DESIGN OF A TWO-STORY RESIDENTIAL BUILDING

By Albert Najjar Elie Sayegh Lara Khoury Ziad Najjar Supervised by Mr. Joe Rizk Lecturer

A report submitted to the Department of Civil Engineering in partial fulfillment of the requirements of the degree of Bachelors of Science

Faculty of Engineering University of Balamand January 2009 Copyright 2009 Elie Sayegh, Lara Khoury, Ziad Najjar and Albert Najjar All Rights Reserved

University of Balamand Undergraduate Studies

This is to certify that I have examined this copy of a bachelors report by Albert Najjar Elie Sayegh Lara Khoury Ziad Najjar and have found that it is complete and satisfactory in all respects, and that any and all revisions required by the final Examining committee has been made.

COMMITTEE MEMBERS: Approved: Joe Rizk. PE Supervisor Approved: Robert Nini. Ph.D First Moderator Approved: Najib Gerges. Ph.D Second Moderator Date of report defense: January 31, 2009

ACKNOLEDGEMENT
This report could not have been written if it were not for the contribution and encouragement of various people. The authors first wish to thank the report supervisor Mr. Joe Rizk for his extensive advice and support. Gratitude also to all the professors in the university, especially the professors in the civil engineering department, who played a vital role in the authors academic life by instructing them and sharing their experiences to lead them to success.

This report would have never been completed without the encouragement and devotion of families and friends.

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ABSTRACT
This report includes the design of components of a reinforced concrete residential building. All frames in the first floor were designed using appropriate approximation coefficients. The slab of this same floor was designed as one-way ribbed slab with the ribs designed as simply supported. Three columns were selected and designed, a corner column, an edge column and a center column. The report also includes the design of a footing for one of the selected columns. The design of the structure is carried out according to the standards of the 2002 ACI code. Plans, cross sections and drawings are included to aid in the explanation and to show the location of the designed members.

iv

TABLE OF CONTENT
Acknowledgement Abstract Table of Contents List of Abbreviations List of Figures CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION 1.1 Description of the Structure 1.2 Sections 1.3 Floor Plans CHAPTER 2: DESIGN OF BEAMS 2.1 Layout Plan 2.2 Slab Thickness 2.3 Load Calculation 2.3.1 Dead Load 2.3.2 Live Load 2.3.3 Combined Load 2.3.4 Wu of beam 4-5 2.4 Moment and Shear Calculation 2.4.1 ACI Moment and Shear Coefficients 2.4.2 Approximate Moment and Shear Coefficients 2.5 Design of Steel Reinforcement 2.5.1 Longitudinal Steel Reinforcement Design 2.5.2 Transversal Steel CHAPTER 3: DESIGN OF THE SLABS 3.1 Introduction 3.2 Procedure for the design of ribs of slab 2 3.2.1 Longitudinal Steel 16 16 16 16 7 7 8 9 9 10 10 10 11 11 12 13 13 14 1 1 3 5 iii iv v viii x

3.2.2 Transverse Steel 3.2.3 Temperature and Shrinkage Steel 3.2.4 Cross-Section of the Ribs CHAPTER 4: DESIGN OF COLUMNS 4.1 Design of Center Column C5 4.1.1 Loads and Fixed End Moments 4.1.2 The Supported Weight PU 4.1.3 The Applied Moment around the X-axis 4.1.4 The Applied Moment around the Y-axis 4.1.5 Slenderness around X 4.1.6 Slenderness around Y 4.1.7 Load Contour Equation 4.1.8 Ties 4.2 Design of the Column C6 4.2.1 Slenderness around X 4.2.2 Slenderness around Y 4.2.3 Load Contour Equation 4.2.4 Ties 4.3 Design of Column C12 4.3.1 Slenderness around X 4.3.2 Slenderness around Y 4.3.3 Load Contour Equation 4.3.4 Ties CHAPTER 5: DESIGN OF FOOTINGS 5.1 Introduction 5.2 Design of the Rectangular Footing 1 5.2.1 Design Prerequisites 5.2.2 Footing Dimensions 5.2.3 Footing Thickness 5.2.4 Steel Reinforcement Design 39 19

18 18 19

19 22 23 24 25 26 27 27 30 31 31 32 32 34 35 35 35 35 38 39 39 39 40 41 43

vi

CHAPTER 6: CONCLUSIONS LIST OF REFERENCES APPENDICES APPENDIX A: Alignment Chart for the Effective Length factor (k) in Non-Sway Frames APPENDIX B: Variation of APPENDIX C: Column Strength Interaction Diagrams APPENDIX D: Summary of Moment, Shear and Reinforcement Values

48 49

50 51 52 55

vii

LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS
As Area of main steel reinforcement

At&s
b B cc d

Area of steel for temperature and shrinkage Width of beam or column Width of footing Concrete cover Effective depth of a beam spanning from the top of the compression zone to the centroid of the steel bar

DL fc fy h L LL ln

Dead Load Compression strength of concrete Yield strength of steel Height of beam or column Length of footing Live Load Clear span between columns

viii

WU act max min req Tb s

Total factored load Actual reinforcement ratio Maximum reinforcement ratio Minimum reinforcement ratio Calculated reinforcement ratio Diameter of main steel bar Diameter of stirrups

ix

LIST OF FIGURES
Figure 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 1.6 6 2.1 3.1 4.1 4.2 4.3 4.4 5.1 Plan Layout Cross Section through slab Axes and supported beams of column C5 Cross-section of column C5 Cross-section of column C6 Cross-section of column C12 Dimensions of Footing 7 19 22 30 34 37 40 Structure view 1 Structure view 2 Section 1 Section 2 Ground floor plan First floor plan 1 2 3 4 5

5.2 5.3 5.4

Wide beam shear failure Punching shear failure Steel reinforcement in footing 1

41 42 47

xi

CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION 1.1 Description of the Structure

The structure to be designed is a two-story residential building.

Figure 1.1: Structure view 1

xii

Figure 1.2: Structure view 2

xiii

1.2 Sections

Figure 1.3: Section 1

xiv

Figure 1.4: Section 2

xv

1.3 Floor Plans

Figure 1.5: Ground Floor Plan

xvi

Figure 1.6: 1st Floor Plan

xvii

CHAPTER 2 DESIGN OF BEAMS 2.1 Layout Plan

Below is preliminary layout plan showing the locations of beams, columns and the direction of ribs. Note that the layout plan is not to scale but they are provided to show the locations of various members to be designed.

