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Diffraction
Line of sight
Line of sight
Hydrometeor scatter
Line of sight with
multipath Reflection/refraction
enhancement by elevated layers
Short-term effects
Ducting
ITU-R Study Group 3 Recommendations
Recommendations:
http://www.itu.int/rec/R-REC-P/en
For most practical situations, free space loss is the minimum loss
worst case interference.
re re
ae =k re
dlos 2ae h1 h2
Recommendation ITU-R P.834
Diffraction – within line-of-sight
2 1 1
h
d1 d 2
Diffraction – more complicated terrain
450
Height adjusted for Earth radius (m)
430
420
410
400
390
380
370
360
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55 60 65
Distance (km)
Knife-edge diffraction model
n h 2d ab /d an d nb
• Point with largest on entire path: principal edge
• Points with largest either side of principal edge: auxiliary edges
L = J(p) + {1.0 – exp( –J(p) / 6 )} [J(t) + J(r) + 10.0 + 0.04D ]
At frequencies above
100 GHz, loss
becomes significant.
Helpful in protecting
passive services as
very high bands.
Types of models
Propagation
prediction Measurements “Reality”
method Error: ???
•Mean
•Std Dev
www.itu.int/ITU-R/index.asp?category=study-groups&link=rsg3&lang=en
Thank you!
Questions?
Carol Wilson, Research Consultant
carol.wilson@csiro.au
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