻﺤﺘﻴﺎﺝ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺌﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺴﻤﻲ ﻟﻤﺤﺼـﻭل‬
‫ﺍﻟﺴﻤﺴﻡ ﻭﻓﻭل ﺍﻟﺼﻭﻴﺎ ﻭﺯﻫﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺸﻤﺱ ‪ 715 ، 820‬ﻭ ‪ 520‬ﻤﻠﻡ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺘـﻭﺍﻟﻲ ‪ .‬ﺒﻠﻐـﺕ ﺍﻻﺤﺘﻴﺎﺠـﺎﺕ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺌﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﺨﻀﺭﻭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺼﻴﻔﻴﺔ ﻜﺎﻟﻁﻤﺎﻁﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺨﻴﺎﺭ ﻭﺍﻟﻔﻠﻔل ‪ 850‬ﻤﻠﻡ ﻭﻴﻌﻭﺩ ﺫﻟﻙ ﺍﻟﻰ ﻜﺜﺎﻓﺔ ﺘﻠـﻙ ﺍﻟﻨﺒﺎﺘـﺎﺕ‬
‫ﻭﺍﻟﻰ ﻁﻭل ﻓﺘﺭﺓ ﻨﻤﻭﻫﺎ ﺨﻼل ﺍﺸﻬﺭ ﺍﻟﺼﻴﻑ ﺍﻟﻤﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ‪ .‬ﺍﻤﺎ ﺍﻟﺫﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺼﻔﺭﺍﺀ ﻭﺍﻟﺒﻴﻀﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺘـﺯﺭﻉ ﻓـﻲ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺭﺒﻴﻊ ﻭﻴﺴﺘﻤﺭ ﻨﻤﻭﻫﺎ ﺨﻼل ﺍﺸﻬﺭ ﺍﻟﺼﻴﻑ ﻓﻴﺒﻠﻎ ﺍﺤﺘﻴﺎﺠﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺌﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺴـﻤﻲ ‪ 675‬ﻭ ‪ 605‬ﻤﻠـﻡ ﻋﻠـﻰ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺘﻭﺍﻟﻲ ‪.‬‬
‫ﺠﺩﻭل ‪ .3‬ﺍﻻﺤﺘﻴﺎﺠﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺌﻴﺔ )ﻤﻠﻡ( ﺤﺴﺏ ﺍﺸﻬﺭ ﺍﻟﻨﻤﻭ ﻟﺒﻌﺽ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﺎﺼﻴل ﺍﻟﺼﻴﻔﻴﺔ ﻟﻤﻨﻁﻘﺔ ﺍﺒﻲ ﻏﺭﻴﺏ‪.‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﻤﺠﻤﻭﻉ‬ ‫ﺃﺸﻬﺭ ﻨﻤﻭ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﺼﻭل ‪ /‬ﺍﻻﺤﺘﻴﺎﺠﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺌﻴﺔ ﻤﻠﻡ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺤﺼﻭل‬
‫‪12‬‬ ‫‪11‬‬ ‫‪10 9‬‬ ‫‪8‬‬ ‫‪7‬‬ ‫‪6‬‬ ‫‪5‬‬ ‫‪4‬‬ ‫‪3‬‬ ‫‪2‬‬ ‫‪1‬‬
‫‪950‬‬ ‫‪30 225 275 210 110 65‬‬ ‫‪30‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻘﻁﻥ‬
‫‪715‬‬ ‫‪76 226 180 109 65‬‬ ‫‪40‬‬ ‫ﻓﻭل ﺍﻟﺼﻭﻴﺎ‬