Figure 2.1: Plan Layout

xviii

2.2 Slab Thickness

The floor was divided into 3 distinct slabs: slab 1 consists of the area contained within columns 23-25-26-27, slab 2 is the area within columns 16-18-19-22, and slab 3 is between columns 13-15-20-19. This distinction was made first because slab 3 is lower than the other two slabs, second because slab 2 includes beams with relatively long spans which leads to a larger thickness that is unnecessary for slab 1. According to the ACI Code table 9.5(a), the minimum slab thickness is the maximum value obtained from: a) For simply supported beams, the minimum thickness is lc|c / 16. Example: beam5-11. b) For one end continuous beams, the minimum thickness is lc|c / 18.5. Example: beam45. c) For both ends continuous beams, the minimum thickness is lc|c / 21. Example: beam10-11. d) For cantilevers, the minimum thickness is lclear / 8. Example: cantilever 4. Note that for fy other than 420 MPa, the value shall be multiplied by (0.4 + fy /700). Thickness of slab 1 = 27 cm. Thickness of slab 2 = 40 cm. Thickness of slab 3 = 22 cm.

2.3 Load Calculation

xix

To be able to design the structure and obtain the size of beams, we have to obtain the applied loads on the beams. The loads can be uniformly distributed in KN/m or concentrated in KN. The tributary width (TW) which is the distance that is perpendicular to the beam must also be obtained. If the beam is a main beam, it carries itself and the ribs; if its a secondary beam it carries only itself. The main beam 4-5 will be taken as an example for both deflection and shear designs.

2.3.1 Dead Load The Dead Load (DL) is obtained from the following equations: Weight of slab (KN/m2) = Concrete density Thickness of the flooring material]

TW

[RF

Slab thickness + (2.1)

Weight of masonry wall (KN/m2) = [Unit weight of masonry Unit weight of plastering

Thickness of plastering]

Thickness of wall + (2.2) Height of the wall

Note that all exterior walls have stone cladding so the weight of the walls becomes: Weight of masonry wall (KN/m2) = [Unit weight of masonry Thickness of wall + Unit weight of plastering Thickness of plastering + Thickness of cladding Unit (2.3) weight of stone] Height of the wall Where the thickness of cladding is 3.5 cm and the unit weight of stone is considered to be the same as the unit weight of concrete, 24 KN/m .
3

DL = 1.2

[Weight of Slab + Weight of masonry wall along the beam]

(2.4)

xx

RF is the weight reduction factor for the slab. Since it is going to be design as a oneway ribbed slab, it is not fully solid and contains hollow units and must be multiplied by this factor. The concrete density is 24 KN/m3, the thickness of the flooring material is taken as 15 cm, the unit weight of masonry is 14.7 KN/m3, the unit weight of plastering is 0.2 KN/m2 and the thickness of the plastering is considered to be 3 cm.

2.3.2 Live Load Live Load, LL, is obtained from reference [2]. The LL for a residential building is 2 KN/m2, which will be used on all spans except on balconies, inside staircases and in corridors where a value of 5 KN/m2 is used. LL = 1.6

(2 or 5) (KN/m2) TW (m)

(2.5)

2.3.3 Combined Load W = DL + LL (2.6)

2.3.4 Wu of beam 4-5 Wu = 1.2 [24 1.6

3.8 (0.27 0.77 + 0.15) + 3.2 (0.25

14.72 + 1.5

0.2 + 24

0.05)] +

[2 2 + 1.8 5]

=79.84 KN/m

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2.4 Moment and Shear Calculation

The moment and shear forces can be computed by either using ACI moment and shear coefficients where applicable or appropriate approximations of moment coefficients. The ACI coefficients are applicable under the following conditions: 1. There are 2 or more spans. 2. The longer of two adjacent spans in a frame is not greater than the shorter span by more than 20 %. In other words, the ratio of the longer span to the shorter span should not exceed 1.2. Applies to beams 4-5, 5-6, 10-11, 11-12, 4-10, 10-17, 6-12 and 12-19. 3. Loads are uniformly distributed. Does not apply to beams 9-10, 11-12, 9-16 and 10-17since they carry a concentrated load due to beam support or partitioning wall. 4. The live load does not exceed 3 times the dead load. 5. Members are prismatic.

2.4.1 ACI Moment and Shear Coefficients From ACI 8.3.3 we can obtain the appropriate approximations to obtain the moment and shear coefficients. The coefficient is multiplied by the total factored load WU per unit length and the clear distance ln from face to face of support for the positive moments and the average of the two adjacent clear spans for negative moment when the beam is continuous or the length of the beam itself for the negative moment of an edge beam. MU (+ or -) = moment coefficient And the shear value is taken as:

WU ln2

(2.7)

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VU =

WU l n 2

(2.8)

Where WU is the total applied factored load per unit length on the beam and ln is the clear span of the beams.

Equation 2.8 applies at all interior supports except on the first interior support where the value is increased by 15%. Therefore, equation 2.8 becomes: VU = 1.15

VU =

1.15 WU l n 2

(2.9)

2.4.2 Approximate Moment and Shear Coefficients These approximations are used for a one span beam where the ACI coefficients cannot be applied: - For moments at the supports:

WU l n M = 16
-

- For moments at the center:

M+ =

WU l n 11

- For moments at the center for simply supported beams:

WU l n 2

M+ =

WU l n 8

- For shear forces at the supports:

VU =

2.5 Design of Steel Reinforcement

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After computing the moment and shear values acting on the beams, the design for steel reinforcement begins by designing the longitudinal bars that resist the moments and the stirrups that resist the shear.

2.5.1 Longitudinal Reinforcement The design for longitudinal steel reinforcement bars is as follows: 1) Define fc, fy, b, h, MU, cc, Tb and s. Where; fc= 20 Mpa fy = 395 Mpa

cc = 20 mm for the slab and 40 mm for the beams. b = assumed value which has to be verified (for the positive moment, the number of bars required is equal to the beam width/10 1) = 800 mm. h = 27 cm for all concealed beams in slab 1. ln = 3.8 m MU = positive or negative applied moments = Tb = 16 mm 2) Calculate d: d = h cc 0.5 Tb s = 234 mm 3) Calculate RU:
RU = MU bd 2

= 82.35KN-m

s = 8 mm

(2.10)

145Psi = 302.905 Psi

(2.11) Where; = strength reduction factor = 0.9. 4) Find req from reference [2] req = 0.005387 xxiv

5) Calculate min and max:

min =

= 0.003544 Use the larger value (ACI 10.5.1)

(2.12)

min =

= 0.00283
fc ' = 0.0137 fy

(2.13)

max = 0.375 1

(2.14) Where 1 = 0.85. Check min < req.< max. If req < min, then the dimensions of the beam should be reduced or min used when dimensions are not reduced to maintain a continuity of width in the frames. If req > max then the dimensions of the beams should be increased. 6) Compute area of steel and find number of bars required: As = b d = 1008.45 mm2 7) Check spacing:
spacing = b - 2 cc - 2 S # of bars b =107.67 mm # of bars - 1

(2.15)

(2.16)

2.5.2 Transversal Steel (Stirrups) The stirrups are placed in beams to resist shear. They are placed around the longitudinal bars wrapping them together. Stirrup design is as follows:

1) Having obtained the applied shear, the concrete section capacity to resist

xxv

shear reduced by a shear reduction factor is then computed from:

c =0.17 f c 'bw d = 106.74 KN V

(2.17)

2) Compare VU to VC:

VU - VC = 67.71 KN - If VU < VC; then no shear reinforcement is required but a minimum is provided anyways.
0.35 bw s f YV

(2.18) Avmin= larger of

0.062 f 'c bw s f YV

(2.19)

- If VU > VC; then find the required Av and compute VU - VC and compare to

f c 'bw d
3

.
(VU Vc )s max = 164.15 mm2 f YV d

AV =

(2.20)

- If VU - VC

f c 'bw d
3

; then Smax = minimum between d/2=117mm and 600mm.

