CURRENT TRANSFORMER CONCEPTS

S. E. zoe, lOLl..

SCHWEITZER ENGINEER~NG LABORATORJES, INC.

PULLMAN, WASHINGTON

D. W. SMAHA

'SOUTHERN COMPANY SERVICESr ~NC.

BIRMINGHAM. ALABAMA

Pr 9Sttn ted Be fera Th e

19th ANNUAL

WESTERN PROTECTIVE RELAY CONFERENCE SPOKANEt WASHINGTON OCTOBER 20 - 22f 1992

CURRENT TRANSFORMER CONCEPTS

s. E locbol!

Sdnliilil2:8I'" Ellsinee.rm,e: l-abs. Holland, Pe.n:m,yl van ia

D. W. Sma:ha

S~thern Company Slervi(:e5 Birminparn. Alabama

ABSTRACT

This paper reviews tho C and K bushing relay accuracy ratin!s for current transformers (crs) lind their implM::atlons in relay applicntion. The paper relates the concept of knee-poim and tho 10 amp8T8 excuation vohage of 8. conventional e:u:itation curve to the. a,n.a1 secondary wllvd'orm~ pr~uc::ed at and above the ANSI vol. rwlng. The paper uses the volt-time area conctpt to introdlllcit ct 1l~:ratiOtl wullh.e VCl]"'~ rating uainJ!; mw: jdOAli.l:ed ll-H curve. Compute:' simulalion Us-ins the uw.aJ shape of the B-H ~I.IIV(: is then introduced and used to analy;;r;e ,specific t:t applkatiDmi in rransrcrmer and gcnerlllOr diffcr<!nUal tclays.

INTRODUCTION

A tt appears to be iIhe simplest of eiccnical devices, Fur example, me buslli!lf type ct Is simply a wlnding on lUI lusulaed core wbiclJ becomes a transformer only when placed over the primary !;Oil~lO.r, n~t! (.l"P~Il~ puagraph of MOral:on 's CliWi ic paper {J 1 Matc.'l tb at the art of calculiluiQg current ulUlSfotmer Cba:r.l~ltl(iS[ic~ from ex.cilaIJon curve dm has been known for ;ll,cunc. tim!::. Morl:uJO wrmc tb i:; paper in ~ 943 lmlJ referred (0 papers wrlaetl two ye.ars eeriier. Today, near]y 50 years later. there- is. stiH " vital interest in thls seemtng!y &impilBSl of electrical de'll lees. For c-tlUDple. the r:CED PES I nstrumeut T. ;u1~fu rruer Subcommittee is v otiQ£ on a revi.aion of C57.13 (rrojec~ No, P5461D7 a), w bieh includes a K rar in;!! in 3QdidoQ to the C and T rat'ng, and the Power Sy:wem Rela~' Connniuee (PSRC) Work-iail Group F7 is complain, a publication ti1.led: 11Guide for the Applicatiun uf Currem Transformers fer ~ aying 'I (Pel '7 , I ] Oro9) _ PSRC Working Group F5 ~ also oCumplt:ti rig a paper dealing with the probl0m3 of ilppl)'ill~ low ratio w. and roe adverse effect of saunstion on Telay performance. due 10 extremely high fault currents. At lh.t: same nme E~ecHic Power ResC!Tcb ]nstiuu.c (EPRJ) is funding a project to study models used La determine ct uansiem performan~ for relay tcst.inil!: using the Elc(;lromagll~ics Transjent Prue:r.am {EMTP) [2]_

Standard ratings and application S ... idca d~i with tho .!;loady~tIiIl.llI aiue Wlt"'t: bcllilvior of II ct. The dilemma il;; thu. despitil the use af recommended rules applied to avoid n, transien, I!;.aruf"ftt..nll always occur, in certain c-riiiclil tolay appiic;ulollS. Consequcnrly, tne relay engineer reeds lUI understanding of the non-linear characterisncs of cis, ct accuracy ratings, anc me transieot he*uwior of ets. The. purpose of dlis paper is to review ct concepts that prev ide: these furulamen.aJs_

CT EQUIVALENT CIRCU[TS

A ~L1tren[ traMformer ean be rnodelf:il II! a constant current source where ratio CUtfenl is l!1jecred lnw a ma:neuzulg impeoance In pBfa..nel with the burdens ~hnwl1 i:n Fig!tlTf! 1. U.sing a reactance m represem lhe magneti.ting leg of a ct. II~ shnwfI in Figure I. is i Il!letul visual concept. However, magnetizilliOIl is a nnfl-Hl'leat pheooownon, Emd different values of reactanCe musE be tiled for each level of II!!l.citation. For !!xampJI!:. th!! tilr!!o@: R·H diAsr"TJu;:. shuwn m Figlln: 1. all fI ux q, versus map.ellzlng ClIrreDt 1M, repre.l;lent 1 nw, moo iu m il nd high I~~I Ii of tDLI:iwian.

At 10" tlltCil.llt ion, the slope Qq;,td J represermng the JmJu.;.um;t:" 1s 10 ..... , 111 i!i 10'4' slope indk!te.s a disproportionete amount of magnetizing current ccmpared to die burden current at low c)l:ciration. Al medium cX('itation. the d~/dl is relatively hill:h a.OO the milinerlzlng cerrent is small compared to the current in the: burde.n, At hiliilh excitarirst, the B-H curve exhlbltll the maximum slope in transition between uturiUed $ta.tei. TIn: flU:l that mR20etizlng current ilil 10 Itnall compared to the ratio ~rrent dllring the lta~l.SiiLitm ~LI.l;~ that h can be ignored, Conseq:uently the cote can be viewed ~lmply as. a volt-time swhch m. !j.hown in Figure 1 wh ich opens during a nne of ftux t:bangc and closes during satura.t ion.

t ... < J b

,.

