B GIO DC V O TO TRNG I HC K THUT CNG NGH TP.

HCM
KHOA IEN IEN T

LUN VN TT NGHIP

TI : CNG NGH OFDM V NG DNG TRONG TRUYN HNH S MT T

GVHD:Th.s Nguyn Hng Kim Khnh SVTH: PHM QUC HNG MSSV: 98T135

487TP. HCM 8 2003

PHN 1 L THUYT V CNG NGH OFDM CHNG 1 : KHI QUT CHUNG V H THNG THNG TIN V TUYN 1.LCH S PHT TRIN H THNG CELLULAR K t khi c trin khai vo nhng nm u ca thp nin 1980 cho n nay.Thng tin v tuyn di ng v ang pht trin vi tc ht sc nhanh chng trn phm vi ton cu .Kt qu thng k cho thy mt s quc gia ,s lung thu bao di ng vt hn s lng thu bao c nh.Trong tng lai .s lung thu bao di ng v c nh s tip tc tng ln v song song vi n l s gia tng v nhu cu ca ngi s dng .iu ny khin cc nh khai thc cng nh cc t ch vin thng khng ngng nghin cu ,ci tin v a ra cc gii php k thut, ci tin v nng cp cc h thng thng tin .Cho n nay h thng thng ti tri qua 3 th h (Three Generations). 1.1 H THNG THNG TIN DI NG TH H TH 1 (1G)

1.1.a c im
H thng mng di ng th h th nht (1G) c pht trin vo nhng nm cui thp nin 70 ,h thng ny s dng k thut ( analog ).Tt c cc h thng 1G s dng phng php a truy nhp phn chia theo tn s FDMA ( Frequency Division Multiple Access). Cc h thng mng di ng 1G ch c dng s dng cho dch v thoi vi cht lng kh thp nguyn do tnh trng nghn mch v nhiu xy ra thng xuyn . Cc h thng mng di ng 1G bao gm cc h thng : AMPS(Advaced Mobile Phone System) ETACTS(Enhanced Total Access Cellular System)-Chu u NMT(Nordic Mobile Telephone System) Bc u . 1.2 H THNG THNG TIN DI NG TH H TH 2 (2G) H thng mng 2G c trin khai vo nm 1990 v hin nay vn c s dng rng ri .L mt mng thng tin di ng s bng hp ,s dng phng php chuyn mch mch (circuit switching) l ch yu .Phng php a truy cp TDMA (Time Division Multiple Access) v CDMA (Code Division Multiple Access) c s dng kt hp FDMA. H thng mng di ng 2G s dung cho dch v thoi v truyn s liu. H thng mng 2G bao gm cc h thng : PCS (Personal Communication System). PCS l h thng truyn dn tn s 1900MHz.u m ca in thoi PCS l nh ,trng lng nh ,bo mt tt v thi gian Pin ch lu . TDMA(Time Division Multiple Access)

1.1.b Cc h thng mng 1G

1.2.a c im

1.2.b Cc h thng mng di ng 2G

TDMA l mng di ng s dng k thut iu ch s pht trin t mng 1G AMPS ,tng dung lng mng bng cch cho php nhiu ngi dng chung mt knh v tuyn m vn bo m cht lng thoi .in thoi TDMA c th hot ng 2 ch : analog v digital .Trong thng tin TDMA th nhiu ngi s dng mt sng mang v trc thi gian c chia thnh nhiu khong thi gian nh dnh cho nhiu ngi s dng sao cho khng c s chng cho . TDMA c chia thnh TDMA bng rng v TDMA bng hp cn Chu u TDMA bng rng nhng c hai h thng u c th c coi nh t hp FDMA v TDMA v ngi s dng thc t dng cc knh c n nh c v tn s v cc khe thi gian trong bng tn . Ngy nay , TDMA l chun c s dng ph bin M ,Chu M Latin ,New Zealand v mt s quc gia thuc khu vc Chu ,Thi Bnh Dng. CDMA (Code Division Multiple Access) Mng CDMA uc trin khai nm 1995 .Tng t nh TDMA ,mng CDMA cng phc v ng thi hai ch :tng t v s . im khc bit TDMA v CDMA : Cc knh CDMA rng hn khong 6 ln v h thng cp cho mi thu bao mt m duy nht. GSM(Global System for Mobile Communication) H thng GSM ra i nm 1988 s dng kt hp hai phng php a truy nhp theo thi gian TDMA v theo tn s FDMA ,nh ti mt thi im c 8 thu bao c th s dng chung mt knh .GSM s dng cho dch v truyn thoi v fax vi tc 9600 bit/s. in thoi GSM s dng mt SIM-Card (Subcriber Indentify Module ) Ri lu tr s in thoi ,thng tin v ti khon thu bao . GSM 900 Mhz l mng s ch yu Chu u v cng c s dng cc quc gia Chu Thi Bnh Dng .GSM 1800 cng c trin khai Chu u v Chu nhng khng ph bin nh h thng GSM 900MHz ,h thng GSM 1800 c s dng ph bin Chu M v Cannada . 1.3 H THNG THNG TIN DI NG TH H TH 2.5 (2.5G) 1.3.a c im H thng mng 2.5G l mng chuyn tip gia h thng mng di ng th h th 2 (2G) v th 3 (3G).H thng hon ton da trn c ch chuyn mch gi .u im c h thng di ng 2.5G l tit kim c khng gian v tng tc truyn dn . Nng cp h thng mng 2G ln 2.5G nhanh hn v c chi ph thp hn so vi vic nng cp mng t 2G ln 3G .H thng 2.5G nh mt bc m chuyn tip ,khng i hi mt s thay i c tnh cht t bin. 1.3.b Cc h thng mng 2.5G

GPRS(Generic Packet Radio Services )

GPRS l mt h thng mi ,uc trin khai trn nn ca h thng GSM s dng phng thc chuyn mch gi v nh cc ph s dng c tnh da trn tng gi nhn ,gi i ,khc hn v c li hn cho thu bao so vi cch tnh cc da trn thi gian kt ni .GPRS c th c xem nh l s m rng ca h thng di ng th h th 2G GSM , c kh nng cung cp cc kt ni o ,cc dch v truyn s liu vi tc ln n 171.2Kbps cho mi user nh vo vic s dng ng thi nhiu timeslot .Bn cnh mc ch cung cp nhng s liu mi cho cc thu bao di ng ,GPRS cn c xem nh l bc chuyn tip t th h 2G ln 3G. Vi vic xy dng h thng GPRS ,cc nh khai thc xy dng mt cu trc mng li da trn IP h tr cho cc ng dng v s liu ,cng nh to ra mt mi trng th nghim v khai thc cc dch v tch hp gia thoi v s liu ca th h ca th h 3G sau ny . Trong h thng GSM tp trung h tr cho cc kt ni thoi th mc ch chnh ca GPRS l cung cp phng tin truy cp vo cc mng s liu chun nh TCP/IP . EDGE (Enhanced Data Rate for Global Evolution) Mng EDGE c xy dng da trn nn tng ca mng GSM nhng li cung cp gn t n cc chun dnh cho 3G ,tc xp x 384 Kbps. 1.4 H THNG THNG TIN DI NG TH H TH 3 (3G) 1.4.a c im L th h thng tin di ng s cho php chuyn mng bt k ,c kh nng truyn thng a phng tin cht lng cao. Cc h thng 3G c xy dng trn c s CDMA hoc CDMA kt hp vi TDMA ,c kh nng cung cp mt bng tn rng theo yu cu ,do c th h tr cc dch v c nhiu tc khc nhau. th h th 3 ,cc h thng thng tin di ng c xu th ho nhp thnh mt tiu chun chung duy nht v phc v ln n 2Mbps.Mc d 3G c tnh ton s l mt chun mang tnh ton cu nhng chi ph xy dng c s h tng cho h thng ny rt tn km. 1.4.b Cc h thng mng 3G WCDMA (Wideband Code Division Multiple Access) WCDMA hay cn gi IMT-2000 l mt chun ca ITU( International Telecommunication Union) c ngun gc t chun CDMA. Cng ngh WCDMA cho php tc truyn d liu n cc thit b di ng cao hn nhiu so vi kh nng ca mng di ng hin nay.WCDMA WCDMA c th h tr vic truyn thoi ,hnh nh d liu video ..c tc ln n 2Mbps.

 UMTS (Universal Mobile Telecommunication System). UMTS l mt mng th h th 3 c trin khai Chu u .Mng ny cung cp cung cp cho ngi s dng cc dch v hot ng tn s 2GHz ,cho php hnh nh m thanh,video ,truyn hnh .hin th trn cc my in thoi di ng. UMTS c xem l mt h thng mng ci tin t mng 2G GSM . 2.CU HNH H THNG CELLULAR H thng thng tin di ng Cellular gm ba phn chnh c bn : l cc my in thoi di ng MS(Mobile Station); Trm gc BS(Base Station ) v trung tm chuyn mch in thoi di ng MSC(Mobile Service Switching Center).Cc phn ny c lin kt vi nhau qua ng kt ni thoi v s liu . My in thoi di ng MS bao gm : cc b thu /pht RF ; anten v b iu khin . Trm gc BS bao gm cc b thu pht RF kt ni my di ng MS vi MSC ;anten;b iu khin ;u cui s liu v ngun . Trung tm chuyn mch MSC bao gm b phn iu khin ;b phn kt ni cuc gi ;cc thit b ngoi vi v cung cp cc chc nng thu nhp s liu cc i vi cc cuc gi hon thnh . MSC x l cc cuc gi i v n t mi BS,cung cp cc chc nng iu khin trung tm cho hot ng ca cc BS mt cch hiu qu v truy cp vo tng i ca mng in thoi cng cng . Cc my in thoi di ng MS,trm gc BS v tng i MSC c lin kt vi nhau thng qua cc ng kt ni thoi v s liu .Mi my di ng s dng mt cp knh thu pht RF .V cc knh lu lng khng c nh mt knh RF no m lun thay i thnh cc tn s RF khc nhau ph thuc vo s di chuyn ca my di ng trong sut cuc gi nn cuc gi c th thit lp qua bt c mt knh no c xc nh trong vng .Cng t nhng quan im v h thng thng tin di ng m thy rng tt c cc knh c xc nh u c th bn do c kt ni ng thi vi cc my di ng .B phn iu khin trung tm chuyn mch MSC s iu khin ,sp t v qun l ton b h thng thng tin Cellular. Tng i Cellular kt ni cc ng m thoi thit lp cuc gi gia cc thu bao di ng MS vi nhau hoc gia cc thu bao c nh vi cc thu bao di ng v lm nhim v trao i cc thng tin bo hiu a dng qua ng s liu gia MSC v BS . Cc thng tin thoi v bo hiu gia my di ng MS va trm gc BS c truyn qua knh RF.Cc ng kt ni thoi v s liu c nh c s dng truyn cc thng tin thoi v bo hiu gia BS v MSC.

CHNG 2 TNG QUAN V TRUYN SNG 2.1 TN S V T TNH SNG V TUYN i vi ,ng truyn tn hiu v tuyn l tng, th tn hiu nhn ch bao gm cc ng truyn tnh hiu n trc tip ,tn hiu nhn s c ti to hon chnh nh ban u.Tuy nhin trn thc t tn hiu s b thay i trong sut qu trnh truyn .iu ny th hin ch,tn hiu nhn c bao gm cc tn hiu suy gim ,phn x v tn x t cc i tng gn nh i ni,cao c ,nh ca,xe c..vv.. 2.2 PHN LOI TRUYN SNG 2.2.1 KHNG GIAN T DO Cng sut tn hiu s b suy gim khi truyn t mt ni ny n mt ni khc.iu ny l do chiu di ca ng truyn ,s tc nghn ca ng truyn v nhng nh hng a ng (Multipath effects) .Bt c vt no m n chn ng truyn thng (line of sight) t ni truyn n ni nhn th n cng b suy gim. Cc tn hiu phn x b tr cho n anten so vi tnh hiu trc tip.C th trnh mt s phn x bng cch dng anten tt nhng khng phi lc no iu ny cng c th thc hin c do gi c anten ,do phi iu chnh hng anten....

c trng ca fading chn lc tn s l cng tn hiu mt vi tn s th c tng cng trong khi mt s khc th b suy gim .Ta thy p tuyn thay i theo c thi gian v tn s .Suy gim chn lc uc th hin r rng .Khi my thu v tt c cc i tng gy phn x l c nh th p tuyn tn s hiu dng ca knh truyn t my pht ti my thu l c nh . Nu tn hiu c ch c di thng tng i hp v li ri vo phn bng tn c suy gin ng k th s c fading phng v vic thu s b suy gim .Khi

xem xt tn hiu c gii thng ln hn th mt phn tn hiu s chu giao thoa cu trc v b suy gim i khi ti mc khng thu c .Nhn chung nu tn hiu c gii thng cng rng ,ln hn di thng tng quan th n chu nhiu sai lch truyn ,nhng cng sut thu c ton phn s thay i t hn , thm ch nu c nhng suy gim ng k do truyn lan nhiu ng. y di thng tng quan l khong cch tn s m cng ca cc thnh phn tn hiu vn cn tng quan bi mt h s no . 2.2.2 VNG TI V FADING CHM ln vng ti ph thuc vo kch thc ca cc i tng che khut ,cu trc vt liu v tn s tn hiu RF .Hu ht cc vt liu l trong sut cao tn s RF so vi nh sng nhn thy,lm cho s truyn lan khng tm nhn thng NLOS(Non-line of sight) l c th.Tuy nhin vn c nhiu vt liu c nh hng ng k ti s lan truyn sng RF ,v d cc ta nh ,i cao hp th RF i qua n ,to vng ti chiu su ng sau chng . Trong nhung iu kin nh vy hu ht nng lng thu c l do phn x hoc nhiu x chung quanh i tng ch khng phi l do tia ti trc tip . Nhiu x xy ra mp cc i tng chng ngi trn ng truyn . mp nhiu x,tn hiu pht x li nh mt u sng bt ngun t mp nhiu x .iu ny lm cho n un cong mt phn quanh i tng .Nhiu x khng c nh hng ng k n vng ti ca nh sng nhn thy v bc sng nh sng nh (0.4m-0.7m) so vi kch thc i tng (0.1-10m). Tn hiu thu c l t hp ca tn hiu trc tip ,tn hiu phn x v tn hiu nhiu x .Gi tr cng sut thu c l tng hp thnh cc nhnh tn hiu ny .S chuyn ng ca my thu ,my pht hoc i tng trong mi trng s dn n s thay i tn hao truyn lan do s thay i nhnh truyn .Do bn cht thay i chm ,nhn chung chng c coi nh fadinh chm. 2.2.3 VNG FADING RAYLEIGH Trong cc ng truyn v tuyn ,tn hiu RF t ni truyn s b phn x bi nh ca ,xe c..iu ny s lm tng bi s ng truyn ti my thu.Nu gia anten pht v anten thu khng c ng truyn tm nhn thng th tia pht c thu bng nhiu ng truyn sng khc nhau do phn x ,nhiu x ,tn x.Do vy in trng tng hp thu c ln hn nhiu so vi tia tng t truyn trong khng gian t do .Ngoi ra ,cc thng gin tc thi ca in trng thu c phc tp hn so vi tng tc hai tia do nhiu t nhiu ng truyn sng.Hin tng ny gi l Fading Rayleigh. Thm ch ,in trng thu trung bnh i vi trng hp dch chuyn trong khong ngn (khong 50m) cng thng gin ng k do cu hng ng truyn sng thay i khi trm di ng di chuyn. Nu trong ng truyn sng c nhiu phn t thng gin phc tp th hu nh khng tnh c in trng thu mt cch chnh xc t cu hnh ng truyn.Trong mt ng truyn nh vy ,vic nh gi in trng thu thng c thc hin bng phng php thng k.

Trong ng truyn sng mt t vd nh i vi in thoi trn t phn ln cc ng truyn c nhiu phn t thng gin phc tp ,v vy in trng thu c ca trm di ng v trm gc c nh gi bng phng php s dng nhiu kt qu nh gi v sp xp theo thng k.