- If VU - VC >

f c 'bw d
3

; then Smax = minimum between d/4 and 300mm.

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CHAPTER 3 DESIGN OF THE SLABS 3.1 Introduction

All slabs are designed as one-way ribbed slabs. One-way ribbed slabs are slabs with hollow masonry blocks (hourdis blocks) with the ribs extending in one direction. The ribs are placed perpendicular to the short beams hence in the long direction. Ribs can either be designed as simply supported or as continuous if the ribs continue to the next panel. Ribs are designed as simply supported due to the large differences between span lengths. The length is taken as the clear length between the supporting beams plus the effective width d. A cross-section through the slab shows a T-section with a flange and a web. The flanges thickness is equal to the thickness of the slab on top of the hourdis blocks, and its width extends to the supported width of the rib from center to center of the adjacent hourdis block.

3.2 Procedure for the design of ribs of slab 2

3.2.1 Longitudinal Steel 1) The average beam width, bw = 14+ 1 +1 = 16 cm Ln = 5 +0.366 = 5.866 m 2) The supported width = 40/2 + 20+ 40/2 = 60 cm 3) The weight of ribs, Wr, Wr= (3.1) 1.2(24 0.6(0.4 0.7+0.15)) +1.6

2 0.6=

9.4

KN/m

xxvii

4) Mu+ =

Wr l 2 = ( 9.4 5.866 5.866)/8 = 40.13KN/m 8

5) For simply supported design of ribs there is only positive moments applied. Therefore for positive moment the width, b, is taken as the flange width, b = b f = 56 cm. Where negative moments apply in continuous ribs, the width, b, is taken as the beam width, b = b w = 22 cm. The width depends on where the compression zone lies. 6) Calculate RU from 2.11= 1.52 psi 7) (3.2) 8) Calculate req= req =0.004
1 (1 1 2mRu m fy

fy = 0.85 f' c

23.24

and check if min < req < max

(3.3)

min < req < max

9) i- Compute AS using 2.15 ii- Compare AS with ASmin = min 2.13. As= 0.00404 220 366 =326 mm2 10) Verify if a < hf:
a=

b d; where b = bw and min is obtained from 2.12-

3 T14

actual f Y d = actual m d 0.85f c '

= 0.00573

23.24 366 =

48.804

(3.4)

Where; act = (3.5)

Numberofba rs Areaof 1bar bw d

=(3 154)/(220 366) = 0.00573

hf = be +bw = 80 so a<hf It can be design as rectangular.

xxviii

3.2.2 Transverse Steel Vu = wu ln/2 = 9.4

5.866/2 = 27.57 KN

VC is 10 percent more VC = 0.75

1.1 0.17 366 220 4.472 = 50.5KN 220 183/295=47.7 mm2

Using S =Smax =366/2 = 183 mm Avmin = 0.35

2 6 is required

3.2.3 Temperature and Shrinkage Steel Finally, the temperature and shrinkage steel should be provided in the flange of the section, this time in two directions: a) Perpendicular to the ribs: Taking a 1 m strip (100 cm): 0.0018 8 100= 1.44 cm2 which is equivalent to 56/m (144/28.27= 5). The max spacing is the least of 5 8= 40 cm and 50 cm i.e. 40 cm while the actual spacing is 100/5= 20 cm. b) Parallel to the ribs: Taking the rib itself, per 56 cm: 0.0018 8 60= 0.864 cm2, but we already have 110 in the flange of each rib, but that's not enough because the spacing between those bars exceeds 30 cm, so 16 should be added on top of each hourdis block. The steel for temperature and shrinkage is shown on the figure below.

xxix

3.2.4 Cross-Section of the ribs

24 2 T 14 38 38 8

40

3 T 14 32

42

42 20

Figure 3.1: Cross-Section through Slab

xxx

Note that in the figure above two masonry blocks are placed above each other; the lower one having a height of 16 cm and the upper a height of 16cm.

Table 3.1: Reinforcement in Ribs

ribs

Total Length

WU (KN/m)

AS (mm2)

Cross section

Shear

Ribs For Balcony //

1.5m 9.4 402 and 113

to beam 1617-18 Ribs For Balcony to beam 2021-22 Remaining ribs in the slab
Read It from figure 9.4 1.1 9.4

26

308 and 113

26

113 and 226

26

xxxi

CHAPTER 4 DESIGN OF COLUMNS

The design of columns must be very accurate because the columns support the beams and the slabs of the structure. They are designed to resist axial compression forces in addition to moments resulted from the loads on supported beams.

4.1 Design of Center Column C5

After doing calculations having column dimensions 25 cm by 70 cm and applying the load contour equation assuming = 0.01 which is the minimum steel ratio that can be applied, it was recognized that the column was over designed and since = 0.01 is already the minimum value of that can be applied reduce column dimensions and design the column having the dimension 25 cm by 60 cm. Note that one side of the column was required to be 25 cm so that the column is concealed in the partitioning walls.

C5 is a center rectangular column 25 cm by 60 cm. A center column supports two beams in both directions. Column C5 supports beams B 4-5and B5-6 along its X direction and beams B5-11 and Cantilever5 along its Y direction. The axis and supported beams are shown in figure 4.1.

xxxii

Figure 4.1: Axes and supported beams of column C5

4.1.1 Loads and fixed end moments WB5-6 (Factored Load) = 19.6 KN/m of which 13.4 KN/m DL (Not Factored). WB4-5 = 19.6 KN/m of which 9.44 KN/m DL. WB5-11 = 79.84 KN/m of which 32.64KN/m DL. WCantilever5= 83.89 KN/m of which 50.75 KN/m DL.

Note: Consider full load = factored load Wu = 1.2 DL + 1.6 LL on one side and consider dead load only = 1.0 DL on the other side since this gives the largest value of moment that could be applied Worst Case.

xxxiii

For MUX: Mesu= Mesl=

WB5 - 6 lB 5 6 2 WB4 - 5 lB 4 5 2 = = 24.9 KN.m 12 12

For MUY= 22.36 KN.m

4.1.2 The supported weight PU To design a column, 3 parameters are needed, the applied force PU, the applied moment about the X axis MUX and the applied moment about the Y axis MUY. First PU should be found because it is needed in the calculations of MUX and MUY. To compute it, the weight of all elements supported by the column should be accounted for.

