CULTURE

CARE: DIVERSITY AND UNIVERSALITY THEORY

MADELEINE LEININGER

MADELEINE LEININGER
Madeleine Leininger was born in SuAon, Nebraska. In 1948, she received her diploma in Nursing from St. Anthonys School of Nursing in Denver, Colorado. In 1950, she earned a B.S. from St. ScholasUca (BenedicUne College) in Atchison, Kansas, and in 1954 earned an M.S. in Psychiatric and Mental Health Nursing from the Catholic University of America in Washington, D.C. In 1965, she was awarded a Ph.D. in Cultural And Social Anthropology from the University of Washington, SeaAle (Tomey and Alligood, 2001).

MADELEINE LEININGER

TRANSCULTURAL NURSING
Dened as a substanUve area of study and pracUce focused on comparaUve cultural care (caring) values, beliefs, and pracUces of individuals or groups of similar or dierent cultures with the goal of providing culture- specic and universal nursing care pracUces in promoUng health or well-being or to help people to face unfavorable human condiUons, illness, or death in culturally meaningful ways.

Leiningers theory is to provide care measures that are in harmony with an individual or groups cultural beliefs, pracUces, and values. In the 1960s, she c o i n e d t h e t e r m C U L T U R A L L Y CONGRUENT CARE, which is the primary goal of TRANSCULTURAL NURSING PRACTICE.

Leininger developed new terms for the basic tenets of her theory:
CARE is to assist others with real or anUcipated needs in an eort to improve a human condiUon of concern or to face death. CARING is an acUon or acUvity directed towards providing care. CULTURE refers to learned, shared, and transmiAed values, beliefs, norms, and lifeways of a specic individual or group that guide their thinking, decisions, acUons, and paAerned ways of living.

Leininger developed new terms for the basic tenets of her theory:
CULTURAL CARE refers to mulUple aspects of culture that inuence and enable a person or group to improve their human condiUon or to deal with illness or death. CULTURAL CARE DIVERSITY refers to the dierences in meanings, values, or acceptable modes of care within or between dierent groups of people. CULTURAL CARE UNIVERSALITY refers to common care or similar meanings that are evident among many cultures.

Leininger developed new terms for the basic tenets of her theory:
NURSING is a learned profession with a disciplined focused on care phenomena. WORLDVIEW refers to the way people tend to look at the world or universe in creaUng a personal view of what life is about. HEALTH refers to a state of well-being that is culturally dened and valued by a designated culture.

Leininger developed new terms for the basic tenets of her theory:
C U L T U R A L A N D S O C I A L S T R U C T U R E DIMENSIONS include factors related to religion, social structure, poliUcal/legal concerns, economics, educaUonal paAerns, the use of technologies, cultural values, and ethnohistory that inuence cultural responses of human beings within a cultural context.

Leininger developed new terms for the basic tenets of her theory:
Cultural care preservaUon or maintenance refers to nursing care acUviUes that help people of parUcular cultures to retain and use core cultural care values related to healthcare concerns or condiUons. Cultural care accommodaUon or negoUaUon refers to creaUve nursing acUons that help people of a parUcular culture adapt to or negoUate with others in the healthcare community in an eort to aAain the shared goal of an opUmal health outcome for client(s) of a designated culture.

Leininger developed new terms for the basic tenets of her theory:
C U L T U R A L C A R E R E P A T T E R N I N G O R RESTRUCTURING refers to therapeuUc acUons taken by culturally competent nurse(s) or family. These acUons enable or assist a client to modify personal health behaviors towards benecial outcomes while respecUng the clients cultural values.

Leiningers assumpUons derived from her theory:

Care is the essence and central focus of nursing. Caring is essenUal for health and well-being, healing, growth, survival, and also for facing illness or death. Culture care is a broad holisUc perspecUve to guide nursing care pracUces.

Leiningers assumpUons derived from her theory:

Nursings central purpose is to serve human beings in health, illness, and if dying. There can be no curing without the giving and receiving of care. Culture care concepts have both dierent and similar aspects among all cultures of the world.

Leiningers assumpUons derived from her theory:

Every human culture has folk remedies, professional knowledge, and professional care pracUces that vary. The nurse must idenUfy and address these factors consciously with each client in order to provide holisUc and culturally congruent care.

Leiningers assumpUons derived from her theory:

Cultural care values, beliefs, and pracUces are inuenced by worldview and language, as well as religious, spiritual, social, poliUcal, educaUonal, economic, technological, ethnohistorical, and environmental factors. Benecial, healthy, saUsfying culturally based nursing care enhances the well-being of clients.

Leiningers assumpUons derived from her theory:

Culturally benecial nursing care can only occur when cultural care values, expressions, or paAerns are known and used appropriately and knowingly by the nurse providing care. Clients who experience nursing care that fails to be reasonably congruent with the clients cultural beliefs and values will show signs of stress, cultural conict, noncompliance, and ethical moral concerns.

A Culturally Competent Nurse

Consciously addresses the fact that culture aects nurseclient exchanges With compassion and clarity, asks each client what their cultural pracUces and preferences are. Incorporates the clients personal, social, environmental, and cultural needs/beliefs into the plan of care wherever possible. Respects and appreciates cultural diversity, and strives to increase knowledge and sensiUvity associated with this essenUal nursing concern.

In summary:
vCulturally competent nursing care can only occur when client beliefs and values are thougheully and skillfully incorporated into nursing care plans. vCaring is the core of nursing. vCulturally competent nursing guides the nurse to provide opUmal holisUc, culturally based care.

Think about this:

You really can change the world if you care enough. Marian Wright Edelman Marian Wright Edelman (born June 6, 1939) is an American acUvist for the rights of children. She is president and founder of the Children's Defense Fund.