2.3 C IM CA TRUYN SNG DI NG MT T 2.3.1 TRUYN SNG MT T PHNG

CHNG 3 : LCH S PHT TRIN CA CNG NGH OFDM 3.1 CUC CCH MNG CA H THNG THNG TIN H thng thng tin di ng thng mi c a vo ng dng ti M nm 1946 ,s dng bng tn 150MHz ,vi khong cch knh l 60KHz v s lng knh b hn ch l 3 knh . l h thng bn song cng (ngi bn ny khng th ni trong khi ngi kia ang ni v cuc thoi c kt ni bng nhn cng ). Sau khi ci tin ,h thng IMTS MJ bao gm 11 knh bng tn 150Mhz v h thng ITMS MK bao gm 12 knh bng tn 459Mhz c s dng vo nm 1969 .y l h thng song cng ,trong mt trm gc BS c th phc v cho vng bn knh rng n 80km. Cho n nay ,cng ngh thng tin v tuyn c nhng pht trin vt bc trong nhng nm gn y .Hu ht cc h thng WLAN hin nay dng theo chun IEEE802.11b,cung cp tc d liu cc i 11Mbps .Cc tiu chun WLAN mi nh IEEE802.11a v HyperLAN2 da trn cng ngh OFDM cung cp tc d liu ti 54Mbps .Tuy nhin trong tng lai gn cc h thng s yu cu cc mng WLAN c tc d liu ln hn 100Mbps .Do vy cn phi ci thin hn na hiu qu ph v dung lng d liu ca cc h thng OFDM trong cc ng dng WLAN . Mng di ng th h th ba v bn l cung cp cho khch hng tc d liu cao ,phm vi dch v ln nh thng tin thoi ,in thoi truyn hnh(videophone) v truy cp internet vi tc cao .Tc d liu cao cc mng di ng tng lai c th c thc hin nh tng gi ph phn phi cho cc dch v v bng vic ci thin hiu qu ph .OFDM l mt ng c vin tim nng ca h thng mobile th h th t. 3.2 CC CNG NGH A TRUY CP 3.2.1 FDMA (Frequency Division Multiple Access) Cng ngh FDMA c s dng ln u tin trong cc h thng thng tin tng t .Trong k thut ny ,bng tn tng c phn chia thnh nhiu bng tn nh .Mi thu bao MS c php truyn lin tc theo thi gian trn mt bng tn nh c cp pht cho MS ,do s khng b trng .Mi bng tn bao gm bng tn ti thiu cho vic truyn d liu v hai di tn phng v hai bn chng nhiu xuyn knh . c im ca FDMA l thu bao MS s c cp pht mt kng i lin lc sut thi gian thng tuyn .Nhiu giao thoa do tn s cc knh ln cn nhau l ng k .Trm gc BS phi c b thu pht ring lm vic vi mi thu bao MS trong h thng di ng 3.2.2 TDMA (Time Division Multiple Access) H thng thng tin di ng TDMA c pht trin trn nn FDMA .ng dng k thut nn s i vi thoi mi thu bao trong h thng u c th truy cp ton b bng tn v tuyn ca h thng cc khe thi gian

khc nhau .Mi thu bao c cp mt khe thi gian trong cu trc khung .Khong thi gian khng s dng gia cc khe ln cn l thi gian bo v gim nhiu. Trong h thng Cellular ,ph tn c chia thnh cc di tn lin lc trong khe thi gian ca n truyn thng tin d liu .Nu ph tn c sn c chia thnh nhiu di tn lin lc cho cc nhm thu bao ring bit th gi l TDMA bng hp .Cn nu ph tn cho php u c s dng cho mi thu bao th gi l phng php TDMA bng rng . Khuyt im ca k thut TDMA l hin tng tr truyn dn gy ra s trng chp tn hiu gia hai khe thi gian ln cn nu thi gian bo v ca mi khe khng .L thuyt chng minh gi s bn knh Cell l R th thi gian tr l Ttr =2R/C . trnh chng chp tn hiu th khong thi gian bo v ti thiu ca mi khe thi gian phi l Gmin=2R/C ,nhng iu ny s lm gim dung lng knh . dung lng knh khng b gim th c th s dng phng php th hai l khng c thi gian bo v m thay th bng cch iu chnh nh thi pht c thu bao MS .Tuy nhin khi cn phi xc nh khong cch MS BS v iu chnh nh thi thch ng .V vy ,cn phi ty theo c im tng h thng m la chn phng php thch hp . H thng TDMA in hnh l GSM (Global System for Mobile ) 3.2.3 CDMA (Code division Multiple Access) S pht trin ca cng ngh CDMA bt u nm 1989 ,sau khi tiu chun NA-TDMA (IS-54) c thit lp . Trong h thng thng tin di ng CDMA ,nhiu thu bao MS s dng chung cng mt bng tn Cell ,nhng c phn bit vi nhau theo cc m khc nhau .Cc thu bao c th thc hin cuc gi ng thi m khng gy nhiu nh tnh khng tng quan gia cc m khc nhau .Mi thu bao di ng MS c gn mt m ring v k thut tri ph tn hiu s gip cho cc MS khng gy nhiu ln nhau mc d c th cng mt lc dng chung di tn s .Nu mun thu c tn hiu ca knh truyn th phi bit c m ca knh . c im ca tn hiu CDMA l s dng tn hiu cao tn ,di tn rng hng MHz ,s dng k thut tri ph phc tp .K thut tri ph cho php tn hiu v tuyn s dng c cng rt nh v chng Fading hiu qu hn FDMA v TDMA .Vic thu bao cc MS trong Cell dng chung tn s khin cho thit b truyn dn v tuyn n gin ,vic thay i k hoch tn s khng cn l vn v chuyn giao tr thnh mm.iu khin dung lng trong Cell rt linh hot.H thng CDMA cng p dng k thut nn s nh TDMA nhng vi tc bit thay i theo tch cc thoi ,nn tn hiu thoi c tc bit trung bnh nh hn . H thng CDMA in hnh l IS-95 3.3 S PHT TRIN CNG NGH CDMA

Th k 20 l thi k bng n thng tin trn th gii v cng l thi k nh du s ra i ca cc k thut a truy cp.Chng ta tng nghe ni n cc k thut a truy cp phn chia theo tn s FDMA vi h thng AMPS ,k thut a truy cp phn chia theo thi gian TDMA vi ng dng rng ri ca mng GSM .C th khi nge n k thut tri ph vi ng dng rng ri ca a truy cp phn chia theo m CDMA ,nhiu ngi ln tng y l cng ngh mi ra i sau ny ,bi n ch c cng nhn v ng dng rng ri trong thng mi vo gia nhng nm 90 .Nhng thc ra ,CDMA t trong bi cnh lch s ,c ngun gc t chin tranh th gii th hai .Ti M, vo nm 1940 ,mt n din vin Hollywood ng thi l nh sng ch ti nng George Antheil ,l mt nhc s dng cm ,khi chin tranh th gii ln hai sp n ra , ng sng ch ra mt cch iu khin ng li bng cch gi tn hiu v tuyn ngu nhin ,nhy lin tc t tn s ny sang tn s khc trng kh nng b gin on . tng ny ,c bit n nh nhy tn FH (Frequency Hopping) v sau l tri ph nhy tn (FH-SS ).H sng ch ra h thng iu khin nhy tn u tin dng mt mu tm mi tn s ,bng s phm chnh xc trn cy n dng cm .Mc d cc nh pht minh c gng mit mi thc y vic thc thi cc kt qu nghin cu t phng th nghim nhng hi qun M loi b xem nh mt gii php khng kh thi . Pht minh ny b chm vo qun lng n nm 1947 khi cc k s ti phn vin h thng in t Sylvania ti Buffalo New York tip tc tng ny .H dng cng ngh ny vo vic thng tin bo mt cho M trong sut cuc khng hong tn la Cuba vo nm 1962 .Sau khi tr thnh cng ngh tuyt mt cho ton b chnh quyn ,qun i M vo nhng nm 80 tit l b mt v cng ngh m by gi chng ta c bit n cng ngh CDMA. Cng ngh ny sm gy c s ch ca cng ngh Wireless mi pht trin.Cng ngh CDMA kt hp cht ch vi tri ph ,hot ng bi vic s ho cc cuc i thoi km theo mt m ch c bit bi ni pht v ni thu ,chia tn hiu thnh cc bit v sau kt ni chng li .Cng ngh ny rt c a dng trong qun i v tn hiu m ho vi hng triu kt hp khc nhau lm cho vic truyn rt an ton . Cng ngh CDMA chng minh tnh hu dng rt cao trong mng thng tin di ng Cellular bi n cung cp mt phng php m ho rt an ton cho mi ngi s dng ng thi em li cht lng cuc gi c th xem l tuyt ho so vi h thng GSM l h thng thng tin di ng chnh c s dng ti nhiu ni trn th gii hin nay .Cng ngh ny chng minh u th ni bt trong vic s dng ph tn v tuyn bi n cho php nhiu ngi s dng cng chia s ng thi mt khong bng tn m khng gy can nhiu ln nhau ,khng nh cc cng ngh trc y i hi cp pht cho mi ngi s dng mt tn s v tuyn ring . L thuyt v cng ngh CDMA c xy dng t nhng nm 1950 v c p dng trong thng tin qun s t nhng nm 1960 nh tn bo mt cao .Cng vi s pht trin cacng ngh bn dn v l thuyt thng tin trong nhng nm 1980 ,CDMA c thng mi ho t phng php thu GPS v Ommi-TRACS ,phng php ny cng c xut trong h thng thn tinh Cellular ca Qualcomn M nm 1990. Cng ngh CDMA l h thng a truy cp phn chia theo m v ng dng trong k thut tri ph .iu ny khc phc c nhng nhc im ca hai

cng ngh FDMA v TDMA trc .Mc d cng ngh CDMA mi pht trin gn y nhng s pht trin ca n rt nhanh chng ch ring a bn chu M v Chu - Thi Bnh Dng ,n cui nm 1996 lp t khong 11000 trm gc.t bit ti mt s nc nh M,Nht t cng ngh vin thng CDMA l h thng vin thng th h th 3.

CHNG 4 : TNG QUAN V K THUT IU CH OFDM A. NGUYN L C BN CA OFDM Ghp knh theo tn s trc giao Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing(OFDM) rt ging vi ghp knh theo tn s Frequency Division Multiplexing (FDM) truyn thng .OFDM s dng nhng nguyn l ca FDM cho php nhiu tin tc s c gi qua mt knh Radio n . Tuy nhin n cho php hiu qu ph tt hn . OFDM khc vi FDM nhiu im .Trong pht thanh thng thng mi i pht thanh thruyn trn mt tn s khc nhau ,s dng hiu qu FDM duy tr s ngn cch gia nhng i .Tuy nhin khng c s kt hp ng b gia mi trm vi cc trm khc .Vi cch truyn OFDM nh l DAB hoc DVB-T ,nhng tn hiu thng tin t nhiu trm c kt hp trong mt dng d liu ghp knh n .Sau d liu ny c truyn khi s dng khi OFDM c to ra t gi dy c nhiu sng mang .Tt c cc sng mang th cp trong tn hiu OFDM c ng b thi gian v tn s vi nhau ,cho php kim sot tt can nhiu gia nhng sng mang .Cc sng mang ny chng lp nhau trong min tn s ,nhng khng gy can nhiu gia cc sng mang (Inter- Carrier Interference (ICI)) do bn cht trc giao ca iu

ch .Vi FDM nhng tn hiu truyn cn c khon bo v tn s ln gia nhng knh ngn nga can nhiu.iu ny lm gim hiu qu ph .Tuy nhin vi OFDM s ng gi trc giao nhng sng mang lm gim ng k khong bo v ci thin hiu qu ph . Tt c cc h thng truyn thng v tuyn s dng s iu ch nh x tn hiu thng tin to thnh dng c th truyn hiu qu trn knh thng tin.Mt phm vi rng cc s iu ch c pht trin, ph thuc vo tn hiu thng tin l dng sng analog hoc digital .Mt s s iu ch tng t chung bao gm :iu ch tn s (FM ),iu ch bin (AM ) ,iu ch pha (PM) ,iu ch n bin (SSB), Vestigial Side Band (VSB),Double Side Band Suppressed Carrier (DSBSC) .Cc s iu ch sng mang n chung cho thng tin s bao gm kha dch bin (ASK) ,kha dch tn s (FSK) ,Kha dch pha (PSK) iu ch QAM . OFDM cn c tn gi khc l iu ch a sng mang trc giao(OMCM da trn nguyn tc phn chia lung d liu tc cao thnh cc lung d liu tc thp,truyn trn nhiu sng mang trc giao nhau .Cng ngh ny c trung tm nghin cu CCETT(Centre Commun dtude en ddiffution et Tlcomunication) ca Php pht minh nghin cu t u thp nin 1980. Phng php a sng mang dng cng ngh OFDM s tri d liu cn truyn trn rt nhiu sng mang ,mi sng mang c iu ch ring bit vi tc bit thp .Trong cng ngh FDM truyn thng nhng sng mang c lc ra ring bit bo m rng khng c chng ph ,bi vy khng c hin tng giao thoa k hiu ISI gia nhng sng mang nhng ph li cha uc s dng vi hiu qu cao nht .Vi OFDM ,nu khong cch sng mang c chn sao cho nhng sng mang trc giao sao cho nhng sng mang trc giao trong chu k k hiu th nhng tn hiu c th c khi phc m khng giao thoa hay chng ph .

4.1. A SNG MANG (MULTICARRIER )

Nu truyn tnh hiu khng phi bng mt sng mang m bng nhiu sng mang ,mi sng mang ti mt phn d liu c ch v c tri u trn c bng thng th khi chu nh hng xu ca p tuyn knh s ch c mt phn d liu c ch b mt ,trn c s m d liu m cc sng mang khc mang ti c th khi phc d liu c ch .iu ny tng ng khi ghp knh theo tn s (FDM) .Do vy ,khi dng nhiu sng mang c tc bit thp ,nhiu d liu gc s c thu chnh xc. hi phc d liu mt ,ngi ta dng phng php sa li tin (FEC-Forward Error Correction). my thu mi sng mang c tch ra khi dng cc b lc thng thng v gii iu ch.Tuy nhin khng c can nhiu gia cc sng mang (ICI) cn phi c khong bo v khi hiu qu ph km .

Khong bo v

Gii thng c tit kim.

Hnh : FDM thng thng v OFDM

Gii php khc phc vic hiu qu ph km khi c khong bo v (GAURD PERIOD) l gim khong cch cc sng mang v cho php ph ca cc sng mang cnh nhau trng lp nhau. S trng lp ny l c php nu khong cch gia cc sng mang c chn chnh xc .Khong cch ny c chn ng vi trng hp cc sng mang trc giao vi nhau . l phng php ghp knh theo tn s trc giao (OFDM). Tht ra tng ca phng php ny c t gia nhng nm 1980 .Nhng do lc cn hn ch v mt cng ngh (kh to ra cc b iu ch v gii iu ch a sng mang gi thnh thp theo bin i nhanh Fourier(Inverse Fast Fourier Transform IFFT) nn cho ti nay da trn nhng thnh tu ca cng ngh mch tch hp .Phng php ny mi c a vo thc tin .

4.2 S TRC GIAO (ORTHOGONAL)

ORTHOGONAL ch ra rng c mt mi quan h ton hc chnh xc gia cc tn s ca cc sng mang trong h thng OFDM .Trong h thng FDM thng thng ,nhiu sng mang c cch nhau mt khong ph hp tn hiu thu c th nhn li bng cch s dng cc b lc v cc b gii iu ch thng thng.Trong cc my nh vy ,cc khong bo v cn c d liu trc gia cc sng mang khc nhau v vic a vo cc khong bo v ny lm gim hiu qu s dng ph ca h thng . Tuy nhin c th sp xp cc sng mang trong OFDM sao cho cc di bin ca chng che ph ln nhau m cc tn hiu vn c th thu c chnh xc m khng c s can nhiu gia cc sng mang .Mun c nh vy cc sng mang phi trc giao v mt ton hc .My thu hot ng nh cc mt b gm cc b gii iu ch ,dch tn mi sng mang xung mc DC,tn hiu nhn c ly tch phn tren mt chu k ca symbol phc hi d liu gc .Nu tt c cc sng mang khc u c dch xung tn s tch phn ca sng mang ny (trong mt chu k symbol ),th kt qu tnh tch phn cho cc sng mang khc s l zero .Do cc sng mang c lp tuyn tnh vi nhau (trc giao) nu khong cch gia cc sng l bi s ca 1/ .Bt k s phi tuyn no gy ra bi can nhiu bi cc sng mang ICI(Inter-Carrierinterference) cng lm mt i tnh trc giao . V mt ton hc ,trc giao c ngha l cc sng mang c ly ra t nhm trc chun (Orthonomal basis ) { { i (t ) / i = 0,1,...} c tnh cht sau ;
T2

T1

i (t ) t (t )dt = ik =

1 i = k 0 i k

(4.2.1)

Nh vy {

{i (t )} = {sin(n 2t / T , cos(m 2t / T } vi T

= T l T l1

Ngoi ra c th biu din trc giao theo hm phc {i (t ) = [ ji == 2t / Tu ]/ i = 0,1,...} c tnh cht :

1 i = k i (t ) (t )dt = ik = 0 i k
* k
(2) Khong cch gia 2 sng mang trc giao cnh nhau s l f=1/ Tu . y du * ch s lin hip phc .V d : Nu tn hiu l sin(mx) vi m=1,2. Th n trc giao trong khong t - n . VIc x l (iu ch v gii iu ch ) tn hiu OFDM c thc hin trong min tn s ,bng cch s dng cc thut ton x l tn hiu s DSP (Digital Signal Processing ).Nguyn tc ca tnh trc giao thng c s dng trong phm vi DSP .Trong ton hc ,s hng trc giao c c t vic nghin cu cc vecto.Theo nh ngha ,hai vecto c gi l trc giao vi nhau khi chng

vung gc vi nhau (to nhau mt gc 900 ) v tch ca 2 vecto l bng 0.im chnh y l tng nhn hai hm s vi nhau , tng hp cc tch v nhn c kt qu l 0.