Slabs are supported by the beams and beams are supported by the columns Pdead of column = column self weight + weight of beams supported by this column + weight of slab and walls supported by those beams.

1)Pdead -area that cover the column is 5 - Weight of columns = 24

4.5 = 22.5 m2

0.25 0.4 3.2 = 7.68 KN 5.5 3.2 = 64.68 KN

- slab weight =24 22.5 0.27 0.77 = 112.266 KN - Partition weight = 14.7 0.25 - Weight of stone = 24 - plastering weight = 0.6 - Weight of tiling = 24

0.05 3.2 5 = 19.2 KN 5 3.2 = 9.6 KN

22.5 0.15 = 81 KN

2)Plive = (10 5KN/m2)+12.5 2KN/m2 2 = 100 KN xxxiv

3)Pdead = 295 3) PU = 1.2 Pdead + 1.6 Plive = 1.2 295 + 1.6 100 =514 KN 4) d = 354/514=0.69 4.1.3 The applied moment around the X axis When moments are computed about an axis for any column, there will be a moment at the top and a moment at the bottom. The larger moment is called M2 and the smaller moment M1. Beams B4-5 and B5-6 on roof slab are both 700 mm by 270 mm and Beams B4-5 and B5-6 on 1st slab are 700 mm by 270mm and 700 mm by 270 mm respectively while column C5xupper is 3200 mm, and C5xlower is 3200 mm.
K= 0.4E C I g EI = l c/c l c/c (1 + d )

(5.1) - KB4-5 =
0.4 4700 20 0.35 700 270 1.694 (1800 )
3

12

=1311055556

N.mm

- KB5-6 =

0.4 4700 20 0.35 700 270 3 12 = 605102564. 1 N.mm ( 3900 )1.694

The stiffness of the column in the X direction, noted KC5xupper, and KC5xlower are calculated for b = 800 mm and h = 250 mm. - KC5xupper =
0.4 4700 20 0.7 400 250 3 12 =1338125000 1.694 (3200 ) 0.4 4700 20 0.7 400 250 1.694 (3200 )
3

N.mm .

KC5xlower =

12

=1338125000

N.mm

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M UXupper = M ex upper

K column K column
lower

upper beam upper

+ K column

upper

+ 0.5K left beam upper + 0.5K right

(5.2)
M UXlower = M ex lower + K column K column lower + 0.5K left beam lower + 0.5K right

K column

lower

upper

beam lower

(5.3)
M UYupper = M ey upper K column K column
lower upper beam upper

+ K column

upper

+ 0.5K left beam upper + 0.5K right

(5.4)
M UYlower = M ey lower + K column K column lower + 0.5K left beam lower + 0.5K right

K column

lower

upper

beam lower

(5.5) Using equations 5.2 and 5.3: - MUx = M ex upper

K XC5 + K XCu K XCu + 0.5K B4 -5u + 0.5K B5- 6u
kx = 20.308kN.m kl + 0.5kb1

= 24 .9 MUxl = M ex lower

K XC5 + K XCu

K XC5 + 0.5K B4 -5l + 0.5K B5- 6l K XC5 = 8.232 KN .m + 0.5K B4-5l + 0.5K B5-6l

= 22.36

K XC5 + K XCu

4.1.4 The applied moment around the Y axis Beams B5-11 and Cantilever 5 on roof slab and on 1st slab are both 800 mm by 270 mm and while column C5yupper is 3200mm, and C5ylower is 3200 mm. Using Equation 5.1:

xxxvi

- KB5-11upper&lower =

0.4 4700 20 0.35 800 270 3 12 = 455800000 ( 5000 )1.694

N.mm

- KCantilever5upper&lower =

0.4 4700 20 0.35 800 270 3 12 = 438269230. 8N.mm ( 5200 )1.694

The stiffness of the column in the Y direction, noted KC5yupper, and KC5ylower are calculated for b = 250mm and h = 400 mm - KC5yupper =
0.4 4700 20 0.7 400 250 (3200 )1.694
3

12

=1338136101

N.m . m

- KC5ylower =

0.4 4700 20 0.7 400 250 (3200 )1.694

12

=1338136101

N.mm

- MUyu = 101 .23 - MUyl = 101 .23

kl = 75.88 kN.m kl + 0.5k + 0.5k

kl = 43.37 kN.m kl + ku + 0.5k + 0.5k

4.1.5 Slenderness around X If a column is considered as slender, then the applied moment needs to be magnified.

Slenderness can be neglected if

kl U M1 , where k is the effective length factor < 34 12 M2 0.3h

and lU is the unsupported length of the column. First the most critical case, where the unsupported length is maximum (k=1), is tried.

xxxvii

In load case 1,

kl U 3.2 M1 = = = 42.66 for k = 1, while 34 12 M2 0.3h 0.3 0.25

kl 8.232 M1 34 12 = 38 .86 ; u > 34 -12 for k = 1 (highest value of k) 20 .308 M2 r

Slenderness cannot be neglected for k = 1 the exact value of k should be calculated. Note:
M1 M1 ve if moments cause Double Curvature and +ve if moments case M2 M2

Single Curvature. - top =

K C5xupper K B 45upper + K B 56 upper

(5.6)

= ( 1311055556 - bottom =

1338125000 = 0.698 + 605102564. 1)

K C5xupper + K C5xlower K B 45lower + K B 56 lower

1338125000 +1338125000 = 1.396 1311055556 + 605102564. 1

(5.7)

From the alignment chart, k is read to be 0.76. Checking slenderness again,

kl U 0.76 3.2 = = 32.42 is < 38.86 slenderness can be neglected. 0.3h 0.3 0.25

4.1.6 Slenderness around Y In load case 1, kl U 3.2 M1 = = = 26.6 for k = 1, while 34 12 M2 0.3h 0.3 0.4

43 .37 34 12 = 40 .85 75 .88

slenderness can be neglected.

xxxviii

4.1.7 Load contour equation PU= 514 KN, MUX= 20.308 KN.m and MUY= 75.88 KN.m. T14 bars will be used as main reinforcement and 10 bars will be used for ties.

1) Around the X axis

= h - 2 cc - 2 s b = 250 80 14 20 = 0.544 use =0.6. The most suitable 250 h

ACI design graph is ACI 318-02 section 9.3.2 fig A6, also provided in the appendices. The graph for bending around the X is a graph for steel placed on two parallel sides because no more than 2 bars can be fitted with 25 cm. When a value is to be plotted it should be transformed to KSI (1 MPa transformed back to MPa. Kn=
PU 514 1000 = = 5.14 MPa = 0.7453 KSI . Taking = 0.02, Rn is read = 0.41 Ag 250 400

0.145 = 1 KSI), and when a value is to be read it should be

but used = 0.41 0.145 = 2.827 MPa . MUX0= Rn Ag h= 2.827 250 400 250= 70.675 KN.m.