~ ..

. '

Low E.ltcltllh:m

Figure 1 t Ct cqui\,Btent circLJiu at vuiO'L1!i levels of e.tcilation

2

VOLT-TIME AREA CONCEPT AND SATURATION WAVEFORMS

Reiayin,r accuracy ratinjls are des.ign.1te4 ny a secnndllt'y terminal \lo.Ita!f!: nUlfJg. The- concept of tbe valf3$t': rathlg can be derived from the fundamanlaJ ralation:

e ::0 N.!£

dt

Wbere f! 11 a volntge jqfh..Ieed by N turns and a tate of cbillge of t1u~ ~ with respect to rime r, Where the flux is itrnlted to the: transaion from the saarrarlou flux $~ to -t/l~ and Ii! ,- V ain 8, dlen equanon 0) givm:

(1)

Equation (2) shows ihll.lht! W"t:1I. I.mdcr Ole secondary voltage sine wave is; limjted l'Iy the uturlltion flux 2~s ud the number of turns N. The: volta;e mjDi of me Cl js me rms value of the sine wave. wbere the flux-limited volt-lime. areu jus.\ flts under Ibe haJf cycle of the sine wave. Furthermore, if Ihc: cu.m:.nt is inctCMCd beyoDd this poilu. saumniun occurs and the SiD~ wave is cutoff at an antlc .&:;111 than 1800• The proeeas of tiiilElratil.lu CiUJ, bl: mown b}' e.lIp ressi ng the in&tamaneous vQil.le e .as a function of the volt-rime area. To do ruls, h~l V So ~ 24tsN. Making this :substitution 8fld irnc.F~tin! equation (2) gives:

1 - (':) ; CQs~

E1Cpre.s!ling ,nseL ill terms of sinOt a.nd !lUling &.bat si:n81 = (e I V) gives.:

(3}

(4)

Solving (4) for lin:. illstutimlWus voha,e e during saturation giv~~

(S)

Equation .s CaJI be expressed In mu)'iples of a cr rated clitte~£ hy I wing v = M V I and V ~ = MsVI where VI is the peak s~oudary vuh!lge when rared currem i~ applied to the transformer. With these ~ubstjtulium. ecuancn (5) becomes:

(6~

Bquadon (6) is pl~ in Figure 2 a1ullG: with the resulting voltage lIIlPJefnTms a! various: m~ltiple!l of rated current. As shown in Figure :2 • an inpm of (Mo I 2) prodm:l!.~ .II sine wftve outpU1 with a volt-tinlC area equal 10 mal or the u-ansformer core, When the inrlU is Ms. the output -sxi!llll fet 90 ~ gf the. sint: wa .... e ;zmd UJ~ Iast I lnear peak. occurs. W!".LeO tne input exceeds Ms> the volt-time area OCCUfS in less man 90" and me peak. eutput follows the parabola des.c::ribc:d by equation (6).

3

I \

I \ ~~--- ---------------------~ \

\

\

\ I \ I !

]

W • .[2Mg(M- ~S,l2

o .5Ns MS M tMULTlP~E5 OF ~ICKUP I'

Figure 2: C[ secondary current 'Waveforms for variOl .. u. levl'!~~ ('It excrranon lU;mg a reSI!OllVE' burden

TIu:,: volt-timlt: area cuacept givt::5 a dt:ar illustrati[Jn of the yoltate rati"l BIld lbe limll of stne W.VI!! upen&ioo uf It ct. It abo providu an unclunered view of the UlUratlon process and the w3vcfonn! produced. The simple BASIC PC proJ1arJl listed in Appendix A Implements the: volt-uree com:ept for demonmlllion purpoges. Figure 3, :!lhows .B.. program ourput pint for :II et wltlch tiD a 2O-per unit ratlng btR i! w..hjl!!i!U'.d bl l 10-rer unit c:nrrenr with a d~ oornponent from a 0.009 second time consWlt (B~ impedanu) -ptlntmy drrujt_ TIle pint ~ow~ the sarurulon dllrln2"" the de offset.

eore 111.1)11

-12

n

t Imllirsaoontjsl

Fjjture 3; Core tlUA. am.! ~Llm.hIIY current In a I.':t whh a 20 per unit .tyltlmelri~1 r.!l~jn8 Olrl'}'iT1g 10 per unit eurrent lIIbh the UffSCl due \0 0.009 ~fi!(:ond primal')' time constant (1S~ -rftJ'H!rl.lur.e angle)

4

Th~ ExdtaUOD Cune

'The volt-time: '-Ont.epl U5lJnlCS the magnenc core is a 'Voh-lime !:iiwiu.:h. This ccncepr assumes no magnetizing current wben there is rate of change of flux iIlIId all the ratio current nuw~ w the burden. Wbctl .!iatw:ation HUll is reached. a5 indic~ by volt-rime area, and there is no longer a chanj!c of fluX, the switch clnses shunting all the ratio currenr aW4Y from the burden until a reversal of c .. rrent and illtcgratian becomes negative to reduce the f1U](, Here utllration oc<:uf3 at a well defined poim indicltM by ill ~*fLC val",;: fIlJx a.ml turns.