V2 V

=0

Hnh 4.2h-1 : Tch ca 2 vecto trc giao bng 0

u tin ta ch n hm s thng thng c gi tr trung bnh bng khng.(VD gi tr trung bnh ca hm sin di y ) Nu cng bn k dng v bn k m ca dng sng sin nh di y chng ta s c kt qu l 0 .Qu trnh tch phn c th c xem xt khi tm ra din tch di dng ng cong .Do din tch ca 1 sng sin c th c vit nh sau:
2k

0 Qu trnh tch phn c th oc xem xt khi tm ra din tch di dng ng cong .Do ,din tch ca mt sng sin c th c vit nh sau :

sin( t ) dt

= 0

Bin

Hnh 4.2h2 : Gi tr trung bnh ca sng Sin bng 0. Nu chng ta nhn v cng (tch phn) hai dng sng sin c tn s khc nhau .Ta nhn thy qu trnh ny cng bng 0.

Bin

Hnh : Tch phn ca hai sng sin khc tn s

iu ny gi l tnh trc giao ca dng sng sin .N cho thy rng min l hai dng sng sin khng c cng tn s ,th tch phn ca chng s bng khng .Thng tin ny l im mu cht ca hiu qu trnh iu ch OFDM. Nu hai tch phn khc tn s th :

Bin t

Hnh : Tch phn cc sng hnh sin c cng tn s

Nu hai sng sin c cng tn s nh nhau th dng sng hp thnh lun dng ,gi tr trung bnh ca n lun khc khng (hnh trn ).y l c cu rt quan trng cho qu trnh gii iu ch OFDM .Cc my thu OFDM bin i tn hiu thu uc t min tn s nh dng k thut x l tn hiu s gi l bin i nhanh Fourier (FFT) Vic gii iu ch cht ch c thc hin k tip trong min tn s (digital domain) bng cch nhn mt sng mang c to ra trong my thu n vi mt sng mang uc to ra trong my thu c cng chnh xc tn s v pha .Sau php tch phn c thc hin tt c cc sng mang s v khng ngoi tr sng mang c nhn,n c dch ln trc x ,c tch ra hiu qu v gi tr symbol ca n khi c xc nh .Ton b qu trnh ny c lp li kh nhanh chng cho mi sng mang ,n khi tt c cc sng mang c gii iu ch. Nhiu l thuyt chuyn i c thc hin bng chui trc giao .

 T phn tch trn ta c th rt ra kt lun : khc phc hin tng khng bng phng ca p tuyn knh cn dng nhiu sng mang ,mi sng mang ch chim mt phn nh bng thng ,do vy b nh hng khng ln ca p tuyn knh n d liu ni chung . S sng mang cng nhiu cng tt nhng cn phi c khong bo v trnh can nhiu gia cc sng mang .Tuy nhin tn dng tt nht th dng cc sng mang trc giao ,khi cc sng mang c th trng lp nhau m vn khng gy can nhiu .

4.2.1 M T TON HC CA OFDM M t ton hc OFDM l trnh by tn hiu c to ra nh th no ,my thu vn hnh nh th no v cng cung cp mt cng c hiu r nhng tc ng khng hon ho trong kng truyn. Phng php iu ch OFDM truyn mt s ln sng mang c di thng hp c t cch nhau chnh xc trong min tn s . trnh vic s dng mt s lng ln b iu ch v b lc my pht cng nh mt s lung ln b lc v b gii iu ch b sung my thu th phng php ny phi s dng cng ngh x l tn hiu s hin i. Trong ton hc ,mi sng mang c m t nh mt sng phc :

sc (t ) = Ac (t )e j [ c + c ( t )]
Tn hiu thc l phn thc ca Sc(t).C Ac(t) v c(t)( Bin v pha tng ng ca sng mang ) c th thay i trn mi symbol thng qua symbol c bn.i vi iu ch QPSK , bin ca sng mang thng bng 1 v pha s ly mt trong bn gc phn t pha ca h thng iu ch QPSK thng thng .i vi symbol th p ,trn khong thi gian (p-1)<t<p, c(t) s chim mt gi tr tp hp gc 00,900,1800,2700 . Phng php iu ch OFDM s dng rt nhiu sng mang ,v vy tn hiu phc Ss(t) c th hin bi cng thc :

1 S s (t ) = N

n=0

N 1

Ac (t ) e j [ nt + c ( t )]

Trong : n=0+n Tt nhin ,y l mt tn hiu lin tc .Nu dng sng ca mi phn t tn hiu trn mt chu k symbol trn mt chu k c xem xt th cc bin s

Ac(t) v c(t) v nhn cc gi tr c nh m cc gi tr ny ph thuc vo tn s ca sng mang c th ,v nh vy c th vit li nh sau

c (t ) n (t )
Ac (t ) An

Nu tn hiu c ly mu vi tn s ly mu c gi tr l 1/T ( vi T l chu k ly mu),th tn hiu hp thnh c th hin bi cng thc :

1 S s ( kT ) = N

Ae
n=0 n

N 1

j [( 0 + n ] kT + n ]

(4.2.1)

im ny khong thi gian tn hiu c phn thnh N mu c gii hn .N l thun li ly mu trong mt chu k ca mt symbol d liu .V th c mi lin h . =NT Nu by gi n gin biu thc (4.2.1) m khng lm mt tnh tng qut bng cch cho 0=0 ,th tn hiu tr thnh :

1 S s ( kT ) = N

N 1 n=0

A n e j n e j ( n ) kT

(4.2.2)

Tip theo ta c th so snh biu thc (4.2.2) vi dng tng qut ca bin i Fourier ngc :

1 g ( kT ) = N

n j 2nk / N 0 G NT e (4.2.3) n=

N 1

Trong biu thc 4.2.2 ,hm s An ej ging nh nh ngha ca tn hiu trong khong tn s ly mu v S(kT) l mt biu din trong min thi gian . Biu thc 4.2.2 v 4.2.3 l tng ng nu :

1 NT

y cng l iu kin yu cu cho tnh trc giao .Do kt qu ca vic bo ton tnh trc giao l tn hiu OFDM c th c xc nh bng cch th tc bin i Fourier. Cc thnh phn ca mt mng trc giao th c lp tuyn tnh vi nhau .C th xem tp hp cc sng mang pht i ml mt mng trc giao c cho bi cng thc :

k (t ) = exp( j k t )
k = 0 = 2
k t

(4.2.4)

Nu tp hp cc sng mang ny tht s trc giao th mi quan h trc giao trong biu thc (4.2.1) s c biu din nh sau :

(t ) (t ) dt = e j [ 2 ( p q ]t / ] dt = (b a ) khi p=q
* p a

e j[2 ( pq)b / ] e j[2 ( pq)a / = j2 ( p q) /

(4.2.5) (Nh rng p v q l hai s nguyn )

=0 khi pq v (b-a)=

Cc sng mang thng tch ring ra tn s 1/,t n yu cu qui nh ca tnh trc giao th chng c tng quan trn mt thi on .Nu tch phn uc m rng ra c pha ca mi sng mang th biu thc (4.2.1) c sa li nh biu thc (4.2.5).y l s tnh ton cn thit cho my thu . Nhng tn hiu th trc giao nu chng c lp vi nhau .S trc giao l mt thuc tnh cho php truyn tn hiu mt cch hon ho trn mt knh chung v pht hin chng m khng c can nhiu .Vic tn hao tnh trc giao lm st km kt qu nhng tn hiu thng tin ny v gim phm cht thng tin v nhiu s ghp knh trc giao .Ghp knh theo thi gian(TDM) cho php truyn nhiu tn hiu thng tin trn mt knh n bi vic gn khe thi gian ng nht cho mi tn hiu thng tin ring bit .Trong mi khe thi gian ch mt tn hiu t mt ngun n th c ,khi truyn ngn nga s can nhiu bt k gia nhiu ngun thng tin .Do vy TDM ny trc giao v bn cht .Trong min tn s ,a s cc h thng FDM trc giao v mi tn hiu truyn ring bit c cch ly nhau theo tn s ngn nga can nhiu

.Mc d nhng phng php ny l trc giao thut ng OFDM c dnh ring cho mt dng cho mt dng t bit ca FDM.Nhng ti ph trong OFDM c t gn nhau ,gn nht theo l thuyt trong khi duy tr tnh trc giao ca chng .OFDM t c trc giao trong min tn s bi vic sp xp mi mt trong cc tn hiu thng tin ring bit cho cc ti ph khc nhau .Cc tn hiu OFDM c to thnh t tng cc tn hiu hn sin ,mi hnh sin tng ng vi mt ti ph .Dy tn s c bn ca mi ti ph c chn l s nguyn ln thi gian symbol.Kt qu l tt c cc ti ph c mt s nghyn cc chu k trong mt symbol .V chng trc giao vi nhau . 4.2.2 TRC GIAO MIN TN S Cch khc xem xt tnh trc giao ca nhng tn hiu OFDM l xem ph ca n. Trong min tn s mi sng mang th cp OFDM c p tyn tn s sinc (sin(x)/x). l kt qu ca thi gian symbol tng ng vi nghch o ca khong cch sng mang .Mi symbol OFDM c truyn trong mt thi gian c nh (TFFT).Thi gian sumbol ny tng ng vi nghch o ca khong cch ti ph 1/TFFT Hz.Dng sng trong hnh ch nht ny trong min thi gian dn n p tuyn tn s sinc trong min tn s . Dng sinc c 1 bp chnh hp ,vi nhiu bp bin c cng gim dn theo tn s khi i ra khi tn s trung tm .Mi ti ph c mt nh ti tn s trung tm v mt s gi tr khng c t cn bng theo cc l trng tn s bng khong cch sng mang .Bn cht trc giao ca vic truyn l kt qu ca nh ca mi ti ph tng ng vi Nulls ca cc ti ph khc.Khi tn hiu ny uc pht hin nh s dng bin i Fourier ri rc (DFT).

4.3 TO V THU OFDM Nhng tn hiu OFDM c to ra trong min tn s v kh to ra nhng bank ln cc b dao ng v nhng my thu kha pha trong min tng t . Hnh 4.3.1 l s khi ca thit b u cui OFDM tiu biu .Phn my pht bin i d liu s cn truyn , nh x vo bin v pha ca cc ti ph .Sau n bin i biu din ph ca d liu vo trong min thi gian nh s dng bin i Fourier ri rc o (inverse Discrecte Fourier Transform).Bin i nhanh Fourier o (Inverse Fast Fourier Transform) thc hin cng mt thut ton nh IDTF , ngoi tr rng n tnh hiu qu hn nhiu v do vy n c s dng trong tt c cc h thng thc t . truyn tn hiu OFDM tn hiu min thi gian c tnh ton c phch ln tn s cn thit .My thu thc hin thut ton ngc li vi my pht .Khi dch tnh hiu RF xung bng c s x l ,sau s dng bin i Fourier

nhanh (FFT) phn tch tn hiu trong min tn s .Sau bin v pha ca cc ti ph c chn ra v uc bin i ngc li thnh d liu s . Bin i nhanh Fourier o (IFFT) v bin i Fourier nhanh(FFT) l hm b sung v thut ng thch hp nht c dng ph thuc vo liu tn hiu ang c thu hoc ang c pht .Trong nhiu trng hp tn hiu l c lp vi s phn bit ny nn thut ng FFT v IFFT c th c s dng thay th cho nhau .

Tn hiu OFDM bng gc (baseband) IU CH QPSK,QAMetc IFFT D/A

TRANSMITTER

Tn hiu OFDM bng gc IU CH QPSK,QAMetc FFT A/D

RECEIVER

Hnh OFDM transmitter v receiver

4.3.1 NI TIP - SONG SONG D liu cn truyn thng c dng dng d liu ni tip .Trong OFDM ,mi symbol thng truyn 40-4000 bit v do vy giai on bin i song song thnh ni tip l cn thit bin i dng, bit ni tip u vo thnh d liu cn truyn trong mi symbol OFDM .D liu c phn phi cho mi symbol ph thuc vo s iu ch c s dng v trn mi ti ph c th thay i v nh vy s bit tii ph cng thay i .Kt qu l giai on bin i ni tip thnh song song bao hm vic lm y payload d liu ca mi ti ph

.Ti my thu qu trnh l ngc li ,vi d liu t cc ti ph c bin i tr li thnh dng d liu ni tip gc . Khi s truyn OFDM xy ra trong mi trng radio truyn lan a ng (multipath) ,fading chn lc tn s c th lm cho nhng nhm ti ph b suy gim nghim trng ,c th gy ra cc li bit .Cc Null ny trong p tuyn tn s ca knh c th lm cho thng tin trong nhng sng mang k cn d b ph hy, to thnh cm mi bit trong mi symbol. Phn ln cc s ca li tin (FEC) lm vic c hiu qu hn nu cc li c tri rng ra ,hn l to thnh b ,v v vy ci thin ch tiu k thut phn ln cc h thng dng xo trn d liu (scrambing) nh mt phn ca giai on bin i ni tip thnh song song .iu ny c thc hin bi s ngu nhin ho v tr ti ph ca mi bit d liu lin tip .Ti my thu qu trnh xo trn c s dng gii m tn hiu .iu ny khi phc dy bit d liu gc nhng tri rng cc cm li bit lm cho chng c phn b gn u theo thi gian .S ngu nhin ha v tr ca cc li bit nh vy ci thin ch tiu k thut sa li tin (FEC) v nhn chung ca c h thng . 4.3.2 IU CH TI PH C mi ln ti ph c phn phi bit truyn ,chng c nh x vo bin v pha ca ti ph nh dng s iu ch biu din bi vect ng pha v vung pha .Hnh 4.3.2 v d ca nh x iu ch ti oh .N ch ra chm sao 16-QAM ,nh x 4 bit cho mi symbol.Mi kt hp ca d liu tng ng vi 1 vecto duy nht c ch ra nh mt im trn hnh v.Mt s ln s iu ch l c sn ,cho php thay i s bit c truyn trn mt sng mang trn m65t symbol. iu ch ti ph c th s dng mt bn lookup lm cho n rt hiu qu khi thc hin .

Hnh 4.3.2 h1 V d chm im(constellation) iu ch IQ,16 QAM ,vi m Gray d liu ti mi v tr .