2) Around the Y axis

= 400 80 14 20 = 0.715. 0.715 is very far from any available value of . The
400

best thing to do is to calculate Rn for = 0.6 and for = 0.75 and interpolate. The best curves to simulate the applied moment around the Y axis are graphs ACI 318-02 fig A-9 and ACI

xxxix

318-02 section 9.3.2 fig A10 where steel bars are distributed in both directions because the distance between the moment around the Y axis is not equal relative to the main bars . - = 0.6: Kn= 0.7453 KSI and = 0.02 go to the graph and get Rn=0.345ksi=2.238 MPa. - = 0.75: Kn= 0.7453 KSI and = 0.02 go to the graph and get Rn=0.405 ksi =2.793 MPa. So for = 0.715, Rn= 2.6635 MPa. MUY0= Rn Ag h= 2.6635 250 400 400= 106.54 KN.m
M UX M UY 20.308 75.88 = = 0.287 and = = 0.712 . From figure (variation of M UX0 70.675 M UY0 106.54

), = 1

min = 1.15 is used.

1.15 1.15 20 .308 75.88 = + = 0.915 < 1 and > 0.65 the 70 .675 106.54

M UX M + UY M M UX0 UY0

reinforcement ratio is acceptable . AS =

b h = 0.02 250 mm 400 mm = 2000 mm2.

However 0.97 is too close to 1 so lets assume As=1847.25 use 12 T 14 Spacing of main bars is minimum 40 mm Figure 5.5 shows a cross section of column C5 with its dimensions in cm, T14 reinforcement and T10 ties.

xl

Figure 4.2: Cross-Section of Column C5

As shown on figure 5.5, the spacing in the X direction is 24.5 cm and the spacing in the Y direction is 10 cm so both of them exceed 4 cm, the minimum spacing. .

4.1.8 Ties The maximum spacing of ties is the least of: 16 = 16 14= 224 mm b 48 = 48 10= 480 mm t the least column dimension= 250 mm xli

So Smax= 224 mm

4.2 Design of the column C6

C6 is a rectangular column 25 cm by 43 cm. Its an edge column where, Pu=309 KN Muxtop=70.5 Muxbottom=45.36KN.m Muytop=8.3 MuyBottom =4.32KN.m

4.2.1 Slenderness around X kl U 3.2 M1 45 .36 = = 34 12 = 41 .72 , = 42.66 for k=1, while 34 12 M2 70 .5 0.3h 0.3 0.25

kl u M1 for k = 1 (highest value of k) Slenderness cannot be neglected for k > 34 -12 M2 r

= 1 the exact value of k should be calculated. (EI) beams=

0.4 4700 20 0.35 1.5 700 270 3 12 = 3.167 *10 12 1.6 0.4 4700 20 0.7 430 250 3 12 = 2.06 *10 12 1 .6

(EI) columns= ( )=

=593659942.4 for column

C6xupper - top = K B13 upper

593659942 .4 = 0.88 673829787 .2

- bottom =

K C6upper + K C6xlower K B13 Lower

2 593659942 .4 =1.76 673829787 .2

xlii

From the alignment chart, k is read to be 0.79. Checking slenderness again,

kl U 0.79 3.2 = = 33.7 < 41.72 slenderness can be neglected. 0.3h 0.3 0.25

4.2.2 Slenderness around Y For load case 1, kl U 3.2 M1 = = = 24.8 for k = 1, while 34 12 M2 0.3h 0.3 0.43

4.32 34 12 = 40 .245 8.3

slenderness can be neglected.

4.2.3 Load contour equation PU= 309KN, MUX= 70.5 KN.m and MUY= 8.3 KN.m. T14 bars will be used as main reinforcement and 10 bars will be used for ties. With a rectangular column, the computation of MUX0 and MUY0 has to be done separately because h differs. 1) Around the X axis

= h - 2 cc - 2 s b = 250 80 14 20 = 0.544. The most suitable ACI design

h
200

graph is ACI 318-02 SECT9.3.2 FIG A6. The graph for bending around the X is a graph for steel placed on two parallel sides because no more than 2 bars can be fitted with 25 cm. Moreover the units must be adjusted Kn and Rn are different from those of the new curves. When a value is to be plotted it should be transformed to KSI (1 MPa when a value is to be read it should be transformed back to MPa.

0.145 = 1 KSI), and

xliii

Kn=

PU 309 1000 = = 2.874 MPa = 0.416 KSI . Taking = 0.02, Rn is read = Ag 250 430

0.445KSI but used = 0.445 0.145 = 3.06 MPa . MUX0= Rn Ag h= 3.06 250 430 250= 82.23 KN.m 2) Around the Y axis

= 430 80 14 20 = 0.734. 0.734 is very far from the value of =0.75. The best
430

thing to do is to calculate Rn for = 0.75. The best curve to simulate the applied moment around the Y axis is graph ACI 318-02 SECT9.3.2 FIG A10

= 0.75: Kn= 0.416 and = 0.02 yield Rn= 0.485 0.145 = 3.344 MPa.
MUY0= Rn Ag h= 3.344 250 430 430= 154.576 KN.m
M UX M UY 70.5 8.3 = = 0.85 and = = 0.0536. . From figure (variation of M UX0 82.23 M UY0 154.57

),

= 1 so

min = 1.15 is used.

1.15 1.15 = 70 .5 + 8.3 = 0.875 > 0.65 and<1 the 82 .23 154.57

M UX M + UY M M UX0 UY0

reinforcement ratio is acceptable. AS = 14T14. Figure 4.3 shows a cross section of column C6 with its dimensions in cm, T14 reinforcement and 10ties.

b h = 0.02 250 mm 430 mm = 2150 mm2 which is equivalent to

xliv

Figure 4.3: Cross-Section of Column C6

As shown on figure 4.3, the spacing in the X direction is 38.67 cm its ok but we prefer usually to have a minimum spacing of 40 cm.

4.2.4 Ties The maximum spacing of ties is the least of: 16 = 16 14= 224mm b 48 = 48 10= 480 mm t the least column dimension= 250 mm xlv

So Smax= 224 mm. A spacing of 22.4 cm (or less) should be specified on the plans.

4.3 Design of the column C12

C12 is a rectangular column 25 cm by 70 cm. Its an edge column where, PU= 309KN, MUX= 115.4 KN.m and MUY= 12.8 KN.m.

4.3.1 Slenderness around X kl U 3.2 M1 113 .38 = = 34 12 = 45 .79 , = 42.66 for k=1, while 34 12 M2 115 .4 0.3h 0.3 0.25
kl u M1 for k = 1 (highest value of k) Slenderness can be neglected. < 34 -12 M2 r

4.3.2 Slenderness around Y For load case 1, kl U 3. 2 M1 = = = 15.23 for k = 1, while 34 12 M2 0.3h 0. 3 0. 7

3.73 34 12 = 37 .5 12 .8

slenderness can be neglected.