‫‪820‬‬ ‫‪39 200 230 198 105‬‬ ‫‪48‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺴﻤﺴﻡ‬
‫‪625‬‬ ‫‪105 237 122 69 62‬‬ ‫‪40‬‬ ‫ﺯﻫﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺸﻤﺱ‬
‫‪675‬‬ ‫‪110 205 195 113‬‬ ‫‪52‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺫﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺼﻔﺭﺍﺀ‬
‫‪605‬‬ ‫‪170 200 50 45‬‬ ‫‪40‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺫﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﻀﺎﺀ‬
‫‪550‬‬ ‫‪81 248 126 30‬‬ ‫‪65‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺒﻁﺎﻁﺎ‬
‫‪850‬‬ ‫‪75 140 190 185 132 67 43‬‬ ‫‪18‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺨﻀﺭﻭﺍﺕ‬
‫ﻭﺍﻟﻁﻤﺎﻁﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺼﻴﻔﻴﺔ‬

‫ﻭﻋﻨﺩ ﻤﻘﺎﺭﻨﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﺘﺎﺌﺞ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﺤﺼل ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ ﻓﻲ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﺩﺭﺍﺴﺔ ﻟﺒﻌﺽ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﺎﺼﻴل ﺍﻟﻤﺩﺭﻭﺴﺔ ﻨﺠﺩ ﺍﻥ ﺍﻟﺠﺒـﻭﺭﻱ‬
‫)‪ (2011‬ﺒﻴﻨﺕ ﺍﻥ ﺍﻻﺤﺘﻴﺎﺝ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺌﻲ ﺍﻟﻔﻌﻠﻲ ﻟﻠﺤﻨﻁﺔ ﻴﺘﺭﺍﻭﺡ ﺒﻴﻥ ‪ 512 – 442‬ﻤﻠﻡ ‪ /‬ﻤﻭﺴﻡ ﻭﺤﺴﺏ ﻋﻤﻕ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻤﻨﻁﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺭﻭﻴﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﺍﺸﺎﺭﺕ ﺍﻟﻰ ﻤﺴﺎﻫﻤﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﺎﺀ ﺍﻻﺭﻀﻲ ﻟﻼﺤﺘﻴﺎﺝ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺌﻲ ﻟﻠﻨﺒﺎﺕ ﺒﻘﻴﻡ ﺒﻠﻐﺕ ﺒﻴﻥ ‪97-37‬‬
‫ﻤﻠﻡ ‪ .‬ﻜﻤﺎ ﺍﺸﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﻜﻭﺍﺯ ﻭﺍﺨﺭﻭﻥ )‪ (1977‬ﺍﻟﻰ ﺍﻥ ﺤﺎﺼل ﺍﻟﺤﻨﻁﺔ ﻴﺯﺩﺍﺩ ﺒﺯﻴﺎﺩﺓ ﻜﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤـﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﻤﻀـﺎﻓﺔ‬
‫ﻟﻠﻨﺒﺎﺕ ﻟﺤﻴﻥ ﺍﻟﻭﺼﻭل ﺍﻟﻰ ﺍﻻﺴﺘﻬﻼﻙ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺌﻲ ﺍﻟﺒﺎﻟﻎ ‪ 515‬ﻤﻠﻡ ‪ /‬ﻤﻭﺴﻡ ‪ .‬ﺒﻌﺩ ﺫﻟﻙ ﻴﺤﺼل ﺍﻨﺨﻔﺎﺽ ﻓـﻲ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺤﺎﺼل ﻭﻫﺫﺍ ﻴﺘﻔﻕ ﻤﻊ ﻤﺎ ﺍﻜﺩﻩ ﺍﻟﻜﻭﺍﺯ ﻭﺁﺨﺭﻭﻥ ) ‪ (1977‬ﻤﻥ ﺍﻥ ﺯﻴﺎﺩﺓ ﻜﻤﻴﺔ ﻤﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﺭﻱ ﺍﻟﻤﻀﺎﻓﺔ ﺘﺅﺩﻱ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻰ ﺯﻴﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻻﺴﺘﻬﻼﻙ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺌﻲ ﻭﺘﺨﻔﺽ ﻜﻔﺎﺀﺓ ﺍﺴﺘﻌﻤﺎل ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺀ ﻭﺍﺸﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﺤـﺩﻴﺜﻲ )‪ (1983‬ﺍﻟـﻰ ﺍﻥ ﻜﻔـﺎﺀﺓ‬
‫ﺍﻻﺴﺘﻬﻼﻙ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺌﻲ ﻟﻠﺤﻨﻁﺔ ﺘﺯﺩﺍﺩ ﺒﺯﻴﺎﺩﺓ ﻜﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﻤﻀﺎﻑ ﻭﺘﻘﻠﻴﺹ ﺍﻟﻔﺘﺭﺓ ﺒﻴﻥ ﺭﻴـﺔ ﻭﺍﺨـﺭﻯ‪ .‬ﺍﻤـﺎ‬
‫ﺒﺎﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﻟﻠﺫﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺼﻔﺭﺍﺀ ﻓﻘﺩ ﺘﺒﺎﻴﻨﺕ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﻡ ﻓﻘﺩ ﻭﺠﺩ ﺍﻟﺴﻌﺩ ﻭﺁﺨﺭﻭﻥ ) ‪ (1983‬ﺇﻟﻰ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻻﺴـﺘﻬﻼﻙ ﺍﻟﻤـﺎﺌﻲ‬
‫ﻟﻠﺫﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺼﻔﺭﺍﺀ ﺘﺤﺕ ﻤﻌﺎﻤﻼﺕ ﺭﻱ ﻤﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ ﻴﺘﺭﺍﻭﺡ ﺒﻴﻥ ‪ 630 ، 420‬ﻭ ‪ 840‬ﻤﻠﻡ ‪ /‬ﻤﻭﺴﻡ ‪ .‬ﺍﻤﺎ ﻤﺤﻤـﺩ‬
‫)‪ (2006‬ﺍﻋﺘﻤﺩ ﻤﻌﻠﻭﻤﺎﺕ ﻤﻨﺎﺨﻴﺔ ﻟﻤﺩﺓ ‪ 30‬ﺴﻨﺔ ﻭﺍﺴﺘﺨﺩﻡ ﻤﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ ﺒﻠﻴﻨﻲ – ﻜﺭﻴـﺩل ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺩﻟـﺔ ﻤـﻥ ﻗﺒـل‬
‫‪ Kharrufa‬ﻭﺁﺨﺭﻭﻥ )‪ (1980‬ﻭﻭﺠﺩ ﺍﻥ ﺍﻻﺴﺘﻬﻼﻙ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺌﻲ ﻟﻠﺫﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺼﻔﺭﺍﺀ ﻜﺎﻥ ‪ 700‬ﻤﻠﻡ ‪ /‬ﻤﻭﺴﻡ ‪ .‬ﺍﻤﺎ‬

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 ‫ﺼﺎﻟﺢ‬ ‫ﻤﺠﻠﺔ ﺩﻴﺎﻟﻰ ﻟﻠﻌﻠﻭﻡ ﺍﻟﺯﺭﺍﻋﻴﺔ ‪2013 ، 60 - 54 : ( 1 ) 5 ،‬‬