4.3.3 IU CH RF u ra ca b iu ch OFDM l tn hiu baseband ,tn hiu ny phi c dch (hoc phch UpConverte) ln tn s cao pht i .iu ny c th c thc hin khi dng k thut tng t nh hnh 4.3.3a hoc dng dch tn s nh hnh 4.3.3b .C hai k thut trn u thc hin cng mt thut ton ,tuy nhin k thut iu ch s c khuynh hng tr nn chnh xc hn do s phi hp uc ci thin gia x l knh I , Q v chnh xc pha ca b iu ch IQ s . 4.3.4 THUT NG NHIU PHA V CC VN LIN QUAN N. 4.3..4a. nh ngha vn v thut ng. Gi s c N im trong php bin i DFT c s dng to ra v gii iu ch tn hiu OFDM .Do vy c th c N sng mang ,mc d mt s sng mang hai bin ca ph s c t bng khng trong my pht cung cp bng tn bo v cho vic thc hin cc b lc tng t d dng hn . Chng ta c th m t tn hiu pht i nh sau :

s (t ) =

N 1 k =0

S k e j ( 0 + k u ) t

(4.3.4-1)

Trong : Sk l bin phc ca sng mang th k ; u l khong cch sng mang (c gi tr 2/Tu ,Tu l chu k symbol tich cc ) c n v l rad/s ; o l tn s gc ca sng mang th 0 (Chng ta x l n trung tn IF ) Ch rng i vi mt s gi tr k (tng ng vi cc bin ca ph ) th Sk=0. Trc ht ta kho st mt my thu l tng ,tc khng c nhiu pha trong dao ng ni .Tn hiu thu l tng r(t) ch chu tc ng ca p xung knh h(t)(Channel Impulse Response).V th ta c th vit :

r (t ) =

H
k =0

N 1

S k e j ( 0 + k u ) t

(4.3.4-2)

Trong : Hk l p ng tn s phc ca knh tn s ca sng mang th k . Chng ta c th thay th Hk Sk bng Rk vi Rk l bin sng mang phc thu l tng khi khng c nhiu pha.Do cng thc c th c vit li nh sau :

r (t ) =

N !

k =0

Rke

j (

+ k

)t
(4.3.4-3)

4.3.4b Gii thiu v nhiu pha . Trong mt my thu thc t ,tn hiu thu x(t) (ti trung tn ) chu tc ng ca knh truyn (p ng xung knh l h(t) v ca nhiu pha (t) c to ra bi cc b dao ng ni. V th c th vit :

x(t) = e j(t ) Hk Ske j(w0 +ku )

k =0

N 1

e
k =0

N 1

j (t )

R k e j ( 0 + kw u ) t

(4.3.4-4)

Ti my thu ,chng ta tng quan tn hiu x(t) ny vi mi dng sng mang c th thc hin c xc nh cc bin ca sng mang gii iu ch .V d sng mang th l ta c cng thc sau :

1 u Xl = x(t)e j(0+lu )t dt Tu 0
1 u j (t ) N 1 j ( k l )u t = e Rk e dt (4.3.4-5) Tu 0 k =0
Phng trnh ny m t qu trnh c s dng trong mt my thu gi nh vi cc b gii iu ch tng quan tch phn v loi tr (Correllator /Integrate and Dump Demodulators) cho mi sng mang .Cc my thu

thc t s dng bin i FFT ca mt bin i Fourier ri rc (DFT) ,bng cch thay th thut ton tch phn bi s tch ly ca nhiu mu ri rc v kt hp tt c cc b gii iu ch trong mt thut ton hiu qu .Vic pht trin tip theo biu thc (4.3.4-5) cho trng hp tng qut l rt kh .Tuy nhin mt cch n gin ha n l ch rng chng ta mun my thu hot ng m khng c d phng ca tn hiu OFDM khi tnh ti nhiu pha ca b dao ng ni .V th chng ta gi s rng gc (t) lun lun nh v c s gn ng nh nhau .

j ( t )

1 + j (t )
x 2 + 2! x 3 + .... 3!

(4.3.4-6)

Biu thc trn c th c suy ra t mt tm tt n gin ;n tng ng vi vic ch ly hai s hng u tin trong khai trin biu thc sau :

= 1 + x +

(4.3.4-7)

Ch rng cc qu trnh l tuyn tnh chng ta c th vit biu thc cho ng ra ca b gii iu ch i vi sng mang th l nh sau :

1 Xt = Tu

(1 +
T

j ( t )) R k e j ( k l ) u t dt
k =0

N 1

1 N1 u j(kl)ut 1 N1 u = Rk e dt+ Rk j(t)e j(kl)wut dt Tu k=0 0 Tu k=0 0

= R
l

+ Yl

(4.3.4-8)

S hng u tin l gi tr thu l tng Rl m ta hy vng khi ph ,trong khi s hng th hai Yl th hin N ng gp l kt qu s hin din ca nhiu pha (t). 4.4 KHONG BO V (GUARD PERIOD)

Hnh 4.4h: Khong bo v ca tn hiu OFDM

i vi mt bng thng h thng cho tc symbol ca tn hiu OFDM th thp hn nhiu tc symbol ca s truyn sng mang n .V d i vi iu ch n sng mang BPSK tc symbol tng ng vi tc bit. Tuy nhin vi OFDM bng thng h thng c chia cho Nc ti ph ,to thnh tc symbol nh hn Nc ln so vi truyn sng mang n .Tc symbol thp ny lm cho OFDM chu ng c tt vi can nhiu gia can nhiu ISI (inter- Symbol interference ) gy ra bi truyn lan nhiu ng. C th gim nh hng ISI ti tn hiu OFDM bng cc thm vo khong bo v trc ca mi symbol .Khong bo v ny l bn copy tun hon theo chu k ,lm m rng chiu di ca dng sng symbol .Mi ti ph trong phn d liu ca mi symbol ,c ngha l symbol OFDM cha c b sung khong bo v ,c chiu di bng kch thc IFFT( c s dng to tn hiu ) c mt s nguyn ln cc chu k .Do vy vic a vo cc bn copy ca symbol ni ui nhau to thnh mt tn hiu lin tc ,khng c s gin on ch ni .Nh vy vic sao chp u cui ca symbol v t n u vo to ra mt khong thi gian symbol di hn . 4.4.1 BO V CHNG LI OFFSET THI GIAN gii m tn hiu OFDM my thu phi nhn uc FFT ca mi symbol thu c tm ra bin v pha ca cc ti ph .i vi h thng OFDM dng cng mt tn s ly mu cho c my pht v my thu ,h thng phi dng cng mt kch thc FFT cho c my thu v tn hiu pht duy tr s trc giao ca ti ph.Mi symbol thu c c cc mu di TG+TFFT do b sung khong bo v .My thu ch cn cc mu TFFT ca symbol thu c gii m tn hiu .Cc mu TG cn li l tha ,khng cn thit .i vi knh l tng khng c m rng tr my thu c th d tm c lch thi gian bt k (ln nht l bng khong bo v TG) v vn cn t c s cc mu

ng .Do bn cht tun hon ca s thay i khong bo v lch thi gian (time offset) ch dn n s quay pha ca tt c cc ti ph trong tn hiu .Gi tr quay pha t l vi tn s ti ph .Vi ti ph tn s Nyquist th s thay i l 1800 cho mi offset thi gian mu. chng minh rng offset thi gian c duy tr khng i t symbol ny ti symbol khc ,nn s quay pha cho offset thi gian c th c loi b nh mt phn ca cn bng knh trong mi trng multipath ISI gim di ca khong bo v ,dn n li offset thi gian cho php . 4.4.2 BO V CHNG LI ISI Trong tn hiu OFDM bin v pha ca ti ph phi c duy tr khng i trong chu k symbol bo m tnh trc giao cho mi sng mang .Nu chng b thay i c ngha l dng ph ca cc ti ph s khng c dng sinc ng v nh vy im khng (Null ) s khng tn s ng ,d n can nhiu gia cc sng mang ICI (inter-Carrier Interference) . bin ca symbol bin v pha thay i bt thnh lnh ti gi tr mi cn thit cho symbol d liu tip theo.Trong mi trng multipath ISI gy ra s tri rng nng lng gia cc symbol, dn n s thay i nhanh bin v pha ca ti ph im u symbol. di ca nhng nh hng thay i nhanh tng ng vi s m rng tr ca knh v tuyn .Tn hiu thay i nhanh l kt qu ca mi thnh phn multipath cc thi im khc nhau mt t, thay i vecto ti ph thu c .Hnh 4.2.2h ch ra nh hng ny. Vic a vo cc khong bo v cho php c thi gian phn tn hiu thay i nhanh ny b suy hao .Tr li trng thi ban u, do vy FFT c ly t phn trng thi ng ca symbol. iu ny loi b nh hng ca ISI . khc phc ISI th khong bo v phi di hn s m rng tr ca knh v tuyn .Cc nh hung cn li m multipath gy ra , nh thay i bin v quay pha ,th c sa bi cn bng knh .

Khng c multipath

Pha thu c

Thi gian Khong bo v

Hnh 4.4.2h1 Chc nng ca khong bo v chng li ISI

Knh c multipath
Lch pha do multipath

Pha thu c

Thi gian Khong bo v

Multipath gy ra ISI dn n dch pha khi c sng phn x ti

Chu k pha n nh FFT c tnh trn chu k ny

Hnh 4.4.2 h2 Chc nng ca khong bo v chng li ISI

Khong bo v chng li cc nh hng thay i nhanh do multipath loi b cc nh hng ca ISI .Tuy nhin trong thc t cc thnh phn multipath c khuynh hng suy gim chm theo thi gian ,dn n vn cn ISI ngay c khi khong bo v tng i di c s dng . 4.4.3 OVERHEAD CA KHONG BO V V KHONG CCH CC TI PH Vic a vo khong bo v lm gim tc symbol ,tuy nhin n khng nh hng ti khong cch ti ph m my thu c .Khong cch ti ph c xc nh bi tn s ly mu Fs kch thc FFT c s dng phn tch tn hiu thu c .

f =

Fs N
FFT

Vi f l khong cch ti ph [Hz] ,FS l tn s ly mu [Hz]l NFFT l kch thuc FFT.Khong bo v b sung overhead thi gian lm gim hiu qu ph ton b h thng. 4.5 GII HN BNG THNG CA OFDM V CA S Trong min thi gian OFDM l tng ng vi tng cc sng mang hnh sinc c iu ch.Mi symbol nn trong mt khong thi gian xc nh vi hm ca s hnh ch nht .Ca s ny xc nh bin ca mi symbol OFDM v xc nh p tuyn tn s c to ra .Hnh 4.5h l mt v d dng sng thi gian truyn OFDM khi dng kho dch pha PSK (Phase Shift Keying), bin ti ph l c nh v pha thay i t symbol ny ti symbol kia truyn d liu .Pha ti ph th khng i i vi ton b symbol, dn n nhy bc pha gia cc symbol .Nhng thay i t bin ny gia cc symbol dn n s m rng trong min tn s .

Hnh 4.5 h1 : Ph tn hiu OFDM gm 52 ti ph khng c hn ch bng thng .Ti ph DC khng c s dng lm cho tn hiu i xng xung quanh DC .

Hnh 4.5 h2 : Ph ca tn hiu OFDM 1536 ti ph khng c hn ch bng thng. 4.5.1 LC BNG THNG

Lc bng thng c s dng khi tn hiu c bin i t min tn s thnh dng sng tng t v ngc li ngn nga s chng ph (aliasing).Trong OFDM lc bng thng loi b hiu qu mt s bp sng trn OFDM.Gi tr loi b bp sng bn ph thuc vo dng b lc c s dng .Nhn chung lc s cung cp linh hot (flexible), chnh xc v t l ct (cut off rate) ln hn nhiu lc tng t , lm cho chng c bit c ch cho vic hn ch bng thng tn hiu OFDM. Hnh 4.5.1ha biu din p tuyn tn s ca OFDM khng lc .Cc hnh 4.5.1.hb n 4.5.1.he l cc v d ca tn hiu OFDM c lc bng thng .Cc tn hiu ny c lc bng b p tuyn xung hu hn FIR(Finite Impulse Respone) c pht trin khi dng phng php ca s (Windowing methode) .Do s ti ph c s dng trong cc hnh v l nh nn c th thy roll off ca lc FIR .Trong thc t vic loi b tt c cc bp sng bn ,nhng tnh ton b lc phc tp v thc hin th t v n gim t s tn hiu trn nhiu hiu dng SNR (Signal To Noise Rate ) ca knh OFDM .B lc cng tc ng xu nh loi b mt phn nng lng t cc ti ph pha bn ngoi ;lm mo dng tn hiu v gy can nhiu gia cc sng mang ICI .b lc c dng dc ng cho php tch bit cc cc khi OFDM t chng rt gn nhau trong min tn s ci thin hiu qu ph .Nhng n cng lm gim t s SNR hiu dng do vy cn tnh n cc nh hng ny khi thit k h thng .

Hnh 4.5.1ha: Ph ca tn hiu OFDM 1536 ti ph khng c hn ch bng thng.

Hnh 4.5.1h2 Ph ca OFDM c 20 ti ph c hoc khng c lc bng thng .Ti ph trung tm khng c s dng . a) Ph OFDM khng c lc bng thng.Cc dng ph khc c c khi dng b lc FIR ,c pht trin khi dng hm ca s Kaiser . b) rng ca ca s Kaiser l 3 (suy gim bp sng bn l 89 dB). rng qu ca b lc l 8 khong cch ti ph (B lc FIR c 24 mt (Tap) . c) rng ca ca s Kaiser l 3 (Suy gim bp sng bn l 40dB). rng qu ca b lc l 2 khong cch sng mang (B lc FIR 96 tap). d) rng ca s Kaiser l 1.5 (Suy gim bp sng bn l 40dB). rng qu ca b lc l 8 khong cch sng mang (b lc FIR 12 tap). e) rng ca ca s Kaiser l 1.5 (suy gim bp sng bn l 40dB ). rng qu khong cch sng mang (B lc FIR 48 tap).

4.5.2 PHC TP TNH TON LC BNG THNG FIR Vic dng lc bng thng s l phng php rt hiu qu loi b cc bp sng bn do tn hiu OFDM to ra .Kh khnl chi ph tnh ton cao . thc hin b lc bng thng FIR s tap cn thit tng ng vi :

W .IFFT N taps = ceil t Ft

(4.5.2-1)

y Ntaps l s tap trong b lc FIR ,WT l rng qu ca hm ca s c dng to b lc FIR ,IFFT l kch thc FFT c s dng to tn hiu v FT l rng qu ca b lc chan ha cho khong cch ti ph. Ceil l php lm trn v pha ln hn v d ceil (1.1)=2 . V d to tn hiu nh hnh 4.5.1h(b) cn lc vi b lc 24 tap .iu ny c th tnh t c im k thut tn hiu.Tn hiu c to ra khi dng kch thc IFFT l 64 ,do vy IFFT=64 .Hm ca s Kaiser vi rng qu 3 c s dng .iu ny dn n suy gim di chn (stop band)l 89dB. Cng sut bp sng bn ca tn hiu OFDM khng c lc l -20dBc v sau khi lc l -109dBc. iu ny ph hp vi cc kt qu trong hnh 4.5.1b . rng qu ca hm ca s c s dng l 3.0 nn s tap cn thit l :

3.0 x64 N taps = ceil = 24 8

(4.5.2-2)

Mi tap ca b lc FIR yu cu hai thut ton nhn v tch ly MAC (Multiply and Accumulate) nh kt qu ca cc mu phc v nh vy i vi tn s ly mu 20Mhz s php tnh s l 20x106x24x2=960 triu MAC . Trong cc ng dng m s tap cn thit trong b lc l ln (>100) vic thc hin b lc FIR nh dng FFT c th hiu qu hn.

4.5.3 NH HNG CA LC BNG THNG TI CH TIU K THUT OFDM Trong thi gian symbol OFDM c dng hnh ch nht , tng ng vi suy gim dng sinc trong min tn s nh hnh 3-20.Nu dng b lc bng thng n tn hiu OFDM th tn hiu s c dng hnh ch nht c trong min tn s, lm cho dng sng min thi gian c suy gim dng sinc gia cc symbol . iu ny dn n ISI lm gim ch tiu k thut .C th loi b ISI do vic lc gy ra bng cch dng khong bo v c di v bng vic chn lc offset thi gian ng b gia cc khong bo v ,do vy hu ht nng lng ISI b loi b .

Hnh 4.5.3H1 m t ch tiu k thut m phng ca tn hiu OFDM c lc bng thng vi cc rng qu khc nhau cho b lc knh khng c nhiu knh .Hnh v ny ch ra ch tiu ca truyn OFDM ki offset ng b thi gian b thay i .Khong bo v c s dng trong m phng ny c cng di nh phn IFFT ca symbol .Khong bo v rt di c s dng ny lm cho h thng chu c nh hng ca offset thi gian trong mt khong rt rng ca SNR hiu dng tnh bng cch trung bnh ha SNR hiu dng trn tt c cc ti ph .Offset thi gian bng 0 tng ng vi vic my thu nhn c FFT phn IFFT ca tn hiu pht .Offset thi gian m tng ng vi vic my thu nhn c FFT phn IFFT ng v m phn ca khong bo v symbol.(Hnh 4.5.3.H2 ) ISI l thp nht khi offset thi gian l m v l mt na di khong bo v .B lc c c tuyn cng dc bao nhiu (trong hnh v b lc dc nht loi b cc bp sng bn xung thp hn -100dBc trong gii hn hai khong cch sng mang ) ISI cng di by nhiu.