4.3.3 Load contour equation PU= 309KN, MUX= 115.4 KN.m and MUY= 12.8 KN.m. T16 bars will be used as main reinforcement and 10 bars will be used for ties. With a rectangular column, the computation of MUX0 and MUY0 has to be done separately because h differs. 1) Around the X axis

xlvi

 = h - 2 cc - 2 s b = 250 80 16 20 = 0.536. The most suitable ACI design 250 h

graph is ACI 318-02 SECT9.3.2 FIG A6. The graph for bending around the X is a graph for steel placed on two parallel sides because no more than 2 bars can be fitted with 25 cm. Moreover the units must be adjusted Kn and Rn are different from those of the new curves. When a value is to be plotted it should be transformed to KSI (1 MPa when a value is to be read it should be transformed back to MPa. Kn=
PU 309 1000 = =1.765 MPa = 0.256 KSI . Taking = 0.02, Rn is read = Ag 250 700

0.145 = 1 KSI), and

0.445KSI but used = 0.445 0.145 = 3.06 MPa . MUX0= Rn Ag h= 3.06 250 700 250= 133.875 KN.m.

2) Around the Y axis

= 700 80 16 20 = 0.834. 0.834 is very far from the value of =0.75. The best thing to
700

do is: Find Kn=

PU 309 1000 = =1.765 MPa = 0.256 KSI Ag 250 700

Calculate Rn for = 0.75 and for =0.9. The best curve to simulate the applied moment around the Y axis is graph ACI 318-02 SECT9.3.2 FIG A10 and ACI 318-02 SECT9.3.2 FIG A11 because the moment applied around the Y axis is not equidistant to the main bars For = 0.75: Kn= 0.256 and = 0.02 yields to an Rn= 0.47 0.145 = 3.24 Mpa. For = 0.9 Kn= 0.256 and = 0.02 yields to an Rn= 0.53 0.145 = 3.65 Mpa

So use interpolation and get Rn =3.469 Mpa for = 0.834

xlvii

MUY0= Rn Ag h=3.469 250 700 700= 425 KN.m

M UX 115.4 M UY 12.8 = = 0.86 and = = 0.03 . From figure (variation of ), M UX0 133 M UY0 425

1 so min = 1.15 is used.

M UX M + UY M M UX0 UY0

= ( 0.86 )1.15 + ( 0.03 )1.15 = 0.858 < 1 and >0.65 the reinforcement

ratio is acceptable. AS =

b h = 0.02 250 mm 700 mm = 3500 mm2 which is equivalent to 18T16.

Figure 4.4 shows a cross section of column C12 with its dimensions in cm, T16 reinforcement and 10ties. Spacing between main bars: (700-40*2-20-9*16)/8 = 57 <150 so we tie each other bar

Figure 4.4: Cross-Section of Column C12

4.3.4 Ties

xlviii

The maximum spacing of ties is the least of: 16 = 16 16= 256mm b 48 = 48 10= 480 mm t the least column dimension= 250 mm

So Smax= 250 mm. A spacing of 25 cm (or less) should be specified on the plans.

CHAPTER 5
xlix

DESIGN OF FOOTINGS 5.1 Introduction

Footings are an intermediate structure between the super structure and the soil. They carry the load from the structure and transfer it to the soil. All columns in a given structure are supported by a footing. The shapes of footings depend on the shape of the columns. If the column is rectangular then the footing will likewise be rectangular and if the columns were squared or circular then the footing is squared or can be circular for a circular column.

5.2 Design of the Rectangular Footing 1

The design for the rectangular footing 1 is as follows:

5.2.1 Design Prerequisites 1) DL = 591, which is the total dead load from the structure acting on the footing. 2) LL = (2 12.5 + 5 10) supporting tributary area. 3) The allowable bearing capacity of soil, qa, is 200 KN/m2 obtained from reference [3]. 4) Column size is 25 cm by 40 cm. 5) fc = 20 MPa and fy = 395 MPa

2 = 150 KN, which is the total live load applied on all the

5.2.2 Footing Dimensions

Footing dimensions, B and L, can be obtained from the following equations: qa = Or qf =

Ps B L
Pf B L

(5.1) (5.2)

Where; PS = DL + LL = 741 KN Pf = 1.2 591 + 1.6 150 = 949.2 B = 2x + a L = 2x + b Figure 6.1 below shows the dimensions.

DL + LL

40

LXB L
Figure 5.1: Dimensions of Footing

Therefore, using 5.1:

li

(2x + 0.25)(2x + 0.40) = Solving for x x = 0.801 m

741 = 3.705 m2 200

L = 2 0.801 + 0.40 = 2.002 m = 2.1m B = 2 0.801 + 0.25 = 1.852 m= 1.9 m

Checking with 5.2: qf =

9 .2 49 = 237.9 MPa 1.9 2.1

5.2.3 Footing Thickness Footing thickness will be found using type two failure i.e. wide beam failure also called 1 way shear failure, than, punching will be checked. Wide beam failure occurs at a distance d from the face of the column.

210

wide beam shear failure at d from column

Figure 5.2: Wide beam shear failure

lii

190

d1 Vc B = qf B

L b d 1 2

(5.3)

d1 650 = 237.9 (0.85 d1), solving for d1 d1 = 0.228 m Verifying d with punching shear, i.e. 2 way shear failure, this occurs at a distance d/2:

210

punching shear failure at d/2 from column

Figure 5.3: Punching shear failure

Pf = Vc d2 (perimeter of failure)

190

(5.4)

Pf = Vc d2 [2 (d2 +b) + 2 (d2 +a)]

949.2 =1300 d2 [2 (0.40 + d2) + 2 (0.25 + d2)] d2 = 0.295 m. choose larger value of d. Therefore, h = d2 + cc + db/2 = 0.295 + 0.07 +0.008 = 0.373 m.

liii

5.2.4 Steel Reinforcement design a) Longitudinal Direction To obtain the amount of steel required, the maximum moment at the face of the support must be first computed. Mmax = Where; l =
qf l 2 2

(5.5) (5.6)

L b 2

= 0.85 Therefore, Mmax = 85.94 KN.m The amount of steel required is obtained from the following equation: Mmax = AS fy d (5.7) Where; a = 0.85 fc ' b
A fy s

a 2

(5.8)

a = 23.24AS
So: 85.94 = 0.9 AS 395 (0.295 11.62 AS) solving for AS: AS = 0.000848 m2/m was then calculated: =
As b d

(5.9)

With b = 1 m and checked with min = 0.002875 < min = 0.0018 (ACI 10.5.4), therefore use =0.002875.

liv

Therefore the required area of steel, AS (total) = 0.002875 1.9 0.295 = 0.001611 m2 = 1611 mm2. Use 9 T 16.