‫ﻋﻭﺩﺓ ﻭﺍﺨﺭﻭﻥ )‪ (2006‬ﻓﻘﺩ ﻭﺠﺩ ﺍﻥ ﺍﻻﺤﺘﻴﺎﺝ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺌﻲ ﺍﻟﻔﻌﻠﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﻘﺎﺱ ﻟﻠﺫﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺼﻔﺭﺍﺀ ﻟﻭﺴﻁ ﺍﻟﻌﺭﺍﻕ ﻜﺎﻥ‬
‫‪ 620‬ﻤﻠﻡ ‪ /‬ﻤﻭﺴﻡ ﺒﻴﻨﻤﺎ ﺍﺸﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﻰ ﺍﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﺒﺨﺭ – ﻨﺘﺢ ﺍﻟﻤﻘﺎﺱ ﺒﺤﻭﺽ ﺍﻟﺘﺒﺨﺭ – ﺼﻨﻑ ‪ A‬ﻜﺎﻥ ‪ 67‬ﻤﻠﻡ ‪.‬‬
‫ﺍﻤﺎ ﺍﺴﻤﺎﻋﻴل ﻭﺍﻨﻁﻭﺍﻥ )‪ (1982‬ﻓﻘﺩ ﺍﺸﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﻰ ﺍﻥ ﺍﻻﺴﺘﻬﻼﻙ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺌﻲ ﻟﻠﺫﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺼﻔﺭﺍﺀ ﻜـﺎﻥ ‪ 800‬ﻤﻠـﻡ ‪/‬‬
‫ﻤﻭﺴﻡ ‪ .‬ﻭ ﺒﻴﻨﺕ ﺍﺭﺤﻴﻡ )‪ (2009‬ﻓﻲ ﺩﺭﺍﺴﺔ ﻋﻥ ﺘﺄﺜﻴﺭ ﻨﻭﻋﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﻤﻤﻌﻨﻁﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺘﺒﺨﺭ – ﻨﺘﺢ ﻭﻨﻤـﻭ‬
‫ﻭﺤﺎﺼل ﺯﻫﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺸﻤﺱ ﻜﺎﻥ ‪ 610‬ﻤﻠﻡ ‪ /‬ﻤﻭﺴـﻡ‪ .‬ﻟﻘـﺩ ﺍﺸـﺎﺭ ‪ (1974) Al-Nakshaband‬ﺍﻟـﻰ ﺍﻥ‬
‫ﺍﻻﺤﺘﻴﺎﺠﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺌﻴﺔ ﻟﺯﻫﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺸﻤﺱ ﻴﺘﺭﺍﻭﺡ ﺒﻴﻥ ‪ 1000-600‬ﻤﻠﻡ ‪ /‬ﻤﻭﺴﻡ ﻭﺤﺴـﺏ ﺍﻟﻅـﺭﻭﻑ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌﻴـﺔ‬
‫ﻭﻁﻭل ﻤﻭﺴﻡ ﻨﻤﻭ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﺼﻭل‪ .‬ﻭﻟﻜﻥ ﻴﻼﺤﻅ ﺍﻥ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﻡ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﺨﺭﺠﺔ ﺴـﺎﺒﻘﹰﺎ ﻫـﻲ ﻤﺸـﺎﺒﻬﺔ ﻟﻘـﻴﻡ ﺒﻌـﺽ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻤﺤﺎﺼﻴل ﺍﻟﻤﺩﺭﻭﺴﺔ ﺒﻴﻨﻤﺎ ﻫﻨﺎﻙ ﺍﺨﺘﻼﻓﺎﺕ ﻭﺍﻀﺤﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺒﻌﺽ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﻡ ﻟﻤﺤﺎﺼﻴل ﺃﺨﺭﻯ ‪.‬‬
‫ﻭﻨﻭﺩ ﺍﻹﺸﺎﺭﺓ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻻﺤﺘﻴﺎﺝ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺌﻲ ﻟﻤﺨﺘﻠﻑ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﺎﺼﻴل ﻴﺨﺘﻠﻑ ﻤﻥ ﻤﺤﺼﻭل ﻻﺨﺭ ﺤﺴﺏ ﺍﻟﺼﻨﻑ ﺍﻭ‬