Khong bo v trong th nghim ny bng 50% thi gian symbol ton phn. Nh vy di khong bo v bng thi gian symbol c ch . Carr.cutoff tng ng vi rng qu ca b lc tnh bng khong cch cc sng mang. SNR hiu dng ca tn hiu OFDM c lc bng thng ph thuc vo nh hng ca c ISI c ICI.

Hnh 4.5.3 h1 SNR hiu dng nh l hm ca lch thi gian ca tn hiu OFDM gm 52 ti ph c lc bng thng

4.6 KHONG BO V COSIN TNG RC (RAISED COSINE GUARD PERIOD ) Mt trong nhng phng php n gin nht trit cc bp sng bn ca tn hiu OFDM l un trn khong bo v ca tn hiu OFDM gim t t n ti khng trc symbol tip theo .S gim t t ny lm chuyn dch trn tru gia cc sym bol dn n gim cng sut cc bp sng bn Hnh 4.6h M t mt symbol OFDM n vi khong bo v c dng hnh cosin tng RC(Raised Cosine) .Phn ny ca khong bo v c dng hnh cosine bnh phng (cos()2),do vy c tn cosine tng. Phn cosine tng ca khong bo v c th chng lp vi cc symbol trc v sau v n ch cung cp s bo v ti thiu chng li muktipath v li thi gian v b my thu lm ng.V phn ny lm gim dn ti khng,nn n dn ti khng ,nn n dn ti ISI b sung ti thiu .u im chnh ca s chng lp l di ca phn cosin tng .C th l gp i m khng t gy ra overhead thi gian b sung .Hnh 4.6h M t cc symbol trng lp.

Hnh 4.6h ng bao ca cc symbol OFDM vi khong bo v phng v khong bo v cosine tng chng lp. 4.7 NH HNG CA NHIU GAUSS TRNG CNG AWGN (ADDITIVE WHITE GAUSSIAN NOISE ) N OFDM. Nhiu tn ti trong tt c cc h thng thng tin trn knh vt l tng t, chng hn nh knh radio.Cc ngun nhiu chnh l nhiu nhit ,nhiu in trong cc b khuch i my thu v cc can nhiu gia t bo thng tin. Ngoi ra nhiu cn c th to ra bn trong cc h thng thng tin nh l kt

qu ca can nhiu gia cc symbol ISI ,can nhiu gia cc sng mang ICI v mo xuyn iu ch IMD (Inter-Modulation Distortion).Cc ngun nhiu ny lm gim t s tn hiu /nhiu ,gii hn ng k hiu qu ph ca h thng . Trong tt c cc dng nhiu l nguyn nhn c hi chnh trong hu ht cc h thng thng tin v tuyn .Do vy vic nghin cu cc nh hng ca nhiu n t l li thng tin v mt s bin php dung ha gia mc nhiu v hiu qu ph h thng l rt quan trng. Hu ht cc dng nhiu trong h thng thng tin v tuyn c th c m hnh ha chnh xc nh dng d liu Gauss trng cng AWGN ,nhiu ny c mt ph iu (cn gi l nhiu trng) v c phn b Gauss v bin (c xem nh phn b chun hoc ng cong hnh vung ).Nhiu nhit v nhiu in do s khuch i ,ch yu c tnh cht ca nhiu Gauss trng, do vy c th m hnh ho chng chnh xc theo AWGN .Hu ht cc ngun nhiu khc c tnh cht AWGN v s truyn l OFDM .Cc tn hiu OFDM c mt ph phng v phn b bin Gauss v s ti ph l ln , do iu ny can nhiu gia cc t bo t h thng OFDM khc cng c cc tnh cht AWGN.Cng cng mt l do nh vy ICI ,ISI v IMD cng c cc tnh cht AWGN cho cc tn hiu OFDM. 4.7.1 CC S IU CH D liu s c truyn trong kt ni OFDM bng cch dng s iu ch trn mi ti ph .S iu ch l s nh x cc d liu vo chm sao thc (ng pha )v phc ( vung pha) ,c bit nh chm sao IQ(inphase Quadrature).V d 256-QAM (Quadrature Amplitude Modulation) c 256 im IQ trong mt chm sao c cu trc thnh hnh vung vi 16 ct t cch iu nhau trong trc thc v 16 hng trong trc o .S bit c th c truyn khi dng mt symbol tng ng vi log2(M) vi M l s cc im trong chm sao .Do vy 256 -QAM truyn 8 bit trong mt symbol .Mi t d liu c nh x vo mt v tr IQ duy nht trong chm sao.Vecto phc hp thnh I+jQ tng ng vi bin I 2 + Q 2 v pha argrument (I+jQ) vi j= 1 .Vic tng s im trong chm sao khng thay i di thng truyn ,do vy vic dng s iu ch vi nhiu im trong chm sao khng thay i di thng truyn do vy vic dng s iu ch vi nhiu im chm sao s cho php ci thin hiu qu ph (hoc hiu sut bng thng).V d 256_QAM cho hiu qu ph (l thuyt )l 8b/s/Hz so vi 1b/s/Hz ca BPSK .Tuy nhin s im trong gin chm sao cng ln bao nhiu th vic gii quyt chng my thu cng kh by nhiu . l v khi cc v tr IQ c t cng gn nhau nn ch cn mt gi tr nh nhiu l c th gy ra li truyn .iu ny dn n s dung ho trc tip gia dung sai nhiu v hiu qu ph ca s iu ch, c tng kt trong l thuyt thng tin Shannon.L thyt ny pht biu rng thng tin cc i ca knh C c bng thng W vi cng sut tn hiu S b xo trn bi nhiu trng c cng sut trung bnh N th c xc nh theo cng thc :

S C = W log 2 1 + N

(4.7.1a)

Hiu qu ph ca knh l php o s bit c truyn trong mt giy trong mi Hz bng thng .Do vy hiu qu ph SE uc tnh theo cng thc :
Se = C S = log 2 1 + (4.7.1b) W N

y c tn hiu v nhiu c tnh trn thang tuyn tnh ,hiu qu ph c o bng b/s/Hz. 4.7.2 SO SNH TRUYN OFDM VI TRUYN SNG MANG N BER ca h thng OFDM th ph thuc vo nhiu yu t nh : s iu ch c s dng ,gi tr multipath v mc nhiu trong tn hiu .Tuy nhin nu chng ta xem xt ch tiu k thut ca OFDM vi nhiu Gauss trng cng vi AWGN th ch tiu ca OFDM chnh xc ging nh ch tiu k thut ca h thng truyn sng mang n kt hp dng cng s iu ch . Nu ta xem xt mt ti ph OFDM n (v cc ti ph l trc giao vi nhau nn iu ny khng nh hng ti ch tiu k thut ) th iu ny chnh xc nh truyn sng mang n m sng mang ny c iu ch vung pha (Quadrature) khng c lc bng thng .Bin v pha truyn i c duy tr khng i trong chu k symbol v c ci t da trn s iu ch v d liu truyn .Sau vecto c pht i ny c cp nht u ca mi symbol .iu ny dn n p tuyn tn s sinc l p tuyn cn thit cho OFDM . Tuy nhin hu ht mi mi trng truyn sng b nh hung ca truyn lan nhiu ng .i vi mt bng thng truyn dn c nh cho ,tc symbol i vi truyn sng mang n l rt cao .Trong khi i vi tn hiu OFDM tc ny thp hn N ln vi N l s ti ph c s dng.Tc symbol thp hn ny cng lm ISI thp i .Ngoi ra h thng OFDM cn dng khong bo v u mi symbol .Khong bo v ny loi b ISI bt k thp hn chiu di ca n .Nu khong bo v l di th tt c ISI c th b loi b . Truyn lan multipath dn n fadinh chn lc tn s ,lm gim cc ti ph ring .Do vy hu ht cc h thng OFDM dng sa li tin FCC c th khi phc nhng ti ph b suy gim nhiu .Trong khi ch tiu k thut ca truyn sng mang n b suy gim nhanh khi c multipath. 4.7.3 CC GII HN IU CH CA H THNG Hu ht h thng thng tin di ng hin nay nh GSM ,IS-95 v cc h thng th h th ba ch dng cc s iu ch c dung sai nhiu cao nh BPSK ,QPSK hoc tng ng .iu ny dn n hiu qu ph thp nhng h thng mnh khe .Cc h thng ny dng cc s iu ch c nh do cn t SNR cao . Tc symbol ca h thng sng mang n phi cao nu mun c c tc bit cao .Kt qu l cc h thng ,v d GSM i hi cn bng phc tp (n 4 chu k symbol) khc phc truyn lan nhiu ng .Cc h thng

GSM c thit k khc phc tr cc i ti 15m ,tng ng vi tr mu c th nghim khong cch truyn t 30-35km .Tc symbol ca GSM l 270KHz tng ng vi chu k symbol 3.7s, nh vy ISI c gy ra bi multipath tri di trn 4 chu k symbol.iu ny c th ph hy hon ton thng tin truyn i ,nhng n c khi phc trong thc t nh dng cn bng thch nghi thc .Mc d iu ny lm vic tt cho cc s iu ch mnh khe nh GMSK(Gausian Minimum Shift Keying) nh c s dng cho cc h thng GSM ,vic p dng n thnh cng cho cc s iu ch cao hn l kh khn v cc li s ti trong cn bng s gy t l li cao . Trong cc h thng DS-CDMA vn khng b gii hn ch yu cho multipath ,m bi can nhiu gia nhng ngi s dng .Cc h thng DS-CDMA tn dng mt thc t l bng vic tri rng thng tin ca ngi dng trn mt bng thng rng s cho php nhiu ngi s dng tryn tn hiu cng mt tn s .Mi mt trong cc ngi s dng ny tri rng thng ti bng mot cch nhn n vi mt dy gi ngu nhin tc cao dau nht PRS (Preudo Random Sequence ) . my thu tn hiu t mi ngi s dng c trch ra bng cch nhn tn hiu ti vi cng dy PRS ging ht vy v tch phn trn chu k symbol thng tin .Tuy nhin qu trnh ny l khng trc giao trong kt ni ngc lm cho cc ngi s dng xut hin nh nhiu i vi nhau.Thng lung knh ca h thng l cc i khi s ngi s dng l cc i, dn n mc nhiu rt cao,iu ny lm cho h thng mu cn hot ng vi t s nng lung trong mt bit/nhiu ERNR(Energy per Bit to Noise Ratio) l khong 5-8 dB sau gii iu ch c hiu qu ph cao v SNR l qu thp . OFDM th n li khc v n gim thiu c hai nh hng ny. Multipath b gim thiu bng cch dng tc symbol thp v dng khong bo v .Cn bng knh c th c thc hin d dng bng cch dng cc symbol pilot hoc cc tone pilot .Dng cn bng ny l chnh xc v dn n li ti ch cc tiu , nh vy cho php SNR trung bnh cao .Ngoi ra , nhng ngi s dng trong OFDM c duy tr trc giao vi nhau nh dng ghp knh theo thi gian hoc ghp knh theo tn s ng b ,gim thiu can nhiu gia nhng ngi s dng.C hai u im ny c ngha rng SNR knh hiiu qu cao c th c duy tr thm ch trong mi trng nhiu ngi s dng multipath .Tim nng ny cho SNR cao c ngha rng cc s iu ch bc cao c th c s dng trong cc h thng OFDM, cho php ci thin hiu qu ph ca h thng . Hn na mi ti ph c th c phn mt s iu ch khc nhau da trn cc iu kin knh thc t o c .Cc php o ny c th t c d dng nh mt phn ca bc knh cn bng knh, cho php cc ti ph c phn phi ng cc s iu ch da trn SNR ca mi ti ph .Nhng s thay i SNR ny xut hin do can nhiu, khong cch truyn, fading chn lc tn s v.v..K thut ny c bit nh iu ch thch nghi. Cc ti ph vi SNR thp c th c phn phi dng BPSK (1b/s/Hz) hoc khng truyn d liu. Cc ti ph SNR cao c th truyn cc s iu ch cao nh 256-QAM (8b/s/Hz),cho php cng sut h thng cao hn .Vic phn phi iu ch linh hot trong OFDM cho php chng c ti u cc

iu kin thc t ca a phng ,hn l dng s iu ch thp m bo h thng hot ng trong cc iu kin xu nht . 4.7.4 M GRAY Gin IQ cho s iu ch ch ra vecto truyn cho tt c cc lin hp t d liu .Mi lin hp t d liu phi c phn phi mt vecto IQ duy nht. M Gray l mt phng php cho s phn phi ny ,sao cho cc im cnh nhau trong vm sao ch khc nhau mt bit n .M ny gip gim thiu t l li bit ton b v n gim c hi nhiu li bit xy ra t mt li symbol n. Hnh M Gray cho 16-PSK. M Gray c th c s dng cho tt c cc s iu ch PSK(QPSK, 8-PSK , 16-PSK) v QAM (16-QAM ,256-QAM)

Decimal 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7

Gray Coding 0,0,0,0 0,0,0,1 0,0,1,1 0,0,1,0 0,1,1,0 0,1,1,1 0,1,0,1 0,1,0,0

Decimal 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15

Gray Coding 1,1,0,0 1,1,0,1 1,1,1,1 1,1,1,0 1,0,1,0 1,0,1,1 1,0,0,1 1,0,0,0

Hnh 4.7.4h1 Gin IQ ca 16 PSK khi dng m Gray.Mi v tr IQ lin tip ch thay i mt bit n .

Hnh 4.7.4 h2: Gin IQ cho cc dng iu ch c s dng trong m phng OFDM. 4.7.5 IU CH KT HP iu ch kt hp c thc hiin bng vic truyn cc vecto d liu chm sao IQ vi cc gc pha tuyt i ,c ngha l nu BPSK c s dng th 00 v 1800 s c truyn. pha thu th my thu phi so snh gc pha thu c vi 00 hoc 1800 .Nhng s quay pha v thay i t l bin (quan trng vi QAM) s lm tng t l li hoc c th ph hy hon ton thng tin .C th khc phc vn ny nh dng cn bng knh loi b s thay i t l bin ca knh trc khi gii iu ch .C th do s quay pha ca knh v thay i t l bin ca knh nh dng symbol pilot v cc tone pilot c cha vecto pht IQ bit. Trong knh tnh khng c chuyn dch p tyn knh s l c nh nn c mi ln php o v sa c thc hin th d liu s c truyn mt cch tin cy. Tuy nhin trong hu ht cc ng dng knh v tuyn l khng tnh .Khi fading chn lc tn s s gy ra suy gim hon ton trong ph c mi ln chuyn dch l xp x di sng ,lm cho p tuyn knh thay i nhanh trong khi di chuyn. Vic thay i knh yu cu phi c cp nht lin tc trong cn bng knh, do vy cc symbol pilot v cc tone phi c ci sn khi truyn .S tn hiu pilot cng ln th tc thay i knh cng nhanh, tuy nhin iu ny cng lm gim hiu sut s dng knh . 4.7.6 IU CH PHA VI SAI Mt phng php khc cho iu ch ti ph l gi d liu vi sai .Thay cho vic gi cc symbol c lp vi nhau, ngi ta ch gi i nhng sai khc gia cc

vecto symbol. Kha dch pha vi sai DPSK(Differential Phase Shift Keying ) l mt phng php chung nht cho vic gi thng tin vi sai .Thay cho vic nh x d liu vo cc gc pha tuyt i nh trong trng hp iu ch kt hp. DPSK nh x d liu vo hiu pha gia cc symbol. Pha c truyn i tng ng vi tng tch ly ca cc hiu pha. V d i vi QPSK vi sai mi symbol truyn 2 bit thng tin tng ng vi 4 hiu pha khc nhau .Bng 3,2(b) ch ra gin IQ cho QPSK kt hp D-QPSK c gin IQ ging ht ngoi tr rng mi lin hp d liu tng ng vi mt hiu pha .Phng php r rng nht phn phi cc lin hp t cho cc hiu pha l nh x tuyn tnh mt lin hp t nh phn cho mt hiu pha tuyn tnh nh m t hnh 3.3 .V d nu d liu cn truyn l {1,0 1,1 0,1 0,1} th vi sai s l {1800.2700,00,900}.Nh vy nu pha ban u l 00 th pha s c truyn s l : {1800,(1800+2700)=900,(900+00)=900,(900+900)=1800}. Trong knh c nhiu cc li pha c th lm cho pha thu c c th nm gn hn vi cc lin hip hiu pha sau hoc trc ,gy ra li symbol .S bit li ph thuc vo s nh x t d liu .nh x tuyn tnh l khng ti u v n b bao bc li t 2700 n 00,gy ra li bit kp (1,1)n (0,0).Nh dng m Gray s li bit c th b gim vi gi s rng cc lin hip hiu pha rt gn vi nhau, ch khc nhau mt bit trong t d liu . T d liu 0,0 0,1 1,0 1,1 Sai pha (nh x tuyn Sai Pha (M Gray ) tinh 00 00 900 900 0 180 2700 2700 1800

