Sigmund Freud's stages of psychosexual development.

Sigmund Freud developed a treatment theory called psychoanalysis, which is based upon a theory of psychosexual stages of development (Table 1 ). TABLE 1 Freudian Psychosexual Stages of Development Stage Oral Anal Phallic Age 0 to 18 months 18 to 36 months 3 to 6 years Erogenous Zone/Activities Mouth/sucking, biting, chewing Anus/bowel and bladder control Genitals/masturbation /repression of sexual feelings Maturation of sexual orientation

Latency 6 years to puberty Genital puberty+

Erik Erikson's stages of development. Erik Erikson proposed a theory of development that continues throughout the life span. His theory states that there are universal life stages and that a specific psychosocial dilemma occurs at each phase of development. These problems (crises) must be resolved before an individual can move to the next developmental stage (Table 2 .) . Erikson's theory has been credited for accounting for continuity and changes in personality development. It has also been criticized for vagueness and has not stimulated a great deal of empirical research. TABLE 2 Erik Erikson's Stages of Development Age Psychological Stage Period Oral-sensory

Birth to 1 year Trust vs. Mistrust Learning that the provider of comfort is reliable, consistent, and predictable 2 to 3 years Autonomy vs. Shame and Doubt Learning to exercise independence and freedom of choice along with self-control

Muscularanal

3 to 5 years

Initiative vs. Guilt Planning and executing a task for the sake of actively Locomotordoing it genital Industry vs. Inferiority Developing as a worker and producer Identity vs. Role Confusion Evolving a sense of self that is reliable and consistent, both for oneself and for others Intimacy vs. Isolation Preparing for a commitment to affiliation with others and developing the ethical strength to abide by such commitments Latency Puberty

6 to 11 years Adolescence

Young adulthood

Young adulthood

Middle age

Generativity vs. Stagnation Finding a way to support in the establishment and guidance of the next generation Integrity vs. Despair Integrating the earlier stages into an acceptance of oneself and a sense of fulfillment rather than looking back in regret at what might have been

Adulthood

Old age

Maturity