‫ﻤﻭﻗﻊ ﺍﻟﺯﺭﺍﻋﺔ ﺍﻭ ﻁﻭل ﻓﺘﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻨﻤﻭ ﻟﺫﻟﻙ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﺼﻭل ‪.‬‬
‫ﺍﻥ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﺩﺭﺍﺴﺔ ﻤﺤﺎﻭﻟﺔ ﻟﺒﺩﺀ ﺩﺭﺍﺴﺔ ﺸﺎﻤﻠﺔ ﻋﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺍﺭﺩ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺌﻴﺔ ﻭﻤﺩﻯ ﺍﻤﻜﺎﻨﻴﺔ ﺯﺭﺍﻋـﺔ ﺍﻜﺒـﺭ‬
‫ﻤﺴﺎﺤﺔ ﻤﻥ ﺍﺭﺍﻀﻲ ﺍﻟﺒﻠﺩ ﺒﻤﻭﺠﺏ ﺍﻻﺤﺘﻴﺎﺠﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺌﻴﺔ ﻨﺄﻤل ﻓﻲ ﺍﻥ ﻴﺘﻡ ﺍﻻﻫﺘﻤـﺎﻡ ﺒﻤﺴـﺄﻟﺔ ﺍﺩﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﻴـﺎﻩ‬
‫ﻭﻭﺴﺎﺌل ﺍﺴﺘﻌﻤﺎﻟﻬﺎ ﻫﻲ ﻤﻭﺍﺠﻬﺔ ﺴﻠﻴﻤﺔ ﻟﻤﻭﺍﺠﻬﺔ ﺍﻟﺠﻔﺎﻑ ﻭﻗﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﻭﺍﺭﺩ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺌﻲ ‪.‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﻤﺼﺎﺩﺭ‬
‫ﺃﺒﻭ ﺨﺎﻟﺩ ‪ ،‬ﺍﻨﻁﻭﺍﻥ ﻭﻗﺎﺴﻡ ﺍﻟﺤﺴﻴﻨﻲ‪ .1982 .‬ﺘﻘﻴﻴﻡ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﺩﻻﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺎﺨﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﺤﺘﺴﺎﺏ ﺍﻟﺘﺒﺨﺭ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺒﺨـﺭ –‬
‫ﻨﺘﺢ ﺘﺤﺕ ﻅﺭﻭﻑ ﻭﺴﻁ ﺍﻟﻌﺭﺍﻕ‪ .‬ﻭﺯﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺭﻱ ﺍﻟﻤﺸﺭﻭﻉ ﺍﻻﻗﻠﻴﻤﻲ ﻻﺴـﺘﺨﺩﺍﻤﺎﺕ ﺍﻻﺭﺍﻀـﻲ‬
‫ﻭﺍﻟﻤﻴﺎﻩ ﻟﻠﺸﺭﻕ ﺍﻻﺩﻨﻰ ﻭﺸﻤﺎل ﺍﻓﺭﻴﻘﻴﺎ‪.‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﺠﺒﻭﺭﻱ ‪ ،‬ﻟﻤﻰ ﺼﺎﺩﻕ‪ .2011 .‬ﺘﺄﺜﻴﺭ ﻜﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﻤﻀﺎﻑ ﻭﻋﻤﻕ ﺍﻟﺭﻱ ﻓﻲ ﻤﺴﺎﻫﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺀ ﺍﻻﺭﻀـﻲ‬
‫ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺒﺨﺭ – ﻨﺘﺢ ﺍﻟﻔﻌﻠﻲ ﻭﻜﻔﺎﺀﺓ ﺍﺴﺘﺨﺩﺍﻡ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺀ ﻟﻠﺤﻨﻁﺔ‪ .‬ﺭﺴﺎﻟﺔ ﻤﺎﺠﺴﺘﻴﺭ‪ .‬ﻗﺴﻡ ﻋﻠـﻭﻡ ﺍﻟﺘﺭﺒـﺔ‬