Hnh 4.7.6 h1 nh x pha cho QPSK vi sai .Bng ny ch ra hai ty chn phn phi cc lin hp t d liu cho hiu pha c truyn i . iu ch vi sai c u im l loi b s quay pha ca knh loi b s cn thit phi cn bng knh b sung Hn na, s theo di pha ca knh s c cp nht hiu qu tc symbol, do vy c th theo di knh rt nhanh .Kt qu l iu ch vi sai kt hp cho thng tin di ng.Nhc im ca iu ch vi sai l c th s dng t s iu ch ,i hi t s tn hiu /nhiu cao hn 3 dB so vi iu ch kt hp. Pha ca symbol u ra tng ng vi hiu pha gia gia cc symbol hin ti v trc v kt qu l nhiu symbol c tng gp i (gim ch tiu khong 3dB) so vi nhiu pha ca symbol n ( nh c dng trong iu ch kt hp). 4.7.7 .VI SAI QAM

Cc th biu din BER nh l hm ca t s nng lng trong mt bit /nhiu EBNR(Energy per Bit to Noise Ratio). l php o hiu qu nng lng ca s iu ch .Nu cn c EBNR cao hn truyn d kiu i vi s iu ch cho th c ngha l cn nhiu nng lng hn truyn mi bit .Cc s iu ch hiu qu ph thp nh BPSK v QPSK i hi EBNR (Energy per bit to Noise Ratio) thp v do vy hiu qu nng lng cao hn. i vi mt h thng b hn ch v mt cng sut vi bng thng khng b gii hn, c th t d liu cc i nh dng BPSK hoc QPSK. Tuy nhin trong cc ng dng m bng thng c sn b hn ch th tt d liu t cc i nh dng cc s iu ch hiu qu hn nh 256-QAM. Cc gin hnh 4.7.7h ch ra mi quan h BER theo SNR tnh t EBNR. SNR cho mi dng iu ch khi tnh ti s bit trong mt symbol v do vy cng sut tn hiu tng ng vi nng lng /bit nhn vi s bit /symbol. Trn thang logarith SNR c th tnh theo EBNR theo cng thc: SNR=10log10(Nb)+EBNRdB Vi SNR tnh bng dB ,Nb l s bit /Symbol vi s iu ch cho v EBNRdB l EBNR tnh bng bB.V d i vi 256-PSK s bit/symbol l 8 do SNR l 10log10(8)+EBNR = 40dB th SNR l 49 dB.

a) BPSK ,QPSK ,8-QAM,16-QAM,32-QAM,64-QAM Ch : BPSK v QPSK c cng hng biu din EBNR. Hnh 4.7.7h1: Cc th biu din BER theo EBNR chn la cc s iu ch OFDM.S tng ng vi mi ng ch ra s iu ch .

b)128-QAM,256-QAM,512-QAM,1024-QAM,2048-QAM,4096-QAM

c) 8-PSK,16-PSK ,32-PSK,64-PSK, 128-PSK,256-PSK

d) D-BPSK,D-QPSK ,D-16QAM ,D64-QAM,D256-QAM ,D1024-QAM ,D4096QAM

e)D-8PSK,D-16PSK,D-32PSK,D-64PSK,D-128PSK,D-256PSK. Cc th biu din BER theo EBNR chn la cc s iu ch OFDM .S tng ng ca mi ng ch ra s iu ch .V d nh cc s 8,16,32 c ngha l D-8PSK,D-16PSK v D-32PSK vi D l vi sai . Hnh 4.7.7.h2 Cho s so snh gia tt c cc s iu ch c m phng.N ch ra SNR cn thit cho BER c nh l 1.10-5 .QAM kt hp i hi SNR nh nht ,trong khi PSK vi sai l xu nht .N cng ch ra gii hn Shannon ,biu din SNR thp nht c th i vi hiu qu ph khi thng tin khng li .i vi BER cho QAM kt hp xu hn gii hn Shannon khong 7.5dB .i vi QAM SNR cn thit i vi BER c nh tng khong 3dB i vi mi b/s/Hz trong hiu qu ph iu ny ph hp vi cng dc nh gii hn Shannon .Trong khi vi PSK SNR cn thit tng khong 6bB cho mi b/s/Hz b sung ,c ngha l thng lng knh ca cc k thut iu ch PSK xp x bng m na ca QAM vi cng SNR .Hiu xut thp ca PSK l do hu qu khng dng ht khng gian vect IQ ,PSK ch dng gc pha bin i thng tin lm ng bin .QAM dng c bin pha truyn ti thng tin do vy n hiu qu hn PSK.

Hnh 4.7.7.h2: SNR cn thit duy tr BER<1.10-5 i vi tt c cc s iu ch m phng .Cc th cng ch ra gii hn Shannon .Ch rng dc ca QAM l 3dB trn 1b/s/Hz,trong khi i vi PSK l 6dB.

4.8 NH HNG CA MO TI OFDM Tn hiu OFDM c cng sut nh cao so vi cng sut trung bnh ca n v l v phi ti .Khi sng mang RF c iu ch vi tn hiu OFDM th iu ny s dn ti s thay i tng t ca ng bao sng mang .T dn ti yu cu l tn hiu phi c khuych i v truyn i trong cch tuyn tnh .Vic duy tr tuyn tnh cao mc cng sut cao l rt kh khn , do vy hu ht mo trong truyn v tuyn thng xy ra trong b khuych i cng sut ca my pht .Ngoi ra cn c th c mo b sung trong my thu nu c c thit k khng hp l .Tuy nhin nhn chung vic duy tr mc mo trong my thu mc thp nht th d hn l duy tr n trong my pht .Mo trong my pht gy ra mi vn trong chui truyn dn ,v n c th dn n m rng ph ,gy can nhiu cho cc h thng bn cnh tn s RF .Do l do ny ch cn xem xt nh hng ca mo trong my pht. Tnh phi tuyn trong truyn dn , dn n hai sn phm mo ch yu, mo iu ch tng h IMD (Inter- Modulation Distortion ) v cc hi . Cc hi l cc thnh phn tn s X ln tn s sng mang RF vi X l s nguyn. V d nu tn s sng mang RF vi X l s nguyn .V d nu tn s sng mang l 900Mhz th cc hi s xy ra 1800Mhz, 2.7Ghz v.vC th d dng loi b cc hi nh b lc bng thp tng i n gin u ra my pht. IMD gy nhiu vn hn v n dn n cc thnh phn mo, c trong bng tn v ngoi bng tn nhng gn vi tn s truyn dn chnh. Cc thnh phn ny l kt qu ca s trn gia mi thnh phn hi ca h thng, v s trn k tip gia cc sn phm IMD. Cc thnh phn trong bng tn to thnh nhiu cng vi tn hiu OFDM my thu, lm gim SNR ca h thng ,thm ch ngay c khi khng c ngun nhiu khc. Cc thnh phn ngoi bng tri rng tn hiu theo tn s, gy can nhiu vi cc tn hiu thng tin v tuyn khc trong cc bng tn bn cnh. Thm ch nu tn hiu c hn ch bng thng hon thin trc khi a ti b khuych i cng sut my pht, m rng ph s xy ra nu b khuych i cng sut, tuy nhin s gim ny l khng nhiu v cc b lc bng thng hot ng tn s RF thng c t tuyn khng tht tt .

IDM).

Hnh 4.8h1 : nh hng ca mo do 2 tn hiu tone (gm cc hi v

gim mo phi tuyn phi chn im lm vic ph hp trong c tuyn vo ra ca b khuych i cng sut back off OBO (Output power back off).Trong truyn dn OFDM dng iu ch QPSK OBO l khong 2-3 bB v QPSK l s iu ch rt mnh kho ,chng li c nh hng ca mo .Cc s iu ch c hiu sut bng thng cao hn (v d 16 QAM , 256-QAM..) nhy cm hn vi mo chng yu cu SNR hiu dng cao hn .V d5 16-QAM OBO l 16 dB ,vi 64-QAM l khong 10dB. 4.8.1 M HNH HA MO Mo l do tnh phi tuyn ca h thng .N cng ph thuc vo dng sng ca tn hiu v mc cng sut ca n .Tn hiu c t s cng sut nh trn cng sut trung bnh cao s c chiu hng c cc nh hot ng gn phm vi cc

i ca b khuch i hn sng hnh sinc ,vi cng mt cng sut trung bnh.Gi tr mo ph thuc vo phn b ng bao tn hiu cng nh dng phi tuyn ca b khuych i. Do vy vic so snh phn tch mo ca mt dng tn hiu so vi mt dng khc l mt vic kh. C mt cch gim nh hng ca mo phi tuyn trong b khuych i cng sut my l dng tin mo (predistorsion) c ngha l lm mo tn hiu trc khi a vo b khuch i cng sut theo cch sao cho trit mo do b khuych i gy ra. Tin mo bng vic thay i baseband bng vic thay i bin v pha ca dng sng thi gian. Dng tin mo chung nht phn hi t u ra b khuych i cng sut. Tuy nhin n khng th ngn nga mo do s xn bt (hoc ct : clipping) tn hiu cc mc cng sut cao, do cng sut nh b gi hn ca b khuch i thc t bt k . Hnh 4.8.1 h L m hnh ho mo u ra, u vo . l mt m hnh tuyn tnh ton din ca mt b khuych i c cng sut gii hn .Ta thy c s ct cng sut tn hiu , do vy gy ra mo .

output

input

Hnh 4.8.1 h: th u ra /u vo . l mt m hnh tuyn tnh ton din ca b khuych i c cng sut gii hn . Mt phung php nh gi vic dng hiu qu ph khuych i cng sut u ra l back off cng sut ra OBO ,c nh ngha nh :

Psat OBO = 10 log10 P0

Vi Psat l cng sut bo ha ca b khuych iv P0 l cng sut tn hiu u ra trung bnh .Thng mong mun hot ng OBO thp c th dng cng sut ra cao .Tuy nhin iu ny c th dn n mo qu mc lm gim tn hiu v tng s m rng ph . OBO c o da trn cng sut trung bnh ca tn hiu sau khi ct , m cho vic xc nh trc tip gi tri ct cn thit cn p dng cho tn hiu u vo l kh khn .Gi tr ct cn thit thay i ph thuc vo phn b bin tn hiu. khc phc, cn dng gii php o nhiu ln v tnh gi tr trung bnh p ng OBO yu cu . i vi cc b khuych i thc t ch tiu k thut ca h thng b gim thm ch trc khi cng sut tn hiu t mc cng sut ct .

4.8.2 M RNG PH DO CT MO

Hnh 4.8.2.h1: Ph ca tn hiu OFDM ct mo .Tn hiu OFDM c 100 ti ph, c bng thng gii hn khi dng lc FIR trc khi mo c p dng .

Tn hiu OFDM c lc bng thng bi b lc FIR trc khi ct mo. iu ny c lm loi b cc bp sng bin OFDM sao cho c th d dng nhn thy m rng ph do ct mo gy ra. Can nhiu ngoi bng tng khi OBO gim, dn n nhiu ngoi bng ng k i vi OBO thp hn 8dB. Cng c th thy rng can nhiu ngoi bng gim chm khi cch xa khi tn s trung tm hnh 4.8.2 h2 biu din s gia tng m rng ph i vi tn hiu OFDM c 100 ti ph (hay 100% bng thng h thng ). Kt qu th hai l cch 200 khong cch ti ph (hay 25% h thng ). Nhiu th nghim khc c lm tm ra nh hng ca s thay i s ti ph. Cc th nghim cng chng t rng cc kt qu hu nh khng ph thuc vo s ti ph ca h thng .

Hnh 4.8.2.h2 : S gia tng m rng ph nh hm ca OBO .Mo ny c gy ra do ct tn hiu . 4.8.3 SNR HIU DNG T CT MO Hnh 4.8.3.1 M t SNR hiu dng ca truyn dn OFDM c ct mo.S sng mang c nh hng tng i nh ti cc kt qu. Cc nghin cu khc cng ch ra rng nh hng ca ct mo hu nh khng ph thuc vo s ti ph trong tn hiu OFDM.

Hnh 4.8.3 SNR Hiu dng ca truyn dn OFDM theo OBO vi 8,64 v 512 ti ph . 4.9 NH HNG CA LI NG B THI GIAN OFDM chu c cc li thi gian v c bo v gia cc khong Symbol .i vi knh khng c multipath , li lch thi gian c th bng di khong bo v m khng lm mt tnh trc giao ,ch c s quay pha trong cc ti ph .S quay pha c sa nh mt cn bng knh do vy khng dn n suy gim ch tiu k thut v mt phn ca symbol m bin i nhanh ca Fourier FFT c p dng s cha mt phn symbol bn cnh dn n can nhiu gia cc symbol . Hnh 4.9 m t SNR hiu dng ca OFDM nh l hm ca li lch thi gian. im khng v thi gian c tnh so vi phn FFT ca symbol. lch thi gian dng dn n mt phn ca symbol tip theo nm trong FFT .Do khong bo v l s m rng tun hon ca Symbol nn s khng c ISI.Trong knh phn tp di khong bo v b gim bi tr ca knh, dn n gim tng ng li lch thi gian cho php . Gc thi gian tnh t im phn u FFT ca symbol ,ngay sau khong bo v. Li thi gian dng c ngha rng FFT trong my thu nhn mt phn ca symbol tip theo ; li thi gian m co ngha l my thu nhn c khong bo v .

Hnh 4.9h: SNR hiu dng ca tn hiu OFDM vi li lch thi gian khi dng khong bo v l 40 mu. 4.10 NH HNG CA LI NG B TN S OFDM th nhy cm vi s lch tn s l nh hung ti ch tiu k thut .Vic gi iu ch tn hiu OFDM c lch tn c th dn ti t l li bit cao .iu ny gy ra bi mt tnh trc giao ti ph dn ti can nhiu gia cc sng mang ICI(inter-Carrier Interference) v chm sa quay pha cc vecto d liu thu c. Cc li tn s thng xy ra do hai nguyn nhn chnh . l cc li ca b dao ng ti ch v tn s Doppler. S sai khc bt k v tn s ca b dao ng ni my pht v my thu s dn n lch v tn s, tuy nhin cc li ti ch lm cho ch tiu k thut h thng gim . S dch chuyn my pht so vi my thu dn ti dch Doppler trong tn hiu. iu ny xut hin nh lch tn s cho truyn trong khng gian t do. lch ny nh mt phn ca b b dao ng ti ch. Mt vn kh khn hn l s m rng Doppler do s dch chuyn ca my pht hoc my thu trong mi trng multipath. S m rng Doppler uc gy ra bi tc tng i khc nhau ca mi mt trong cc thnh phn multipath b phn x, lm cho tn hiu b iu ch theo tn s .S iu ch FM trn cc ti ph c khuynh hng ngu nhin v mt s ln phn x multipath xy ra trong cc mi trng in hnh. Vic b m rng Doppler ny l kh, dn n gim tn hiu.

Hnh 4.10h m t nh hng ca li tn s SNR hiu dng ca OFDM khi dng iu ch QAM kt hp.Mt lch tn s bt k dn n s quay pha lin tc tt c cc vect ti ph thu c . lch tn cng ln th s quay pha cng ln. Nu c trng knh ch c thc hin u ca mi frame th cc li tn s khng c gii quyt s dn ti gim ch tiu k thut theo thi gian. Symbol u tin sau khi b knh s c SNR hiu dng cc i, SNR hiu dng s b gim i cui frame. Hnh v cng ch ra SNR hiu dng ca symbol th nht, th 4, th 16, th 64 khi ch c b knh u ca frame. Ch tiu k thut ca iu ch vi sai s tng t vi SNR ca symbol u tin, v s quay pha s c sa cho mi symbol .