However, finite ampere-NtIlS are required tc Qublim flux. in me cere, which can be expressed as OlApCti.zin, currenr m.ca.guted III the secondary terminals. The ex,twion clZrre.nt~ whicb &s subtra.cled from the ratio current, has definite values for each vvltl:Ul:e as shown by the ex.citation curve in Figure". This figure depicts steady-stare \tOllage ~ .. ersus excitation current where vohage is measured with an avcraJe reading voltmeter callbrared in rms. [t i! 41:cually 4 plot of nu~ versus magoctwng current since the average vonaee is the vaJHlmc i!llCJToid :avcr~ over tb~ puioo nf die $loe wave.

The: e~itiltion eurve :shewn in Figure ... repr~u Il C400, zooo.:5 multi-ratio- bushing cc and is il measure of ct pcrfonnancc lbu ean be used 10 determine ratio correction factors at various levels of stlSady-Matt cx.citation. Where it hqs a .... ell-defined knee-pcim, il has no di.'l(lerfUiblo poim of saturatmn. For this reuon relaying a.emr~y r4tin,!1 are bued (Ill i\ ratio correction Dot exceeding 10'% and ratings are dC!ignated by clw.ification and secondary vohage.

100

~

'"
4'f' :'\ rr
I
I "- -,;
~ / ii
}! I .r
1 10);5
f - ._- ,
1/ ,
1/ 1
/1 1000

selj:1m~ ~hlns volt!! (nm:)

10

1

.001

.01

.i

!iCrondi1ry esc il.iu!,; ~1l1J;4c:.".-

10&

Fj;Uft' 4: 2000:5 ct excitation curve and it:! 300:5 tap both with knee-point tange.n1.::i IUuJ normal lines

:S

The C IUId K classifications co .... er toruidal cu wltb distributed windjn!~ lIO thlllCAkqe Rulli. can be neglected and the ratio con be calculated Wi~ng a standard burden to dctC!rlnine the elicitation voltage_ The exclwion current ~an the,.. be read from the curve. The K r.il1!! iJ a proposed riltmg wbere the knee-co iN is at least 70 % 0 f the seoooow-y voltage rating _ The ~ndaty votmse r4lin, is the voil4ge the et ""'ill deliver to 01 :5ot1nda.rd burden at 20 times rated secondary current without exceeding lOI{; ratio correction. The Mandard butooo values for :relaying are t .0, 2.0. 4.0, and 8.0 ohnu an with an impedance ang\e of 60°. Consequently, id. 20 limes the rated C1JTrent of 5 .ernpcrl!:s ctIc standard voltage ratingJ are JOO. 200, 400. aqd 800 volts. Standard bstrdl!f1 valUtlfl of O.l, 0.2 and 0.5. with (l. 2.5.8" impodElllCc angle, an used for ratins metering ets wbicll an of .irumH'ici.l!lnt accuracy fDr relayil1g.

A multi·rallo et is vol~ nted u~lng tile 1I'I1111i'll'mm turns nttio. The volihlge n!:iId fn..m the upper curve at 10 amp!!. exr;i~tion current is 4~6 volts. This is less titan the standard rating of C800 but above C4OO_ Ar:cordingty, the et t!: rated C400. The m:llgllettziog impedance of the ct can he ohtainet1 tly nivj!'tlng ~acll "'lIh~t- ('If voltage: read from the curve by the corresponding excil3[lon CUfreJK. The resuhs; are shown in Table I. TIle Itlagnel.:t.~ng 1mpedanee is nonttnear, Jncreasi ne: from 3000 ohms. at 0 Jl(Il amrs excrtarion current to a max tnnnn ef 11000 ohms at 0.0248 amperes of exeltatlon. This iJ: the (Klint nf mjtll:immh permeability and is loc.aled by the 45~ tafliQenI to the curve. The impedanee values d~:!l'e t'rnm this point as the excitation js increased reaebing 49 011 ms at 10 8tnpPR.'l: of exdu.t.lnn CI,rrent.

TAhle: 1: Lcitatioa CUf"Yt; V.lues
Vhp'ls) I~ Zefobnul
3.0 .(leU 3000
7.S .002 3750
12.5 .003 4]67
is .004 4500
60 .010 6000
ISO .020 7S00
200 .ms .8065
235 .030 7833
2715 .040 fiIJlKt
300 .050 6000
356 .08(1 4450
372 .100 ~720
400 _'2oo lOOO
447 1.0 447
46fi 4.0 111
472 fl_O 19
486 10 49 An)! pDint on the maximum ratio curve can be- referred to a lower rlilio tap by using II constaet voUs per turn relation fur the volra.ge !tnd tL constant ampere turn relation for the current,

6

COil:t.equClItJy:

(7)

10 that die kncc-point of uch curve ij~ WUUi Lhc: nurllUll line to Ihe 4So lanient drawn in FiJUre, 4. FiJUre 4 abc :moW! the curve f01 the: 3005 ampere minimum tap.

COMPUTER SIMULATION

Because ru are subject to 13tur.at.imt dW'ing ttliio de Irlll!!I.en, of fault ckl-rreni, th.ef~ b a ii:wwinr .merest ill computer simulatinns like the EMTP poo.sram which prod~~ dflailed plou; of currem correspondjRI to an osctlJograptl (Iru.a1nM from a fun-scale $}'$tem test, A primary mm of we: !limul.aJioll is to obtaio digitiutl records Whlc.h can he recensnnned as 5CCOru:lary .analog ,!li_gna]s using DJA. conversion and ampJlfic.ation fur the porpose of r~iay testing.