‫ﻭﺍﻟﻤﻭﺍﺭﺩ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺌﻴﺔ ‪ .‬ﻜﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺯﺭﺍﻋﺔ ‪ .‬ﺠﺎﻤﻌﺔ ﺒﻐﺩﺍﺩ‪.‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﺤﺩﻴﺜﻲ ‪ ،‬ﺍﻜﺭﻡ ﻋﺒﺩﺍﻟﻠﻁﻴﻑ‪ .1983 .‬ﺘﺄﺜﻴﺭ ﺍﻟﺘﺩﺍﺨل ﺒﻴﻥ ﺍﻟﺭﻱ ﻭﺍﻟﺴﻤﺎﺩ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﻴﺘﺭﻭﺠﻴﻨﻲ ﻭﺍﺜﺭﻩ ﻓـﻲ ﻨﻤـﻭ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺤﻨﻁﺔ ‪ .‬ﺍﻁﺭﻭﺤﺔ ﺩﻜﺘﻭﺭﺍﻩ‪ .‬ﻗﺴﻡ ﻋﻠﻭﻡ ﺍﻟﺘﺭﺒﺔ ‪ .‬ﻜﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺯﺭﺍﻋﺔ‪ .‬ﺠﺎﻤﻌﺔ ﺒﻐﺩﺍﺩ‪.‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﺴﻌﺩ ‪ ،‬ﻁﺎﻟﺏ ﻤﺤﻤﺩ ‪ ،‬ﻓﻭﺯﻱ ﻋﺒﺩﺍﻟﺤﺴﻴﻥ ﻭﻏﺎﺯﻱ ﻤﺠﻴﺩ ﺍﻟﻜﻭﺍﺯ‪ .1983 .‬ﺍﻨﺴﺏ ﻜﺜﺎﻓﺔ ﻟﻤﺤﺼﻭل ﺍﻟـﺫﺭﺓ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺼﻔﺭﺍﺀ ﺒﺎﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ ﻤﻊ ﻤﺴﺘﻭﻴﺎﺕ ﻤﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﺭﻱ‪ .‬ﻤﺠﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﻭﺙ ﺍﻟﺯﺭﺍﻋﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﻭﺍﺭﺩ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺌﻴﺔ‪.‬‬
‫‪.257-243 : (4) 4‬‬
‫ﺍﺭﺤﻴﻡ ‪ ،‬ﺤﻤﺩﺓ ﻋﺒﺩﺍﻟﺴﺘﺎﺭ‪ .2009 .‬ﺘﺄﺜﻴﺭ ﻨﻭﻋﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﻤﻤﻐﻨﻁﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺘﺒﺨﺭ – ﻨﺘﺢ ﻭﻨﻤﻭ ﺤﺎﺼل ﺯﻫـﺭﺓ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺸﻤﺱ ‪ .‬ﺭﺴﺎﻟﺔ ﻤﺎﺠﺴﺘﻴﺭ‪ .‬ﻗﻴﻡ ﻋﻠﻭﻡ ﺍﻟﺘﺭﺒﺔ‪ .‬ﻜﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺯﺭﺍﻋﺔ‪ .‬ﺠﺎﻤﻌﺔ ﺒﻐﺩﺍﺩ‪.‬‬
‫ﺍﺴﻤﺎﻋﻴل ‪ ،‬ﺤﻤﻴﺩ ﻨﺸﺄﺕ ﻭﺍﻨﻁﻭﺍﻥ ﺍﺒﻭ ﺨﺎﻟﺩ‪ .1982 .‬ﺍﻻﺤﺘﻴﺎﺠﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺌﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﺤﺎﺼﻴل ﺍﻟﺯﺭﺍﻋﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻭﻁﻥ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻌﺭﺒﻲ‪ .‬ﻨﺩﻭﺓ ﺍﻟﻌﻭﺍﻤل ﺍﻟﻤﺅﺜﺭﺓ ﻓﻲ ﻤﻭﺍﺯﻴﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﻌﺫﺒﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﺘﻠﺤﺔ‪ .‬ﺍﻨﻤـﺎﺀ ﻤﺠـﺎﻟﺱ ﺍﻟﺒﺤـﺙ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻤﻲ ﺍﻟﻌﺭﺒﻴﺔ ‪ .‬ﺒﻐﺩﺍﺩ ‪ .‬ﺠﻤﻬﻭﺭﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺭﺍﻕ‪.‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﻜﻭﺍﺯ ‪ ،‬ﻏﺎﺯﻱ ﻤﺠﻴﺩ ‪ ،‬ﺼﻔﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﺩﻴﻥ ﻋﺒﺩﺍﻟﺴﺘﺎﺭ ﻭﺭﻱ‪ .‬ﺍﺱ‪ .‬ﺃﻱ‪ .1977 .‬ﺩﻟﻴل ﺭﻱ ﺒﻌﺽ‪ 1‬ﺍﻟﻤﺤﺎﺼﻴل‬
‫ﺍﻟﻤﻨﻁﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﻭﺴﻁﻰ‪ .‬ﺘﻘﺭﻴﺭ ﺭﻗﻡ )‪ (5‬ﻤﻌﻬﺩ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﻭﺙ ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺍﺭﺩ ﺍﻟﻁﺒﻴﻌﻴﺔ ‪ .‬ﻤﺭﻜﺯ ﺒﺤـﻭﺙ ﺍﻟﺘﺭﺒـﺔ‬
‫ﻭﺍﺴﺘﺼﻼﺡ ﺍﻻﺭﺍﻀﻲ‪ .‬ﺒﻐﺩﺍﺩ‪ .‬ﺠﻤﻬﻭﺭﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺭﺍﻕ‪.‬‬
‫ﻋﻭﺩﺓ ‪ ،‬ﻤﻬﺩﻱ ﺍﺒﺭﺍﻫﻴﻡ ‪ ،‬ﻋﺎﻤﺭ ﺩﺍﻭﺩ ﺴﻠﻴﻤﺎﻥ ﻭﻨﻤﻴﺭ ﻁﻪ ﻤﻬﺩﻱ‪ .2006 .‬ﺍﺴﺘﺠﺎﺒﺔ ﺤﺎﺼل ﺤﻨﻁﺔ ﺍﻟﺨﺒـﺯ‬
‫ﻟﻠﻤﺎﺀ ﺘﺤﺕ ﻅﺭﻭﻑ ﺍﻟﺯﺭﺍﻋﺔ ﺍﻻﺭﻭﺍﺌﻴﺔ‪ .‬ﻤﺠﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻭﻡ ﺍﻟﺯﺭﺍﻋﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺭﺍﻗﻴﺔ‪.34-27 : (1) 37 .‬‬
‫ﻤﺤﻤﺩ ‪ ،‬ﻜﺎﻤل ﻤﺠﻴﺩ‪ .2006 .‬ﺘﺄﺜﻴﺭ ﺍﺴﺘﻌﻤﺎل ﺍﻟﺭﻱ ﺒﺎﻟﺘﻨﻘﻴﻁ ﺍﻟﺴﻁﺤﻲ ﻭﺘﺤﺕ ﺍﻟﺴﻁﺤﻲ ﻓﻲ ﻜﻔﺎﺀﺓ ﺍﺴﺘﺨﺩﺍﻡ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻤﻴﺎﻩ ﻭﺍﻨﺘﺎﺠﻴﺔ ﻤﺤﺼﻭل ﺍﻟﺫﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺼﻔﺭﺍﺀ‪ .‬ﺍﻁﺭﻭﺤﺔ ﺩﻜﺘـﻭﺭﺍﻩ‪ .‬ﻗﺴـﻡ ﻋﻠـﻭﻡ ﺍﻟﺘﺭﺒـﺔ ‪180 .‬‬
‫ﺼﻔﺤﺔ‪.‬‬

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 ‫ﺼﺎﻟﺢ‬ 2013 ، 60 - 54 : ( 1 ) 5 ، ‫ﻤﺠﻠﺔ ﺩﻴﺎﻟﻰ ﻟﻠﻌﻠﻭﻡ ﺍﻟﺯﺭﺍﻋﻴﺔ‬

‫ ﺘﻘﺩﻴﺭ ﺍﻻﺤﺘﻴﺎﺠﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺌﻴﺔ ﻟﻤﺤﺼﻭل ﺍﻟﺫﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺼﻔﺭﺍﺀ ﺍﻋﺘﻤﺎﺩﹰﺍ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻤﻔﻬـﻭﻡ‬.2011 .‫ ﻋﺩﻨﺎﻥ ﺸﺒﺎﺭ‬، ‫ﻓﺎﻟﺢ‬
‫ ﻗﺴﻡ ﻋﻠﻭﻡ‬.‫ ﺍﻁﺭﻭﺤﺔ ﺩﻜﺘﻭﺭﺍﻩ‬. ‫ﺍﻟﺭﻱ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﻗﺹ ﻭﻤﻘﺎﺭﻨﺘﻪ ﺒﺎﻟﻤﻌﺎﺩﻻﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺎﺨﻴﺔ ﻭﻤﻘﺎﻴﻴﺱ ﺍﻟﺘﺒﺨﺭ‬
.‫ ﺠﺎﻤﻌﺔ ﺒﻐﺩﺍﺩ‬. ‫ ﻜﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺯﺭﺍﻋﺔ‬. ‫ﺍﻟﺘﺭﺒﺔ‬
Al-Barrak , A.H. 1964. Evaporation and potential evapotrabs piration central
Iraq. M.Sc. Thesis , Utah State University.