- Clear spacing =

B 2 cc Numberofba rs db n 1

(5.10)

= 202 mm - Checking ld, which is the development length, obtained from ACI 12.2: ld = 10 fc ' db
9 fy

(5.11)

= 79.5db = 1.272 m And the available distance = l cc = 0.85 0.07 = 0.78 m < ld, therefore, hooks are required. -Checking ldh, which is the development length for hooks, obtained from ACI 12.5: ldh (5.12) =
0.24 fy fc ' db

=21.2db = 0.3392 m < available distance.

b) Transverse Steel

lv

Obtained in the same way as longitudinal steel but with l =

B a . 2

Since the values of B and L were obtained using the method in 6.2 then l for both longitudinal and transversal steel is the same. Therefore obtain the same Mmax, which also yields = 0.00323 > min use =0.00323. From 2.15: - AS(total) = 0.00323 2.1 0.279 = 0.001892 m2 = 1892 mm2. Use 10 T 16. Where d = d; d = d - db

- Check clear spacing using 5.10: Sc =

2100 2 70 10 16 = 200 mm 9

- Check ld from 5.11, ld = 1.272 m and available l = 0.78 m, therefore hooks are required. -Check ldh from 5.12, ldh = 0.3392 m < 0.78.

c) Dowels fc = 0.85 fc ' Where; A2 = (a + 4d)

A2 A1

(5.13)

(b + 4d).

A1 = Area of column = 0.65 fc = 0.65 0.85 20 2 = 22.1 MPa > fc' , therefore, fc = fc', since for a value of 2 the value is taken as 2. lvi
A2 A1

fa =

P f < fC, therefore minimum dowels need to be provided which is equivalent to 4 A1

bars using any bar diameter. Otherwise, if fa = according to: Adowels =

Pf column f c A column ( f y 0.85 f c ')

P f > fC, then dowels needs to be provided A1

fa = 9.49 MPa < fc

provide Admin = 0.005 Acolumn = 5 cm 4 T 14

lvii

4 T 14 9 T 16 in the long direction

40

10 T 16 in the short direction

37.3 7 210

Figure 5.4: Steel Reinforcement in Footing 1

CHAPTER 6
lviii

CONCLUSIONS

a) Several problems were faced; the main problem was the numerous trials that had to be made to find the correct and adequate dimensions of both beams and columns. A second problem was the diagonal position of beams 8-9 and 10-11 which made their design a bit harder as for the calculation of their tributary widths. b) When designing a structure one should take into consideration the cost of the project and try to decrease it so the thickness of slab 1 could have been taken to be the same as that of slab 2 but it would be unnecessary and costly so a lesser thickness was used. c) Finally, the practical side; a designer should keep in mind that the structure is going to be built and try to make that easier. So some small beams where overdesigned to maintain continuity in the frames.

lix

LIST OF REFERENCES
[1] American Concrete Institute. (2002). Building code requirement for structural concrete (ACI 318M-02) and commentary (ACI 318RM-02). Michigan: American Concrete Institute. [2] Nilson, A. H., Darwin, D., & Dolan, C.W. (2003). Design of concrete structures. New York: McGraw Hill. [3] Das, B.M. (1995). Principles of foundation engineering. Sacramento: PWS publishing company.

APPENDIX A
lx

ALIGNEMENT CHART FOR THE EFFECTIVE LENGTH FACTOR (k) IN NONSWAY FRAMES

(Source: Reference 1)

APPENDIX B

lxi

VARIATION OF

(Source: Reference 2)

APPENDIX C COLUMN STRENGTH INTERACTION DIAGRAMS

lxii

lxiii

lxiv

(Source: Reference 2)

lxv

APPENDIX D SUMMARY OF MOMENT, SHEAR AND REINFORCEMENT VALUES

Table D1: Longitudinal Reinforcement Slabs 2 and 3

Beam 23-24 24-25 16-17 17-18 26-27 19-20 Cant.20 20-21 21-22 Cant.21 Cant.22 23-26 25-27 16-19

b
(m)

h
(m)

d
(m)

Moment Name

M
(KN.m)

RU
(Mpa)

0.00354 0.00354 0.00423 0.0125 0.00423 0.00575 0.00354 0.00354 0.00354 0.00354 0.00354 0.00354 0.00411 0.00354 0.00354 0.00354 0.00354 0.00354 0.00354 0.00354 0.00354 0.00354 0.00354 0.00354 0.00354 0.0046 0.00354 0.01371 0.00668 0.00668 0.01371 0.00668 0.00668 0.00354 0.00354 0.00354

AS
(mm )
2

Reinforcement

0.6 0.6 1 1 0.25 0.5 1 1 0.8 1 0.8 0.5 0.5 0.5

0.2 0.2 0.4 0.4 0.7 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.2 0.2 0.4

0.16 0.16 0.36 0.36 0.66 0.36 0.36 0.36 0.36 0.36 0.36 0.16 0.16 0.36

M23-24+ M23M24M24-25+ M24M25M16-17+ M16M17M17-18+ M17M18M26-27+ M26M27M19-20+ M19M20M20M20M20-21+ M21M21M21-22+ M22M21M22+ M23-26+ M23M26M25-27+ M25M27M16-19+ M16M19-

11.48 18.225 23.69 45.9 23.69 31.59 73.7 50.96 95.14 138.45 95.14 95.1 154.44 106.17 106.17 8.9 6.12 6.12 95.8 48.46 137.3 96.7 55.62 80.9 55.62 211.5 9.5 43.91 30.19 30.19 43.91 30.19 30.19 31.15 21.47 21.47

0.92 1.22 1.1.59 3.08 1.1.59 2.12 0.61 0.422 0.789 1.14 0.789 0.789 1.54 1.06 1.06 0.09 0.07 0.07 0.79 0.4 1.15 0.8 0.57 0.83 0.57 1.75 0.1 3.53 2.43 2.43 3.53 2.43 2.43 0.51 0.355 0.355

352.5 352.5 421.3 1245 421.3 573.68 1295.6 1295 1295 1295 1295 1295 684.3 589.41 589.41 647.82 647.82 647.82 1295 1295 1281 1295 1036.5 1036.5 1036.5 1718.9 388.69 1137.9 554.6 554.6 1137.9 554.6 554.6 647.82 647.82 647.82

3T16 3T16 3T16 7T16 3T16 3T16 9T14 9T14 9T14 9T14 9T14 9T14 4T16 3T16 3T16 6T12 6T12 6T12 9T14 9T14 9T14 9T14 7T14 7T14 7T14 12T14 3T14 6T16 3T16 3T16 6T16 3T16 3T16 6T12 6T12 6T12

lxvi

18-22

0.3

0.4

0.36

M18-22+ M18M22-

8.52 5.85 9.5

0.09 0.16 0.1

0.0035 0.0035 0.0035

388.7 388.69 388.69

3T14 3T14 3T14

Table D1 (continued)