TIle sillll-l~l!; equivalem c:ircuil tal' the sJmulatlon i~ shawn in FifUTe s. In Figure :5 the primaJ)' current r~ft:m:d 10 &he secondary Is a. ron~lam cerrenr feedmg a non-linear magnetizing induww~ iUId the reslaance antllndUCl3Dce or-the burden.

Raee

r

BUTdElni

)~ - I

I

Fill:ure :!I: Equivalent circuit of a current transformer

The: equivalem cirrult In Flguu 6 ill needed to simulate the interaction betwU8n the two cts 4md the rcslra.nli 8JXl operadni windIngs of a dlff,erential relij)J. hl rigur~ 6, the side A and side B as lire represented hy lite rmlo currenti 1 ... and I~ anti IIItH'I-hnear mllB~eti:2:ing indueYJ1US. L" and Lm. l!rn::u- elements RI• L •. R:. and L, re:pre~ent resrstance and indUi:UU1Ce of "'I.e lH.d1; and include: the TI:::!.i.1~ncc of the CL secnndary windings. K.:. a.ntI I .. ~ represent the linear elements of the-. relay Ope! are w iDdi ng, ~ 1& me non-I i near lnductance of a S 8Iu rab I e reactor, a nece;s:9ary elemenr In the: rq:lle:!Ie:lu . .u.tion of maenlne differential relays.

7

Figure It: Equivalent circuit for the dlffereaual connection (If two cts

The simulation is the time discrete solution of Ihe differentia! equation of dle \loitagc Qmpi C::ItlSed by the loop currents. A recursive solution using a finire lime incremenl is used because the masoetizinl lndu~~t L ... , changes continually eli a function of the ¥olta,ec. Thus the output of tIM! program is Btl mcrennmt.by-incrlrneru time plot of me current. 'o'oltagc and flux density.

Snm~ pmgnmi tikf' the EMTP program use a pict;:~lK! linear rGpl'8li8!lntJ;lcn of me satllr· atinn cu",",e of the en whll:t1 the user must enter as a serle$ of points. Other programs 13] Wile an equanon EO Lmlula.t.e thll tH1 curve ot the! et The charamrinie S-shaped eurve of the Fr~hlldl equation ts made in fd d1~ P-H curve for oriented grain steel by equatioe the dope uf llIe: CIITVC 8llhe orilln to me maxmm increm~nQl ~rmeabihty (of order of Sl'WJO), and tile slope during: sarurstJOII to the -petm.eabUity of free space (411' x 10"'). The illdurtanu LfII> is then caJculued ustnz an incremental pmneaMity eQll-ai to the slope of the B·H C:Uf'oI"e as emulated by the Frohlich equation:

where:

L .. N~

J( I

(8)

Lu - m~Qeti1.illl imJucllQre m Henries N "" QI.Imber of lurm

II = core ClOSS sectional area hq. meters.) liD = pt:nIlCability of free ~

ur - core IllilttiriaJ mcrememal relative permeabUity t = mUll length of the am: (mell::n)

The plot of dle D-H curve emulated b)" the frohljch equadon ts :lihown In Figure 7. Too permeability i! taken to be the slope of the curve dlnJugh tile center of the by~resi§ loofl· The curve of the slope of the B-H curve in rjgllr~ 7 cmphuil.es Unft the milznll:litinil: inductance bas no single value but chlIlJeS fOf C\l'Cly value of !r1SlaDlaIIeDUS excitation dllrln,

II. cyde. In addition, the excitation curve indicates that the slope of the 8-H luup varies wfth the 1evl!1 .of II!ltetunion. $~nC"Q !l;tmwlaliom are "'I>od to e.n.alyz.=, h iSh excitation movol ving saturation. die $I~pe at the origin is set equal to the meximum pcrmeabiJity of the core. The maximum telatlve penneabUity for the C4OO, 2000:5 c:l was round to be 6300 caiClIJlled miine the iDES ohm maximum reaetanee from Table] and usiog typicltl core dimeusiuns,

3

1.&

B (l8Sla)

-1.8

-10

Pipre 7: B-H loop and t.he stope 01 the meaJl CUf\'\:

CT APPLICATION RULES

GeneraUy ~ pro1eCtiv~ lCiilay, Il'8 de!;: ipBd for .!lIne wave operatitJn &tid their'" performaeee i;!: .E'lot: 5pccmCli fur ower wavefonm.. 1berefure. ill a prneatve reJay applicarinn, the voltage: ;and bl.lf~en of the ct .libould bt=:specified w ensure undlsrartel! .'>eMl'1dary Current for the muimum fauh wnditioD.

IEEEt ANSI SUw.da.rd CJ7. J3 SUI!j!estS that ets for rei ay ing he ~J'IJ'IhM nn thjO, ha~l5: that th!!' maximum symmetrical filU~t cum:m not exceed 20 nmes the er current fllting and that iJS burden voltage nol GCIi!Od the accuracy etass volJq:e of the cr. AppJ:yiHE" tls. tnr rel<'1yirl{lls an art rather than a scleece b~lI:'it:: the I:!Irjneer is lef[ 10 dloote me !;(lecific operating point on the: excitation curve, However. mere is a rationale for cnoo~ing a C1 to produce the kJlft!point .nc1uu.iun ,IU the maximum symmw.i.t:aJ fault current sinee lIl~ ma:l!!netizing reaerance iii at II. mu.i.mum. 0b5I:rve mame knee-polO[ of" !}'pical ~lri:cif1r;fian tUN!!! is atJout 46§ of eu.i~iou vultaic corTeSDondinj!: [Q 10 amperes excitaJ:ion current. .A I"!flrulM rt.Ils..(lf.~h,.nup $uggesb lb. the C-tating be twice the excltarlon volulge developed hy The maximum tault ~UIT..n. ill' good pliwnin! Dr dumb luck, 1he rul~f-thllmb ,gua~ operation llePIT the il:nee-point of the cxciwlon curve Cur tilt: m;o;;jmum symmeHicaJ fault.