Hnh 4.10.h: SNR hiu dng cho QAM kt hp c lch tn s .SNR hiu dng cho cc symbol th nht ,th 4,th 16 v th 64 vi cn bng knh ch u frame. c nhiu k thut c pht trin o v theo di lch tn s .Cc ti liu cng ni rng chnh xc tn s phi c duy tr trong gii hn 2-4% phng nga tn hao ch tiu ng k .Trong mi trng di ng nhiu ngi s dng vn cn xu hn na v s truyn t mi ngi s dng c th c lch tn s khc nhau .Nu mi ngi c ng b tt vi trm gc th vn c lch tn s vi nhau ng k i vi h do lch Doppler. lch tn trong kt ni OFDM mt ngi s dng khng phi l vn quan trng v n c th c b vi s gia tng ti thiu phc tp ca my thu. Tuy nhin trong trng hp nhiu ngi s dng khng c cch d dng sa cc li tn s .

PHN 2 : M PHNG V NG DNG CA IU CH OFDM TRONG K THUT VIN THNG

I.1 GHP KNH THEO TN S TRC GIAO OFDM Nh trnh by ta thy OFDM l mt cng ngh iu ch v tuyn khc vi CDMA .N c th vt qua CDMA v mt dung lng v cung cp phng php truy nhp v tuyn cho h thng 4G .OFDM l s iu ch cho php d liu s c truyn hiu qu v tin cy qua knh v tuyn , thm ch trong mi trng multipath. OFDM truyn d liu bng cch dng mt s ln cc sng mang di hp. Cc sng mang ny c t cch nhau u n theo tn s, to thnh mt khi ph. Khong cch tn s v ng b thi gian ca cc sng mang c chn sao cho chng l trc giao ngha l chng khng can nhiu (interference) vi nhau , mc d c th chng lp nhau trong min tn s .Tn gi OFDM c rt ra t yu t l d liu s c gi i khi dng nhiu sng mang ,mi ci c tn s khc nhau (Ghp knh theo tn s FDM) v cc sng mang ny trc giao vi nhau,v vy to thnh OFDM .Di y l mt s ng dng ca OFDM. 5.1.1 QUNG B AUDIO S DAB (DIGITAL AUDIO BROADCASTING) DAB l h thng thng mi u tin dng cng ngh OFDM .N c pht trin u tin vo nm 1987 v cc dch v DAB c bt u thc hin Anh v Thy in vo nm 1995 .DAB l s thay th cho qung b audio FM bng cch cung cp cc dch v thng tin v audio s cht lung cao.OFDM c s dng cho DAB v n chu ng c s lan truyn nhiu ng .Cc h thng qung b thng hot ng vi khong cch truyn rt bi (20-100km).Hu qu l multipath l vn ch yu v n gy ra hin tng chng ting (Ghoshting ) khi truyn .Hin tng ny gy can nhiu gia cc symbol ISI lm nho tn hiu min thi gian . i vi sng mang n thng c th gim bc ng hng ca ISI lm nh dng cn bng thch nghi .Qu trnh ny dng lc thch nghi tim cn ho p tuyn xung ca knh v tuyn .Sau mt b lc c p tuyn ngc vi p tuyn knh c s dng b li cc bn sao b nhe ca bit symbol . Tuy nhin qu trnh ny th phc tp v chm do thi gian bm (locking time) ca b cn bng thch nghi .Hn na vic cn bng cc tn hiu chu ISI ln hn vi ln chu k symbol l kh thc hin . OFDM khc phc nh hng multipath bng cch chia nh tn hiu cho nhiu sng mang di hp.iu ny dn n tc symbol thp hn gim gi tr vi ISI. Ngoi ra ,khong bo v c b sung vo u ca mi symbol ,loi b nh hng ca ISI cho cc tn hiu multipath b tr nh khong bo v .S chu ng cao vi multipath lm cho OFDM thch hp hn vi truyn d liu tc cao trong mi trng mt t so vi truyn sng mang n .

Tham s Bng thng iu ch Di tn s (Thu di ng ) S ti ph rng symbol Khong bo v rng symbol ton phn Khong cch ln nht gia cc my pht trong mng tn s SFN

I 1.536Mhz DQPSK 1536 1000s 246s 1246s 96km

Mode truyn II III 1.536Mhz 1.536Mhz DQPSK DQPSK 384 250s 62s 312s 24km 192 125s 31s 156s 12km

IV 1.536Mhz DQPSK 768 500s 123s 623s 48km

Bng 5.1.1 Cc tham s truyn DAB cho mi made truyn Bng 5.1.1 Biu din cc tham s h thng ca DAB .DAB c bn mode truyn .Tn s pht ,tc my thu v chu ng multipath cn thit, tt c xc nh mode truyn thch hp nht cn s dng. lch Doppler c th b gy ra bi s thay i nhanh trong p tuyn knh do s chuyn dch ca my thu trong mi trng multipath. N dn n iu ch tn s ngu nhin trong cc ti ph OFDM, lm gim tn hiu. Gi tr lch Doppler t l vi tn s truyn v tc dch chuyn. Cc ti ph c t cng gn nhau bao nhiu, tn hiu OFDM cng nhy cm vi lch Doppler by nhiu. Do vy cc Mode truyn khc nhau trong DAB cho php dung ha gia gi tr bo v multipath ( di khong bo v)v dung sai lch Doppler . dung sai Multipath cao ca OFDM cho php dng mng n thun SFN (Single Frequency Network). Mng ny dng cc Repeater truyn cung cp vng ph sng hon thin v hiu qu ph .i vi qung b FM truyn thng. Cc thnh ph cnh nhau phi dng cc tn s RF khc nhau thm ch cho cng mt trm v tuyn phng nga multipath gy ra bi s qung b cng mt tn hiu t mt min ph sng cn thit l c th ,loi b nhau cu phi c cc tn s khc nhau c s dng trong min cnh nhau. Cng sut d liu ca DAB thay i t 0.6-0.8Mb/s ph thuc vo gi tr sa li tin FEC(Forward Error Correction ) c p dng .Payload d liu ny cho php qung b nhiu knh nh mt phn ca khi truyn dn .S knh Audio l thay i ph thuc vo cht lng Audio v gi tr FEC c s dng bo v tn hiu .i vi Audio cht lng thoi (24kb/s) th ti 64 knh audio c th c cung cp ,trong khi i vi audio cht lng CD(256kb/s) vi bo v cc i ba knh l c th .

5.1.2 QUNG B VIDEO S DVB(DIGITAL VIDEO BROADCASTING ) Vic pht trin cc tiu chun DVB c khi u vo nm 1993 .DVB l s truyn ,da trn tiu chun MPEG-2 ,l mt phng php phn phi t mt im ti nhiu im video v audio s cht lng cao c nn .N l s thay th c tng cng tiu chun qung b truyn hnh tng t v DVB cung cp phng thc truyn dn linh hot phn phi video , audio v cc dch v d liu .Cc tiu chun DVB xc nh r c cu phn phi cho mt phm vi rng cc ng dng ,bao gm truyn hnh v tinh(DVB-S), cc h thng cp (DVB-C) v truyn mt t (DVB-T). Lp vt l ca mi mt trong cc tiu chun ny c ti u cho knh truyn ang c s dng. Qung b v tinh dng truyn sng mang n vi iu ch QPSK. Chng l ti u cho ng dng ny v sng mang n cho php dch Doppler ln, QPSK cho php hiu sut nng lng cc i .Tuy nhin phng php truyn ny khng thch hp cho truyn mt t v multipath lm gim nghim trng ch tiu k thut ca truyn sng mang n tc cao. V l do ny, OFDM c s dng cho tiu chun truyn hnh mt t DVBT.Lp vt k DVB-T th tng t vi DAB ,trong truyn OFDM dng mt s ln cc ti ph lm nh hng ca multipath .DVB-T cho php hai mode truyn ph thuc vo s sng mang c s dng . Tham s S ti ph rng symbol c ch(Tu) Khong cch sng mang(1/Tu) Bng thng 1705 896s 1116Hz 7.61Mhz Mode 2k 6817 224 s 4464Mhz 7.61Mhz Mode 8k

Bng 5.1.2 M t cc tham s c bn ca hai mode ny . Qung b v tinh dng truyn sng mang n vi iu ch QPSK .Chng l ti u cho ng dng ny v sng mang n cho php dch Doppler ln, QPSK cho php hiu sut nng lng cc i. Tuy nhin phng php truyn ny khng thch hp cho truyn mt t v multipath lm gim nghim trng ch tiu k thut ca truyn sng mang n tc cao. V l do ny ,OFDM c s dng cho tiu chun truyn hnh mt t DVB-T .Lp vt l ca DVB-T th tng t vi DAB,trong truyn OFDM dng mt s ln cc ti ph lm gim nh hng ca multipath .DVB-T cho php hai mode truyn ph thuc vo s sng mang c s dng . S khc nhau c bn gia DVB-T v DAB l bng thng

rng hn c s dng v dng cc s iu ch cao hn t c cng sut d liu cao hn. DVB-T cho php ba s iu ch ti ph :QPSK,16_QAM v 64 QAM v mt phm vi rng cc di khong bo v v t l m .iu ny cho php tnh mnh khe ca kt ni truyn c dung ha gi t ca thng lng kt ni. Bng 5.1.2.b ch ra tc d liu v t s tn hiu trn nhiu SNR cn thit cho mt s lin hp truyn. DVB-T l kt ni khng thun nghch do bn cht qung b ca n .Nh vy s la chn bt k v tc d liu theo tnh mnh khe th nh hng ti tt c cc my thu .Nu mc ch h thng l t tin cy cao th tc d d liu phi thp hn p ng cc iu kin ca my thu xu nht. nh hng ny hn ch ch li ca bn cht linh hot tiu chun. iu ch T l m ti ph QPSK QPSK 16-QAM 16-QAM 64-QAM 64-QAM 7/8 7/8 7/8 SNR cho BER =2x10-4 sau viterbi(DB) Knh Gauss Knh Rayleigh 3.1 5.4 7.7 16.3 8.8 11.2 13.9 22.8 14.4 16.0 20.1 27.9 Tc bit (Mb/s) Khong bo v 4.98 8.71 9.95 17.42 14.93 26.13 6.03 10.56 12.06 21.11 18.10 31.67

Bng 5.1.2.b: T s tn hiu /nhiu cn thit v tc bit net chn lc cc lin hp iu ch cho m DVB. I.2 TIU CHUN OFDM DVB-T OFDM DVB-T l tiu chun pht sng truyn hnh s mt t c t chc DVB (Digital Video Broadcasting) ca Chu u a ra vo nm 1997 .Hin nay tiu chun ny c hu ht cc nc Chu u v nhiu nc khc trn th gii tha nhn .Nm 2001 i truyn hnh Vit Nam quyt nh chn n lm tiu chun pht sng truyn hnh mt t cho vit Nam trong nhng nm ti. A) Phn chia knh truyn c thi gian ln tn s : - Min tn s c phn thnh mt tp hp Cc bng tn con(Cc di tn hp Frequency Sub-band). Mn thi gian c phn thnh mt tp hp Cc khong thi gian nhgn k nhau (time segment) Mi phn tn s /thi gian c s dng ti mt sng mang con ring(ti ph carrier)

I.

Cc ti ph ny trc giao trnh can nhiu gia cc sng mang (khong cch tn s trc giao l 1/Tu vi Tu l chu k symbol c ch ). Trong mi chu k thi gian cc ti ph iu ch vi vi bit d liu m ho .S bit c truyn ph thuc vo loi iu ch c s dng (V d nh 2 bit vi 4QAM ,$bit vi 16QAM ,6 bit vi 16 QAM )tp hp cc ti ph trong mt khong thi gian c gi l mt symbol OFDM.) t vo khong bo v gii quyt can nhiu gia cc symbol . trit sng phn x t xa th di khong bo v cng ln cng tt v khong bo v c th tnh theo cng thc: D= c.Tg

II.

Vi Tg l di khong bo v(s) C l tc nh sng . V d trong model 8K ,chu k symbol c ch Tu=896s , di ln nht ca khong bo v l Tg =Tu/4=224s tng ng vi khong cch phn x ln nht: d=c.Tg=3.108x224.106=67.200m 67,2km. Tuy nhin khong bo v ln lm khong thi gian dnh cho tn hiu c ch b gim, gim dung lng truyn tn hiu c ch ca knh .Trong chu k bo v, my thu lm ng tn hiu thu c :chu k thi gian ny lm t hp OFDM hin i (tn hiu chnh) cc tn hiu phn x b gi chm ca OFDM trc . V cc m bo him li thng thng khng c kh nng sa cc li bit di (cc bust li ) ngi ta thc hin vic chn theo tn s (Frequency interleaving ). Cc bit khng c nh x vo cc sng mang theo th t tun t m c xo

trn theo mt trnh t xc nh. Nh vy nu c li th cc thng tin v mt tn hiu khng b mt nhiu m ch mt mt phn. My thu s khi phc li tin nh phn cn li ca n sau khi gii xo trn. Nh vy trong tiu chun DVB-T OFDM , vic chn c trong min thi gian v tn s .iu ny cng tng t nh vic : gii quyt fading tn s xy ra trn cc tn s ph cnh nhau, ngi ta tri rng cc bit d liu cnh nhau trn cc ti con cch xa nhau . Trnh t iu ch OFDM ny c thc hin nh miu t trong tiu chun DVBT .Cc knh tn s rng 6,7 hoc 8Mhz c s dng qung b tn hiu truyn hnh u c th p dng tiu chun ny. III. Ci vo tn hiu ph my thu c th gii iu ch ng ,ngi ta pht cc ti ph gi l cc pilot ,c pht cch u nhau,theo mt trng t nht nh vi bin ln hn thng thng .Chng cn c gi l cc du ng b knh hoc cc pilot . C cc loi tn hiu ph sau : Cc ti ph TPS(Transmission parameter signalling ) l cc thng tin iu khin ,c mt bit TPS trong mt symbol OFDM. Mt khi TPS (tng ng mt Frame OFDM gm 68 symbol OFDM) cha 68 bit c xc nh nh sau : + 1 bit kh u +16 bit ng b +37 bit thng tin +14 bit d cho bo him li Trong s 37 bit thng tin , 23 bit c s dng cn 14 bit dng cho tng lai (phi t bng khng). TPS mang thng tin v : +iu ch ,gm gi tr ca gin chm sao QAM . +Thng tin m ha theo lp +khong bo v (h tr ban u cho my thu) +T l m trong +Mode truyn (2K hoc 8K,h tr ban u cho my thu). + S frame trong super-frame 9khi truyn trong mng(SFN). Cc tnh hiu pilot cn cho qu trng gii iu ch kt hp QAM. Tn hiu pilot c truyn theo thi gian v tn s trong tn hiu OFDM (bin v pha bit ,khng phi ngu nhin).C hai loi pilot : + pilot lin tc c truyn ngu nhin trong tng symbol OFDM v c ti bi cc ti ph c trong tt c cc symbol .N c dng ng b v nh gi li pha . + pilot c phn tn c truyn u theo thi gian v tb s qua cc symbol OFDM ,cho php nh gi cc t trng knh bng cc ni suy v thi gian v tn s . Do vy ,nhng thay i do phn x t cc vt c nh v di ng hoc suy gim (do nhiu) c th c gii quyt .Ni suy theo thi gian gia cc pilot

phn tn cho php thu di ng (trong trng hp cng trng ln )iu ny c s dng khi dng b cn bng knh . Mode 2K v 8K gim nh nh hng khng bng phng ca knh th cng dng nhiu sng mang cng tt .Tuy nhin khi s sng mang nhiu ,mch s phc tp.Trong giai on u khi cng ngh ch to chip cha hon thin cc chip gii iu ch cn t ,ngi ta thng dng mode 2K(s sng mang t) - u im ca mode 2K : Cng ngh ch to IC n gin r - Nhc im : Khng khc phc tt nhc im ca knh, di khong bo v ngn nn khng trit c phn x khong cch xa. Tuy nhin mode 2K cho php t tc cao hn khi th ng v khong cch gia cc sng mang xa hn, tn s Doppler chu c cao hn. V d nh : Tn s thc t khi thit b thu t trn con tu ang chuyn ng l :