Table D2: Shear Reinforcement Slabs 2 and 3

Beam 23-24 24-25 16-17 17-18 26-27 19-20 20-21 21-22 23-26 25-27 16-19 18-22

V (KN) 40 85.2 253.2 292.2 148 46.92 48.4 127.9 84.2 84.2 44.78 25.9

S (mm) 178 178 155 164 178 178 178 178 178 178 178 178

AV (mm2) 226.5 226.5 197.3 208 226.5 226.5 226.5 226.5 226.5 226.5 226.5 226.5

Reinforcement 58 58 48 58 58 56 58 58 58 58 58 58

lxvii

Table D3: Shear and Longitudinal Reinforcement of Secondary Beams in Slab 1

Beam 1-7 1-7 1-7 Cant.1 Cant.7 2-8 2-8 2-8 8-14 8-14 8-14 Cant.2 5-11 5-11 5-11 11-17 11-17 11-17 Cant.5 6-12 6-12 6-12 12-18 12-18 12-18 Cant.6

B
(m)

h
(m)

d
(m)

0.2

0.27

0.234

Mo men t Na M+

M
(KN.m)

RU
(Mpa)

0.005 0.00445 0.00445 0.0075 0.0075 0.003875 0.00354 0.00354 0.00354 0.00354 0.00354 0.0043 0.00354 0.00354 0.00354 0.00354 0.00354 0.00354 0.00354 0.005 0.00455 0.00455 0.00354 0.00354 0.00354 0.0116

AS
(mm )
2

Reinforceme nt

Shear Value KN

0.2 0.2 0.23

0.27 0.27 0.27

0.234 0.234 0.234

0.23

0.27

0.234

0.23 0.6

0.27 0.27

0.234 0.234

0.6

0.27

0.234

0.6 0.2

0.27 0.27

0.234 0.234

0.2

0.27

0.234

0.2

0.27

0.27

M MRMMM+ MLMRM+ MLMRM+ M+ MLMRM+ MLMRM+ M+ MLMRM+ MLMRM-

19.31 17.7 17.7 28.75 28.75 17.4 11.97 11.97 2.169 1.49 1.49 19.17 29.6 27.13 20.13 4.4 3.02 3.02 34.68 19.31 17.7 17.7 3.3 3.025 3.025 41

1.95 1.79 1.79 2.91 2.91 1.535 1.056 1.056 27.8 19.06 19.06 1.69 1 0.91 0.688 0.148 0.102 0.102 1.172 1.94 1.79 1.79 0.334 0.309 0.309 4.15

234 212.94 212.94 363 363 208.55 190 190 190 190 190 231 497 497 497 497 497 497 497 234 213 213 165.6 165.6 165.6 543

2 T 14 2 T 14 2 T 14 3 T 14 3 T 14 2 T 14 2 T 14 2 T 14 2 T 14 2 T 14 2 T 14 2 T 14 5 T 12 5 T 12 5 T 12 5 T 12 5 T 12 5 T 12 2 T 14 2 T 14 2 T 14 2 T 14 2 T 14 2 T 14 2 T 14 3 T 16

26.45

20.57 21.2 110.4

11.43

14.3 48

18.4

22.15 42.12

17.43

26.15

lxviii

Beam 1-2

b
(m)

h
(m)

d
(m)

Moment Name

M
(KN.m)

RU
(Mpa)

0.006 0.004 0.003544 0.003544 0.003544 0.003544 0.005387 0.0046798 0.009564 0.006724 0.01013 0.0058 0.0059 0.0039 0.003544 0.003544 0.003544 0.003544 0.003544 0.003544 0.003544 0.00534 0.003544 0.0041

AS (mm2) 982.8 655.2 663.44 663.4 663.44 663.44 1008.45 876.06 1790.38 1258.7 1896.336 1085.76 828.36 547.56 497.58 497.58 497.016 497.016 497.58 497.57 497.57 749.74 663.44 575.64

Reinforcement

0.7

0.27

0.234

2-3

0.7

0.27

0.234

4-5

0.8

0.27

0.234

5-6

0.8

0.27

0.234

7-8

0.6

0.27

0.234

8-9

0.6

0.27

0.234

9-10

0.6

0.27

0.234

10-11

0.6

0.27

0.234

M1-2+ M1M2M2-3+ M2M3M4-5+ M4M5M5-6+ M5M6M7-8+ M7M8M8-9+ M8M9M9-10+ M9M10M10-11+ M10M11-

79.3 54.52 34.38 25.96 32.53 17.85 82.35 72.06 138.41 100.73 145.43 88.14 67.29 45.325 28.585 17.23 22.77 16.869 28.25 30.58 20.31 61.24 37.052 47.92

2.3 1.58 0.997 0.679 0.94 0.517 2.089 1.83 3.51 2.56 3.69 2.24 2.28 1.54 0.98 0.583 0.77 0.57 0.955 1.034 0.687 2.07 1.25 1.62

7 T 14 5 T 14 9 T 10 9 T 10 9 T 10 9 T 10 7 T 14 6 T 14 9 T 16 7 T 16 10 T 16 6 T 16 6 T 14 5 T 12 5 T 12 5 T 12 5 T 12 5 T 12 5 T 12 5 T 12 5 T 12 7 T 12 6 T 12 6 T 12

Table D4: Longitudinal Reinforcement of Main Beams in Slab1

lxix

Beam 11-12

b
(m)

h
(m)

d
(m)

Moment Name

M
(KN.m)

RU
(Mpa)

0.00542 0.003544 0.004 0.0039 0.003544 0.003544 0.003544 0.003544 0.003544 0.003544 0.003544 0.003544 0.003544

AS (mm2) 760.968 497.57 561.6 365.04 473.44 207.324 207.324 709.51 322.504 322.504 207.324 207.324 207.324

Reinforcement

0.6

0.27

0.234

Cant.13 13-14

0.3 0.25

0.27 0.27

0.234 0.234

14-15

0.25

0.27

0.234

15-16

0.25

0.27

0.234

M11-12+ M11M12M13M13-14+ M13M14M14-15+ M14M15M15-16+ M15M16-

62.11 38.05 46.81 30.44 6.84 4.54 11.68 48.01 33.0075 33.0075 10 6.877 6.877

2.1 1.16 1.58 1.54 0.156 0.115 0.296 0.732 1.107 1.107 0.812 0.558 0.558

7 T 12 5 T 12 5 T 12 3 T 12 3 T 16 2 T 14 2 T 14 4 T 16 3 T 12 3 T 12 3 T 10 2 T 12 2 T 12

Table D4 (continued)

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Table D5: Shear Reinforcement of Main Beams in Slab1

Beam 1-2 2-3 3-4 4-5 5-6 7-8 8-9 9-10 10-11 11-12 Cant.13 13-14 14-15 15-16

V (KN) 147.52 82.11 49.565 174.45 197.77 105.69 49.55 34.44 107.17 114.29 28.223 24.07 73.35 22.6 116

S (m) 117 117 117 117 117 117 117 117 117 117 117 117 117 117

AV (mm2) 131.2 104.2 74.45 164.15 220.68 62.3 89.34 89.34 65.87 83.13 59.56 57.9 78.72 37.3

Reinforcement 56 46 36 66 58 36 46 46 36 36 36 36 36 26

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