Pn:.'tIcnting sMunnioll due to lhe c.\llum:nliill IDmponeJl[ of faull current requires a C·ratrng c.u:cod ina the symmctriul (.-ting by • fiCKIr equid to the XlR ratio of the faulted (lrinury :syst-cm plua ope, The dih::iluna it> that it is ruudncly impossible 1O achieve sueh ratings: deli:pil.l! the fact that u.turation affects the performance of hi~h -speed relays. J[ Is in these cases that iimulwons are u5ild. to IW~~ die -crft:Cu of ~rftllJie.n.t s .... ranon on relay penormanee.

9

FlIlu'e;!li shows a "'HiD Wllt pnwer plant a!.niH-'Y tlus u.tp('lhfll Py a ~fIlfI kVA delta-wye Jailtan.cc: IfOUnded ttansfonru:f. Tbe U'lfiStormer bo a 4.9~ 'i. lmpBdanc:e.on a ~ M V A. base and is fed by a smndby Imd an enH!tfeDCy bus. The bus is prlltfcted by ph.ue and grllunci diTCI::oonal oven;:UIn:m rdl),S and the tramformer proteCted b)l pera:1Uage dlffetentilU relays with )wmllnic restraint IiOd a pound overcurrem: relay fed by a ct in me transformer neutral.

13 8 ~ v i::ME-~GE-N CY BU~ :L . ! _ ... _.

600:5.

QOO:~

0116Q V E:U.s

A rating C-200. 1200!S wu s.lcct~ for the 10 ..... side CJ.1l and a C 200, 600:5 rating for til," hlP-Side ets. The·taps for th. 811' rBlay were !lel at 2-9 .lmps for the high $id.c 'Winding and at 8.7 !PDplt for 1he low-sid:. winding leav~O£ a ratio tMoR1iltc::b of -4.4~. The pQtOCntq:c:: differential to, UipptDg was ;lie( at 25 ~.

The complieati.oD in 1:1:11' application ilt in the fact thai the 600:5 IClij. are located 1400 feet from the 3WUsear. requirioZ .t l~ 21!10() feet. of leads. Only:2j fMl of leads wariuaq~ired for the 11OO~S ets InOIlPled in the tW'itehsear with tb~ relay. Thl!! 10", nm 'Was instaUed with parAlleled Nc_ 10 sause wire which has a calClilattd rtI:Iiinan.:e of 3.36 ohms, including the totally resi4:t1ve relay burden. The] 200:5 ct was instal~ed with ~ eaiCUlBted toUll burden of O.34B ohms. The m.nirnum through flmlt CUIfC!nt was catculated as 12,312 wnptlrw: on the 4l..so bus (3711 amperes 1It n.s kVJ wrth an XIII ratio of J].

III th. luw 8ide. 1200:5 ct, ~.:. maxi.nu~m tyIlUrIetrical secondary htult carreat of _'ii I _J amperes flollfin~ in tile total blirdCll of Q.365 produees 11.12 vcns. This vatt.ase muJhrlie.d by

{X/R+ ])--12 giVCb 225 "Wei. Cowcqlll:mtly. the, low-sl.de Cl C3Jl support undlstorted asymmetrical ratio current in lhe: M:WlIllllf)l. 1n the 600:5 cts, 8 maximum s.ymmetrkal (auU

10

el-l ... ~nr elf In Q ~ mru'!!'e!;; f1nwme in th4': ttrta.l cir.cu it burden of 3.4 ohms :produces 105 volts or allOUl: half the 200 volt accuracy rar.ing_ These cis, therefore. arc Idequau:h' rated by the: ;IC~ rules. However. their core: ..... i11 Sawflle with asyl11llWt.ric.al fault curnmt. Slnl:;~ 0111". aile ~M of ets will S<1tUrme. relay opeming t:llf1o!nt will pmis.r for asymmeErk:al f::Jlll~.

The implications of this Ilnh-fllprr81 IIppllcmtnn are shewn by lbe ccmputer s!rnula[loll of Figure 9. The upper griP" shows rtlf! lime plot of Jl.blrJUed 600:::5 Ct secondary eurrent with th~ un~till,.:.tPl1 1200':'j rr !C:P.Mndlllry ('!urrant_ Thil; lower plot shows the lane dll'ference current which d:ecay~ with the de transient. The plot is literally the mageetizing current durillll ~lIttIratiCin eau!ile.d by the Mymmeu}'. 11 has th8 IOEInw wa~ snape and 'is caused b" the "lime rh!!rlOmMOJl as thll inrush current ef die puwe! transformer itself. Figure I{) ~ ;11 plot Of me narmonlr COlnen~ obla)nw from 3.. :rUl f'uuritT I!Iml:'l':ii) uf dn::: I.HrrCI ence 1.;1I11C"nL The mltgniUJdes of the ba:rmonics an'! planed ill per unit of the fum.larnemaL The analysis shows tyrical values of 173"10 de component. 49% second harmonic. 62 ~ fifth harmonic. und 153 % tilth harmonic. As; it ~ OUt. me secons and fifth harmonics are hizh enoush durirq!: the offset thar: a d!fferemlal relay wim hannonk restraint units will restrain the relay from operlltif1J. ThU!!. the tWO tImes IaIn·polm vnlt.age rule-of-thumb is IId~qU-Bl'" fur this application.