Al-Ramadhani , R.M.A. 1979. Scheduling irrigation using climate soil data.
M.Sc. Thesis , College of eng. Univ. of Mosul.
Al-Nakshaband , G.A. and J.W. Kijne. 1974. Potential of Evaportanspiration in
Central Iraq using penman method with modified wind function. J. of
Hydrology , 23 : 319-328.
Debaeke , P., and A. Aboudrare. 2004. Adaption of crop management to water
limited environments. European Journal of Agronomy. 21 : 433.446.
Doorenbos, J. and W. O. Pruitt .1977. Guidelines for Predicating crop water
requirements. Irrigation and drainge paper (24). FAO.
Fusheny Li , Jihua Liang , Shaozhong Kang and Jianhua Zhang. 2007. Benefits
of alternate partial root-zone irrigation on growth , and nitrogen use
efficiencies modified by fertilization and soil water status on maize.
Plant Soil . 295 : 279-291.
Gong , D., S. Kang , L. Tong and R. Ding . 2004. Effect of root divided
alternative irrigation on soil moisture distribution and root-trank sap
flow dynamic of peach trees. J. Hydraulic Eng. 10 : 120-127.
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use of water in Iraq. Int. Expert Consultation Seminar Baghdad
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Per agon Press.

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 ‫ﺼﺎﻟﺢ‬ 2013 ، 60 - 54 : ( 1 ) 5 ، ‫ﻤﺠﻠﺔ ﺩﻴﺎﻟﻰ ﻟﻠﻌﻠﻭﻡ ﺍﻟﺯﺭﺍﻋﻴﺔ‬

CALULATION OF CROP WATER REQUIREMENT FOR SOME

CROPS IN ABU GHRAB.
A. Amir Thajel Salih
*Assist. Prof.- Soil Sci. and Water Res. Dept.- College of Agric. - Univ. of Baghdad.
aawl@yahoo.com
ABSTRACT
The study was initiated to estimate the water requirements for some
winter and summer crops using a metrological depth available from Al-Raad
experimental station. Blaney – Griddle equations by FAO was used to estimate
the potential evapotranspiration. The plant factors for each crops were used
from those a variable from FAO. The results of this study showed that the
potential evapotranspiration for central of Iraq was 1990 mm / year. Months of
May , June , July , August and September showed 75% of this potential
evapotranspiration . The crop water requirement for winter crops was between
305 mm for broad beans and 440 mm for bersean . Other crop water
requirements were between these ranges . For the summer crops the water
requirements were ranged between 950 mm for cotton to 551 mm for Potato ,
other crops such as sunflower , soybean , season water requirements between
thexs figanes . All the finfing of crop water requirements by the calculation
method were lie between the ranges recommended by FAO , except the Alfalfa
crops water requirement value exceed these ranges.
Keywords: Evaporation, Transpiration, Winter crops, Summer Crops, crops water
requirements.

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