F = f + cos * f *
F = f cos
*

Vt Vs

Tu i ti trm pht Tu ri khi pha trm pht

Vt V2

dch Doppler Trong : f l tn s chnh , F: Tn s quan st (hoc tn s thc t ) Vt Vn tc tu , Vs- Tc m thanh (khng i),hoc tc nh sng vi sng v tuyn (c=3.108) Gc Gia hng chuyn ng tu v trm pht . dch Doppler phi nm trong dung sai tn s (f) cho php ca my thu. Vi mode 2K, khong cch gia cc sng mang ln hn (4464Hz) nn dung sai tn s cho php ln hn so vi mode 8K(c khong cch gia cc sng mang l 1116Hz). Mode 2K thch hp cho hot ng my pht n v cc mng SFN nh so vi khong cch gia cc my khc l hn ch . Mode 8K thch hp cho c hot ng my pht n v cho cc mng SFN nh v ln . I.3 CC BC CHNH THC HIN CHUN NY NH SAU I.3.1 CAC HE THONG QUANG BA TRUYEN HNH SO

Thng thng mot may phat tren ve tinh ch co the truyen tai mot chng trnh truyen hnh tng t. Neu s dung ky thuat nen dai tan so th mot bo chuyen phat tren ve tinh co the ong thi truyen tai 4-8 hay 16. chung trnh truyen hnh khac nhau. Viec phat chng trnh quang ba truyen hnh so (digital video broadcasting DVB ) chu yeu s dung tieu chuan nen MPEG 2 hnh, bien ma am thanh va so lieu ; s dung phng thc ma so MPEG 2 ; no co phng thc sa ma sai; can c vao cac chng trnh multimedia, se chon la cac phng thc ieu che tng ng va bien ma cua cac ng thong tin. Sau khi xac nh cac tieu chuan cua phat truyen hnh so DVB, do cac s truyen tai Multimedia khac nhau , lnh vc ng dung khac nhau nen DVB a c to chc va phan chia thanh vai he thong, cu the la he thong quang ba truyen hnh so ve tinh DVB S ( satellite ) ; he thong quang ba truyen hnh so hu tuyen DVB C (cable ); he thong quang ba truyen hnh so tren trai at DVB T (terrestrial) ; he thong quang ba truyen hnh so vi ba DVB M (microwave) ; he thong quang ba truyen hnh so theo mang tng tac DVB I(interface); he thong truyen hnh so DVB CS (community system),v.v . I.3.2 He thong quang ba truyen hnh so ve tinh DVB S

Bo ma hoa MPEG Bo ma hoa MPEG Bo ma hoa MPEG

Bo tron nhieu ng

Bo ieu che QPSK

Bo oi tan len

Phat len ve tinh

H I.3.2 S o khoi he thong quang ba truyen hnh so v tinh Nguyen l quang ba truyen hnh so ve tinh trnh bay hnh I.3.2 . Thong tin am tan va th tan va cac tn hieu so trc tien se i qua bo nen bien ma so MPEG 2 (ENC) tien hanh viec nen bien ma , tn hieu truyen hnh so vi toc o tren 200Mb/s c nen xuong con 6Mb/s, dong so lieu MPEG2 b nen nhieu ng se c a vao bo tron nhieu ng so tien hanh viec tron , ngo ra se nhan c dong ma MPEG2 co toc o cang cao hn . Can c vao yeu cau cua tac gia cac chng trnh, cac chng trnh truyen hnh can truyen tai se c thc hien viec ma hoa , sau o dong so lieu MPEG2 c a vao bo ieu che so QPSK . Cuoi cung tien hanh bien tan, tn hieu QPSK b ieu che ti trung tan IF, at ti tan so vi ba can thiet cua dai song C hoac KU, thong qua anten phat tien hanh phat xa len truyen hnh ve tinh .

S o khoi cua he thong thu truyen hnh so ve tinh nh hnh I.3.3 . Tn hieu ve tinh qua bo bien tan LNB , may thu ve tinh so IRD (integrated receiver coder ) se tien hanh viec giai ieu che QPSK, giai ma a ra tn hieu am tan va th tan, neu dung au noi thu CATV trc th mang truyen hnh hu tuyen co the c chia thanh phng thc truyen tai tng t va phng thc truyen tai so (nh hnh 3.28) . Trong phng thc truyen tai tng t th so ng truyen at va so lng may thu bang nhau, do tn hieu au ra cua may thu ve tinh so IRD la AV cho nen can phai dung cac bo ieu che tng t vi cac kenh tan khac nhau e truyen tai tn hieu ti ho dung. e co the truyen tai so trong mang truyen hnh hu tuyen tn hieu can phai qua bo chuyen oi ieu che so , sau khi bien tan cao tan th trung tan tn hieu ieu che QPSK se chuyen oi thanh tn hieu ieu che QAM. Do tn hieu qua bien tan nh tren nen hoac se c a vao trong mang truyen hnh hu tuyen hoac se i qua he vi ba nhieu ng MMDS e phat ti ho dung.

I.3.3 He thong quang ba truyen hnh so hu tuyen DVB-C

Tn hiu v tinh

Bo bien tan

My thu v tinh s

A V

Tivi thng thng

H I.3.4 S o khoi he thong thu truyen hnh so Tn hieu t ve tinh Tn hieu t ve tinh Tn hieu t ve tinh
My thu v tinh s

Bo giai ieu che so Bo giai ieu che so Bo giai ieu che so

Bo tron

May thu ve tinh so May thu ve tinh so

May phat MMDS

Mang hu tuyen

H I.3.4 s o khoi he thong truyen hnh so hu tuyen Trong mang truyen hnh hu tuyen do tn hieu hnh anh c truyen tai tren ng day cap ong truc nen no t b can nhieu ben ngoai . Trong cac nguyen tac DVB a qui nh s dung cac phng thc ieu che QAM, can c vao trang thai moi

trng truyen tai co the s dung cac toc o ieu che khac nhau nh 16-QAM ; 128 QAM; 256- QAM . Hien nay trong mang truyen hnh so hu tuyen s dung toc o ieu che 64 QAM trong dai tan rong 8MHz co the truyen tai tn hieu vi toc o at ti 38,1 Mb/s . Hnh 3.28 la s o cua he thong quang ba truyen hnh so hu tuyen . Neu tn hieu truyen hnh lay nguon t ve tinh th can mot may thu ve tinh so IRD e thu cac chng trnh khac nhau va chuyen oi thanh dong data MPEG2, oi vi tn hieu th tan am tan AV th can bo giai nen bien ma so e giai ma tn hieu, tao ra dong data MPEG2 . Nguon tn hieu khac nhau se tao ra dong data MPEG2 bo tron nhieu ng so e tien hanh tron va thu c dong ma MPEG 2 co toc o cao hn . Sau o tn hieu nay a vao bo ieu che QAM, bo bien tan e at c dai tan can thiet cho mang truyen hnh hu tuyen. I.3.5 He thong quang ba truyen hnh so tren mat at DVB T S truyen tai cua he thong quang ba truyen hnh so tren mat at tng oi ac biet. Do hien tng phan xa nhieu lan tn hieu, can nhieu rat nghiem trong . e giai quyet van e nay, trong he thong s dung phng thc x l cua bo OFDM ieu che phan tan ma trc giao . ac iem cua no la : @ mien tan so s dung phng thc a tai ba , tn hieu can truyen tai c ieu che ti 2000 hoac 8000 tai ba May thu ve tinh so May thu ve tinh so Bo ma hoa MPEG - 2 Bo ma hoa MPEG - 2 H I.3.5 S o khoi phan bien oi so sang tng t

Tn hieu t ve tinh

Bo tron nhieu ng

Bo ieu che so Bo bien tan len VHF UHF

A V A V

@ mien thi gian tn hieu dai goc so c chia thanh cac oan phan biet e ieu cac tai ba noi tren

@Tat ca cac ai phat cua mang phat xa DVB-T thong qua he thong nh v toan cau GPS (global positioning system ) c khoa mot tan so chnh xac lam cho tat ca cac may phat s dung cung mot tan so va c phat trong cung mot thi gian . Nguyen l cua he thong nay nh trnh bay hnh I.3.5 . Tn hieu truyen so sau khi c x l bi bo OFDM co the c qua bo ieu che QPSK hoac QAM, bien tan va a ra anten phat.

HNG PHT TRIN TI

Mng OFDM ang c ng dng mt cch hiu qu trong nhiu h thng v tuyn ring bit l h thng pht thanh k thut s (DAB) v truyn hnh k thut s (DVB).Truyn hnh s mt t DVB-T(m c chn lm tiu chun cho truyn hnh s ti Vit Nam) l mt trong nhng ng dng ca cng ngh OFDM. Cng ngh ny nh ni trn s dng 1705 sng mang ( ch 2K) hoc 6817 sng mang (ch 8K )cho cc lung d liu QPSK ,16-QAM hay 64QAM v t l khong bo v c th l Tu/Ts=1/4,1/8,1/16,1/32 ty mi trng c tr di hay ngn. Vi kh nng chng hiu ng a ng ng rt tt ca OFDM to nghnh truyn hnh c hai kh nng mi m truyn hnh tng t trc y cng nh truyn hnh s tun theo tiu chun khng th t c l : - Kh nng thu di ng cc dch v truyn hnh qung b - Kh nng to nn mt mng n tn trong mt phm vi rng . Nh trnh by trn,OFDM l cng ngh cho php ghp knh tit kim ph hn .Chng ta bit rng tn hiu truyn trn knh truyn mt t b nh hng ca rt nhiu hiu ng nh : Nhiu xung ,fading ,nhiu knh k ,nhiu kng chung tr lan truyn a ng nhng vn quan tm nht l nh hng ca cc tn hiu tr ln tn hiu gc dy giao thoa k hiu ISI.Tr ny to ra do s lan truyn theo nhiu ng ca tn hiu trn mt t ,nh hng ca tr n cht lng tn hiu thu cng mnh khi tr bin i nhanh. i vi h thng truyn hnh tng t cng nh mt h thng thng tin ,cc my pht cnh nhau dng chung mt tn s l mt vn v cng kh khn .V vy cc h thng cn s s qui hoch tn s cn thn cng nh cc phng n ti s dng tn s . Mng n tn SFN l mng gm nhiu my pht ng trn mt tn s v pht cng mt ni dung .Mi my pht trong mt mng SFN s tun theo qui tc sau: - Pht cng mt tn s - Pht cng mt lc - Pht cng mt d liu Nh vy mt im thu ti bin vng ph sng s thu c nhiu tn hiu t cc trm pht khc nhau v b thu s coi cc tn hiu ny nh cc tr nhn to. Vy mng SFN dng OFDM l kh thi v OFDM c th gii quyt c cc vn thu nhiu ng . ng dng ca SNF to mt bc t ph trong cng ngh pht sng truyn hnh, l mt phm vi rng ln c th trin khai mng dy c cc my pht hot ng cng tn s. Trong khi ti nguyn tn s bng UHF/VHF ngy cng hn hp th trin khai SFN mang li li ch v cng ln.

Hin nay cng ngh OFDM v ang c nghin cu ng dng trong lnh vc thng tin v tuyn. Cng ngh ny l la chn kt hp gia cc phng php iu ch c in v cc phng php a truy cp v tuyn ng dng ca OFDM s dnh cho mch vng v tuyn ni ht ,LAN v tuyn , dch v truyn thng c nhn t bo. Cc h thng a truy cp da trn OFDM nh OFDM TDMA v MC-CDMA ang c xem xt ti nh mt th h tip theo ca h thng v tuyn nhiu ngi s dng.

KT LUN
Do phm vi ti rng nn nhng g ti thc hin c qua lun vn ny cha cung cp nhiu thng tin v cc ng dng tryn hnh s mt t.D c gng nhng lun vn vn cn nhiu sai st km theo nhng gii hn hiu bit v ti. Hi vng y l nhng kinh nghim hu ch cho mnh sau ny. Mt ln na xin chn thnh cm n n tt c cc ngi gip ti hon thnh lun vn ny.

PH LC
BNG CH THCH CC T VIT TT. 2G 3G 4G AC ADSL alpha AM APR ASK AWGN b/s/Hz BER Bps BPSK BS CD CDMA CF DAB Db DBc dBm DC DDS DFT DMT DPSK DSBSC DS-CDMA DSP DSSS DVB Second Generation mobile phone system (GSM, IS-95) Third Generation mobile phone system Fourth Generation mobile phone system Alternating Current (Frequency above 0 Hz) Asymmetric Digital Subscriber Line Path loss exponent (rate of path loss change with distance) Amplitude Modulation Access Point Repeater Amplitude Shift Keying Additive White Gaussian Noise Bits per second per hertz (unit of spectral efficiency) Bit Error Rate Bits per second Binary Phase Shift Keying Base Station Compact Disc Code Division Multiple Access Crest Factor (peak to average power ratio of the RF envelope) Digital Audio Broadcasting Decibel (ratio in log scale) Decibel relative to main signal power Decibel relative to 1 milliwatt Direct Current (0 Hz) Direct Digital Synthesiser Discrete Fourier Transform Discrete Multi-Tone Differential Phase Shift Keying Double Side Band Suppressed Carrier Direct Sequence Code Division Multiple Access Digital Signal Processing Direct Sequence Spread Spectrum Digital Video Broadcasting

DVB-C DVB-S DVB-T EBNR FDM FEC FFT FIR FM Fs FSK GA GHz GMSK GSM HDTV HiperLAN2 Hz ICI IEEE802.11a IEEE802.11b IF IFFT IMD IQ ISI ISM IS-95 JCU K kbps kHz

Digital Video Broadcasting Cable Digital Video Broadcasting Satellite Digital Video Broadcasting Terrestrial Energy per Bit to Noise Ratio Frequency Division Multiplexing Forward Error Correction Fast Fourier Transform Finite Impulse Response (digital filter) Frequency Modulation Sample Frequency Frequency Shift Keying Genetic Algorithm Gigahertz - 10^9 Hz Gaussian Minimum Shift Keying Global System for Mobile communications High Definition Television HIgh PErformance Radio Local Area Network, WLAN standard (Europe) based on OFDM, with a maximum data rate of 54 Mbps. Similar to IEEE802.11a Hertz (cycles per second) Inter-Carrier Interference WLAN standard (U.S.) based on OFDM, with a maximum data rate of 54 Mbps. Similar to HiperLAN2 WLAN standard (U.S.) based on DSSS, with a maximum data rate of 11 Mbps Intermediate Frequency Inverse Fast Fourier Transform Inter-Modulation Distortion Inphase Quadrature Inter-Symbol Interference Industrial Scientific Medical Mobile phone standard using CDMA transmission method. James Cook University Kelvin Kilo bits per second (10^3 bps) Kilohertz - 10^3 Hz

Km LO LOS M Mbps MHz MPEG NF OBO OFDM PAPR PC PDA PLL PM PRC PRS PSK QAM QOS QPSK RAKE RC RF RMS SFN SHARC SIR SNR SSB SSPA

Kilometer (10^3 m) Lambda - RF wavelength Local Oscillator Line Of Sight Metre Mega bits per second (10^6 bps) Megahertz - 10^6Hz Moving Picture Experts Group (Video compression standard) Receiver Noise Figure Output power BackOff Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing Peak to Average Power Ratio Personal Computer Personal Digital Assistant Pi (3.14159265 .) Phase Locked Loop Phase Modulation Peak Reduction Carriers Pseudo Random Sequence Phase Shift Keying Quadrature Amplitude Modulation Quality Of Service Quadrature Phase Shift Keying Multiple tap multipath equalisation for CDMA Raised Cosine (Guard Period) Radio Frequency Root Mean Squared Single Frequency Network Super Harvard ARChitecture, Digital Signal Processor by Analog Devices) Signal to Interference Ratio Signal to Noise Ratio Single Side Band Solid State Power Amplifier

TDM TDMA TWTA m UMTS s VSB W W-CDMA WLAN WLL

Time Division Multiplexing Time Division Multiple Access Travelling Wave Tube Amplifier Micrometre (10^-6 m) Universal Mobile Telecommunications System Microsecond (10^-6 s) Vestigal Side Band Watt (energy per unit time, one joule per second) Wide-band Code Division Multiple Access Wireless Local Area Network Wireless Local Loop

Ti liu tham kho 1. OFDM For Wireless multimedia communications-Richard Van Nee & Ramjee Prasad. 2.