100

-100

o

.lD24

100

-lDO

o

t sec:ondt

-102.1

Figure 9: Differential rel~)' restraint currCl'lts It and 12 with h~gh-5ide ct saturation, Jd is tho: differential current ploued ill (he lower Waph:

11

2

~C! I I il

o

o

10

Hannoruc order

f'ipr'e lil; Harmonk: content of the dJffcrenUal current in Figure 9 plotted in per unit of the fuodamelual frequc:ncy

h is impractical to size CU TO avoid tra.m.icnt :wnu.ration in a generator differential because of we, hildl X1R ratioi lliUlCOualt:Jed. The nne iJ 10 sctcd: the lm(C5t practical rating 4JJd rn&tch the tcrmiwd ~d neu1IaJ~idc cts, The p~lfaJl ill that we hjgbellt ct a.ccurac-y clan i5 the C800 8l1d lblU any &to wjLh an CXdutiUD vultag~ e"eeding 800 volts is classified C800 no matter bow hillh tile voltage. For exampl.e!. mil!! 6000::5 cr mall bavr.: an UCilalioD voltsge of 1500 vuill at ]0 amperes QC euil.al.ion current IUld be cl.u~ificd C800. A second 6000:5 ct o.f a diffclcD.t mlJlu~c milY hll"'" 978 Yll]~ 4L ]0 i:l.mpc~ of '!::Acilatioo and also be clUIUied C800. The: i:enc:ratDr t:tB must have lhc: same Clcilation curve witb mau;hjug knee-point vultage: and lhe ::!iBnlt; eu:it.ation voltage at 10 amp!) excitation current.

Comider lb~ ilPplj~atjon of a gCl1Cf$.Ur d~ffcn:.nlilll rll:lay for a 111 MVA. 13-8 kV ,elteraWc. 1'hI: imChipe bllS &n XIR r$.io uf 52 a.nd ~ .::Ollll ibut.e 58800 anlper~ 1.0 an external bus fault. All the cts art: classified 6000:5, C800. However, the: set of j'ClnCl"ator terminal cts h.u 4700 vall w~pojnt yol"" .. while the: Kt ~f~tral-.,idc> cts hG.") .l SOD voh b",-point V'olt.a&C- We have observed that dte knee-point vohqc is generally 46% of the c"iultion vollap OoCcurring at 10.amperes of ~italion. Tbe. ooruo! rutin, CQn be oonsidcted 700/0."6 - 1522 UlQ SOOIO.-k1 = 1086 volts, re3pectlvcly, The table of input data. for the. maximum fwlt c.ue is IS foUo.s~

SlOE A cr DATA:

C-r-.t;ill, (~IIl) Ratio

Cote: nlOmI length (m)

SIDE B cr DATA:

C-nllllS (GaUld) Ratio

Core 1MU'.L lengU'l (m)

1086 ]200 ].02

l:522 1200 1.W-

SIDE A LEAD It WDG DATA~

Lead R-e&i:sunce 2.6

Restraint Wdt:. ResJttance 0.0]

Restraim Wdg. Re:actance 0.0]

OP.ER. WVG. & EXT REACIUR OAT A~

ap.rating Wdg. R!S~ 0.:52

Operating WdS· Reactance 0.01

PRJMARY CURRENT:

Pr!1lW)' curt'II!M

Pri mary llme C(l.Q5W)t

Inc Id.ent qle (ma.l offset)

SlOES LEAD&. WDG DATA:

Lead Res istance '2.3-

.Restraint Wdg. R.e1istatlee 0_01

.Restraint Wdg. Readanee 0,01

"Reactor Knee-pnint V(ll~ Ext. Ohms 1le:actan~ P,.f, Reactor eMf! 1.lMIgth

11- 170 0.229

58800 o.is 0.0

15(1

side A ct DUrrant I,

A1Tlp'!188

-150

o

.0512

150

«":

-!SO

o

t ~POnde

.0512

l'iaure 11: Seoonduy currents 11 and f2 due to a 38800 nmperes through fault current with offi;et. The d lttereatial current ld 111 plotted be1ow, 6000: ~ cts have knee-point volts of 700 and :500. X/R = s::!

Flllire II Is Jl. plot of the: rem-aillt currents fnr the. maximum asymmetrical fault case with the dltrerence etll'Yent plotted I1ti1nw. In this application, the ct voJtage rating exceeds: the burilell vnfu.ge produced by the minimum tymmetrical fauU by a factor of 11.S in the side A ct B1Id

13

by a factor of S,S in the ie!!ser rated et, These eeaservanve f3tlrlSS delayed. saturalion for nearly fWD eycleJ aUOWIIl,g tune for a s;ubseqllent instantaneous trip. f*.gure 12 shows tbe effed of adding 0.4 ohms to the lid~ A burden CO wen the dme eo uturat.e. In till!> case. the pulse of difference current is vinuaUy eliminated. This ltudy shows the margin fur ct mj.lfll!U.l!tl.

150

Amperes

-150

o

"eiOe A m wrrent j 1

.0512

HiD

-l.!iD

n

.0512

FIIure ll~ Sec:anduy currents i, and Ti due U1 a 5"SSOO ampere through fault with otfset. Differential current 1d (kIlliVef pJot) ts detteased by adding burden reGj~~, bO(}O;,s ets, Kneepaint \loltages; af 100 and SIlO. X/To: = 52

CONCLUSIONS

1_ 'T1w proce" of ~ Iahu'alio.n.~:m b4I ~d ul:inS """ vclt *,ilQo ~p;, Tb~ QOn.g.opt defineG .Ii dueshold of Ii-BtuTahan usinS an ideaJiad 8-H curve aad e;tabiilibe."i the. relaLlgn of the accuracy du, vol~ 10 ¢If: ~~rill~!On QplC..

2. A d excnation curve. provides II. IIWISUfe of the .ilte~}'-mate pwfor~, &e.itatillr:l curves nave a Ialft-point YoltQe defined by the 45i' line drawn tan&::ent 10 the curve.

l4

However. il ls important to I~W that the knee-point is tial point of maximum perrneabil it.,. and not the point of latur.tion.

3- The 3ltUrmion po.m of a ct is defined as the cltE:itation voitas8 at to ampiml.fi of 8:lC!Ca· tion currc:nt wiliob prodlloes no mere than a 10'1- raE1.c- conllC1ion at 20 ratfi!'d l~m4Ij: current using a :!lcandard burden. The 10~ error dofines the threshold of iignifu:anl Wive diiltortion due to saturation.

4_ Ct moo.ls. were di~lJs.aed to show hew computer s;mt.llation~ can be used to verify tne transient performance of ets which are apphed usioa symmetrical current and raung factors. Tlle eornpnrer runs for oot~ tnmtfnnn~ and !lI!!n~ralnr differential relay appl teaflr1M were r;ncwn_ Both exrunpl., s..how the Iimie of tr.an~ient operatini current due to desaarrstion that can he tolerated tor .a througb faul[ conditloo.

REFERENCES

[I] S. D- More(on. ~A Simple Method for the Determination o(Busning-Currenl-Tran,,· farmer Characceriuic:s. iI AlEE Transaerlons September 1943. Volume 61 pp SS 1·585.

[2 J L. L. M ankoff !ll'Id M. Kelt! novrc _ n Protecri v~ ReI f\Y W nr k Station: A. pphcation 01' a Digital Sjmularor," Proceedings of the Texas A.&M Rela.y Cenferenca. College Station, TX, April JQQJ_

(:1] R. (;~rret. W. f:. Kntheiml!f, a.nd S_ E_ 7.nhnll, "C..nmruner ~imulati(ln nf Current Tran!!iformel'~ 8nO Relays fo,. Pel'fol'tmlnce Anillysis." Proceedings of tile 14th Am'Ll!ill W~tl:rn Prnt:td:ive Rela~' r_nnferen~e, Sro~.me, WA. Oetober 1988

l4] S_ E_ Znehnll, find W. r; Kntheimer. "0 Penntm:lnce in Critical RtlAY Appllcah(1M," P1"oceedineg of tbe Geo'llia Tech Relay Conference. Atlanta. GA. May 1991_

15] S. E. Zocholl. W. C. Kotheimer, and F. Y. T~addod I. "An Analytic A ppr.oacb m lbe Appl icatioll of CU rTem Transformers for Protective Relay 1111." Proceedings of tbe 1 Slh Annual Wesllnu Pro~1ive Relay Coufen:m::t. SjJUUIlC. WA. October 1988

APPENDJX A: VOLT -TIME AREA COMPUTER SIMULATION OF CT PERFORMANCE

I. The BASIC program. :shown below is. for use with Dl1 IBM-compatible PC with eGA graphh:i-

'1_ To run lIle program usinS EGA or VGA ,l!raphle:s rotnOVij the. comment symbol n in lines ]5. 155, and 505.

IS

3. In the program listing aU Os. io the vataabiflj are zeros.

4. La.! GRAPHICS.COM before loading me program so that the PRINT SUU:i:~N command ~:Il!I be. used to produce a hard copy of the plots.

5. A!ii lhawn. the program plots Flux and .s:lI!01.rulary eurrem. To let the additional plots; or primary and the difference current, remove the: .r::ornmeru symbol n from Lhe starements 470 and. 417.

10 SCREEN 1: KEY OFF~ CU

1:5 'SCREEN 51 ~COLQR 11, 9; CLS 20 1'$ - 10 • .,. SA TCT .... -~

30 LOCATE r, lao ~ LEN(I'S» J 1 40 PRINT 1'$

50 U = "II: simplified prosrarn to RD1.1f~ the et wR\leform J't"~IIti.D8 fmm :(1;" W LI ~ :: ~~fied uturali03l J.evd lelal:iv~ to a ipeeified (!UlTeIIl·

PO LOCATE 2. (80 - LEN(L$)} 11: PRINT LS

80 LOCATE 3, <80 • LENa""Un t ~; PRJNT Ll$

90 LOCATE 6. 1: INPUT ~:NQ+ gf lCyel_------", TP 100 LOCA rn " l ~ rNPlIT .Pe. ",ni. ~1"'r'Cl'I!---", M 110 LOCATE 8. l~ INPUT ~oJOiii.n.a ana1c---·": CA l10 LOCATE 9,1: INPUT "$:[ l~O!: an~I.e--~: ZA 13() LOCATE JO, L INPUT ~p!r un.ll ttl :!IijIl~nu:~·L·; Q 140 LOCA"l"ll J~. 1. INPUT Hp:r ~l residual nUlI--H; 11.0 145 LOCATE 12. l~ INPUT "plot V~".. ~cale' h.clClr"; G 150 Cl.S

I!lS 'COLOR 7,9

160 WINDOW (.1P I ]00. L2O)-fIP. 20) 110 UNE (·TP I 10, Ol-rrP. 0)

180 UNE (0, ~20Ha. 20)

190 .FOR N - 1 TO Tr

100 l.JNE {N. -...5)-(1tl, • S)

?lnNmITN

no fOil N = L20 TO 20

230 UNE (0. N)-(.Ol ¥ TP, N) l40NEXTN

250:S "" 0: JO "" 0: UO ." 0

1m T -- _MOl ~ W - 1';; RAP :;;;;; .ATN(l) " 4:5 210 B = CA • RAD

230 TO ::: TAN(2A • RAD) f W 200 rOK K ;;; 0 TO Tf' f .0CKi 300J ... JO + T

320 lJ = M <It (EXf(-f1 t TO)) ... COstS} - COS(W '* J + B))~ VI "" U j]O P "" au ~ l.lO) j 1 + DO) • W .. T

340 A = D + Ail

350 IF S = l THEN 310

:350 [F It. > - Q TH.£N 370 EL..SE. ,UO :)70 lP U :> "" 0 THEN 380 ELSE. 400 3!K1 A - AO: ~ J w;: o~ s = ] 3~G0T0410

4003-0

4)0 If S -. 1 'THEN 430 ELSE 4lQ 420 lP A < .. -Q mEN 430 m..sr: 410 410 [F U -< "" -Q m~N 440 ~LSE 41>0

16

44U A = AO: u ;;;:: O~ S ~ 2 "SO orrro 470

460S - 0

470 'UNE (JO • 60. ~'IO" G / M) .. (J '"' !!O, U 1 III G 1M). 1 'Ralio Clb'fel'll plot

4RO UNE (j(J III eu, AO • G 1 MHJ "'.fiO, A Ii- G 1M). L2 'FlIU ph::11

48S UNB {IO ... 60, DO"" 0 I MHJ ... 60, U .. G f M}, 11 'S«onduy current plot

48:7 'UNE (10 .. 60, (t: 10 .. 00) * (l f M}-{.l • 60. (tit - U) 01< G j M) .. 13 'diff.u,,::iI '::1&rn:1U plat 490AO. A:: llO = U: JO = J: UtO.", UI

500 NEXT K.

505 'COLOR J4. q

:5l0 LOCA'rE 2.1, 3S:: rTUNT • ~ unit I!;llil'TCd' - H ~ M SID LOCATE 22, 3:5; PRINT "per -.mil to :llllUf~;~; Q

~}O LOCATE !2, 35: PRINT ~Ckt h:nt-!.llIlcII- ~ .. -"; ZA; CHR.S(24S) 540 AS "" lNPlJ1tm

5~ENn

BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES

Donald W. Smaha has a BSEE degree from Auburn Univeriity .00 a MSEE from the University of Alabama, He is: a senior lllenlbl!'f of" ni:I:i:~. 3n author of several technical P.9P!!l'S, a member of the Georgia Tech Relay Conference PlannlT)2 Commrtree, II member nf the ~wer Sy!dem Re}:\}' C".1lmmlttee, and .I!. prnfessional Engineer in. the ~tate~ of Alabama. rOP-.n.rgia. -r;Jmida., and Mi!'i;"i!l~ippj_ III 1922 he ntoCtIivi!ld tits Power System Relay Committee rriWl winning paJll!:r award_

He jflitll!:d (""lII!!Orfi.l Pn\\l~ f"..omp.a.ny a. s a Oi:ll:tributi(lR Engineer nfter recehdng his Bachelor"s, degree in 196.5, He soon voiumeeree In me US Navy Seabees and served twO year, in South VietnAm_ In 1968. he lrln!l:ferred to Som:hem Company Serv~ where he proFessed tlIrol.lJ!h various disciplines in SY'tern Planning and Engineering, He Is presently Principal Engineer I in UJe El8Cll'icaJ and Contrals Departm81lt of Power end SY!ltem Engineering at :Southern Company services tn Binniltgham.. Alabama, In d'iis postnon Mr, SnWla is responslble for all activities and uudies performed at :Southern Compmy Services. for me Southern Elecrrlc Syst-em,

St ..... ,. E. ZQehotl hWi a aSEE !Cnd MSEE frum Drexel Uni'Yasjty. He is a IEEE fello ..... and a member or lh. PUWtl( E"l!!illlftlriu~ SudelY ;ani the hldll.!itrial AppJi~~klns Sudety of U:U::r:. lie is a membCf" of the: Power Sy~1em Rtlay Commtuee and chairman of the Relay Jnput Sources Subcommittee. He iii also a member of the: Planflillj! committees or the Georgia Tech and Wntern Protective Relay Conferences.

HC' joined Sl:bwcitur Engineering Laborator tCS in ! 991 in the positlon of D iSlim!ujshed Engineer. He wu with ABB rower T&D Company .. AUcntowl1 (formerly [TE, Gould, BBC, We:nin.shou:IIc ABO) sinee 194'7 ""here ne held various ell8ineering positions including Director of Protection Technology.

17

Hls biograpby appcan in WhO>i Wbo in America He holds over a dozen patenu as!O,~ate.d wit1~ IJUWCI !liYllL~.u1 I.I'lot.:.t.ion uaiJI:I ,oUd UAtc 4lJI.d m~,:ropro~calo, technclogy lIId bi the author of nume-fOWi, JEEE and Protective R.elar Conference paPU3, He received the best paper award of the 1988 Petroleum and Chem~al J ndustry Conference. 1 n 1991 he w as ft:OO£lliad by Power Syucm Relay Cammhtee far Ois[ingujsttcd Service to the commiuee.

is

CfIJIl'riPt "" SEt .992: ("" riJt.t.! """,r""M) Prirud in USA

Ik, .... I